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TRANSCRIPT
'FAA ADS -3
a
U-
TECHNICAL REPORT
ADS - 3
FL, '-4MABILITY AND SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS
OF AIRCRAFT INTERIOR MATERIALS
John F. Marcy E. B. Nicholas J. E. Demare6
Systems Research and Development Service
FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
Washington, D.C. January 1964
REPMRO WBY
tu, TiotAL TECHNICAINFORMATION SERVICE I
U.S. DEPAinMENT OF COMMERCE
S. -I..FIE. D, VA. 22161
0 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY ............................ ii
t INTRODUCTION ........................ 1
BACKGROUND ............................. 1
DISCUSSION .............................. 3
T ~~ Fire Testing ...... .... ... ... ........ 3Equipment Description ....................... 5Laboratory Tests and Measurements ............. 6Test Results and Analysis ... .............. .11
CONCLUSIONS .............................. 20
REFERENCES .......................... 21
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................ 23
SUMMARY TABLES . ........... ...... .... 24
ILLUSTRATIONS ......................... 30
L APPENDIX 1
[2 Materials Description (11 pages)
APPENDIX 2
[1 Flammability Test Data on Interior Materials (59 pages)
ElEl
FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKECHARACTERISTICS OF AIRCRAFT
jINTERIOR MATERIALS
TECHNICAL REPORT-ADS - 3
L
by
John F. Marcy
E. B. NicholasJ. E. Demaree
Systems Research and Development Service
Ll
January 1964[3
[1 This report was prepared by the SRDS underProject No. 311-3X1 for the Aircraft
.... Development Service.
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SUWAMY
Flamnability and smoke characteristics of intexior mataral1;were detenxmined from a selection of 109 materials representative ofpresent uiiage in the aviation industry. Acomparison was made of theflame-resistant charactetistics exhibited by the different materials onthe basis of: (1) test method, (?)-thickness, weight, composition andbacking, (3),fire-retarant.'treatment, and (4) -degradation from iise andcleaning. By employing test methods defined in FAA Flight StandardsService Release 453 and Federal Specific-tion, CCC-T-191b, burning,characteristics were obtained in terms of burn rate, burn1ength, aud
isex inguishing ime. A Flame-Spread index adn smoke, iactor algib-were obtained by making use of the Ltadiant Panel Test Apparatus.
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INTRODUCTION
This project was designed to provide technical information fromstandard laboratory fire tests that could be used as a basis for definingmore acceptable flame-resistant standards and test methods for aircraftinterior materials than those now provided by FAA Flight StandardsService (FSS) Release No. 453.
Recent fire experience in air transport passenger compartments andthe development of new materials and.test methods had suggested thatthe present standards were perhaps no longer adequate. As part of theproject assignment, a laboratory test program was established using thetest equipment and facilities at the National Bureau of Standards,Washington, D. C. Under this test program, some 100 different mate-rials representative of materials in current use in commercial air trans-port were tested for relative flammability by various test methods
" including that specified in FSS Release No. 453, for direct comparisonoFuture work on the projec4 will include toxic gas analyses on the com-bustion by-products of materials and also full-scale cabin fire tests
*" using interiors with different degrees of fire resistance. The result ofthese tests will be covered in separate reports.
BACKGROUND
The events that preceded this project and were responsible for itbeing conducted were foremost: (1) concern with.recent fire experienceinvolving interior materials in air transport passenger cabins, (2) in-creased use of plastics and synthetics in interior furnishings, and(3) development of new laboratory test methods and criteria for evaluatingflame-resistant characteristics of materials.
An acceptable procedure for showing compliance with the pertinentflame-resistant requirements in CAR's 3, 4b, 6, and 7 is contained inFSS Release 453, dated November 9, 1961. This document is basedalmost entirely on an earlier Safety Regulation Release 259, datedAugust 26, 1947. The two documents establish both a test method and aburn-rate limit of 4 inches per minute for showing compliance. However,a burn rate of this magnitude is now generally considered very lenient.
K l A survey of interior materials in aircraft reveals that these are essentiallythe same as those offered to and used by industry in general; the mostnotable exception among the aircraft materials being the vinyl-coatedfiberglas fabrics. Other exceptions are the synthetic fiber fabrics and
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vinyl sheets which are sometimes spe._:LtUy flame-retardant treated. Inany case, the degree of flame resistance required by present regulationsdoes not encourage the development or use of better mate-rils at this time. 1!During the last few years, however, as a result of a series Qf fire in which t
the interior cabins of several la~ge transport aircraft were severely dam-aged (Reference 1), the aviazion industry has shown an. increasing interestin the problem of minimizing the hazard from cabin fires (References 2and 3). At least one major aircraft company has undertaken an extensivetesting program with the object of selecting the best flame-retardantmaterials available from industry for use in interior cabins. These ma-terials are, selected according to their exceptional self-extinguishing 7properties. A very high percentage of the materials which are found topass the present regulations fail to meet these more severe tests.
A test program which is concerned with the upgrading ,of flame-resistant materials noeds to consider, first, the validity of the testmethols employed to establish new flame-resistant limits and, second,whether such new limits are adequate. Present standards which are basedon Federal Specification CCC-T-191b, May 1951, titled "Textile TestMethods, " may be inadequate. This title raises the question whethermaterials other than fabrics may be justifiably cqnsidered to fall in thisclassification since many cf the interior materials now in use consist ofsheets, laminates, and assc -nblies of several components containingplastics, glass, and even paptr. A second consideration involves theseverity of the test method. The rapid spread of fires throughout thecabins of -large transports (Reference iI was surprising in view of the useof materials presumably flame resistant.
The problem of devising more realistic test methods and criteria hasengaged the attention of the leading research and testing laboratories.Test methods (References 4, 5, and 6) utilizing large ignition sources,such as fire tunnels heated by large gas flames and a radiant panel, havebeen developed for this purpose. These more severe methods are usedextensively for hazard classification of building materials. Some of thevinyl-coated fabric materials now supplied to the aviation industry weretested in a 25-foot tunnel and displayed the Underwriters Laboratories,Inc., label (Reference 7). These methods also provide a smoke factorfor the burning material. This factor (Reference 8), is receiving increas-ing interest due to the widespread use of plastics which, in general,produce much larger quantities of smoke than do the cellulose-derivedmaterials.
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The use of plastics also has been responsible for the concern of lateshown over the problem of toxic gases. Normally, the only toxic gas ofsufficient concentration to be dangerous to life is carbon monoxide(References 8 and 9). In the case of some heated or burning plastics,however, other gases more toxic than carbon monoxide may be producedin concentrations sufficient to become hazardous (Reference 10). Toxicityis a difficult problem to analyze (References 11 and 12) since it dependsto a large extent on the combustion process in an actual fire. Laboratorytests conducted on small samples of interior materials may not providecomplete or sufficient information on this hazard. Further tests utilizinga full-scale test article to simulate an actual fire in an aircraft to moreaccurately determine toxicity effect of the materials will be undertakenin the future as a second phase of this project.
Fire-retardant treatment is effective both by surface coating of thefabrics (References 13 and 14) and by incorporation of the chemicals
" - within the material itself. Published data, however, show that the effectwith plastics is erratic (Reference 15). In contrast, the salts used in thecoating of the fabrics are generally effective in making the material moreself-extinguishing when used in sufficient quantity. However, the treat-inent is affected by cleaning agents which dissolve the salt& (Reference 16).Therefore, the treatment must be renewed to remain effective.
The work described in this report is concerned mainly with a study oftest methods and their application to the fire testing of aircraft interiormaterials. To insure a satisfactory cross section of all materials incommon use in aviation, over 100 materials were selected from amongsome dozen different sources including two aircraft companies, two air-lines and, the rest, materials manufacturers. A majority of these ma-terials may be seen to consist of vinyls and synthetic Lbers characteristicof modern interior furni-hings.
DISCUSSION
Fire Testing
The ability to resist fire is one of the important properties ofmaterials. Materials used in aircraft and subject to fire are divided intofour classifications. These are in order of the severity of the require-ments as follows: (1) fireproof, (2) fire resistant, (3) flame resistant,and (4) flash resistant. The division between these classifications is moreor less arbitrary and dependent upon the intended use of the material.
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Fireproof and fire-resistant materials are generally limited to the metals,fiberglas.or asbestos. These materials are tested for fla.me p.enetrationthrough the material rather than flame spread.
The 4-inch-per.minute burn rate, which is the upper limit of flame-resistant materials,. with which this project is concerned, .was establishedprior, to the year 1947. The basis for the acceptance of this figure wasthe flammability. of doped cotton fabric with cellulose acetate butyratewhich was used as a standard material and shown to have a burn rate of2 - 4 inches per minute in tests conducted by the National Bureau ofStandards.
The factors which determine the degree of flame resistance are:(1) minimum heat, temperature and time required for the material toignite, (2) rapidity by which the flames propagate once the miterial isignited, (3) tendency of the ftames to become self-extinguishin&,upopremoyal of the ignition source, and (4) heat generated by the burning ma-terial.. OMer factors related to fire-resistant requirements are smokeand toxicity of the gases produced by the burning, material. Various test:.methods have been designed to measure these factors among which arethe methods used in this investigation.
The equipment used in the various tests to compare the ignition time,burning rate, self-extinguishing time and smoke production of a large num-ber of materials was that used by industry and governmentlaboratories.To insure that flame-resistant ratings assigned to the materials are validand generally acceptable, it is essential that both the equipment and testprocedures are standardized. By nature, fire tests are difficult to dupli-cate;-therefore, complete uniformity in test methods is essential. Be-cause of the laqk of required test equipment at the National AviationFacilities Experimental Center (NAFEC), use was made of the facilitiesof Lhe Fire Protection Section, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,D. C. These facilities included a conditioning chamber for the materials,apparatus for testing materials in a horizontal position as in FSS Release453, apparatus for testing materials in a vertical position, and apparatusfor testing materials subjected to a radiant heat source.
The Radiant ]panel Test Apparatus was developed by the NationalBureau of Standards and has achieved widespread use in t.psting labora-tories and by materials manufacturers as a research tool. The testmethod has been adopted as an Interim Federal Standard No. 00136b,December 1962, titled "Flame-Spread Properties of Materials." The
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types of materials which may be tested by this method include those in theform of "boards, sheets, structural members, heavy fabrics, finish ma-terials, films or sheets and combinations- of any of these. " Unlike theBunsen burner fire tests, this apparatus continues to heat the specimenwhile it is undergoing test, as would be the case in an actual fire involvingother surrounding materials. This consideration is absent in the Bunsenburner tests which only consider the burner flame as the sole source ofheat feeding the flames.
In addition to the four different methods by which the materials werecompared - FSS Release 453, Horizontal Test Method 5906, Vertical TestMethod 5902, and Radiant Panel Test Method - there exists other methodsfor specific applications in connection with flame-retardant treated textiles,plastics, vinyl-coated glass, and svnthetic fabrics. In addition to the sixtest methods contained in Federal Specification CCC-T-191b, other recog-nized test methods have been established: (1) National Fire Protectior.Association (Reference 16), (2) American Society for Testing Materials(References 17 and 18)0 (3) Society of Automotive Engineers (Reference 19),and (4) Military (Reference 20).
Equipment Description
1. Horizontal Rate of Burning Apparatus: This apparatus is used inboth the FSS Release 453 and CCC-T-191b Method 5906, and is shown inFig. 1. The essential parts of the apparatus consist of a Bunsen burnerignition source, a ventilated metal cabinet for draft-free environment,a specimen holder for rigid specimen support, and a stopwatch.
2. Vertical Rate of Burning Apparatus: This apparatus is used inCCC-T-191b Method 5902, z nd is shown in Fig. 2. The essential parts ofthe apparatus are a ventilated metal cabinet for draft-free environment,a Bunsen burner ignition source, a specimen holder for rigid specimensupport, a set of weights, and a timer.
3. Radiant Panel Flame-Spread Apparatus: The apparatus is shownin Fig. 3. The essential parts of the apparatus consist of a gas-firedradiant panel heat source, a pilot burner ignition source, a specimenholder, a temperature instrumented stack and a smoke sampler. A briefdescription of each of these parts follows:
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a. Radiant Panel: This provides a radiant heat source to theburning material. The radiant panel consists of a porous refractorymaterial fed from the rear with a premixed gas-air supply. Combustionis nearly completed within the pores of the refractory material providinga uniform temperature of 12380 F. over its entire area. Dimensions ofthe radiant surface of the panel are 18 by 12 inches. A radiation pyro-meter, shown in the photograph, is used to adjust the temperature of thepanel.
b. Pilot Burner: This provides a flame to force ignition atthe top of the specimen. The burner consists of a short length of1/8-inch L D. stainless steel tube with a porcelain nozzle attachment.The burner is fed with acetylene, premixed with air.
c. Specimen Holder: This provides a rigid support for thetest specimens and consists of a frame with a clamping arrangement.Overall size of the holder is 19 3/8 by 6 1/4 inches, allowing an exposedsurface of 17 5/8 by 5 1/4'inches. The holder is inclined at an angle of300 away from the radiant panel which is in a vertical position. Mark-ings on the holder at 3-inch intervals are provided for timing flamepropagation.
d. Instrumented Stack: This provides means for measuringthe heat rise in the exhaust stack due to the burning of the specimen.Eight chromel alrmel thermocouples connected in parallel are placedinside the stack to prcvide an average stack temperature which isrecorded continuously. Airflow through the stack and out through thehood is adjusted to a calibrated air velocity of 100 fee't per minute withno heating of the panel.
e. Smoke Sampler: This provides raeans for measuring thesmoke density produced by the burning samples. A sample of the exhaustgases and fumes is aspirated from the top of the stack through a filterpaper which collects the solid smoke particles.
Laboratory Tests and Measurements
1. Horizontal Rate of Burning rest Procedure
a. Four test specimens, 13 1/4 by 3 inches, were cut from eachsample material. The fabrics were cat lengthwise to the warp direction.(FSS Release 453 specifies tests in both directions of the weave todetermine the most critical direction.)
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b. The specimens in all fire tests were conditioned for at least12 hours in a room at 730 F. +50 F. and a relative humidity o* 50 percent+5 percent.
c. The burner flame was adjusted with no air intake to1 1/2 inches in height.
d. The specimen was clamped in the holder and positioned insidethe cabinet with the 3/4 inch of the flame tip directly below the startingedge of the specimen. Ambient temperature inside the cabinet measuredbetween 950 F. and 1150 F.
e. Ignition time, or the time required for the material , flame,was recorded from the instant the specimen was slid into position over theburner flame until the specimen started to flame.
f. The flame was removed from the specimen after a 15-secondexposure only in the case of the FSS Release 453 tests, but was allowed toremain indefinitely in position for Test Method 5906.
g. Flaming time was measured from the time the specimenignited to the time the flame was self-extinguished or reached a givencalibrated distance marker.
h. Burn length was measured from the start wire position. Thespecimens which were self-extinguishing and those for which burning dinnot extend beyond the start wire (less than 1. 5 inches) were identified inthe tabulation of test data by the numeral L The specimens which burnedbeyond the start wire but which were self-extinguishing before reachingthe stop wire (less than 11. 5 inches) were identified in the tabulation ofdata by the numeral IL The specimens which burned the full length wereconsidered as non-self-extinguishing and were identified in the tabulationof test data by the letter X.
i. Burn rate was measured by dividing the burn length by theflaming time. Burn rates were obtained for the initial 1. 5-inch length ofthe specimen, the final 10-inch length of the specimen and, also, forburn lengths in between these distances. The flame front on the top ofthe sample was used in all tests to determine the burn rate. The flamebelow the specimen, however, generally traveled ahead of the flame ontop of the burning specimen but was not as well defined.
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j. Smoke, odor and burning characteristics of the specimenswere noted and recorded.
2. Vertical Rate of Burning Test Procedu. e
a. Four test specimens, 12 by 3 inches, were cut from the samesample naterial, lengthwise to the warp direction.
b. The burner flame was adjusted to 1 1/2 inches in height as inthe horizontal tests.
c. The specimen was clamped in the holder, placed inside thecabinet, and hung vertically from a horizontal bar, with the bar extendedacross the centerline of the cabinet and supported by V-blocks at each end.The specimen was positioned so that its edge was 3/4 inch directly abovethe center of the burner barrel. Tha burner was slid into position underthe specimen to start the test.
d. Ignition time was measured from the instant the burner wasplaced under the specimen until the time the specimen began to flame.
e. The burner was removed from beneath the specimen after aL-second exposure and the test continued.
f. Flaming time was measured from the time the burner waswithdrawn until the time the flame was self-extinguished, or until the fulllength of the sample was burned.
g. Glow time was measured from the instant flaming stoppeduntil the specimen ceased to emit light.
h. Burn length was measured as in the horizontal tests.
i. Char length was measured as the length of the materialdamaged by the fire, evidenced by tearing of the material by suspendingto it specified weights. Char length was normally less than burn lengthsince the former represented the more severely damaged areas fromburning.
j. Smoke, odor and burning characteristics of the specimenwere noted. Ignition time was usually easily observed since there was a
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definite change in the color and shape of the burner flame. Some of thematerials such as synthetic fibers melted and fell as flaming dropletswhich present a problem. Other materials burned so vigorously that theflames reached to the top of the cabinet.
k. Burn rate was calculated by dividing the burn length by thetotal flaming time including the 12-second burner exposure time, butminus the ignition time. Specimens which did not burn the entire 12-inchlength were considered as self-extinguishing and were identified in thetest data by the numeral L Specimens which burned completely wereconsidered non-self-extinguishing and were identified by the letter X.
3. Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test Procedure
a. Four test specimens, 18 by 6 inches, were cut from eachsample material lengthwise to the warp direction.
b. A 9 alibration of the apparatus was made to determineproper radiant panel and stack temperatures.
c. A filter disk was weighed and placed in the smoke sampler.
d. The specimen was placed in the holder and covered with a1-inch rmesh poultry netting. The netting was placed over the exposedarea of the specimen for mechanical support. A 1/Z-inch thiqk mill-board was placed in the holder for backing up the specimen with a1/2-inch air gap separating the specimen from the millboard.
e. The pilot burner was ignited and brought into position.
f. The specimen holder was placed into position with thespecimen in contact with the pilot flame to initiate the fire test.
g. Ignition time was measured from the instant the specimenwas in contact with the pilot flame until the time flaming of the materialw-f, first evidenced by a change in the pilot flame.
h. Burn length was measured from observation of the sustainedand continuous flaming of the material down the length of the specimen,Time of arrival of the flame front at each succeeding 3-inch intervalmarker was measured. Flash fires moving up and down the specimenwere observed with some materials. These were disregarded in thecalculations. Burn length was measured from the last 3-inch marker
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past which the flame was observed to have crossed. Actual burn lengthas such was not recorded. Instead, the flaming times for the flame fiontto reach the successive 3-inch positions are obtained for use in thecalculation of all Flame-Spread Indexes.
i. Burn rate was obtained by dividing the first 3-inch incrementlength of the specimen by the time required, a' - ignition, for the flameto reach the 3-ihh marker.
j. A smoke factor was determined as the difference in theweight to the nearest 0. 1 milligram (mg.) of the filter paper before andafter the fire test.
k. A heat factor was determined directly from the rise in stacktemperature resulting from the combustion of the test specimen as com-pared to that of an asbestos-cement board under the same standard testconditions.
1. Flame.Spread Index was calculated by combining the flamepropagation velocity and the heat evolution test values as shown by for-mulas in the Interim Federal Standard No. 00136b for the Radiant PanelApparatus.
m. Coefficient of variation of the Flame-Spread Index betweenspecimens of the same sample material was calculated by standardstatistical methods.
n. Smoke and burning characteristics of the specimen werenoted.
4. New, Used. and Dry Cleaned Materials Test: Fabric and rugmaterials were received from one source for more direct and easiercomparison. Both new and used materials of the same type were drycleaned. New and dry cleaned specimens were obtained from the samesample material. Used materials were received in the soiled conditionthat would be typical of normal maintenance routine. The materials werecleaned in accovdauce with a major air carrier's recommendation andin a commercial plant. The rug material was cleaned with a recom-mended shampoo end the fabrics were cleaned in Stoddard solvent. Testprocedures were identical to those employed in bther tests.
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Test Results and Analysis
1. Horizontal Burn Rate Tests: The materials.used in all fire, testsare listed and described in Appendix 1. The test results are tabulated inAppendix 2, Tables I and IL A sumaary of the test data is presented inTable I of the text. Typical fire damage to a high and a low flammablematerial is shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
The data show the following characteristics for the materialssubjected to the standard fire tests:
93 materials tested, of which -
81 were self-extinguishing within a burnlength of 11.5 inches.
60 were self-extinguishing within a burn lengthof 1. 5 inches.
12 were non..self-extinguishing and burnedtheir full length.
4 alone were non-self-extinguishing with anaverage burn rate of 4 inches per minuteor greater. This burn rate exceeds thelimit specified in FSS Release 453. In addi-tion, three more materials may be consideredmarginal failures in that one specimen out offour also exceeded this limit.
70 were self-extinguishing with a burn rate of' 0 - 1 inch per minute.
F. 23 were self-extinguishing within a 0. 50-minuteflaming time.
(Note that Test Method 5906 is a somewhat more severe test method thanFSS Release 453 since the burner is not removed after a 0. 25-minuteflame exposure.)
The above statistics show that the most flammable materials were thefabrics and rugs as these showed the highest flaming time, burn lengthand burn rate. The uncoated fabrics wex e generally more flnmmable than
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the coated fabrics. Twelve of the 19 synthetic fiber uncoated fabricsshowed a flaming time longer than 2 minutes, while 9 of these showeda burn rate of 2 - 3 inches per minute. Of those nine materials, sevenwere non-self-extinguishing and burned the full length. The coatedfabrics were generally less flammable than the uncoated fabrics such asthe synthetic fibers; however, three out of the four materials whichfailed the FSS Release 453 tests, or equivalent, belong to this categoryand were outstanding exceptions. These three materials were the simu.lated leatherettes of vinyl-coated cotton fabric construction. In contrastto the vinyl-coated cotton fabrics, all vinyl-coated fiberglas and dynelfabrics showed no appreciable burning, as well as more rapid extinguish-ment within 0. 50 minute. None of the vinyl sheet materials were self-extinguishing within less than 1. 0 minute although the burn rate wasvithin 1.0 inqh per minute and the burn distance within 3. 0 inches.
Only two other materials besides the fabrics and rugs showedany appreciable burn length. These were plexiglass and neoprene sponge.Neoprene sponge was the only material other than the three fabrics witha burn rate exceeding 4 inches per minute.
The least ziammable materials were the heavier and thickersamples such as the laminates and assemblies which generally showedlittle or no burning. In some cases, although burn rate and distancewere negligible, flaming time was considerable due to slow burning.
No direct correlation between flammability and flame-retardanttreatment was evident on the basis of scattered tests and the insufficientinformation on the formulation of the materials obtained from suppliers.In addition to the 11 materials marked as fire-retardant treated, it wasknown that many other materials also had been treated for aircraft usealthough no confirmation of this was obtained in writing. Of the 11 fire-retardant materials, only 2 showed a burn length in excess of 1. 5 inches.
The effect of both use and cleaning on the flame resistance ofthe material was not apparent on the four uncoated fabrics and three rugmaterials tested. No information of any chernical coatings that couldhave beeh applied in the manufacture of theze materials to decreasetheir flammability was available. Thereforc, it was not possible to inferany effect from the leaching out of the chemical salts deposited in thefabrics which may result from dry cleaning. Presumably, many of thefabrics, plastics, and paper listed had some degree of flame-retardant
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treatment. The fire-retardant chemicals are incorporated within the vinylmaterials rather than deposited on the surface as in fabrics; therefore,these materials were not affected by the solvent action of cleaning agents.
Test results utilizing FSS Release 453 Test Method forcomparison to Tesl Method 5906 are contained in Appendix 2, Table IL
2. Vertical Burn Rate Tests: A summary of the test resultscontained in Appendix 2, Table Il, is presented in Table II of the text.The data show the following characteristics of the materials tested:
93 materials tested, of which -
67 were self-extinguishing within a burnlength of 12 inches.
37 were self-extinguishing within a burn lengthof 3. 0 inches.
26 were non-seJf-extinguishLig and burnedtheir full length.
59 were self-extinguishing within a 0. 50-minuteflaming time following burner flame removal.
31 were self-extinguishing with a burn rate of0 - 13 inches per minute.
The above statistics show that the most flammable materialswere again the fabrics and rugs, especially the uncoated fabrics. Burn
r. rates of greater than 30 inches per minute were obtained for four fabricsincluding two dacrons. Only 9 of the 19 uncoated fabrics were self-extinguishing and only 4 of those within 0. 50 minute. These latter mate-
Frials were the dacron or nylon fabrics. :i contrast, 21 of the 28 coatedfabrics were self-extinguishing within 0. 50 minute. This number in-cluded the 11 coated fiberglas fabrics and the 4 coated dynel fabrics, the
n" latter which showed zero flaming time. The most flammable fabrics wereagain the vinyl-coated cotton materials. Of 13 such materials, 5 werenon-self.extinguishing and burned the full length. These again includedthe simulated leatherettes..
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All uncoated fabrics showed a burn length of 3. 0 inches or more,In contrast, 13 of the 28 coated fabrics showed a burn leiigth of 3. 0 inchesor less. Both flaming time and burn length were generally greater, whilethe corresponding burn rate was less for the uncoated than the coatedfabrics. The majority of the coated fabrics burned at the rate of 10 - 20inches per minute compared to 10 inches per minute or less for theuncoated fabrics.
Only one of the two leathers was self-extinguishing.
Out of seven rugs, four were self-extinguishing but the timeexceeded 2. 0 minutes, which was also typical of the heavier, slowerburning sheet materials.
It should be noted that in the vertical test method, in contrast tothe other methods, both sides of the materials are subject to the burnerflame. In the case of the rugs, both the Lace and the padding, or backinglaminate, were exposed to the burner flame. Thus, in one test the foamrubber backing burned completely while the wool face material burnedless than 3. 0 inches. The vertical test is severe for materials with aflammable exposed undercoating.
The least flammable materials were again the heavier andthicker rigid laminates and assemblies.
Again, no positive effect of fire-retardant treatment in reducingthe flame resistance of the materials was evident.
Further, definite test results showing that either the new, used,or dry cleaned condition of the material affected its flammability werescattered and inconclusive.
3. Radiant Panel Flame-Spread Index and Smoke Factor Tests: Asummary of the test results contained in Appendix 2, Table IV, is presentedin Table I of the text. The test data show the following characteristicsfor the materials:
98 materials tested, of which -
65 were self-extinguishing within a burn length
of 15 inches.
44 had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 50.
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28 had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 30.
54 had a smoke factor of 0 - 2 mg.
34 had a smoke factor of 0 - 1 mg.
29 had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 50and smoke factor of 0 - 2 mg.
25 had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 30and smoke factor of 0 - 2 mg.
18 had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 30and smoke factor of 0 - 1 mg.
The above statistics show that all categories of materials, incontrast to the burner flame tests, are flammable and will burn. Thegreater severity of the fire tests with the Radiant Panel burns the heavierand thicker materials that remain unaffected by the Bunsen burner flame,thus providing flammability test data for all categories of interior mate-rials. The tendency of the Radiant Panel tests is to raise the flammabilityratings of the fabrics with reference to the other categories of materialswhich is just the opposite of that which is shown by both the horizontal andvertical burn rate tests.
Since the Flame-Spread Index is determined in part by the heatgenerated by the burning samples, a dependence on weight of the com-bustible materials should be expected. Thus, materials which sihowed thesmallest index ratings, therefore the best flame characteristics, wereseen to be the fabrics, especially the very sheer and light-weight syn-thetics. Outside of this group, the vinyl and mylar-clad aluminumlaminates also had exceptionally good (low) Flame-Spread Index charac-teristics. All five vinyl laminates in this group showed a Flame-SpreadIndex rating below 50 and a smoke factor below 2. 0 mg.
Outstanding performance was shown by the vinyl-coated dynelfabrics and the sheer uncoated dacron fabrics. The six fabrics of thistype having an average weight of less than 0. 7 pound per square yardshowed a Flame-Spread Index rating of )nly 0 - 10 and a smoke factor lessthan 1. 0 mg. In addition to their light weight, the dynel fabrics appar-ently owe much of their exceptional low Flame-Spread Index characteris-tics to the tendency of the material to shrivel up and pull away from theflame or heat, thus decreasing its susceptibility to fire. Nylons definitely
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tended to show an increase in Flame-Spread Index with weight and,likewise, for addition of metal fibers to the fabric. Out of 15 materialswith a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 10, 9 were fabrics; while outof 28 materials with a Flame-Spread Index rating of 0 - 30, 13 werefabrics.
The vinyl-coated fiberglas fabrics again showed superiorityover the vinyl-coated cotton fabrics by comparison of the index ratings.Out of a total of 10 fiberglas fabrics, 6 had an index rating of 0 - 50.Out of a total of 10 cotton fabrics, 5 had an index rating of 300 plus.Only two of the cotton fabrics had an Lndex rating of 0 - 50.
The two leathers showed a Flame-Spread Index rating of100 - 300 with a relatively low smoke factor of 0 - 1 mg.
The five rugs also showed a Flame-Spread Index rating of100 .. 300 but with a much higher smoke factor with the exception of onerug.
Sheet materials showed considerable variation in index ratings.These included the two neoprene foams with a Flame-Spread Indexrat-ing over 1500. In contrast, some vinyls and one neoprene showedan index rating as low as 0 - 10 which may have been due to theexceptional fire-retardant treatment of the particular material.
Of 13 assemblies, 6 showed a Flame-Spread Index rating of0 - 50. Five of these six materials had a vinyl or plastic fiberglascovering or were vinyl-bonded to aluminum. The sixth was an assemblywith a plastic covering on polyester sheet backing.
Four of the five paper honeycomb assemblies had a Flame-Spread Index rating of 50 - 100, and one had a Flame-Spread Indexrating of 30 - 50.
The smoke factor generally increased with the thickness orweight of the material as well as with the Flame-Spread Index. Vinyls,as is well knowp,. were shown to be very productive of smoke, especiallythe heavier vinyl sheets.
Further, the vinyl-coated fabrics with an index rating of 0 - 50also showed a large smoke factor of nearly 2 mg. which was twice thatfor the uncoated fabrics.
16
Reflectivity of the materials was expected to be a factor inreducing the Flame-Spread Index, particularly in this test method em-ploying radiant heat. This was shown to be the case for two mylar sheets,one of which was aluminized and both identical except for reflectivity.
Backing of the material was expected to be a factor affectingthe Flame-Spread Index because of the severity of the test method. Thiswas shown by testing separately the materials making up the whole assem-bly. One assembly showed a small change in index because its immedi-ate backing material was less flammable than the surface material. Inthis case, the 1-inch thick more highly flammable paper core was too farremoved from the heated surface material to affect the index of the wholeassembly. In contrast, another assembly showed that the more exposedhighly flammable polyether foam backing significantly increased theindex of the fabric covering.
Test results on the effect of fire-retardant treatment on theFlame,.Spread Index were conflicting in that these results indicated, ifanything, a slight increase in the Flame-Spread Index.
Test results showing the effect of use and cleaning of thematerials on the Flame-Spread Index were again inconclusive. Only onerug material showed a definite increase in index with use and after sham-pooing. However, the effect of increasing significantly the index of onelow index curtain material by spot cleaning with perchloroethylene wasshown.
The two detergents, one deodorant, and perclloroethylene usedin cleaning aircraft materials were showi, not to be flammable by a wicktest.
4. Comparison of Test Methods and Results: A comparison of thetest data obtained by the different test methods shows that:
a. Burn rate by the vertical test method was of the order of10 times more rapid than that by the horizontal test method withcomparative increase in burn length.
b. Self-extinguishing time by either the horizontal or verticaltest method was of the same order of magnitude.
17
c. Burn rate measurements by the FSS Release 453 Test Methodclosely agreed with those obtained by Test Method 5906 (Horizontal) sincethe two methods are essentially the same.
d. The vertical test method is somewhat more severe than thehorizontal test method in that fewer materials were shown to be self-extinguishing. A burn length of 12 inches by the vertical test method wasroughly equivalent to a burn length of 1. 5 inchee by the horizontal testmethod.
e. The majority of materials were self-extinguishing by bothtest methods; therefore, this property may be used as a test criteria forthe flame resistance of materials by either method in the place of the lesssevere requirement of a given maximum burn rate. This test criteria isespecially applicable to the vinyls which by nature are self-extinguishing.In the case of the uncoated fabrics, however, a self-extinguishing re-quirement would be severe since about one-third of the materials testedwould fail to meet this requirement in the horizontal test method, andabout one-half in the vertical test method.
f. Tests showed that a requirement for flame resistance basedon a given burn length rather than on a burn rate is the more practical ofthe two for the self-extinguishing materials which comprise the bulk ofthe materials tested by both methods. This is because burn rate meas-urements in the horizontal test method are considered valid only outsidethe influence of the burner flame (start wire - 1. 5 inches). It has sig-nificance and is applicable only to the more flammable materials whichshow continuous burning with a well-defined self-sustained flame over theentire length of the test sample. It should be noted, however, that themajority of materials were self-extinguishing before reaching the startwire; hence, no burn rate figures would be available if this test alonewere used.
g. Tests showed that the flame resistance by the vertical testmethod based on a maximum self-extinguishing time of 0. 50 minute isabout equal to a maximum burn length of 1. 5 inches by the horizontal testmethod.
h. The majority of the materials were self-extinguishing withinless than 1. 0 minute by either the vertical (75 percent) or horizontal(50 percent) test methods.
K' 18
i. The Radiant Panel Test Method is the most severe of the fourtest methods.
j. The Radiant Panel Test Method is relatively less severe onthe fabrics than on the heavier and thicker materials in comparison to theBunsen burner test methods which show the opposite results.
k. The Radiant Panel Test Method alone, due to its large heatsource, has the capacity to penetrate the thin covering materials of someassemblies to indicate to some extent the flame resistance of the immediatebacking component material.
1. The Radiant Panel Test Method is the only method that yieldsa Flame-Spread Index rating which takes into account the heat generatedby the burning sample.
m. The Radiant Panel Test Method is the only method that yieldsa smoke factor value in addition to a rating for flame resistance.
n. Although the Radiant Panel Test Method is fundamentallydifferent than the Bunsen burner test methods, low Flame-Spread Indexratings for the materials tested, nevertheless, are in good agreementwith requirements for both short burn length and rapid self-extinguishingtime to indicate superior flame-resistant requirements by either testmethod. Thus, of a total of 29 materials with a Flame-Spread Index of0 - 50 and a smoke factor of 0 - 2 mg., 25 of these materials show botha burn length of less than 1. 5 inches (by the horizontdl test method) and aself-extinguishing time of less than 0. 50 minute (by the vertical testmethod). The four materials which are exceptions and do not meet allthree conditions listed above are the nylons. Because these materialsmelt and drip in the Radiant Panel Test Method, it was difficult to obtainreproducible data using this method.
19
CONCLUSIONS
Based-on an analysis of'the test results obtained on 109 differentaircraft interior -materials and:fron, a comparison of the four test methodsto achieve these results, it is concluded that:
1. The FSS Release 453 Test Method is not a suitable test:procedurefor materials other than fabrics.
2, There are many materials presently available and in use todaywhich are self-extinguishing and which far exceed the ,flame-resistantcharacteristics required by a 4-inch-per-minute maximum burn rate.
3. On the basis of the tests conducted, the vertical test method isa satisfactory alternate to FSS Release 453 as a test method for fabricsthat are self-extinguishing,
4. The Radiant Panel Test Method is capable of covering, the entireflammability range of the inter'or materials tested, thus providingFlame-Spread Index ratings indicative of the degree of flame resistance.
5. The large number of interior materials containing vinyls orother plastics produce greater quantities of smoke during burning than dothe cellulose-derived materials of the same flammability range.
6. The effect of the condition of the material whether new, used, orcleaned on the flame resistance of the fabrics and rugs tested was notsignificant.
' zc~
REFERENCES
1. Cabin Fire Incident and Investigation TWA Boeing 707-131, Plane 7739,Trans World Airlines, Inc. , Engineering Report No. 1203.
2. Evaluation of Interior Materials for the 707 Airplane, Boeing AirplaneCompany, Document No. D6-1084, dated 1957.
3. Convair 880 Cabin Interior Furnishings Flame Tests and ElectricalEquipment and Wiring Studies, Reports Nos. ZM-22-086 andMP-61-098M, dated 1961.
4. Federal Fire Council Minutes of Meeting, April 17, 1962, VariousSurface Flame-Spread Test Methods for Building Finish Materials,Federal Fire Council, Washington 25, D. C.
5. Robertson, Dr. A. F., Surface Flammability Measurements byRadiant-Panel Method, National Bureau of Standards Paper No. 191.
6. Robertson, Dr. A. F., Gross. D. , and Loftus, J. , A Method forMeasuring Surface Flammability of Materials Using Radiant EnergySource, National Bureau of Standards Papcr No. 87.
7. Building Materials List, January 1963, Underwriters Laboratories,Inc., Pages 68 - 69.
8. Fire Protection Handbook, Twelfth Edition, 1962, National FireProtection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston 10, Mass.
9. Colman, E. H., FRIC, Gaseous Combustion Products from Plastics,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and Fire Offices.
10. Watson, H. A., Stark, H. J., Beatty, R. L., Busch, H. W., andBerger, L. B. , Thermal Decomposition Products and BurningCharacteristics of Some Synthetic Low-Density Cellular Materials,Bureau of Mines Report No. 4777.
11. Watson, H. A., Stark, H. J., Sieffert, L. E., and Berger, L. B.,Decomposition Temperatures of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Poly-monochlorotrifluoroethylene as Indicated by Hologen Liberation,Bureau of Mines Report No. 4756.
21
12. Schiesheim, Alan, Method for the Controlled Burning of CombustibleMaterials and 1.nalyi.. of the Combustion Gases, Journal of Researchof the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 57, No. 4, October 1956,Research Paper 2715.
13. Sandhozer, Marjorie W., Some Properties of Flameproof Fabrics,National Bureau of Standards, Reprint from American DyestuffReporter, Vol. 48, No. 2, Pages 37 - 41, Issue of January 26, 1959.
14. Guthrie, John D., Drak. , George L., Jr., and Reeves, Wilson,Application of the THPC Flame-Retardant Process to Cotton Fabrics,Reprint from American Dyestuff Reporter.
15. Gross, Daniel, and Loftus, Joseph J., Flame Spread Properties ofBuilding Finish Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Reprintfrom American Society for Testing Materials Bulletin No. 230,May 1958.
16. Standard for Flameproofed Textiles, National Fire ProtectionAssociation, NFPA No. 701-1951.
17. Technical Data on Plastics, Manufacturing Chemists' Association,Inc., 1625 Eye Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
18. Flammability of Plastics 0. 050 Inches and Under in Thickness,American 5ociety for Testing Materials, ASTM Designation: D568-61.
19. Flame-Resistance Treatment of Interior Fabrics, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, AMS 3855A - J954.
20. Cloth, Coated, Synthetic and Fibrous Glass, Military Specification,MIL-C-751B (ASG), April 15, 1955.
22
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. A. F. Robertson, Dr. MarjorieW. Sandholzer, Mr. D. Gross and Mr. J. Loftus of the National Bureauof Standards, Fire Protection Section, for their valuable assistance inconducting these tests. The authors are also indebted to the many fabricsmanufacturers and airlines for furnishing the materials that were tested.
23
TABLE I
DATA SUMMARY FOR HORIZONTAL TESTS - METHOD 5906
Flaming Time (min.) Burn Rate( 1 ) (in. Imin. j Total Burn Length (in.)Material Class 0- 0.5- 1. 0- 1.5- 3.5- 7. 5-
No. Code I II X 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.04- 0-1 l.' 2-3 3-4 4+ 3.5 7.5 11.5
2 Fl 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 4 0 0 07 0 0 070 0 1 0
8 0 0 0'O 013 0 0 0O
14 0 0 015 0 0 -0 . . . 016 0 0 0 0
17 0 0 0 018 0" 0 019 0 0 0 0 _
20 0 0 0 0*42 0 0 0
43 0 0 0
*44 O0 O 0-30 0 0_._
*70 0 0 O
5 FZ 0 0 0 09 0 0 0
2i 0 0 022 0 0 0 ,
Z3 0 0 024 0 0 028 0 0 0
37 0 0 0 ________37 0 0 038 0 0 040 0 0 O0O
46 0 0 048 0 0 0
49 0 0 0 050 0 0 0 051 0 0 052 0 0 053 0 0 0
54 0 0 055 0 0 056 0 0 0O60 0 0 0
61 0 0 0
64 0 0 0 065s 0 0 0-9z 0 0 0 _______
*93 0 0 0*94 0 0 0
*Flame-retardant treatment.
Code Class
F - Fabric I Burnfd less than 1. 5 inches (start wire).
I - Uncoated, 4 - Coated, 3 - Leather II Burnd less than 11. 5 inches (stop wire).
R - Rug X Burned full length.1 - Unpadded, 2 - Padded
S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - Assenibly Note (I) Burn rate measured from start wire.
- Flexible, 2 - Semi-rigid 3 - Flexible
24
!
TABLE I (Continued)
DATA SUMMARY FOR HORIZONTAL TESTS - METHOD 5906
Flaming Time (min.) Burn Rate( 1 ) (in. /min.) Total Burn Length (in.)
Material Class 0- 0.5- 1.0- 1.5 5- 7.5-No. Code 1 II X 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.0+ 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4+ 3.5 7.5 11.5
67 F3 0 0 0 089 0 0 0 0
1 RIO 0 012 0 0 0 026 0 0 041 0 0 0 0
100 0 0 0
27 R? 0 0 0 099 0 0 0 0
10 S 0 0 047 0 0 0 066 0 0 0-- o68 0 0 0
91 0 0 095 0 0 0
7 - 0 0 0 ______ __
97 0 0 098 0 0 0
107 0 0 0108 0 0 0
35 S2 00 069 0 0 0
11 S3 0 0 0*30 0 0 0*31 0 0 0
32 0 0 0*33 0 0 0 034 0 0 077 0 0 0 0
25 LI 00 029 0 0 057 0 0 0
58 L20 0 059 0 0 0
85 L3 0 0 086 0 0 087 0 0 088 0 0 0
76 A 0 0 080 0 0 081 0 0 082 0 0 083 0 0 084 0 0 0
Total 93 60 21 12 5 18 22 16 32 70 5 12 2 4 8 9 4
*Flaznc-retardant treatment.Code Class
F - Fabric I Burned less than 1.5 inches (start wire).I - Uncoated, 2 - Coated, 3 - Leather II Burned less than 11.5 inches (stop wire).
R - Rug X Burned full length.I - Unpadded, 2 - Padded
S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - Assembly Note (1) Burn rate measured from start wire.I - Flexible, 2 - Semi-rigid, 3 - Flexible
.. .5
TABLE H
DATA SUMMARY FOR VERTICAL TESTS - METHOD 5902
Flaming Time(l) (min.) Burn Rate (in. /min.) Burn Length (in.)Material Class 0- 0.5 1.0 0- 10- 20- 0- 3- 6- 9-
No. Code I X 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2+ 0 10 20 30 30i 0 3 6 9 12
2 Fl 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 04 0 0 0 046 0 0 0
- o o o_________7 0 0 0 _________
8 0 0 0 013 0 0 014 0 0 015 0 0 0 016 O 0 0 017 0 0 018 0 0 019 0 0 0 020 0 0 0 0
*42 0 0 043 0 0 0
*44 0 0 0 045 0 0 0
*70 0 0 0 0
5 F2 0 0 0 09 0 0 0 0
22 0 0 0 023 0 0 0 024 0 0 0 028 0 0 0 036 0 0 037 0 0 038 0 0 040 0 0 0
046 0 0 0 048 0 0 0 049 0 0 0 0
50 0o 0 _________
51 0 0 o 052 0 0 0 053 0 0 0 054 0 0 0 055 0 0 0 056 0 0 0 060 0 0 0 06z 0 0 0 0
63 0 0 0 064 0 0 11______o_ o o__________ _____o__65 0 0 0 0
*92 0 0 0 0('93 0 0 0 04,94 0 0 0 0
*Flame-retardant treatmentCode Class
F - Fabric I Burned less than 12 inches.I - Uncoated. 2 - Coated, 3 - Leather X Burned full length.
R - RugI- Unpadded, 2 - Padded Note (1) Measured after 12-second burner removed.
S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - Assembly (2) Sample only 8 inches long.I- Flexible, 2- Semi-rigid, 3 - Rigid
26
TABLE II (Continued)
DATA SUMMARY FOR VERTICAL TESTS - METHOD 5902
Flaming Time( l ) (min.) Burn Rate (in. /min.) Burn Length (in.)
Material Class 0- 0.5 1.0 0- 10- 20- 0- 3- 6- 9-
No. Code I X 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Z+ 0 10 20 30 30+ 0 3 f 9 12
67 F3 0 0 0 089 0 0 0
1 RI 0 0 0 012 0 0 0
26 0 0 041 0 0 0
27 RZ 0 0__________ 0___________
99 0 0 o
10 Sl 0 0 0 0
47 0 0 0
66 0 0 0 068 0 0 0 0
95 " 0 0 0 096 0 0 0 097 0 0 0 098 0 0 0 0
107 0 0 0 0108 0 0 0 0
*I09TJ 0 0 0 0
35 S2 0 0 069 0 0 0 0
11 S3 0 0 0 0*30 0 0 0 0*31 0 0 0 0
32 0 0 0 _________
*33 0 0 034 0 0 0 077 0 0 0
25 Ll 0 0 0 029 0 0 0 o57 0 0 0 0
58 L2 0 0 0 0* 59 0 0 0 0
85 L3 0 0 0 086 0 0 0 087 0 0 0 088 0 0 0 0
" 76 A 0 0 0 080 0 0 0 081 0 0 0 082 0 0 0 083 0 0 0 0
H. 84 0 0 0 0
Total 93 67 26 37 22 11 14 9 12 39 28 7 7 12 25 17 10 4
*Flame-retardant treatment
Code Class
F - Fabric I Burned less than 12 inches.I - Uncoated, 2 - Coated, 3 - Leather X Burned full length.
R - Rug) - Unpadded, 2 - Padded Note (1) Measured after 12-second burner removed.
S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - Assembly (21 Sample only 8 inches long.
I - Flexible, 2 - Semi-rigid, 3 - Rigid
27
ITABLE III
DATA SUMMARY FOR RADIANT PANEL TESTS
Burn Rate (InitialFlame Spread Index - Is Smoke Factor - (mg.) 3" Length) (in. /mn.)
Material 0- 10- 30- 50- 100- 0- 0.5- 1.0- Z. 0- 0- 5- 10-No. Code 10 30 50 100 300 300+ 0: 5 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0+ 5 10 25 251i
2 Fl 0 0 03 0 0 04 0 C 067" 0 0 -7 0 08 0 0 -
13 0 0 014 0 0 015 0 0 0c 0 0 0
17 "0 0 018 0 0 019 0 0 020 0 0 0_______
*42 0 0 043 0 0 0
*44 0 0 045 0 0 0
*70 0 - 0
5 F2 0 0-9 0 0
21 0 0 022 0 0 023 0 0 024 0 0 028 0 0 037 -___ 0 0 037 0 0 038 0 0 040 0 0 0*46 0 0 048 0 0 049 0 0 050 0 0 051 0 0 052 0 0 053 0 0 054 0 0 055 0 0 0
60 0 0 01 0 0
62- 0 063 0 0-4 0 1 0o065 0 0 -
67 F3 0 0 089 0 0 0
1 RI 0 0 012 0 0 07u6 0 0 041 0 0 0
*Flame-retardant treatment - Complete information not availableCode: F- Fabric R- Rug S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - Assembly
1 - Uncoated, 2 - Coated, I - Unpadded I - Flexible. 2 - Semi-rigid,3 - Leather 2 - Padded 3 - Rigid
28
Li TABLE Il (Continued)
DATA SUMMARY FOR RADIANT PANEL TESTS
Burn Rate (InitialFlame Spread Index - Is Smoke Factor - (mg.) 3" Length) (in. /min.)
IMaterial 0- 10- 30- 50- 100- 0- 0.5- 1.0- Z. 0- 0- 5- 10-No. Code 10 30 50 100 300 300+ 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0+ 5 10 25 25+
27 R2 0 0 0
10 S1 0 0 -
47 0 0 0660 0 0
68 0 0 090 0 0 091 0 - 095 0 0 096 0 - 097 0 098 0 0
107 0 0 -
108 0 0 -
:109 0 0 0
35 S2 0 0 069 0 0 -
11 S3 0 0 0*30 0 0 0*31 0 0 0
32 0 0 0*33 0 0 0
34 0 0 077 0 0 0
25 Li 0 0 029 0 0 057 0 0 0
39 L2 0 0 058 0 0 059 0 0 0
85 L3 0 0 086 0 0 087 0 0 088 0 0
71 A 0 0 O72 0 0 073 0 0 074 0 0 075 0 076 0 0 078 0 0 079 0 0 -
80 0 0 0*81 0 0 082 0 0 083 0 0 084 0 0 0
Total 98 15 13 16 16 24 14 16 18 20 13 26 23 24 25 9
t'Flame-retardant treatment - Complete information not available
Code: F - Fabric R - Rug S - Sheet, L - Laminate, A - AssemblyI Uncoated, 2- Coated, I - Unpadded I - Flexible, 2 - Semi-rigid,
3 - Leather 2- Padded 3 - Rigid
It 29
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caz030
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VENTILATION HOLES ~"DIAMETER
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SPECIMENits' HOLDER
w 211
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-,..GLASS OBSERVATIONWINDOW 7"1 x 22",
0 BUNSEN OR.0 TIRRILL BURNER
VENTILATIONL H V HOLES f" DIAMETER
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31
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S/J iPILOT _BURNER
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32
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APPENDIX 2
FLAMMABILITY TEST DATA ON INTERIOR MATERIALS
LIST OF TABLES (APPENDIX 2)
Table
I Test Method 5906 - Horizontal
Part I - General Tests - Representative MaterialsPart 2 - Special Tests - New, Used and Cleaned Materials
II Test Method FSS Release 453
General Tests - Representative Materials
III Test Method 5902 - Vertical
Part 1 - General Tests - Representative MaterialsPart 2 - Special Tests - New, Used and Cleaned Materials
IV Test Method NBS Radiant Panel
Part 1 - General Tests - Representative MaterialsPart 2 - Special Tests - New, Used and Cleaned Materials
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