five years in, a closer look at uber’s impact in san francisco

SAN FRANCISCO:

A Mobility Case Study

HOW UBER WORKS

INTRODUCTION

SECTION ONE

Improving the Rider Experience

Uber serves all parts of the city well

Uber is more affordable and accessible to more riders than taxis

SECTION TWO

Creating Opportunities for Well-Paying and Flexible Work

Uber driver-partners value the flexibility the platform provides

Driver-partners can earn more with Uber than driving taxis

A safe work environment

SECTION THREE

Supporting a Safe and Sustainable City

Helping to drive down DUI rates

Providing greater access to small and independent businesses

Reducing congestion on San Franciscos streets

Lowering the demand for parking and freeing up valuable urban real estate

CONCLUSION

4

6

8

10

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

22

24

26

4 UberIMPACT

How Uber Works

Uber is a technology company that provides a smartphone application connecting driver-partners with people

who need a ride. With Uber, theres no need to call a dispatcher or hail a car on the street: getting a ride on the

platform is as easy as tapping a button. Uber enables driver-partners to use their personal car to provide rides

and earn income.

Riders enjoy the convenience of paying without cash because the cost of the ride is billed directly to the credit

card they have linked to their account. Not only are driver-partners required to pass rigorous background

checks and driving record checks, but they must meet the exacting standards of riders as well: at the end of

each trip, riders rate their experience (from 1-5 stars) and have the opportunity to leave additional written

feedback about the trip.

REQUEST

Tap to select pickup location

1

RIDE

Type in your destination

2

RATE

Rate your experience

3

6 UberIMPACT

Introduction

In 2010, Uber created a platform on which San Francisco residents could request a ride from for-hire drivers in

the vicinity using an app. Today, Uber coordinates millions of rides in San Francisco and the surrounding area

every month, and millions more daily worldwide. By virtue of a model that utilizes smartphone technology in

new ways, Ubers platform provides a safe, convenient, and affordable way for riders to get where they need to

go at a moments notice. At the same time, the Uber platform offers a reliable and flexible earning opportunity

for many thousands of independent for-hire drivers (driver-partners). Having lowered the barriers to entering

the for-hire driver market, the Uber platform has made for-hire driving a part- or full-time opportunity available

to anyone with the necessary vehicle, skills, and driving record.

Uber supplements the for-hire options available to San Franciscans and makes for-hire transportation a practical

option anywhere in the city. According to a 2013 study commissioned by the SFMTA, San Franciscos taxis were

not a reliable on-demand option. In no zone of the city did even half of taxi rides start within 15 minutes of

request, and a great number in every zone took longer than 30 minutes (or never took place at all).1 In contrast,

Uber rides start within two or three minutes on average, and almost never more than 15 minutes after request.

Uber also provides a novel option to for-hire drivers. A taxi driver in San Francisco typically pays a gate fee of

over $100 in order to drive a ten hour shift.2 If the driver wants or needs to cut the shift short, he or she might

end the day at a net loss. Only a full day of driving results in a reasonable hourly compensation. In addition, taxi

drivers are often pressured to make side payments to the providers they depend upon for gas and dispatching

services, further reducing their income.3 Finally, the medallion system that restricts the number of taxis in

San Francisco to around 2,000 mechanically limits the number of opportunities available to drivers who want

to work.4

The Uber app works as follows: a rider is shown the nearest available driver-partners on the Uber platform, and

can request an immediate ride. The nearest driver-partner is notified of the request and can choose to accept

it or not. If he or she does not accept it, the request then goes to the next nearest driver-partner. Because the

app allocates the nearest driver to each requesting rider, the average wait time for riders is roughly three

minutes throughout the Bay Area. Low wait times mean that driver-partners spend relatively little time on the

road without a passenger. The average uberX driver-partner completes 2.1 trips per hour,5 roughly 10% more

than his or her taxi driver counterpart.6 High utilization and low wait times mean that riders can depend on the

service and pay low fares, while driver-partners, who work more efficiently than for-hire drivers not on the

Uber platform, spend more of their time earning income.

8 UberIMPACT

Improving the Rider Experience

1

9 UberIMPACT

As Uber has grown, its availability throughout the day and across the city has improved steadily. The following

figure demonstrates how average response times have evolved since uberX was launched in July 2012 in three

geographically distinct example neighborhoods:

NOTE: Figures report the average response time each month since July 2012, for three neighborhoods in San Francisco. Response

time is defined as the number of minutes between the time of request and the time at which the Uber vehicle arrived to pick up the

passenger. Neighborhood areas have been approximated using a geospatial bounding box. Data reflects completed trips only, for all

vehicle products (including uberX, uberPOOL, uberXL, UberSUV, and UberBLACK).

BAYVIEW

JAN. 13

2.5

5.0

7.5

JAN. 14 JAN. 15

THE MISSION

JAN. 13

1.0

2.0

3.0

JAN. 14 JAN. 15

JAN. 13

2.5

5.0

7.5

JAN. 14 JAN. 15

THE OUTER SUNSET

WAIT TIMES CONTINUE TO IMPROVE

AS UBER SCALES

Average response time in minutes.

RESPONSE TIMEMIN

UT

ES

MIN

UT

ES

MIN

UT

ES

Data is from July 2012 to May 2015.

10 UberIMPACT

Uber serves all parts of the city well

Ubers service is available and convenient in every neighborhood in the city. The map below depicts the

Uber completion rate, i.e., the percentage of trip requests that translate into completed trips (minus rider

cancellations), by neighborhood in San Francisco:

UBER REQUESTS ARE FULFILLED

AT A HIGH RATE NO MATTER

WHERE YOU ARE IN THE CITY

The color of each neighborhood

represents the percentage of

requests in that area that ended

in a completed Uber trip.

Data is from April 2015.

NOTE: This map shows the percentage of total requests in each neighborhood that end in a completed trip, from the month

of April 2015, across all vehicle products (including uberX, uberPOOL, uberXL, UberSUV, and UberBLACK). A request

is considered completed if the user session that generated the request completes an Uber trip within an hour of the time of request.

0% - 94%

96% - 97%

94% - 96%

97% - 98%

98% - 100%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%98%

98%98%

98%

98%

97%

97%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

98%

99%

97%

98%

98%

98%98%

98% 98%

97%

94%

98%

98%

98%

96%

12 UberIMPACT

NOTE: This map and the preceding table report the average response time for each labeled zone area. Response time is defined as

the number of minutes between the time of request and the time at which the Uber vehicle arrived to pick up the passenger. Zone

areas represent combined Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs), and match the same zones referenced in the 2013 taxi report (Fig. 2.1 on

page 2-3). Uber data reflects completed trips in April 2015, for all vehicle products (including uberX, uberPOOL, uberXL, UberSUV, and

UberBLACK), for weekends only. Taxi data is for weekends only as well.8

UBER OFFERS RELIABLE RIDES

WITH LOW WAIT TIMES

THROUGHOUT THE CITY

The color of each neighborhood

represents the average Uber

response time on weekends

(in minutes).

Data is from April 2015.

> 3.5 MINUTES

2.5 - 3 MINUTES

3 - 3.5 MINUTES

2 - 2.5 MINUTES

< 2 MINUTES

The map below highlights the disparity in service levels between Uber and taxis in San Francisco by

demonstrating the average wait times in the zones reported in the 2013 study:

ZONE 3

3.29

ZONE 1

2.19

ZONE 4

2.74

ZONE 2

2.05

ZONE 5

2.46

The 2013 study mentioned above provides a rare opportunity to compare Ubers service directly to taxis,

albeit it only on weekends.7 In no studied zone of San Francisco did as many as half of taxi trips start within 15

minutes of request, and in the worst zone, the number was less than 20%. Only a handful of comparable Uber

trips start more than 15 minutes after the request in San Francisco, and essentially none starts in more than

30 minutes.

FREQUENCY

38%TAXI

TAXI

15 MIN. SERVICE

>30 MIN. SERVICE

97.9%UBER

UBER

26%

13 UberIMPACT

Uber is more affordable and accessible to more riders than taxis

uberX is not only more readily available throughout the city at any time of day, it is also more affordable. We

are able to compare the cost of real rides on the platform most easily using data from uberTAXI, Ubers taxi

product. By comparing real taxi fares on uberTAXI to the computed fare had that ride been completed on uberX,

we can estimate that, on average, uberX is 30% less expensive than a taxi in San Francisco.9

uberX is more affordable and more available than taxis throughout San Francisco, particularly in areas that are

poorly served by taxis. Furthermore, Ubers software provides additional benefits to riders that are difficult

to quantify. For example, the rating system and the ease with which riders can provide feedback (whether

positive or negative) provide high-frequency, actionable information to driver-partners that help keep their

service levels high. The platform records the path of every trip so that riders who suffer poor routing by driver-

partners can request a refund based on an estimate of the proper fare. By storing identifying information and

location information for each driver-partner on each trip, the service maintains a high level of safety for both

riders and driver-partners.

Publicly available evidence suggests that taxis in San Francisco complete roughly 25,000,000 trips per year.10

Only five years in, Uber is completing trips at a higher rate than taxis, and taxis are still completing tens of

millions of trips in addition. Uber has brought for-hire transportation to people and communities who have

never had ready access to it before. San Franciscos transportation pie has never been larger.

Only five years in,

Uber is completing

trips at a higher rate

than taxis, and taxis

are still completing

tens of millions of

trips in addition.

San Franciscos

transportation pie

has never been larger.

14 UberIMPACT

Creating Opportunity for

Well-Paying and Flexible Work

2

15 UberIMPACT

One of the strongest indications that the Uber platform provides a better economic opportunity for for-hire

drivers in San Francisco comes from a second 2013 report prepared on behalf of the SFMTA, which noted that

taxi companies in San Francisco have had difficulty finding drivers for their shifts.11 Local drivers choose to

partner with Uber over other opportunities, like driving with taxi companies, because the platform provides

more opportunities to earn income in a flexible working environment, among other reasons. According to

a recent study jointly conducted by Alan Krueger, former Chairman of the Presidents Council of Economic

Advisors, and Jonathan Hall, Ubers Head of Policy Research, utilizing data provided by the survey experts at

Benenson Strategy Group, driver-partners reported that:

The most common reasons (combining major and minor reasons) [for joining the platform] were:

to earn more income to better support myself or my family (91 percent); to be my own boss and

set my own schedule (87 percent); to have more flexibility in my schedule and balance my work

with my life and family (85 percent); to help maintain a steady income because other sources of

income are unstable/unpredictable (74 percent).12

Uber driver-partners value the flexibility the platform provides

Ubers platform is available for use by driver-partners at any time, and any driver utilizing the Uber platform

can choose exactly when and where to drive. Because there is no daily or weekly lease fee and no other fixed

payment of any kind, Uber driver-partners have no incentive to drive any more or less than they prefer. As

noted above, driver-partners report that this flexibility is a major contributor to their well-being and a factor

in their decision to partner with Uber.

In contrast, the standard taxi lease in San Francisco is a fixed ten hours and costs $106.25 up front. A taxi

driver who wanted to take an hour off to pick up a child from school during a shift would pay dearly for that

opportunity, as fare intake would decline by 10% (about $30) while costs would decline only by a couple of

dollars for less fuel consumed and fewer credit card transactions completed. The $106.25 gate fee is constant

regardless of how many hours a taxi driver drives. To take a starker example of the difference in flexibility

between driving with Uber and driving a taxi, consider a for-hire driver who would like to drive for two hours

in between non-driving obligations. Driving with Uber, the driver-partner could expect to earn $50 in revenue

net of Ubers fees (2 * $25/hour). Driving a taxi, the driver would expect to take in $60 (2 * $30/hour) in fares,

but owe $106.25 in gate fees resulting in a net loss of $46.25 for the day.

The Uber platform also provides benefits to driver-partners over driving a taxi that are more difficult to

quantify than earning power and flexibility of schedule. Many taxi drivers depend on attendants to provide

dispatching services and fuel. Some of these attendants have been known to demand costly side payments or

tips (as they are referred to by the attendants and dispatchers) in violation of regulations before performing

critical tasks:

Drivers, especially those without medallions, face a parallel problem. Those who take their taxi

on a daily shift basis (gas-and-gate), often find they have to tip the dispatcher, the gas attendant,

and/or the cashier. For some, not tipping has consequences in the form of delayed issue of the

vehicle, or perhaps no vehicle at all. The payment of such gratuities is forbidden by regulation,

but it happens anyways.13

BY THE NUMBERS

The percentage of driver-partners

surveyed who cited earn[ing] more

income to better support myself or

my family as a major reason for

working with Uber.

91%


surveyed who cited hav[ing] more

flexibility in my schedule and

balanc[ing] my work with my life

and family as a major reason for

working with Uber.

85%


surveyed who cited be[ing] my own

boss and set[ting] my own schedule

as a major reason for working

with Uber.

87%


surveyed who cited to help maintain

a steady income because other

sources of income are unstable/

unpredictableas a major reason

for working with Uber.

74%

16 UberIMPACT

Driver-partners can earn more with Uber than driving taxis

The second 2013 SFMTA-commissioned report mentioned above contains enough information to generate a

reasonable estimate of the hourly earnings of taxi drivers. At the time of the report, taxi drivers in San Francisco

typically paid a $104 daily gate fee (since increased to $106.25) in order to drive, an amount equivalent to

35% of their daily fares.14 Total gross fares averaged roughly $300/day. 55% of that total is net to drivers, i.e.,

$165.15 For a standard ten hour shift, the average taxi drivers hourly income net of vehicle expenses was

approximately $16.50/hour (at the time this case study went to print it was not possible to verify whether or

not the taxi driver income figures reported included tips).

While a driver-partners earnings on the Uber platform depend on many factors, such as when and where that

partner chooses to drive, Uber is able to produce a rough estimate of the average hourly net earnings (i.e., fares

net of Ubers fees) of driver-partners in the San Francisco Bay Area.16 Considering driver-partners who provide

rides on uberX and uberPOOL in San Francisco (which represents the vast majority of driver-partners), the

average hourly income net of all of Ubers fees in April 2015 was roughly $25/hour.17 The expenses of Uber

driver-partners would have to be greater than $8.50/hour, or 24% of fares, in order for taxi earnings to exceed

those of Uber driver-partners. As a basis of comparison, the report indicates that similar expenses for taxi

drivers total less than 13% of fares.18

$25April 2015 average hourly income

net of all of Ubers fees for driver-

partners providing rides on uberX

and uberPOOL in San Francisco.

17 UberIMPACT

UBER PARTNERS HAIL FROM

ACROSS CALIFORNIA

This map shows census tracts in

California where Uber partners

are based.

Data is from May 2015, and includes

only active partners.

TRACTS WITH PARTNERS

A safe work environment

Because taxi riders are anonymous, taxi drivers have little recourse in the event that a rider behaves badly

in a cab or fails to pay for a ride. In contrast, driver-partners on the Uber platform take on no payment risk.

Payment is cashless and handled through the app. Ubers technology can also identify and track riders who are

rude, disrespectful, or commit crimes against driver-partners.

At the national level, taxi drivers are the most likely professionals to be the victim of a crime, according

to statistics from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 2014.19 While we do not have

comparable statistics for Uber driver-partners, non-anonymous riders, trip paths recorded during rides,

and electronic payments serve to protect driver-partners from many of the crimes that are perpetrated against

taxi drivers.

Perhaps the best, most direct evidence for the value derived by driver-partners from the Uber platform is the

breadth and depth of the population that engages with the platform to drive. Tens of thousands of partners are

actively engaged with Uber every month in San Francisco, and tens of thousands more use the app across the

state. The Uber platform provides access to flexible earning opportunities to everyone who qualifies, and many

of Californias residents are choosing to partner with Uber over other earning opportunities.

The Uber platform

provides access

to flexible earning

opportunities to

everyone who qualifies,

and many of Californias

residents are choosing

to partner with Uber

over other earning

opportunities.

18 UberIMPACT

Supporting a Safe and Sustainable City

3

19 UberIMPACT

Beyond improving transportation availability and affordability for individual riders and providing a desirable

platform for driver-partners, Uber has improved and will continue to improve the quality of life in the city of

San Francisco as a whole. Some of these second order benefits of Uber to the city of San Francisco include:

a reduction in the incidence of drunk driving, improved access to small and independent businesses, reduced

congestion and greenhouse gas emissions, and reduced need for the city to allocate valuable real estate to

parking under-used private cars.

Helping to drive down DUI rates

At the end of the night, those leaving bars who otherwise might have driven drunk now have a reliable way

to get home that does not endanger themselves or innocent bystanders. The number of Uber trips go up

suddenly when bars close, providing strong circumstantial evidence that riders rely on Uber to get home from

establishments that serve alcohol:

This evidence is supported by research conducted at Temple University by Professors Brad N. Greenwood and

Sunil Wattal.20 The researchers estimate that Ubers entrance into various markets in California over the course

of several years caused an approximate 5% drop in alcohol-related driving fatalities. The authors show that

the effect builds over time as the network matures. Similarly, a report on which MADD and Uber collaborated

estimated a 6.5% decrease in alcohol-related crashes for those under the age of 30 in California as a result of

Ubers entrance to the market.21

TR

IPS

8PM 10PM 2AM6PM 4AM 6AMMIDNIGHT

LA

ST

CA

LL

SATURDAY NIGHT UBER REQUESTS

IN SAN FRANCISCO

REQUESTS

At the end of the night,

those leaving bars who

otherwise might have

driven drunk now have

a reliable way to get

home that does not

endanger themselves

or innocent bystanders.

20 UberIMPACT

Providing greater access to small and independent businesses

Uber also provides riders a way to get to otherwise hard-to-reach local businesses. Independent businesses are

often outcompeted by large chains for prime real estate near high foot traffic areas and public transit, but Uber

offers an easy way to get to places near or far from the beaten path. Roughly 31% of trips on the Uber platform

in San Francisco begin or end at an independent business, and those trips are scattered across the city, often in

places that are not easily accessible by other means.

PEOPLE VISIT INDEPENDENT

BUSINESSES IN SAN FRANCISCO

Approximately 31% of Uber trips

in San Francisco start or end at an

independent business.

Data is from April 2015, and matched

to local independent businesses using

the Yelp! and Foursquare APIs.

INDEPENDENT BUSINESS

22 UberIMPACT

Reducing congestion on San Franciscos streets

Ubers business is still growing, and a number of benefits that the technology can offer have not yet been

realized. uberPOOL is a relatively new product on the Uber platform that allows riders traveling along a similar

route to share the cost of a ride. Pooled rides take up less road surface and require less fuel. Ubers network

can support a high match rate in dense urban cores, like San Franciscos.22 By combining rides in real time,

uberPOOL has the potential to reduce congestion and greenhouse gas emissions without the costly addition of

a single road or the costly replacement or upgrade of a single vehicle. Already, nearly half of all uberX rides in

San Francisco are uberPOOL trips. A 2013 MIT study of New York City taxi data suggested that pooling rides in

a dense urban area could reduce the number of cars on the road by as much as 30%, without inconveniencing

riders by more than a few minutes.23 As Ubers network grows, the utilization and potential impact of uberPOOL

grow as well.

For many San Francisco residents, using a combination of mass transit and Ubers various offeringse.g.,

uberPOOL to commute, uberXL to get to the airport, and UberBLACK for a date at a fine restaurantis now more

affordable, convenient, and pleasant than owning and driving a private car.

Ubers carpooling option, uberPOOL,

identifies riders headed along a shared

path and combines their rides in the

same car.

Pooling rides in a

dense urban area could

reduce the number of

cars on the road by as

much as 30%, without

inconveniencing riders

by more than a few

minutes.

24 UberIMPACT

Lowering the demand for parking and freeing up valuable urban real estate

Whereas most personal cars spend approximately 95% of their time parked on valuable land, most vehicles

operating on the Uber platform spend hours on the road each day providing useful service and generating

income for driver-partners.24 As more riders shift to using platforms such as Uber for mobility, the citys tens

of millions of square feet of parking spaces can be freed up to be put to better use than storing unused cars.25

Land in San Francisco is valued at almost $1,000 per square foot.26 Even if the citys parking spaces were only

100 square feet each (theyre typically more than that), they would represent $44 billion in value that could be

put to use serving residents in more productive ways.

Data is from all of 2014, from

SFpark.org.

VALUABLE SPACE IS USED

FOR PARKING

San Francisco has approximately

442,000 publicly-available parking

spaces citywide, which includes

both on-street and off-street spaces.

275,000 are on-street spaces, and

166,500 are off-street.

PARKING GARAGES

STREET PARKING

26 UberIMPACT

Conclusion

In just five years, Uber has improved how both residents and tourists alike move around San Francisco, helping

to bring people, businesses, and neighborhoods closer together. Removing technological and practical barriers

that once stymied willing drivers from connecting with people who needed rides, Uber has had a significant

impact on the lives of riders, driver-partners, and the city as a whole. Riders finally have near-instant access

to rides throughout the entire city, at all times of day or night and at a fraction of the cost of a traditional taxi.

Driver-partners are earning additional income in a flexible setting, enabling them to balance other priorities in

their lives.

Perhaps the most exciting aspect of Ubers impact is that the access, affordability, and opportunity benefits

set out above are just the start. In the coming months and years, Ubers impact will grow and evolve as its

technology improves and its network expands.

As more riders and more drivers start using the platform, the distance between any given rider and the nearest

available car will continue to shrink. Because Ubers real-time system is able to intelligently match each rider

with the closest driver-partner, wait times will drop even further. The result is a far more efficient use of a citys

vehicle fleet and roads. City planners and architects will be able to imagine and create more parks and bike

lanes, and fewer parking lots. As the platforms technology develops even further, ever-increasing economies

of scale will provide yet more advantages. Some of them, while difficult to imagine today, will be breathtaking

and transformative for residents, tourists, and employers, but fundamentally for the health and growth of the

city itself. The best is yet to come.

28 UberIMPACT

Notes

1 Hara Associates, Best Practices Studies of Taxi Regulation: Managing Taxi

Supply, 2013, pp 2-3, available at: https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/

Draft%20ManagingTaxi%20Supply%2045%20WEBversion04042043.pdf

2 Hara Associates, Best Practices Studies of Taxi Regulation: Meter Rates & Gate

Fees, 2013, pp 2-12, available at: https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/

WebVersion%20MeterGate%2086%20FullDraft.pdf

3 Hara Associates, supra note 1, pp 2-8.

4 San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, Medallion Holders, available at:

http://www.sfmta.com/services/taxi-industry/medallions/medallion-holders

5 This is the median driver-partners number of completed trips per hour on uberX/

uberPOOL among driver-partners who drove for at least an hour per week

(though not each week) during the month of April 2015 in the San Francisco

Bay Area.



8 Id.

9 We deduct Ubers $1 fee on uberTAXI rides before comparing taxi fares to uberX

fares. The 30% less expensive than a taxi figure takes the average weighted

surge price into account for uberX trips. On average, uberX at the non-surged

price is roughly 39% cheaper than a San Francisco taxi.

10 This calculation is estimated by dividing city-wide taxi revenue reported by

Flywheel by average trip fares in taxis calculated from the Hara Associates report

on Meter Rates and Gate Fees. See https://flywheel.com/press; Hara Associates,

supra note 2.

11 Hara Associates, supra note 2, p i.

12 Jonathan Hall and Alan Krueger, An Analysis of the Labor Market for Ubers

Driver-Partners in the United States, Working Papers (Princeton University,

Industrial Relations Section), 2015, p 11, available at: http://arks.princeton.edu/

ark:/88435/dsp010z708z67d



15 The balance of the gate fee goes to fuel, phone, and credit card payment

processing costs.

16 This exercise is made complicated by the fact that different partners choose to

provide rides on different products (e.g., some partners have a high-capacity

vehicle that is cross-listed on uberX and uberPOOL, while another might have a

lower-capacity vehicle and, by chance, drive only in areas in which uberPOOL

is not available).

17 This is the median driver-partners hourly income for driver-partners on uberX/

uberPOOL who drove for at least an hour per week (though not each week)

during the month of April 2015 in San Francisco.


19 Cindy Perman, The best (and worst) jobs for 2014, CNBC, April 19, 2014,

available at: http://www.cnbc.com/id/101582641

20 Brad Greenwood and Sunil Wattal, Show Me the Way to Go Home: An Empirical

Investigation of Ride Sharing and Alcohol Related Motor Vehicle Homicide, Fox

School of Business Research Paper No. 15-054, 2015, available at: http://ssrn.

com/abstract=2557612

21 MADD, New Report from MADD, Uber Reveals Ridesharing Services Important

Innovation to Reduce Drunk Driving, January 27, 2015, available at: http://www.

madd.org/media-center/press-releases/2015/new-report-from-madd-uber.html

22 See the following MIT research for a proof-of-concept using publicly available

data from New York Citys yellow cabs: Paolo Santi et al. Taxi pooling in New

York City: a network-based approach to social sharing problems,

2013, available at: http://senseable.mit.edu/papers/pdf/2013-Santi-Taxi

Pooling.pdf

23 Id.

24 Paul Barter, Cars are parked 95% of the time. Lets check! Reinventing Parking,

February 22, 2013, available at: http://www.reinventingparking.org/2013/02/

cars-are-parked-95-of-time-lets-check.html

25 Aaron Bialick, Census: SF Has Enough Street Parking Spaces To Fill CAs

Coastline, Streetsblog, May 22, 2014, available at: http://sf.streetsblog.

org/2014/05/22/census-sf-has-enough-public-parking-spaces-to-fill-cas-

coastline/

26 Trulia, San Francisco Market Trends, available at: http://www.trulia.com/

real_estate/SAN_FRANCISCO-California/market-trends/

five years in, a closer look at uber’s impact in san francisco

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