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Gram Positive Bacteria

1. What do INVASINS do? They activate the host cell's cytoskeletal machinery enabling bacterial entry into the cell so it can get nutrients and be protected from complement (the host’s way of popping the bacterial cell membrane), antibodies, and other body defenses.

2. What are ADHESINS? They are surface proteins found in the cell wall of various bacteria to enable them to bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of host.

3. What are Enterotoxins? Enterotoxin: acts on the intestinal wall (causes GI upset)They tend to be produced by Gram-positive bacteria rather than by Gram-negative bacteria. There are exceptions, such as Vibrio cholerae.

4. What is an Endotoxin? Endotoxin: Pieces of the bacterium which are toxic to humans

5. What is a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): a protein in the cell wall of many Gram negative organisms. It is detected as foreign (an antigen) and launches an immune response.

6. What is Lipid A? Lipid A: A portion of the lipopolysaccharide which is also an antigen

7. What is an Exotoxin? Exotoxin: produced by a bacterium and then released from the cell into the surrounding environment. The damage caused by an exotoxin can only occur upon release.

8. What does Hemolysin cause? Hemolysins: cause rupture of red blood cells9. What do Neurotoxins do? Neurotoxin: disrupts nerve cells.10. What does H Ag stand for? The H antigen (H Ag) is a flagella on bacteria11. What is K Ag? K Ag: an antigenetic protein on the capsule of bacteria12. What is O Ag? O Ag: a string of sugars on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in

bacterial cell walls.13. What do capsules do for bacteria? Capsule: Helps prevent phagocytosis14. How does motility help bacteria? Motility: Helps to spread disease within host15. Define Angiotropic. Angiotrophic: Means the organism has the ability to cause

blood vessels to grow towards it to feed it.16. What does β lactamase block? β lactamase: an enzyme produced by some bacteria that

blocks the ability of certain antibiotics (penicillin) to destroy the bacteria

17. What are MDR plasmids? MDR plasmids (genes that provide tetracycline resistance)

18. What are facultative intracellular pathogens?

Facultative intracellular pathogens: are capable of transient survival even in phagocytes that exert oxidative / non-oxidative mechanisms

19. What is Ribosylase? Ribosylase: an enzyme produced by some bacteria that modifies host’s proteins, causing massive fluid secretion from the lining of the lumen (in intestines causes diarrhea, in trachea causes coughing). Seen in cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and pertussis toxin.

20. What does Coagulase do? Coagulase: enzyme produced by some bacteria that causes tiny blood clots so bacteria can hide from WBC’s

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21. What does IgA or IgG protease do?

IgA or IgG protease: enzyme produced by some bacteria that prevents agglutination by antibodies

22. What does PG (prostaglandin cause?

PG (prostaglandins): The immune response causes the host to release PG to fight the infection but the side effects are fever (pyrogenic) and inflammation.

23. What does hyaluronidase do? Hyaluronidase: an enzyme produced by some bacteria that dissolves fluid between cells so bacteria can spread faster between tissue planes

24. What does SOD (superoxide dismutase) do?

-SOD (superoxide dismutase): an enzyme produced by some bacteria that deactivates bleach and other substances in WBC lysosomes

25. What does Staphylokinase do? -Staphylokinase: an enzyme produced by some bacteria that digests clots so bacteria can spread

26. Is Staphylococcus normal flora? Yes; that means it is part of every human’s microbiota, and can be opportunistic pathogens if the skin is broken

27. Difference between staphylococcus from Streptococcus? Staphylococcus has…..

-Catalase present, which converts H2O2 è H2O + O2

-That allows them to deactivate hydrogen peroxide in WBC lysosomes.

28. Structure and physiology of staphylococcus

- Gram-positive cocci, non-motile, facultative anaerobes-Cells occur in grapelike clusters because cells division occurs along different planes and the daughter cells remain attached to one another-Salt-tolerant-allows them to tolerate the salt present on human skin-Tolerant of desiccation (drying)-allows survival on environmental surfaces (fomites)

29. Four species of Staphylococcus that cause disease in humans

S. aureusS. haemolyticus (axillae, perineum, and ingunial areas)S. epidermidisS. saprophyticus

30. How else does S. aureus interfere with white blood cells (WBCs)?

Inhibit chemotaxis of WBC’sHaving Protein A on its cell surface inhibits phagocytosis by WBC’s

31. How does S. aureus interfere with antibody attacks?

Binds the hypervariable region of IgG antibodiesHaving Protein A on its cell surface inhibits the complement cascade (part of immune response which pops the bacterial cell membrane)

32. How does a slime layer provide defense against Phagocytosis?

Facilitates attachment of Staphylococcus to artificial surfaces

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33.34. How does S. aureus interfere with

the action of platelets?By producing coagulase, an enzyme that makes tiny blood clots to allow the bacteria to hide from phagocytic cells.It also produces staphylokinase, allowing it to free itself from clots when it wants to.

35. How does S. aureus spread in the body?

By producing Hyaluronidase to break down hyaluronic acid, enabling the bacteria to spread between cells. Hyaluronic acid is a fluid between body cells, and is also found in joints.

36. How does S. aureus survive on the skin surface?

By producing the enzyme lipase, which digests lipids, allowing staphylococcus to grow on the skin’s surface and in cutaneous oil glands

37. What does S. aureus use the enzyme DNase for?

Reduces viscosity in abscesses

38. What does S. aureus use the enzyme β-lactamase for?

Breaks down penicillin and other β -lactam antimicrobial drugs

39. Which Gram positive bacteria produce more toxins than other species?

Staphylococcus aureus

40. What are Hemolysins? Enzymes produced by some bacteria that breaks down red blood cells so bacteria can ingest the nutrients

41. What are enterotoxins? Stimulate the intestinal muscle contractions, nausea, and intense vomiting associated with staphylococcal food poisoning

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42. What are 3 types of hemolysis? a (alpha hemolysis). The red blood cell is only partially destroyed. Shows up as a green color on a blood agar plate

b (Beta hemolysis). The red blood cell is completely destroyed. Shows up as a clear area on blood agar plate. Streptococcus (strep throat) is one organism that does this.

g (gamma hemolysis). RBC is not destroyed. No color change on blood agar plate.

43. Staphylococcal Diseases – What are the 3 categories?

Noninvasive Disease, Cutaneous Disease, Systemic Disease

44. What are the characteristics of noninvasive staphylococcus disease?

Food poisoning from the ingestion of enterotoxin-contaminated food

45. What are the symptoms of staph food poisoning?

nausea, vomiting, retching, stomach cramping, and diarrhea. In more severe cases, dehydration, headache, muscle cramping, and changes in blood pressure and pulse rate may occur.

46. What are the characteristics of cutaneous staphylococcal disease?

Various skin conditions including scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles (boils)

47. What is Toxic shock syndrome-TSS?

toxin is absorbed into the blood and causes shock that is life threatening

48. What is Bacteremia presence of bacteria in the blood49. What is Endocarditis occurs when bacteria attack the lining of the heart50. What is Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and

bronchioles become filled with fluid51. What is Osteomyelitis Infection of bone52. How do you determine if

Staphylococcus species is S. aureus?

S. aureus is coagulase positive

53. If a Staphylococcus is coagulase negative, how do you determine if the species is epidermidis or saprophyticus?

S. epidermidis: Novobiocin-sensitiveS. saprophyticus: Novobiocin-resistant

54. What are the characteristics of S. epidermidis?

-Coagulase-negative-Produces a biofilm that allows adherence to prosthetic devices. People with artificial joints need prophylactic antibiotics before other surgeries for this reason.- Quorum-sensing

55. What is quorum-sensing? Ability to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population. They will wait until there are many bacteria nearby, and then they will all start at the same time to express genes for proteins to help with the invasion. This coordinated invasion overwhelms the host defenses.

56. What drug is used to treat Methicillin

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staphylococcal infections?57. What is Methicillin? Is a semisynthetic form of penicillin and is not inactivated by

b-lactamase58. What does MRSA stand for? Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

59. Where do many MRSA infections occur?

in hospitals and healthcare facilities

60. The type of MRSA with a higher incidence rate in nursing homes or long-term care facilities is known as what?

Healthcare acquired MRSA or HA-MRSA

61. What is becoming increasingly difficult to treat?

Serious MRSA infections, especially HA-MRSA infections

62. How do you prevent infection by S. epidermidis?

-Hand antisepsis is the most important measure in preventing nosocomial infections (wash hands after patient contact)- proper cleansing of wounds and surgical openings- aseptic use of catheters or indwelling needles- appropriate use of antiseptics

63. What is the structure of streptococcus?

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in pairs or chains, that are facultative anaerobes

64. How are streptococci classified? The Lancefield classification65. What is the Lancefield

classification entail?-Divides the streptococci into serotype groups based on the bacteria’s antigens (M proteins)- Human streptococcal pathogens are in Lancefield groups A and B

66. What is the Lancefield Group A pathogen?

Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat). It is beta hemolytic, like Groups B, C, and D.

67. What is the Lancefield Group B pathogen?

Streptococcus agalactiae (normal GI flora in adults, but is the major cause of septicemia in newborns)

68. Do pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes form a capsule?

YES

69. What is pharyngitis? Inflammation of the pharynx70. What is scarlet fever caused by? It is caused by erythrogenic toxin (a bacterial exotoxin)

released by Streptococcus pyogenes. It causes fever, sore throat, bright red tongue, and rash

71. Where does scarlet-fever rash begin and where does it spread to?

Begins on the chest and spreads to the rest of the body

72. What is pyoderma? Confined, pus-producing lesion that usually occurs on the face, arms, or legs

73. What is streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Bacteremia and severe multisystem infection

74. What do pyrogenic toxins do? Stimulate WBCs to release cytokines, which call other WBCs to the infection site and also causes fever

75. What 3 types of cells do White blood cells, Red blood cells, Platelets

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streptolysins lyse?76. What does Protein M do to help

Group A streptococci?Protein M helps to camouflage them from WBCs

77. What is Necrotizing fasciitis? Bacterial infection that destroys muscle and fat tissue and quickly spreads between tissue planes

78. What are the early signs and symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis?

severe pain and swelling. often rapidly increasing, fever, redness at a wound site

79. What is Rheumatic fever? Streptococcal infection that has entered the bloodstream and can lead to scarring of heart valves

80. What is Mortality of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

35%

81. What are the early signs and symptoms of STSS?

feverabrupt onset of generalized or localized severe pain, often in one arm or legDizzinessInfluenza-like syndromeA flat red rash over large areas of the body (only occurs in 10% of cases)

82. Diagnosis of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

Observation of Gram-positive bacteria in short chains or pairs or immunological tests that identify the presence of group A streptococcal antigensStreptococci are normally in the pharynx so their presence in a respiratory sample is of little diagnostic value

83. Treatment of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

Cephalosporin (third generation penicillin) is very effective

84. Prevention of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

Antibodies against M protein provide long-term protection against future infection of S. pyogenes, but only if it is the same strain

85. GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS Gram positive, beta hemolytic bacteriaCommon colonizer of human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tractsCauses serious disease in young infants, pregnant women and older adultsThe most common cause of sepsis and meningitis in infants <3 months

86. What is the leading infectious cause of neonatal sepsis in U.S.?

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Disease

87. Where dose GBS usually live? In gastrointestinal tract but can spread to the genital tract.88. What are the risk factors for early-

onset GBS disease? Obstetric risk factors GBS in the mother’s urine during pregnancy (marker for

heavy colonization). Previous infant with GBS disease Low maternal levels of anti-GBS antibodies

89. What are the prevention of early-onset GBS disease?

Intrapartum antibiotics (IAP)

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90. Intrapartum antibiotics (IAP) Highly effective at preventing early-onset disease in women at risk of transmitting GBS to their newborns.

Efficacy in clinical trials: 100%.91. Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci Produce a green pigment when grown on blood agar.

Normally inhabit the mouth, pharynx, GI tract, genital tract, and urinary tract.

One of the causes of dental caries and dental plaques. If enter the blood can cause meningitis and endocarditis.

92. What organism produces alpha hemolysis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

93. What organism normally colonizes the mouths and pharynx but can cause disease if travels to the lungs

Streptococcus pneumoniae

94. What is pneumolysin? Enzyme produced by some bacteria which lyses epithelial cells in the lungs

95. What to diseases are caused by bacteria invading the sinuses or middle ear, often following a viral infection

Sinusitis (sinus infection) and otitis media (middle ear infection)

96. How do you diagnose Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Gram strain of sputum smears, then Quelling reaction (anti-capsular antibodies cause the capsule to swell), confirming the presence of bacteria

97. What would be treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Cephalosporin

98. How can you prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Vaccine made from purified capsular material. Provides long lasting immunity in normal adults but is not as effective in children, the elderly, or AIDS patients

99. Previously classified as group D streptococci but differed enough to be reclassified as a separate genus

Enterococcus

100. Form short chains and pairs and lack a capsule

Enterococcus

101. Found in the human colon but are rarely pathogenic at this site

Enterococcus

102. Bacteria that normally live in the colon but can cause disease if they are introduced into other parts of the body, such as the urinary tract or bloodstream

Enterococcus

103. What types of infections may be caused by Enterococcus?

An important cause of nosocomial infections

104. Why is treatment for Enterococcus difficult?

Treatment is difficult because enterococci are often resistant to antimicrobials

105. Why is prevention for Enterococcus difficult?

Prevention is difficult, especially in a health care setting, where patients’ often have weakened immune systems

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106. Describe Bacillus • Gram-positive bacilli, that occurs singly, in pairs, or in chains

• Forms endospores• Typically motile

107. What is the rapid-onset emetic syndrome of B. cereus?

Rapid-onset emetic syndromeCauses nausea and vomiting

108. When does vomiting occur Begins one to five hours after contaminated food is eaten.109. What is the slow-onset diarrheal syndrome of B. cereus?

DiarrheaAbdominal pain occurs 8 to 16 hours after consumption of contaminated food.

110. What are treatments for symptoms caused by B. cereus?

Oral hydrationIV fluid

111. What are the 3 ways humans can contract Bacillus Anthracis

1. Inhalation of spores2. Inoculation of spores into the body through a break in

the skin3. Ingestion of spores

112. What disease does Bacillus Anthracis cause?

Anthrax

113. What three clinical manifestations can Anthrax have?

Gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and inhalation anthrax

114. What are the signs and symptoms of GI Anthrax?

- Rare in humans- Stomach pain- Loss of appetite- Bloody diarrhea- Nausea- Fever- Vomiting blood

o Intestinal hemorrhaging and eventually death in 60% of cases

115. Signs and symptoms of Cutaneous Anthrax

Produces a black scabby ulcer called an eschar as well as toxemia (toxins in the blood)

116. Signs and symptoms of Inhalation Anthrax

- Similar to GI Anthrax- Fever- Nausea- Vomiting- Aches- Fatigue

117. Symptoms of advanced Inhalation Anthrax

- Labored breathing- Shock- Death

118. How does Inhalation Anthrax infect?

Rare in humansSpores germinate in the lungs and secrete toxins that are absorbed into the bloodstreamMortality rate of 75%

119. Diagnosis of Inhalation anthrax Presence of large, nonmotile, gram- positive bacilli in clinical samples of the lungs

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120. What is the treatment for anthrax? Ciprofloxacin and many other antimicrobials are effective against B. anthracis

121. What are 2 methods of prevention?

Control the disease in animalsAnthrax vaccine – available but requires multiple doses and boosters

122. What is Clostridium? Gram-positive, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacillus123. Where is it found? Ubiquitous in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of

animals and humans124. Does the presence of endospores allow for survival in harsh conditions?

Yes

125. Where does Clostridium perfringens grow?

Commonly grows in the digestive tracts of animals and humans

126. What does C. perfringens produce?

11 toxins that have various effects on the body and can result in irreversible damage

127. What 2 diseases does C. perfringens cause?

1) food poisoning2)gas gangrene

128. What is food poisoning characterized by?

Abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea

129. How are C. perfringens endospores introduced into the body in the case of gas gangrene?

Through some traumatic event such as stepping on a sharp object that has soil on it.

130. What do the endospores cause once they begin to germinate?

They cause necrosis that is often accompanied by foul smelling gaseous bacterial waste products.

131. What indicates the involvement of Clostridium in food poisoning?

The presence of more than 10-5 bacteria in a gram of food or 10-6 cells per gram of feces.-Gas gangrene is usually a diagnostic by itself

132. What is the treatment for most cases of food poisoning?

Ride it out; drink lots of water, eat only grains (toast) or sugars (7-Up), replace electrolytes (Pedialyte)

133. What is the treatment for gas gangrene?

Remove the dead tissue and administer large doses of Cephalosporin.

134. How does one prevent infection by Clostridium perfringens?

Proper cleaning of wounds, otherwise fairly difficult to prevent because it is so common.

135. What is Clostridium difficile? Common member of the intestinal microbiotaOpportunistic pathogen in patients treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs

136. What are the signs and symptoms of Clostridium difficile?

Minor infections can result in a self-limiting explosive diarrheaSerious cases can cause pseudomonas colitisCan result in perforation of the colon, leading to massive internal infection by fecal bacteria and eventual death

137. How is Clostridium difficile diagnosed and treated?

Diagnosed by isolating the organism from feces or by demonstrating the presence of toxins via immunoassayMinor infections are usually resolved by discontinuing use of the antimicrobial drug in useSerious cases are treated with antibioticsProper hygiene is critical for limiting nosocomial infections

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138. What is Clostridium botulinum? Anaerobic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive bacillusCommon in soil and waterBotulism results when the endopsores germinate and produce botulism toxinThe different botulism toxins are the deadliest toxins known

139. What is botulism? Botulism is not an infection, but an intoxification caused by the botulism toxin

140. What are the 3 forms of botulism? Food-borne botulismInfant botulismWound botulism

141. Describe Food borne botulism Consumption of toxin in home-canned foods or preserved fish or dented cans of food. Can result in a progressive paralysis that results in death due to the inability to inhale

142. What is the outcome of food borne botulism?

Can result in a progressive paralysis that results in death due to the inability to inhale

143. What is infant botulism? Results from the ingestion of endospores, which germinate, and colonize the gastrointestinal tract due to the lack of sufficient numbers of normal microbiota

144. What are the symptoms of infant botulism?

Symptoms include constipation and “failure to thrive”, but paralysis and death are rare

145. What food is infant botulism associated with?

It is associated with eating honey. Infants less than 1 year old should never eat honey. They do not have enough normal GI microbes to outcompete Clostridium spores that are in honey.

146. What are the characteristics of wound botulism?

Wound becomes contaminated with endospores Symptoms are the same as with food-borne botulism

147. What is the diagnosis for botulism?

Symptoms of botulism are diagnostic Confirm diagnosis by culturing the organism from

food, feces, or the patient’s wound148. What are the (3) approaches to the treatment of botulism?

1. Repeated washing of the intestinal tract to remove Clostridium

2. Administer antibodies against botulism toxin to neutralize toxin in the blood

3. Administer antimicrobials drugs to kill clostridia in infant botulism cases

149. What are the preventions of botulism?

Proper canning of food to prevent contamination Don’t buy dented cans of food Infants should not consume honey under the age of 1

150. What is clostridium tetani? Also known as tetanus: Endospore-forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive rods

151. Where is clostridium tetani found?

Ubiquitous in soil, dust, and the GI tract of animals and humans

152. How does tetanus occur? Tetanus results when the bacterial endopsores germinate and produce tetanus toxin

Tetanus results in spasms and contractions that can result in death because patients can’t exhale

153. What does tetanus toxin (TeNT) TeNT binds to the presynaptic membrane of the

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bind to? neuromuscular junction.154. After TeNT binds to the presynaptic membrane, where is it transported to?

Spinal cord

155. What is spastic paralysis induced by?

The spastic paralysis induced by the toxin is due to the blockade of neurotransmitter release from spinal inhibitory interneurons

156. What is the diagnosis of tetanus toxin?

Characteristic muscular contraction The bacteria are rarely isolated from clinical samples

because it grows slowly and is sensitive to oxygen.157. What are the treatments for tetanus toxin?

Thorough cleaning of wounds to remove endospores Passive immunization with immunoglobulin directed

against the toxin Administration of antimicrobials Active immunization with tetanus toxoid

158. How do you prevent getting the tetanus toxin?

By immunization of tetanus toxoid

159. What is Listeria and where is it found?

•- It is a Gram-positive non-spore-forming, coccobacillus•Found in soil, water, mammals, birds, fish, and insects

160. What should individuals at risk for Listeria avoid?

•At risk individuals should avoid undercooked vegetables, unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, and all soft cheeses

161. Where is Corynebacterium diptheriae found?

•Ubiquitous on plants and in animals and humans

162. What does cutaneous diphtheria cause?

•Cutaneous diphtheria causes cell death and formation of a pseudomembrane in the trachea that causes suffocation

163. How is Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diptheriae) diagnosed?

Initial diagnosis is based on the presence of pseudomembraneAbsolute identification is based on the Elek test

164. How does the Elek test help identify gram positive bacteria?

Antibodies against diphtheria toxin react with toxin in a sample of fluid from the patient

165. How is Diphtheria treated? Administration of antitoxin to neutralize toxin before it binds to cells

166. What antibiotics are used to Diphtheria?

Penicillin and Erythromycin kills the bacteria

167. How do you prevent Diphtheria? Immunization with the DPT vaccineTDap ages 11+DTap ages 6 weeks+

168. Which bacterium cell wall contains a waxy lipid called mycolic acid?

Mycobacterium

169. What advantage does a cell wall of mycolic acid provide?

Slow growthProtection from lysis once the bacteria are phagocytized

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Capacity for intracellular growthResistance to gram-staining, detergents, many antimicrobial drugs and desiccation

170. What are three main mycobacterium diseases?

TuberculosisLeprosyOpportunistic infections in AIDS patients

171. What is Tuberculosis? Respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

172. Virulent strains of M. tuberculosis contain what cell wall component that is necessary to cause the disease?

Cord factor

173. What are the three types of tuberculosis?

Primary, Secondary and Disseminated TB

174. What are the differences between the three types of TB?

Primary results from the initial infection with M. tuberculosisSecondary: Reestablishment of an active infection after a period of dormancyDisseminated results when the infection spreads throughout the body

175. How is Tuberculosis diagnosed? Tuberculin skin tests identify individuals with previous exposure to M. tuberculosis. A hard and red swollen bump will be present at the test site in 48 hours.

176. How do you treat Tuberculosis? Common antimicrobials are not effective in treating M. tuberculosis. A combination therapy must be used for a 9-18 months to treat the disease.

177. How is M. tuberculosis prevented?

Prophylactic antibacterial drugs are used to treat patients who have converted from a negative skin test to a positive skin test or were exposed to active cases of TB.Immunization with BCG vaccine is used in countries where TB is common.

178. What causes Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)?

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Transmission is contact person to person or break in the skin. Bacteria have never been grown in cell-free culture. They can only be grown on foot pads of mice or armadillo scales.Cases of leprosy are becoming epidemic

179. Two different types of Leprosy Tuberculoid leprosy-Non-progressive disease that is characterized by loss of sensation in regions of the skin.Lepromatous leprosy- Produces gradual tissue destruction that results in the loss of facial features, digits and other body structures.

180. How is Leprosy diagnosed? Diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. Tuberculoid leprosy- loss of sensation in skin lesions Lepromatous leprosy-disfigurement

181. How is leprosy treated? Combination of antimicrobial drugs. Lifelong treatment is sometimes needed. These medicines cause severe birth

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defects, so women must have their fallopian tubes tied (sterilization) before treatment can begin.

182. Prevention of leprosy Primarily prevented by limiting exposure to the pathogen. BCG vaccine provides some protection

183. Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients are a result of ingestion of what?

Contaminated food or water

184. Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients can result in what?

Massive organ failure

185. What gram positive bacteria are common in soils rich in organic matter?

Nocardia asteroides

186. Nocardia asteroides produce opportunistic infections in which sites?

1. Pulmonary infections (from inhalation of the bacteria, which then produce pneumonia)2. Cutaneous infections (bacteria in wounds)3. Central nervous system infections (meningitis results from spread of bacteria in the blood.)

187. Prevention of nocardial disease involves avoiding what substance?

Exposure to the bacterium in soil.

188. Actinomyces israelii is most commonly associated with what type of infections?

Crainiofacial infections (eg., post-dental procedure) , soft tissue infections (after human bite wounds) and maxillary osteomyelitis.

189. Is actinomyces israelii a normal flora or parasite?

The organism can be a normal flora of the normal host.

190. What is a furuncle? Infected hair follicle abscess/ boilsUsually caused by Staph auerus

191. What are carbuncles? Larger than a furuncle; usually it is a mass of furunclesInfected hair follicle abscess/ boilsUsually caused by Staph auerus

192. What is cellulitis? Soft tissue infections that spreads quickly between tissue planes and can lead to septicemia (blood poisoning) and death

193. What causes scalded skin syndrome?

exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus

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