The Science of Digital Media

Flat Panel Displays

7May 2010 1Metropolia University of Applied Sciences

Display Technologies Seminar

The Science of Digital Media

• Introduction• FPD in general• FED• OLED• PLED• SED• Conclusions

17 March 2010 2Metropolia University of Applied Sciences

Agenda

Flat Panel Displays

The Science of Digital MediaFlat Panel Displays

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Flat Panel Displays

Volatile• Pixels are periodically refreshed to retain their state• Refresh many times a second• Otherwise image will fade from the screen• Plasma, LCD, OLED, LED, ELD, SED and FED-displays

Static• Material with bistable color states• No energy to maintain image needed, only to change• Slow refresh state• Deployment in limited applications• Cholesteric displays, outdoor advertising, e-book products

The Science of Digital MediaField Emission Display

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Flat Panel Displays

• Developed by Motorola and others during the 1990s

• Very similar to a CRT • Utilizes an electron emitter which activates phosphors on a screen• In CRT an electron gun scatters the charged particles• Each FED pixel has its own corresponding electron source

• At first conical electron emitters (known as a "Spindt tip") – nowdays carbon nanotubes

• Electrons in a FED are not produced by heat

The Science of Digital MediaFED

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Flat Panel Displays

The Science of Digital MediaFED

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Flat Panel Displays

Advantages• More power efficient than LCD• Less weight that same size LCD• Fewer total components and processes involved

Disadvantages• Erosion of the emitters• Extremely high vacuum required in order to operate • Hard to manufacture for commercial use• Production difficulties

The Science of Digital MediaFED

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Flat Panel Displays

First models 2007•19.2-inches.•1,280 x 960 resolution•brightness of 400cd/m2•20,000:1 contrast ratio

•Sony’sField Emission Technologies, whose purpose was to develop the displays closed it doors in 2009. •Reason mainly due to difficulty in raising funds for manufacturing.

The Science of Digital MediaOrganic Light-emitting Diode

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Flat Panel Displays

• Developed by Eastman-Kodak

• Two types: small molecule OLED and polymer OLED

• A Layer of organic material is sandwiched between two conductors (an anode and a cathode) which are between seal and subsrate

• Electro-luminescent bright light is produced from the organic material when current is applied to the conductors

The Science of Digital MediaOLED color

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Flat Panel Displays

• Only pure colors expressed when an electric current stimulates the relevant pixels • Primary color matrix arranged in red, green, and blue pixels, mounted directly to a printed circuit board

• Ambient light interference reduced with "micro-cavity” structure -> improves overall color contrast

• Organic layer adjusted for each color for strongest light

• Colors purified with color filter without the need for polarizer -> outstanding color purity.

The Science of Digital MediaOLED

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Flat Panel Displays

Source: http://www.oled-display.net/how-works-the-oled-technology

The Science of Digital MediaHow OLED is built

Source: http://www.oled-display.net/how-works-the-oled-technology

OLED production

VS.

LCD production

The Science of Digital MediaPLED

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Flat Panel Displays

Source: http://www.educypedia.be/electronics/pled.htm

The Science of Digital Media

• AM OLED = Active Matrix OLED device • FOLED = Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)• OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display• PhOLED = Phosphorescent Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)• PLED = Polymer Light Emitting Diode (CDT)• PM OLED = Passive Matrix OLED device• POLED = Polymer Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (CDT)• RCOLED = Resonant Coloe Oragnic Light Emitting Diode• SmOLED = Small Molecule Ogranic Light Emitting Diode (Kodak)• SOLED = Stacked Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)• TOLED = Transparent Oragnic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)

Different OLED technologies

The Science of Digital MediaOLED

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Flat Panel Displays

Advantages• Can be printed onto any suitable substrate with inkjet (PLED)• Flexible displays• Great artificial contrast ratio and color potential• No need for a backlight• Great viewing angle• Fast response times

Disadvantages• Lifespan (especially blue)• Color balance issues (due lifespan issues)• Water damage• Outdoor performance• Power consumption• Possible screen burn-in

The Science of Digital MediaOLED

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Flat Panel Displays

• Samsung SDI exhibited a 40-inch OLED panel at the FPD International 2008 • full HD resolution of 1920 x 1080• contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1• color gamut of 107% NTSC • luminance of 200cd/m2 (peak luminance of 600cd/m2)

• Samsung shows 3D Panels at CES-2010.

• Sony shows 24.5-inch prototype OLED 3D television during the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2010.

The Science of Digital MediaOLED

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Flat Panel Displays

Source: DisplaySearch Q2,09 Quarterly OLED Shipment and Forecast Report

The Science of Digital MediaSurface-conduction Electron-emitter

Display

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Flat Panel Displays

• Co-developed by Canon and Toshiba Corporation

• Very similar to a CRT • Utilizes an electron emitter which activates phosphors on a screen

• The electron emission element is made from few nanometers thick electron emission film

• No electron beam deflector required• Separate emitter for each color phosphor, 3/pixel or 1/sub-pixel

The Science of Digital MediaSED

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Flat Panel Displays

Source: http://www.oled-display.info/what-means-sed-tv

The Science of Digital MediaSED vs. FED

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Flat Panel Displays

• The significant differences between SED (a)

and FED (b) is in the electron source plate and the drive electronics

Source: http://www.oled-display.info/structure-and-manufacturing-of-an-sed-tv-and-fed-tv-partii

The Science of Digital MediaSED

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Flat Panel Displays

Advantages•The overall power efficiency about ten times better than a LCD of the same size•Less complex than LCD•Fast response time and high contrast ratio•Wide viewing angle•advantages over the FED in manufacturing state

Disadvantages•Potential screen burn-in •Mass production difficulties

The Science of Digital MediaSED

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Flat Panel Displays

Prototype 2006• 1080p 55-inch models• 450 nits of brightness• 50,000:1 contrast ratio• 1ms response time

•Mass production delayed due to lawsuits between Canon and Nano- Proprietary Inc concerning SED panel patent license agreement

The Science of Digital MediaFuture

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Flat Panel Displays

• Some of the technologies have faded after the prototype phase • OLEDs are the most promising

• Flexible displays• Printing technology

• Printed vs non printed • Rigid vs flexible• Inorganic vs organic,• Cost of materials vs process

• New technologies still in development

The Science of Digital MediaFuture

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Flat Panel Displays

Samsung Wave (Super- AMOLED)

vs.

Nokia X6 (TFT LCD capacitive touchscreen)

The Science of Digital Media

Questions?

Thank you!

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Flat Panel Displays