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2. Introduction There is a strong possibility you will be called to respond to a flammable gas or liquids emergency during your career as an emergency responder. This course will prepare and assist you to respond to and act in a SAFE manner should an incident of this type of occur. 2 3. Course Objectives Provide the student with information on the characteristics and hazards of Flammable Liquids and Gases Provide the student with methods and procedures on handling Flammable Liquids and Gases Provide the student with an opportunity to use control methods on Flammable Liquids and Gases 3 4. NFPA 1001 Standards Addressed 4 4-3.3(a) Prerequisite Knowledge Characteristics of pressurized flammable gases, elements of a gas cylinder, effects of heat and pressure on closed cylinders, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) signs and effects, methods for identifying contents, how to identify safe havens before approaching flammable gas cylinder fires, water stream, usage and demands for pressurized cylinder fires, what to do if the fire is prematurely extinguished, valve types and their operation. Alternative actions related to various hazards and when to retreat. 5. NFPA 1001 Standards Addressed 5 4-3.3(b) Prerequisite Skills The ability to execute effective advances and retreats, apply various techniques for water application, assess cylinder integrity and changing cylinder conditions, operate control valves, choose effective procedures when conditions change. A4-3.3 Controlling flammable gas cylinder fires can be a very dangerous operation. The Fire fighter II should act as a team member, under the direct supervision of an officer, during these operations. 6. Oregon OSHA Requires Full PPE for this training Boots Pants Coat Hood Helmet Gloves SCBA 6 7. Safety Notice 7 All students participating in the FLAG program are required to meet the OROSHA Respiratory Standards, Div. 2L 1910.134. The standard requires all personnel who wear SCBA to have been fit tested and meet the medical evaluation requirements for respirator use. If you have visible facial hair between your skin and the seal area of the face piece we ask you to not participate in the hands-on training. You are most welcome to participate in the classroom session Only. 8. Unit Objectives 1. The student will identify the properties and characteristics of flammable and combustible liquids. 2. The student will understand the characteristics of Flammable and Combustible Liquids when released from their containers. 3. The student will understand the safety issues associated to working with flammable and combustible liquids during emergency operations. 8 9. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids 8 Video 10. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS Liquids having a flash point less than 100F (38C) 9 Gasoline Ethanol Acetone 11. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids 10 COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS Liquids having a flash point above 100F (38C) Fuel Oils Diesel Kerosene Vegetable Oil 12. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids 11 Hydrocarbons (Petroleum Products) Will Not Mix With Water Kerosene Gasoline Diesel 13. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids 12 Polar Solvent Will Mix With Water Alcohols Ketones Lacquers Acetone Ethanol 14. Characteristics of Flammable Liquids 13 Ethanol Polar Solvent Will Mix With Water Baltimore MD. May 2007 EERC Note: Lack of black smoke 15. Pacific Ethanol Boardman, OR 15 RR Loading Dock Plant Site Barge Loading Dock 14 16. Ethanol Fuels Distillation of corn - 200 Proof Alcohol Denatured with Gasoline for shipment. Further blended at the distribution terminal site. 16 Ethanol-blended fuels may include blends of gasoline and ethanol in any ratio, today there are three common ethanol-blended fuels. E-98/E-95 denatured with 25 % unleaded gasoline - fuel-grade ethanol or denatured ethanol number one freight rail commodity in the U.S. Placard 1987 E-10 90 percent gasoline/10 percent ethanol blend May be labeled as RFG or oxygenated gasoline Placard 1203 E-85 85 percent fuel ethanol and 15 percent gasoline Flexible-Fuel Vehicles (FFV) only Placard 3475 17. Ethanol Fuel 17 Guide Page 127 Polar/Water-Miscible Evacuation Distances Initial Large Spill 1000 Downwind (300 Meters) Fire Involving Rail car or truck Mile All Directions (800 Meters) Gasoline with 10% or more Ethanol 18. Ethanol Fuels Key Points You are more likely to encounter a spill When ethanol Burns the flame is invisible Consider Tank Failure Polar Solvents require higher rates of foam application - AR-AFFF Recommended Water application forces separation of product 18 19. DOT Hazard Class 3 19 Gasoline 1203 Diesel 1993 20. Hydrocarbons 20 Flammable Range 7.6% 1.4% Too Lean Too Rich LEL UEL 100% Gasoline Flammable Range Too Lean Too Rich 5% .7% Fuel Oil 0% 21. Ethanol 21 Flammable Range 19% 3.3% Too Lean Too Rich LEL UEL 100% 0% Polar Solvent 22. Hazards of Flammable Liquids 22 Potential for BLEVE PPE - Wicking effect on contact with product Vapors generally heavier than air (ignition sources & low areas) Be aware of runoff into drains & storm sewers Atomization of fuel Flame impingement of tank support assemblies 23. Steel Tank Support Assembly 23 24. Flammable & Combustible Liquids Always contact pipeline company or distribution plant manager prior to shutting off any valves or pipe lines on incidents involving flammable or combustible liquids. 24 25. Unit Objectives 1. The student will identify the characteristics of flammable gases. 2. The student will understand the chemical properties and how they relate to combustion. 3. The student will be able to identify safety hazards through the use of the DOT Placards and the NFPA 704 signage on arrival at and emergency scene. 25 26. Characteristics of Flammable Gases 26 27. Characteristics of Flammable Gases 27 Flammable Gases Do Not have a Flash Point they are ready to burn without any outside heating required They Do Have a Flammable Range 28. 28 Characteristics of Flammable Gases Shipped as a liquid, under pressure at normal temperatures: Propane Butane Propylene Butadiene Vinyl Chloride Shipped in gaseous state under pressure: Methane Ethane Acetylene CNG Hydrogen 29. Compressed Natural Gas 29 Type III DOT 3600 psi 30. Liquefied Natural Gas 30 31. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Common Synonyms Dimethyl methane (technical name) Propane LPG - the most common 31 32. Liquefied Gases Propane (Odorless) C3H8 Ethyl Mercaptan Anhydrous Ammonia NH3 Chorine CL 32 33. Liquefied Petroleum Gas UN / DOT designation Liquid: 1075 Vapor: 1978 Hazard Class: 2 33 34. Liquefied Petroleum Gas NFPA 704 Classification Special Consideration 34 35. Liquefied Petroleum Gas NFPA 704 Classification 0 - None 1 - Low 2 - Medium 3 - High 4 - Extreme 35 1 4 0 Propane 36. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Physical and Chemical Properties: Boiling Point: - 43.3F (vaporizes @) Specific Gravity: .504 (liquid) Vapor Density: 1.5 (gas) Vapor Pressure: 127 PSIG @ 70F 205 PSIG @ 100 F 36 37. Liquefied Petroleum Gas 37 Will not react with or pollute water 36.83 Cu Ft. Vapor per Gallon @ 65F 8.66 Cu Ft. Vapor per lb @ 60F Ignition Temperature in Air = 920-1120F Max Flame Temperature in Air = 3595F BTUs per Gallon = 91,502 38. Hazards of Flammable Gases Flame: Burns YELLOW - ORANGE or BLUE Can be invisible behind water fog screen Extremely hot (may cause major burns) Radiant heat can be deceptive Usually located at source of leak 38 39. 39 Always Reference Guide Page 115 Evacuation Distances Initial Large Spill Mile Downwind (800 Meters) Fire Involving Tank car or truck 1 Mile (5280 ft.) (1600 Meters) Propane 40. Flammable Limits Propane 40 Flammable Range 9.6% 2.15% Too Lean Too Rich LEL UEL Most Violent @ 2.5% 1 Part Gas to 40 Parts Air 100% 0% 41. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Shipping Grade of Purity: 97% Storage Temperature: Ambient Outdoor Temperature Venting: Safety Relief Valve Set to relieve at 250 psig 375 psig Note: Expansion Ratio of 270:1 41 The amount of gas produced by the evaporation of one volume of liquid at a given temperature 42. Hazards of Flammable Gases When involved in fire: Containers may explode (BLEVE) Flashback along vapor trail may occur Vapor may explode if ignited in enclosed area - (Flammable Range) Burns with a loud pressurized flame 42 43. Vehicle Fuels 2012 (Liquids & Gasses) 43 Property Gasoline Ethanol Propane Natural Gas Hydrogen Flammable Range 1.4 - 7.6% 3.3 - 19% 2.15 - 9.6% 5.0 - 15.0% 4.0 - 74.0% Ignition Temp 536-853F 685F 871F 999F 923F Flame Visible Visible Visible Visible Nearly Physical State Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Gas Vapor Density 3 - 4 1.59 1.52 0.70 0.07 Odor Yes Yes (Wine or Whiskey) Added Added Odorless Color Yellow Clear No No No Toxicity Yes No No No No Flame Temperature 1,997 C 3200 C 1,980 C 1,957 C 2,045 C Specific Gravity 0.8 .08 0.5 0.56 44. Unit Objectives The student will identify the basic methods of Fire control for Class B Fires The student will understand the three types of water application for fire control of class B Fires The student will understand how to position and how to use nozzle patterns for protection when shutting valves off for class B fires. 44 45. Class B Fires; Control with Water 45 Safety Point Hydrocarbons; Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are not water soluble . Polar solvents; alcohols and lacquers are miscible in water Identify the product and know how to extinguish it 46. Water to Control Class B Fires 46 As a Cooling Agent As a Mechanical Tool As a Protective Cover 47. 47 Application in droplet form in sufficient quantities to absorb the heat produced. Applied to a container or steel supports to cool and prevent a BLEVE or collapse from direct flame impingement. Note: Do not use foam during cooling operations foam insulates the tank. 48. 48 To move class B fuels to safe areas; to be burned or to limit ignition sources Use water fog patterns for radiant heat protection and to prevent Plunging the stream into the liquid, 49. 49 50. 50 As a protective cover from Radiant Heat and Flames for teams advancing to shut off valves 51. 51 Apex point of Fog Patterns 52. Unit Objectives The student will identify the tactics to use on a flammable gas leak and on flammable gas fires The student will understand the requirement for a Safety Officer 52 53. Tactical Considerations for Flammable Gases Always wear full personal protective equipment (PPE) Form a plan of operation have an IAP prior to acting Have all needed equipment readily available 53 54. Check surrounding areas and remove all ignition sources Establish Attack Lines (2) 1 hose lines @ 95gpm Five personnel 1 Officer (Team Leader) 4 Firefighters Tactics 54 55. Tactics (1) 1 hose line @ 95gpm Three personnel 1 Officer 2 Firefighters 55 A Safety Line Is Mandatory 56. Tactics Assign a Safety Officer (CFR 1910.120) Always Approach with Caution Monitor Changing Tank Conditions Listen for Safety Warnings 56 57. Tactics 57 Isolate area after shut-off - until gas disperses Continue to use fog streams! If gas cannot be shut-off isolate area and continue to disperse vapor (with fog stream) until container is empty One line positioned at the point of release Two lines 50ft to 75ft downwind Approach vapor cloud with wind at your back 58. Ignition Sources Remove ignition sources starting downwind 58 59. Tactics 59 DO NOT SHUT OFF VALVES Contact pipeline company Contact plant manager or facility engineer Never extinguish an LPG fire unless the fuel supply can be shut off If leak cannot be controlled, use water to cool area until gas can be remotely shut off and/or dissipates 60. Safety Points for Fire Attack If fire is impinging on vessel for 5+ minutes and relief valve is venting - evacuate (abandon) the area If not venting, apply large amounts of water on vessel 60 Apply water at the top 10% (vapor space ) of the tank this allows the water to cascade down the sides of the tank and cool the tank shell Large tank 1000 GPM with 500 GPM directed at the point of flame contact Small tank 500 GPM at the point flame contact Vapor Space 61. Safety Points for Fire Attack Limit exposure of personnel (use unmanned master streams) Always approach the tank from the sides never from the ends 61 62. 62 Approach Zone Approach Zone DANGER ZONEDANGER ZONE DANGER ZONE Blast Zone 63. Procedures For Leak On Pipeline In addition to previous instructions, add the following dynamics: If valve is leaking, do not shut off until approved by pipeline company If this is a leak in a pipe, shutting down the system may occur miles awayand may take hours to completely disperse product Continue to disperse vapor cloud with fog stream 63 64. Leak Involving Pipe Or Vessel Do not walk in liquid! If crew is exposed to liquid, flush with copious amounts of water. Do not rub affected areas!!! If liquid is on the ground, flush with water Note: Vapor clouds will form and are a common occurrence. 64 65. Unit Objectives 1. The student will describe a BLEVE and how it occurs. 2. The student shall describe the indicators leading to a BLEVE. 3. The student will identify those safety precautions required in dealing with a BLEVE situation 65 66. BLEVE 66 . Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion The explosive release of internal vessel pressure, pieces of the tank, liquid product, expanding vapor, and a characteristic fireball with radiant heat and shockwave. Generally involves flammable gases 67. Indicators for Potential BLEVE 67 Increased noise from a discharging relief valve Increased in size of fire plume at relief valve Observed color changes on vessel Changes in tank shape; depression or bulges Flame impingement for longer than 5 minutes A Sealed pressure vessel with direct flame impingement above the liquid level . 68. BLEVE SITUATIONS Methods of coping with potential BLEVE Large amounts of water at point of flame impingement Tank size 1000 gallons or more: 500 gpm for 5 minutes If still venting, evacuate immediately (5,280 ft radius) 68 69. BLEVE SITUATIONS Methods of coping with potential BLEVE: Tank size less than 1,000 gallons: (500 gpm for 3 minutes) If still venting, evacuate immediately (5,280 ft. 1 Mile radius ) 69 70. 70 71. 71 72. 72 Flammable Liquids have a Flash Point ? Below 100 F (38 C) What is the most common flammable liquid ? Gasoline Methanol is classified as a? Flammable Liquid; Polar Solvent When Methanol burns the flame may be? The flame from Methanol may be invisible What is the most common flammable gas ? Propane (LPG) 73. 73 What is the expansion ration for LPG ? 270:1 Name the 3 methods of water application for Class B fires ? Protection Cover Cooling Agent Mechanical Tool What is the function of a relief valve on a LPG tank ? A safety device to relieve internal tank pressure What does the term BLEVE stand for ? Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion 74. 74 What is the minimum evacuations distance when you suspect a potential BLEVE ? 1 Mile in all directions What is ERG used for ? A reference for emergency responders What is the minimum GPM required for direct flame impingement ? 500 Gallons per minute 75. 75 76. 76 77. 77 Flammable Liquids Spill Prop 78. 78 79. 79 80. 80 81. 81 82. 82 83. 83 84. 84 85. 85 86. 86 87. 87 88. 88 Team Leader Calls the shots Continual Communication Everyone needs to know Keys to Success 89. 89 Isolate Shut Off Valve From Fire Have a Plan & Work Together Keep Fog Application Steady! Never Allow the Fog Pattern To Be Broken 90. 90 91. 91