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C++ Programming
Preliminaries
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Origins of C++
Creation started in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup
Initially called C with classes
In 1983 it was called C++
19791980s 1990s development and refinementof C++.
May 1990 C++ was released
1998 ANSI version of C++ was adopted
C++ is the object-oriented version of C.C++ began as a set of object-oriented extensions toC
Presently, C++ is twice the size of C, it is one of the
most powerful programming languages ever devised.
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What is OOP
OOP is a new way of approaching the job ofprogramming.
Evolution Binary machines toggle instructions
Assembly Language for larger programs, usessymbolic representations of the machineinstructions.
High level languages (fortran, 1stwidely usedlanguage)impressive step
1960s gave birth to structured programming
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OOP
Structured Programming Method encouraged by languages such as C and
Pascal
It made programming a lot easy Size problems (25K100K SLOC)
Object Oriented Programming Takes the best ideas of structured programming
and combines them with powerful, new conceptsthat encourage you to look at the task ofprogramming in a new perspective.
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OOP
Allows you to easily decompose aproblem into subgroups of related
parts.These subgroups can be translated intoself-contained units called objects.
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Objects
The single most important feature of anobject-oriented language.
An object is a logical entity containing dataand code that manipulates that data.
An object is a variable of a user-defined type.
Within an object some of the code or datamaybeprivateto the object and inaccessibleby anything outside the object.
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PrivateObject
Object provides a significant level ofprotection against accidental
modification or incorrect use.The linkage of code and data is oftenreferred to as encapsulation.
In OOP, when you define an object youare implicitly creating a new data type.
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Class
Class is the root of C++.
Before creating objects classes must be
defined first. (to instantiate)It can contain private (by default) andpublic parts
It is suggested to keep all data private.
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Polymorphism
It allows one name to be used for severalrelated but slightly different purposes.
The purpose is to let one name to be used tospecify a general class of action.
Depending upon what type of data it isdealing with, a specific instance of the
general case is executed.
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Inheritance
Is the process by which one object canacquire the properties of another object.
It supports the concept of classification
With classification, an object need only definethose qualities that make it unique within itsclass.
This mechanism makes it possible for oneobject to be a specific instance of a moregeneral case.
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Inheritance Example
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Visual C++ Environment
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Hello World (,)
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// Reads values for the length and width of a rectangle
// and returns the perimeter and area of the rectangle.
#include
void main()
{
int length, width;
int perimeter, area; // declarations
cout > length; // enter length
cout > width; // input width
perimeter = 2*(length+width); // compute perimeter
area = length*width; // compute area
cout
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// Reads values for the length and width of a rectangle
// and returns the perimeter and area of the rectangle.
#include
void main(void)
{
int length, width;
int perimeter, area; // declarations
cout > length; // enter length
cout > width; // input width
perimeter = 2*(length+width); // compute perimeter
area = length*width; // compute area
cout
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C++ Statements
cout
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C++ Statements
cin >> i;
//variable i is int
/*variable i is
char*/
Single line
comment
Multi-line
comment
refers to
the
keyboard
-- input
input
(right shift)
operator
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