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FLAT BOTTOM OR VACUUM INSULATED
TANKS?VACLAV CHRZ, JIRI KRIVAN, PETR ZARUBA, JIRI ZEMAN
Chart-Ferox, [email protected]
FEROX
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Dilemma ofLiquefied Cryogenic Gas
Storage Projects
• There is no doubt, that for storage ofquantities less than 250 m3, vacuuminsulated tanks are the best option
• There is no doubt, that for storage ofquantities larger than 50 000 m3 flatbottom tanks are the best option
• What about the intermediate region?
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14000
16000
1478
0
185 0
0
800
950
A ppr
ox. 3
000
Design of a Flat Bottom Tank
Outer vessel
Inner vessel
Perlite insulation
Sand layer
Foamglass bricks
Concrete platform
Concrete collumns
Containment
Concrete fundamentAnchoring
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Flat bottom tanks during construction
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1800 m3 2200 m3
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Vacuum insulated tank designinner vessel
outer vessel
perlite-vacuum
inner suports
outer supports
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Vertical tank foundation with a containment (in process)
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Erection ofa verticalVacuumInsulatedtank
(212 m3 LNG,
Statoil,Norway
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Large Vacuum Insulated tanksHT500 (LNG, Norway, 3 pieces in 2003)
volume: 500 000 litersweight: 130 000 kg
36 m
ø5m
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Naturgas Vest, Sunndalsora, NorwayStorage capacity 1500 m3 of LNG, Vaporization 3000 Nm3/h
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Comparison of Flat Bottom andVacuum Insulated tanks
(Qualitative)
• Project lay-out• Manufacturing and Construction• Process design• Pressure dynamics• Risk with catastrophic accidents
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Project lay-out
Flat bottom Vacuum insulated Number of units one more Containment volume needed the whole
storage volumesingle tank volume
vertical: marginally largerhorizontal: much larger
Design of concrete foundations and containment
expensive lower cost
Ground area needed small
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Manufacturing andConstruction
Flat bottom Vacuum insulated Method of manufacturing on site with shop
preparationshop manufactured
Lead time of shop work several weeks several weeks Lead time of on site construction several months several days Possibility of sequential building-up and commissioning (two or three stages, e.g.) Easy to move in case of change of market environment
no yes
no yes
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Process design
Flat bottom Vacuum insulated Typical max. pressure (bar) 0,05 8 Need of discharge pump yes no Net daily evaporation rate due to heat leak 0.1 to 0.2%/day 0.06 to 0.08%/dayOperators’ access for inspection and maintenance
difficult (all on the roof)
easy (ground level)
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Pressure dynamics
Flat bottom Vacuum insulated Need of pressure control according to atmospheric pressure yes no Danger of roll over (spontaneous shrug down of stratified liquid with risky vapor generation and pressure growth)
Maximum boil-off generation at roll-over0.04 to
0.24%/hour - Need of boil-off compressors (sized to maximum) yes no Consequent need of temperature and concentration profile continuous control
yes none
yes no
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Risk with catastrophicaccidents
Flat bottom Vacuum insulated
Resistance to earthquake – measures needed difficult easy
Possibility of partial operation after a case of failure or accident
Catastrophic events – war, terrorism, airplane fall, industrial catastrophy
risk of total damage
no yes
single or several tanks
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Economic ComparisonStorage technology price (example)
10
100
1000 10000 100000
Volume [m3]
Pri
ce p
er m
3 [
non
-cu
rren
cy]
VI VI or FB
?
*FB only
FB
Multiple VI500 m3
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Conclusion
• Progress in manufacturing of largeVacuum Insulated tanks makes possibledesign of sizes 500 m3 and larger.
• Multiple use of these tanks is a realisticalternative to Flat Bottom tanks.
• This alternative should be always takeninto account when projecting storageswith total volume up to 15 000 m3.