fitzgerald river national park · reference to the fitzgerald river national park. ... the...
TRANSCRIPT
FITZGERALD RIVER NATIONAL PARK
MANAGEMENT PLAN
1991 - 2001
Project Team
Sue Moore (Coordinator)Matt CavanaKelly GillenChris Hart
Steve HopperKate Orr
Wayne Schmidt
Department of Conservation and Land Managementfor the
National Parks and Nature Conservation AuthorityPerth, Western Australia
i
PREFACE
Most national parks and nature reserves in Western Australia are vested in the National Parks and
Nature Conservation Authority (NPNCA). The Department of Conservation and Land Management
(CALM) manages these parks and reserves.
The NPNCA is responsible for the preparation of management plans for all lands which are vested in
it. Area plans for individual national parks and nature reserves are prepared on a priority basis.
CALM and its two controlling bodies - the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority
(NPNCA) and the Lands and Forest Commission (LFC) - are also responsible for the preparation of
regional management plans. These provide a framework for individual area management plans.
CALM's South Coast Regional Management Plan, which is currently being prepared, includes
reference to the Fitzgerald River National Park.
A draft management plan for Fitzgerald River National Park was prepared by CALM and issued by
the NPNCA for public comment. After considering public comment, the NPNCA submitted the
revised plan to the Minister for the Environment for approval. The Minister approved this document
as the management plan for Fitzgerald River National Park on 6 June 1991.
On 7 May 1991, the Bush Fires Board endorsed this plan under Section 34(l) of the Bush Fires
Act (1954) as the basis for the preparation of an annual works program by the fire advisory
group (refer to Prescription 8, Section 9.2).
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The advice provided by the Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory Committee has formed the basis
of this plan. The Committee's honorary members - Tom Atterby (Chairman), Keith Bradby, Alan
Carmichael, Rodney Daw, Rex Edmonson, Pam Forbes, Wilma Goddard, Bill Lullfitz, Max Meade,
Ken and Brenda Newbey and John Watson (CALM) - have willingly given their time, enthusiasm and
knowledge. Their contribution is gratefully acknowledged.
The dedication of the Fitzgerald River National Park Association, particularly Ken and Brenda
Newbey and Andrew Chapman is gratefully recognised. The support and assistance provided by the
Fitzgerald River National Park Rangers and their wives (Chris and Mary Hart, Bob and Pam Newlands
and Geoff and Norma Keen) is also acknowledged.
Many other interested people and groups from inside and outside CALM have contributed to this
plan. Officers from the Mines Department, Water Authority of Western Australia, Fisheries
Department and Environmental Protection Authority have provided valuable information and advice.
The assistance of Terry Maher, Hugh Chevis, Chris Haynes, Frank Batini, Rick Sneeuwjagt and Ian
Herford from CALM, and Max Churchward from CSIRO is particularly appreciated.
The efforts of CALM's Peter Bowen, John Forster, Alan Clarke, Rod Properjohn and Chris Simms in
preparing the maps for this plan, and Debbie Bowra for the typing, are also gratefully acknowledged.
iii
SUMMARY
Fitzgerald River National Park covers an area of about 329 039 ha and lies on the central south coast
of Western Australia, 420 km south-east of Perth, between Bremer Bay and Hopetoun in the Shires of
Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe. It is one of the largest and most botanically significant national
parks in Australia.
Fitzgerald River National Park (FRNP) represents an opportunity to maintain substantial parts of a
large south coast national park in an undisturbed state. Without proper management and public
support this important opportunity will be lost.
Values
FRNP is one of the richest areas for plants in Western Australia, with 1748 identified species. About
75 of these are endemic, that is, they are found nowhere else, and some 250 species are either very
rare or geographically restricted. The Park contains 20% of the State's described species.,,
Although endemics occur throughout the Park, the highest concentration is in the Barren Ranges.
FRNP has a richer fauna than any other conservation area in the south-west of Western Australia. The
following numbers of species have been identified: 184 birds (3 declared rare and 2 declared in need
of special protection), 22 native mammals (7 declared rare), 12 frog species and 41 reptiles (I
declared in need of special protection). The Park offers the best long-term survival prospects in
Western Australia for the Ground Parrot and Dibbler. It is the only conservation reserve with the
Heath Rat and the largest reserve with Tammar, Red-tailed Wambenger, Woylie, Western Mouse,
Western Bristlebird and Western Whipbird. The rare animals are concentrated in the northern Part of
the Park, which overlies the granitic shield of the southern wheatbelt.
The Park is one of only two International Biosphere Reserves in Western Australia (the other is Prince
Regent River Nature Reserve). This status was originally conferred because of the Park's extremely
high floral diversity. The Biosphere Reserve values are enhanced by local community interest and
local adoption of the Biosphere concept.
The Park's diverse landscapes, with extensive vistas free of any signs of human disturbance, hold a
particular appeal. These landscapes include a combination of windswept and protected beaches,
rugged sea-cliffs, the steep Barren Ranges rising to 450 m, extensive plains and abrupt river valleys
ending in inlets. The natural vegetation forms an important element in the appeal of the Park and is
an integral part of its conservation and recreation values.
iv
A range of recreation opportunities, based on natural settings, is provided in the Park. This includes
sightseeing, bushwalking, swimming, camping, fishing and nature study.
The Park also has a rich human history, of both historical and archaeological importance.
Management Concerns
The greatest management concern in FRNP is dieback disease caused by soil fungi. Much of the
regional flora is highly susceptible to the disease, and this problem is compounded by summer
rainfall which provides warm, moist conditions favourable to the survival and spread of the dieback
fungi. Dieback is most commonly introduced and spread in infected soil, mud or moist gravel on the
wheels and underbodies of vehicles. Loss of vegetation to dieback will seriously reduce the Park's
conservation and recreation values.
The future of the rare fauna is also a management concern. A number of these species appears to
have very specific habitat requirements, such as periods greater than 15 years between fires and
protection from introduced predators, such as foxes.
There is widespread concern about the effect large scale fires have on the Park's ecological and
landscape values as well a's adjoining farmlands and nearby towns. Fire has been a feature of the
Park's history over the last 40 to 50 years. Lightning-caused wildfires in December 1989 burnt 40%
of the Park.
Another major issue is the increasing access to the coast for fishing, camping and beach activities.
Many parts of the Park, and especially the coast, are fragile and cannot support the existing levels of
use without environmental damage. These areas are likely to degrade further unless they are
managed.
Management Goals
The principal management goal for FRNP is to conserve all flora and fauna, particularly the large
number of rare species and those in need of special protection. A complementary goal is to conserve
the Park's landscapes, in particular, the extensive vistas free of human disturbance.
The other important goal is to fulfil the recreation needs of visitors to the extent that they are
compatible with flora, fauna and landscape conservation.
Management Prescriptions
v
INTERNATIONAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE STATUS
14 support the locally-based Fitzgerald Biosphere sphere Project Committee.
15 recognise the whole of FRNP as the "'core" of the Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve. Such
designation means minimum human interference.
MANAGEMENT ZONES
• designate and manage four management zones - special conservation, wilderness, natural
environment and recreation.
The special conservation zone covers the northern part of the Park where there is a concentration of
rare fauna. Vehicle access through this zone is by Hamersley and Pabelup Drives. There is usually no
other motorised access, except for research and essential management. The level of management
activity in this zone is high.
The wilderness zone covers the centre of the Park. Access' is non-motorised except in emergency
situations and for essential management purposes. The level of management is low.
The natural environment zone covers much of the Park. Access is by designated 4WD tracks or on
foot. Non-motorised access is preferred. The level of management is low to moderate.
The recreation zone is based on 2WD roads and recreation sites and includes almost all of the
popular visitor destinations in the Park. The level of management is moderate to high.
CONSERVATION
Disease
1) regularly update maps of current dieback distribution and susceptible vegetation. Use these maps
as the basis for disease management in the Park.
2) evaluate the consequences of introducing or spreading dieback, before approving any
development or management actions in the Park.
3) exclude vehicles from the Dempster and "Lake Nameless" catchments and three small coastal
catchments in the centre of the Park, to minimise the risk of further dieback introduction and
spread. Allow vehicle access in these areas under strict permit, subject to NPNCA approval.
4) monitor known infections, while continuing to survey for additional infections.
5) request Park visitors to clean soil and mud off their vehicles and shoes before entering the Park.
6) continue to provide detailed training for rangers and other Park workers on dieback control and
enforce such controls in day-to-day work practices.
vi
7) widely disseminate information to increase the community's awareness and understanding of
dieback.
Rare Flora
1) protect priority species by surveying, mapping and monitoring populations.
2) concentrate protective management and research on the Barren Ranges.
Rare Fauna
1) survey distribution and research habitat requirements, life history characteristics and effects of
fire regimes and predation, on rare mammals, birds and reptiles.
2) concentrate research effort on the northern part of FRNP.
3) develop and implement- management programs to protect and enhance rare fauna habitats.
Fire
1) provide a combination of burnt buffers, mosaic burning within cells and areas from which
planned fire is excluded for ecological reasons. The priority for buffers will be the Park
boundaries, then the southern edge of the rare fauna zone. Other internal buffers should follow.
2) ensure all suppression strategies take full account of dieback risks.
3) aim to contain wildfires within a cell defined by buffers.
4) minimise direct attack in the wilderness and natural environment zones.
5) continue mutual aid arrangements with the local community, in carrying out prescribed burning
and fire suppression.
RECREATION
Access
- maintain public access to designated parts of the Park, while controlling dieback to protect the
Park's biological values.
- assess all roads, tracks (including management-only) and paths to determine treatments required
to minimise dieback introduction and/or spread. Carry out required works consistent with
landscape and safety requirements.
- provide two 2WD all-weather loop roads through the Park (Hamersley and Pabelup Drives) and
several spur roads to the coast and other features. If necessary, these roads will be closed
following rain to reduce dieback risk.
- provide a number of 4WD tracks (Fitzgerald Inlet, Quoin Head, Hamersley Dunes/Edwards Point
and Moir Track). If necessary, close following rain to reduce dieback risk.
- provide a range of walking and hiking opportunities. For safety reasons, self-registration will be
encouraged for walks into remote areas. Close Mid Mt Barren, Woolbernup Hill and Thumb Peak
to all access, including walking, to keep these peaks and their rare plants free of dieback.
vii
- retain provision in this plan for temporary or permanent closure, realignment or treatment of
particular roads, tracks, paths or areas if a high risk of dieback introduction or spread is
identified.
- keep Trigelow, Point Charles Bay, Fitzgerald and Hamersley Beaches open to 4WDs. All other
beaches will remain closed to vehicles and foot access will be encouraged. 4WD use Of particular
beaches will be monitored for impacts on wildlife, safety risks, and damage to foredunes.
- retain a minimum number of -management-only tracks. These will only be used in dry soil
conditions in management vehicles from which all soil has been removed.
Recreation Sites
- continue to provide and maintain a number of day use/parking areas close to natural attractions
such as beaches.
- provide a range of 2WD, 4WD and foot-only accessible campsites, plus selected sites for club and
group camping. Sites are:
1. 2WD-accessible camping: St Marys, The Peninsula (east of Quaalup on Gairdner River),
Paperbark Flat (at the southern end of Pabelup Drive), Hamersley Inlet, Four Mile and
Twertup.
2. 4WD-accessible camping: Fitzgerald Inlet, Hamersley River crossing, Quoin Head and
Hamersley dunes.
3. backpackfoot-access-only camping: The Gorge, McCulloch's Crossing, "'Small Boondalup"
River, Doggers Swamp and the eastern end of Fitzgerald Beach.
4. vehicle-based group camping: The Peninsula, Wellstead Flats, Kybulup Pool and Hamersley
Drive.
- close camping sites behind Trigelow Beach, at Point Charles, Edwards Point and West Hamersley
because of erosion and degradation.
- change the use of Mylies and Point Ann from camping and day use to day use. Provide attractive
camping alternatives. Both sites are highly degraded and eroding. They are limited in area and
appear unable to sustain the pressures of camping in the longer term.
EDUCATION
- provide a range of interpretive opportunities and publications on Park values, including
brochures.
- keep information bays at the Park entrances up-to-date, and provide theme-based information
displays at key sites. Information on dieback and its control will be prominent.
- run seasonal interpretive programs.
- support use of Twertup by the FRNP Association.
RESEARCH AND MONITORING
viii
1. establish a CALM Research Station in or near the Park. Jacup is a potential site.
2. implement an integrated survey, research and monitoring program for the Park which
addresses both short and long-term information needs.
MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES
The six main priorities are:
1. determining practical procedures for dieback control to protect the Park's flora, particularly the
priority species.
2. realigning and/or treating roads, tracks (including management-only) and paths designated in this
plan, where necessary, to reduce dieback risks.
3. establishing (and relocating where necessary) boundary fire buffers.
4. changing Pt Ann and Mylies from camping and day use to day use only and providing attractive
alternatives.
5. providing up-to-date Park publications, displays and signs.
6. conducting research into the habitat requirements of rare species such as the Ground, Parrot,
Western Bristlebird and heath rat.
ix
CONTENTS
PREFACE ___________________________________________________________________ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS______________________________________________________ii
SUMMARY _________________________________________________________________ iii
CONTENTS_________________________________________________________________ ix
PART A. INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________11.0 BACKGROUND________________________________________________________2
1.1 PARK OVERVIEW________________________________________________________________21.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT ____________________________________________________________21.3 NPNCA AND CALM MANAGEMENT POLICIES______________________________________31.4 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT___________________________________________________31.5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION _________________________________________________________9
PART B. PRINCIPAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTIONS ____________________________112.0 MANAGEMENT GOALS________________________________________________12
3.0 LAND TENURE _______________________________________________________143.1 NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARIES__________________________________________________143.2 SHIRE RESERVES ______________________________________________________________153.3 OTHER CROWN LAND WITHIN THE NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARY __________________183.4 PRIVATE PROPERTY ENCLAVES IN THE NATIONAL PARK_________________________203.5 CROWN LAND ADJACENT TO THE NATIONAL PARK_______________________________21
4.0 INTERNATIONAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE STATUS _________________________22
5.0 MANAGEMENT ZONES________________________________________________24
PART C. MANAGEMENT FOR CONSERVATION________________________________286.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT__________________________________29
6.1 GEOLOGY______________________________________________________________________296.2 LANDFORMS, SOILS AND EROSION HAZARD_____________________________________306.3 HYDROLOGY___________________________________________________________________356.4 LANDSCAPE ___________________________________________________________________38
7.0 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT _______________________________447.1 VEGETATION___________________________________________________________________447.2 FLORA ________________________________________________________________________457.3 FAUNA ________________________________________________________________________49
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT _________________________________578.1 ABORIGINAL___________________________________________________________________578.2 EUROPEAN ____________________________________________________________________58
9.0 PROTECTION MANAGEMENT__________________________________________619.1 DISEASE_______________________________________________________________________619.2 FIRE___________________________________________________________________________699.3 ANIMAL PESTS_________________________________________________________________819.4 WEEDS ________________________________________________________________________829.5 REHABILITATION_______________________________________________________________849.6 GRAVEL, SAND AND STONE_____________________________________________________859.7 DOMESTIC ANIMALS (PETS)_____________________________________________________86
10.0 MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL RESOURCE UTILISATION_____________8710.1 MINING________________________________________________________________________8710.2 COMMERCIAL FISHING_________________________________________________________87
x
10.3 UTILITIES AND SERVICES_______________________________________________________9010.4 BEEKEEPING___________________________________________________________________91
PART D. MANAGEMENT FOR RECREATION___________________________________9311.0 RECREATION MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY ___________________________94
12.0 RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES_______________________________________9512.1 THE REGION ___________________________________________________________________9512.2 THE PARK _____________________________________________________________________97
13.0 ACCESS____________________________________________________________9913.1 TELEGRAPH TRACK___________________________________________________________108
14.0 RECREATION SITES ________________________________________________11014.1 GENERAL_____________________________________________________________________110
14.2 RECREATION SITE MANAGEMENT (Level of development, campfires, caravansand rubbish) ______________________________________________________________119
15.0 RECREATION ACTIVITIES __________________________________________12115.1 NATURE STUDY_______________________________________________________________12115.2 SIGHTSEEING _________________________________________________________________12115.3 BUSHWALKING________________________________________________________________12215.4 CAMPING_____________________________________________________________________12615.5 RECREATIONAL FISHING ______________________________________________________12615.6 BOATING _____________________________________________________________________12715.7 HORSE RIDING________________________________________________________________12815.8 GROUP AND CLUB-BASED ACTIVITIES __________________________________________12915.9 COMMERCIAL OPERATORS____________________________________________________130
PART E. MANAGEMENT FOR EDUCATION __________________________________13116.0 INFORMATION, INTERPRETATION AND EDUCATION __________________132
PART F. RESEARCH AND MONITORING_____________________________________13617. 0 RESEARCH AND MONITORING______________________________________137
PART G. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN__________________________________14418.0 MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES_________________________________________145
19.0 STAFF ____________________________________________________________146
20.0 LIAISON __________________________________________________________14720.1 COMMUNITY LIAISON _________________________________________________________14720.2 GOVERNMENT AGENCY LIAISON_______________________________________________148
21.0 FUNDING _________________________________________________________149
22.0 EVALUATION AND REVIEW_________________________________________150
BIBLIOGRAPHY ___________________________________________________________151
xi
MAPS
Map 1. a. Location Mapb. Park Names and Features
Map 2. Park Tenure and Proposed ChangesMap 3. Management ZonesMap 4. Major Landforms, Associated Geology and Erosion HazardMap 5. HydrologyMap 6. LandscapeMap 7. a. Dieback Hazard
b. Known and Suspected Dieback InfectionsMap 8. Fire History
a. Years Since Last Burntb. Number of Times Burnt in Last 30 Years
Map 9. Fire ProtectionMap 10. Proposed Access and Recreation Sites
TABLES
Table 1. Proposed Changes to the Park BoundaryTable 2. Proposed Changes to Crown Land Within the Park BoundaryTable 3. Fitzgerald River National Park Management ZonesTable 4. Landforms, Soils, Vegetation and Erosion HazardTable 5. Landscape Character TypesTable 6. Prescriptions for Landscape ManagementTable 7. Number of Plant Species perTable 8. Priority FloraTable 9. Number of Native Vertebrate Species per LandformTable 10. Declared Rare MammalsTable 11. Birds and Reptiles Declared Rare or in Need of Special Protection
Table 12. Numbers of Camping and Day Use Areas in major National Parks in the CALMSouth Coast Region
Table 13. Recreation Sites in the Shires of Ravensthorpe and JerramungupTable 14. Road and Track PrescriptionsTable 15. Management Prescriptions for Recreation SitesTable 16. WalksTable 17. Summary of Survey, Research and Monitoring Prescriptions
1
PART A. INTRODUCTION
2
1.0 BACKGROUND
1.1 PARK OVERVIEW
Fitzgerald River National Park (FRNP) lies on the central south coast of Western Australia, 420 km
south-east of Perth, between Bremer Bay and Hopetoun in the Shires of Jerramungup and
Ravensthorpe (Map 1 a). The major values and attractions are the highly diverse flora, including rare
species, rare fauna, extensive natural landscape including rugged coastal ranges, sea cliffs, gorges and
inlets; and the opportunities for nature study, bushwalking, camping, fishing and swimming. The
major management concerns are dieback disease, fire and soil erosion.
In Western Australia, a national park is 'a relatively large area set aside for its features of
predominantly unspoiled natural landscape, flora and fauna, permanently dedicated for public
enjoyment, education and inspiration and protected from all interference other than essential
management practices, so that its natural attributes are preserved' (Jenkins, 1980). It is managed to
allow such recreational use by the public as is consistent with the proper maintenance, restoration and
protection of the environment. The significance of this area as a national park and its fulfillment of
the dual conservation and recreation criteria are given in Section 2.0 Management Goals.
The Park names and features referred to in this plan are shown on Map 1b. It should be noted,
however, that names on maps are not necessarily officially accepted nomenclature.
1.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT
FRNP is one of 13 national parks in CALM's South Coast Region. Parks closest to Fitzgerald River
include Stokes (coastal, inlet and ocean), Frank Hann (inland heath and granite outcrops) and Stirling
Range (inland peaks and wildflowers) (Map 1a). The south coast national parks offer a diversity of
opportunities and experiences. Visitors come from overseas, interstate, Perth and locally. FRNP is
being considered from a regional perspective in CALM's South Coast Regional Management Plan,
which is currently being prepared (1991).
Numerous nature reserves are dotted throughout CALM's South Coast Region. Most are small and
isolated amidst cleared farmland. Lake Magenta Nature Reserve (94 170 ha), which lies 40 km to the
north-west of Fitzgerald River National Park, just outside the regional boundary, is the largest nature
reserve near the Park. It is linked to the Park by a narrow corridor of uncleared vegetation in Crown
reserves along the Fitzgerald River. Substantial areas of uncleared Crown land are still found around
Ravensthorpe. One such area abuts the north-eastern boundary of the Park and links it to Cocanarup
Timber Reserve (Map la).
3
1.3 NPNCA AND CALM MANAGEMENT POLICIES
This plan is based on NPNCA and CALM policies current at the time of writing (February, 1991).
These policies derive from legislation, principally the CALM Act (1984), and associated regulations.
Policies are published and distributed throughout CALM as policy statements. They are available to
the public on request.
1.4 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
This management plan is based on a number of "principles of management". The guiding principle is
that the Park's ecosystem is composed of numerous interrelated parts. Damage or change to any part
will ultimately affect the whole ecosystem. The following "principles" focus on dieback disease, fire,
wilderness and recreational access.
Dieback Disease
Until recently, Fitzgerald River National Park was considered to be relatively free of dieback. In a
sense this was an anomaly given the high impact of the disease along the remainder of the south coast
of Western Australia, as far east as Cape Arid National Park. For example, the disease is widespread in
the Stirling Range National Park, which is 120 km to the west of Fitzgerald River National Park.
In Fitzgerald River National Park the heavy rains of January 1990 appear to have stimulated a high
level of disease activity. Dieback is now suspected to be more widespread than indicated in the draft
management plan (published June, 1989). Many of the Park's plant species are potentially susceptible
to dieback.
Areas which have been burnt by the recent wildfires will not now be interpretable for at least five to
seven years; that is, the presence or absence of dieback can not be determined until susceptible plant
species regenerate, allowing the dieback fungus to become reactivated in the soil. If soil conditions
are not favourable to dieback activity it may take longer than five years for the disease to become
active again.
Knowledge that more of the Park is infected with dieback than was previously thought means that
extra care must be taken to protect the remaining uninfected areas. This may mean stricter control of
access (including foot access) than was proposed in the draft plan.
Principles
4
1. Dieback remains the greatest single threat to maintenance of the Park's conservation values. It is
the greatest management concern. It is essential to err on the side of caution when considering
dieback.
2. Areas burnt by the December 1989 wildfires cannot be assumed to be either dieback free or
dieback infected, and indications one way or the other are unlikely to appear for at least five
years. However, those areas which are most likely to be uninfected include the remote coastal
catchments and mountain ranges.
3. The more widespread occurrence of dieback, now confirmed within the Park, means that extra
care must be taken to protect the remaining uninfected areas, and to minimise any further spread
in areas already infected.
Fire
Fire management in Fitzgerald River National Park must meet the needs of both nature conservation
and protection of the local community.
The major wildfires which occurred in December 1989 were, initially at least, natural phenomena.
However, they were unacceptable from a nature conservation viewpoint given that Fitzgerald River
National Park is an area of remnant vegetation. It is surrounded to the west and north, and partially to
the east, by cleared farm land. Consequently if the entire Park was burnt at one time, re-colonisation
by native fauna from surrounding areas would not be possible. Furthermore, burnt areas are not
interpretable for dieback for five to seven years. The local community was also concerned about the
magnitude of the fires and the damage incurred on neighbouring farms. Therefore, it is not
acceptable, from either local community or nature conservation perspectives, to have large wildfires
in Fitzgerald River National Park.
Although the December 1989 wildfires are the worst to have occurred in the Park area within living
memory, and may not be repeated again for 50 or 100 years, they nevertheless showed that the
proposal for fire protection in the draft management plan would not have greatly altered the end
result.
Furthermore, the large unburnt north-west section of the Park now warrants even greater protection
from future wildfires because it contains most of the Park's rare fauna.
5
6
7
Principles
16 Excessively large wildfires which threaten environmental and human life values are not
acceptable.
17 The unburnt north-west sector of the Park now has an even greater need for protection
from large uncontrolled wildfires.
18 In retrospect, it appears clear that a more proactive approach to fuel reduction and
vegetation/habitat management is required to minimise the risk of wildfires reaching
similar proportions to those in 1989.
Wilderness
Fitzgerald River National Park is one of the few areas on the south coast of Western Australia that is
of suitable size, terrain and condition to allow its designation as a wilderness area.
"Wilderness" is essentially an undisturbed area or a 'window into the past' where management
intervention is kept to an absolute minimum and where the number of visitors is low because of the
area's remoteness. Visitors travel on foot (NPNCA, 1990).
The "quality" of wilderness is often defined by the extent to which land or water is remote from, and
substantially undisturbed by, the influence of modem technological society (CONCOM, 1986).
'Remoteness' and 'naturalness' are based on:
• remoteness from settlements or other points of permanent occupation
• remoteness from access, in particular constructed vehicle routes
• aesthetic naturalness or the degree to which the landscape is free from the presence of permanent
structures
• biophysical naturalness or the degree to which the natural environment is free of biophysical
disturbances caused by modem influences.
To be viable, it is generally agreed that wilderness areas need to be sufficiently large (minimum size
of 10 000 ha or 5 000 ha on remote coastline) and should have a 'core' area which is at least 3 km
from the zone boundary or any maintained road (Preece and Lesslie, 1987). The area potentially
available for designation as a wilderness area in FRNP is much larger than this minimum (78 000 ha).
This is the last opportunity to set aside a substantial wilderness area in southern Australia.
8
Existing 4WD tracks or firelines which are not actively maintained may be regarded as having no
impact upon wilderness quality. Any road, track or fireline which is actively maintained would
warrant a 3 km buffer zone.
Principles
8) Owing to the unique opportunity which exists in Fitzgerald River National Park, it is highly
desirable to maintain a significant cross-section of the Park as a wilderness area including coastal
areas, mountains and inland gorges.
9) The wilderness area should be of sufficient size and quality to meet nationally accepted criteria
for wilderness designation.
10) Future management intervention within the wilderness zone should be strongly discouraged other
than in exceptional circumstances.
Recreational Access
The principal management goal for Fitzgerald River National Park is to conserve all flora and fauna,
particularly the species that are rare or in need of special protection. It is also vital to conserve the
Park's landscapes. The other important goal is to fulfil the recreation needs of visitors to the extent
that they are compatible with flora, fauna and landscape conservation. The Park has great appeal for
visitors.
As a general strategy, CALM tries to provide for a range of recreational opportunities within any
given national park. Where possible, visitors are provided with a choice of access types, from foot
access in some areas to good sealed roads and carparks in other areas. Those with 4WD vehicles also
like to be able to escape from the larger number of visitors who travel in conventional vehicles.
At first appearance Fitzgerald River National Park appears to be ideally suited to provide a range of
access types. However, for dieback reasons, even 4WD tracks will need to be well formed and drained,
and walkers may also be restricted from entry to remnant dieback-free areas, especially when these
are located high in the landscape.
Recreational access should also be viewed from a regional perspective rather than in isolation. For
example, other recreational opportunities may already exist in nearby areas, particularly along the
coastline to the west (Doubtful Islands/Bremer Bay area) and east (Hopetoun-Starvation Boat
Harbour).
Principles
9
3) The prevention of dieback introduction and spread should be the first consideration in any access
provisions.
4) Recreational needs of visitors to Fitzgerald River National Park should be met to the extent that
they are compatible with flora, fauna and landscape conservation.
5) Varied opportunities for recreation occur within the Park. As a general principle, a range of
recreational access should be available so as to allow for personal choices to be made.
6) Recreational access should be viewed in a regional setting with due recognition of opportunities
provided in nearby areas outside the Park.
The above principles provide the basis for the remainder of this plan.
1.5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Preparation of this management plan has been based on consultation with the public between October
1987 and January 199 1. The following methods were used:
4) Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory Committee
The Committee was formed in October 1987 to provide advice on management plan preparation.
The Committee took a lead role in preparation of the draft management plan and analysis of
public submissions. Fifteen meetings were subsequently held as part of this preparation.
5) Pre-draft submissions
In response to a leaflet circulated to the community, organisations and Government, 39 written
submissions were received over November-December, 1987 (Moore, 1988b).
6) Workshop
Forty-two people, representing a range of interests, attended a one-day workshop at Fitzgerald in
March, 1988 (Moore, 1988a).
7) Visitor survey
Seven hundred and thirty questionnaire responses, data from eight traffic counters and survey
details from 28 recreation sites were collected between November 1987 and April 1988 (Cavana
and Moore, 1988). Some responses expressed concern that the visitor survey did not give a true
indication of the number of local residents using the Park (Cavana, 1991).
8) Local government
Meetings were held with the Shires of Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe.
10
9) Meetings
Meetings were held with Ravensthorpe and Jerramungup District Soil Conservation Committees,
South Coast Recreation Association, FRNP Association, Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee,
Hopetoun Progress Association, W.A. Conservation Council and W.A. Wilderness Society.
10) Government departments
Numerous visits and discussions were conducted to gather information and develop prescriptions.
11) Media releases
Local and State-wide networks were utilised.
12) Public submissions to the draft management plan
A total of 178 submissions were received from individuals, community groups, Government
departments and clubs/organisations. This includes 16 submissions which were received following
an invitation for additional comments after the December 1989 wildfires.
The results of the above consultations are a vital component of this plan.
11
PART B. PRINCIPAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTIONS
12
2.0 MANAGEMENT GOALS
The management goals for Fitzgerald River National Park (FRNP) are based on those applicable to
all national parks and on values and concerns specific to FRNP.
Management Goals for National Parks
The following management goals for national parks are derived from the Conservation and Land
Management Act (1984) and Departmental policies. These goals are to:
6) Protect and conserve native plants and animals and their habitats.
7) Protect and conserve physical, cultural and scenic resources.
8) Provide opportunities and facilities for appropriate public recreation.
9) Regulate use to be consistent with the maintenance and protection of natural resource values and
to minimise conflict between uses.
10) Promote visitor safety, awareness and appreciation of natural processes and the scientific and
cultural attributes of park resources.
11) Provide information, education and interpretive programs.
12) Promote research and monitoring of the biological, physical and social environments to aid
future management.
Values and Management Concerns
VALUES
- FRNP is one of Australia's richest conservation reserves for plants and animals. It is also an
extremely important remnant, as much of the south-west has been cleared for agriculture. Some
20% of the known plant species of Western Australia occur within the 0. 1 % of the State
occupied by the Park. At least 75 of these occur only within the Park. The Park also contains 10
species of declared rare mammals and birds.
- The Fitzgerald landscapes, with extensive vistas showing little to no evidence of human
occupation or use, are a major attraction.
- The Park has a rich cultural history with numerous sites of historical and archaeological
importance.
- The Park is one of only two international biosphere reserves in Western Australia. The biosphere
reserve values are enhanced by local community interest in the Park, and local adoption of the
biosphere reserve concept.
- Fitzgerald provides a range of recreation opportunities in a natural setting.
- The Park is well-placed to attract tourists travelling in the south-west and south-east of the State.
MANAGEMENT CONCERNS
- Until recently most of the Park was believed to be dieback free, which made it unique within the
area of known dieback occurrence on the south coast of Western Australia. However, following
13
heavy summer rainfall in 1990, it appears that dieback is more widespread in the Park then
previously thought. Furthermore, in areas burnt by the December 1989 wildfires, it will now be
some five to seven years before signs of the disease occur, enabling disease mapping to be done.
- A number of the rare fauna appear to have specific habitat requirements, such as periods greater
than 15 years between fires and protection from introduced predators, such as foxes.
- There is widespread concern about broadscale wildfires in the Park, especially lightning-caused
wildfires. These have been a feature of the last 40 or 50 years in the Park. Wildfires in December
1989 burnt approximately 40% of the Park.
- Public use of the coast for fishing, camping and beach activities is increasing.
- Many areas in the Park, and especially those on the coast, are fragile and cannot readily support
public use without environmental damage. Some coastal parts of the Park have already been
damaged by visitor use and these areas are likely to degrade further unless they are rehabilitated
and actively managed.
Management Goals for Fitzgerald River National Park
The following management goals for FRNP apply, based on the recognition that conservation is the
highest management priority.
CONSERVATION GOALS
5. Conserve all native plant communities, animal communities, species, and the natural processes
which sustain them, especially the large numbers of rare species and those in need of special
protection.
6. Conserve the Park's landscapes, in particular the extensive vistas free of human disturbance.
7. Conserve the rich Aboriginal and European history of the Park, including numerous historical
and archaeological sites.
RECREATION GOAL
3. Fulfil the nature-based recreation requirements of visitors to the extent that they are compatible with
conserving the Park's flora, fauna and landscape values, wilderness qualities and cultural heritage.
EDUCATION GOAL
- Foster a sense of stewardship for the Park by the community at all levels - local, State, national
and international - emphasising its special conservation, landscape, recreation, cultural and
historic values.
RESEARCH AND MONITORING GOALS
- Promote and undertake the scientific study and monitoring of those physical, biological and
social values and natural processes special to the Park.
- Measure and control impacts of management activities and human use on the Park environment.
14
3.0 LAND TENURE
3.1 NATIONAL PARK BOUNDARIES
The objective is to ensure that the Park and areas with high conservation values adjacent to it are
adequately protected.
Background
Fitzgerald River National Park, comprised of two Class A reserves Nos 31737 and 31738, occupies an
area of about 329 039 ha. Reserve No. 31737 (320 615 ha) occupies most of the Park area. Reserve
No. 31738 (8 424 ha) occupies a 700 m wide strip along the coast. The Park extends to the low water
mark of the Southern Ocean and includes Red Islet.
A small part of the Park lies separate from the remainder, on the northern edge of Dillon Bay. This
part is relatively inaccessible and little used. The South Coast Regional Draft Management Plan
(CALM, 1989) includes proposals for the broader Ravensthorpe-Jerramungup area. This plan deals
only with Fitzgerald River National Park.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Amalgamate Reserves 31737 and 31738 into a single Class A reserve for the purpose of
national park.
2. Implement the changes in status for areas 1-10 in Table 1 and Map 2. These changes will lead
to more effective management as they move the Park boundary to readily recognisable
features, such as riverlines, roads or private property, and/or decrease the length of Park
boundary.
3. Retain the provision that if future survey and assessment indicates that other adjacent public
lands have high conservation and/or recreation values, a level of conservation and/or
recreation management will be sought.
15
TABLE 1. PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE PARK BOUNDARY
CURRENT STATUS
GENERAL
LOCATION
ID No.
(Map 2)
RESERVE No. PURPOSE AREA
(ha)
VESTING PROPOSED
STATUS
Northern Boundary 1 C1029 Resting Place 229 Unvested Add to FRNP
Western Boundary 2 VCL --- --- --- Add to FRNP
Southern Boundary 3 C5055 Water 435 Unvested Add to FRNP
4 Pt C32666
(northern third)
Government
Requirements
--- Unvested Add to FRNP
5 C23060 Public Utility 47 Unvested Add to FRNP
6 C21646 Recreation and Camping 405 Unvested Add to FRNP
7 Pt A31737 Dillon Bay section of
FRNP
--- NPNCA Change to
Jerramungup Shire
Reserve
8 Pt A31737 Section of FRNP south
east of Gordon Inlet Road
--- NPNCA Change to
Jerramungup Shire
Reserve
9 Pt A31737 Section of FRNP between
Bremer Bay town and
Bremer River
--- NPNCA Add to Jerramungup
Shire Reserve
(C22355,
recreation and
camping)
10 Pt C22355
(northern bank of
Bremer River)
Recreation and Camping --- Shire of
Jerramungup
Add to FRNP
3.2 SHIRE RESERVES
The objective is to ensure that management of the Shire reserves and surrounding Park is
coordinated.
Background
16
Two Shire reserves are surrounded by FRNP, one vested in the Shire of Jerramungup, the other in the
Shire of Ravensthorpe (Map 2). The boundaries of both are poorly defined, particularly the
Jerramungup Reserve which straddles the Bremer River. This Reserve of 372 ha, for recreation and
camping, stretches for about 5 km along the lower reaches of the Bremer River. The Ravensthorpe
Reserve of 97 ha, for camping, lies on the eastern edge of Hamersley Inlet.
Four unformed tracks currently provide access through the Park to the Jerramungup Reserve. These
are generally water-logged and eroding, with numbers of detours evident and increasing. Access and
camping sites appear to require resolution. Selection of stable access to the Reserve will require very
careful planning and considerable expense, given the highly dissected nature of the river margins.
A recently formed road provides access to the edge of Hamersley Inlet in the northern part of the
Ravensthorpe Shire Reserve. The southern beach end of the Reserve is accessible through the Park by
4WD vehicles via the mobile Hamersley dunes. This beach is a salmon-fishing destination during
early autumn. There is no safe, stable alignment that will allow a road or track to be brought through
the Reserve to the beach. Access to the two Shire Reserves is through FRNP. Any road development
through the Park to the Shire Reserves must be approved by CALM and be consistent with
management goals in this plan. In practice, approvals have been assisted by co-operative interaction
between CALM and the Shire concerned.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1) In consultation with the Shire of Jerramungup, adjust the Jerramungup Reserve so that its
boundaries are delineated by natural features, that is Bremer River, Peters Creek and
Wellstead Estuary in the north and east, and private property and a Crown reserve in the west
and south (Map 2; area 9). This will increase the area of the Shire Reserve, while adding the
relatively inaccessible northern bank of the Bremer River to FRNP.
2) Liaise with the Shires of Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe to ensure that the management of the
two Shire Reserves is coordinated with management of the surrounding Park.
3) Encourage the Shires to prepare management plans for and allocate management resources to
these Reserves.
17
18
3.3 OTHER CROWN LAND WITHIN THE NATIONAL PARKBOUNDARY
The objective is to rationalise and simplify Park management by adding to the Park other Crown
reserves (excluding Shire reserves), unused road reserves and inlets within the Park.
Background
Ten small unvested reserves lie within the National Park boundary (areas 11-20 in Table 2 and Map
2). Most were created to provide water points for maintenance crews working on the rabbit proof
fence. The fence is no longer operational. These reserves are managed on a de facto basis by CALM.
Addition of these areas to the National Park will formalise this arrangement.
There are four inlets within the Park: St. Mary, Fitzgerald, Dempster and Hamersley. None are
currently managed by CALM. These inlets, plus Gordon Inlet, are proposed for management by
CALM (areas 21-25 in Table 2 and Map 2). Their addition to FRNP and/or reservation as marine
reserves will allow CALM to manage them to enhance their conservation values, maximise public
safety and minimise conflict between different user groups. Potential marine parks off-shore from
Fitzgerald River National Park are being assessed as part of a State-wide review.
Several unused road reserves and unmade road alignments are shown on maps of FRNP (areas 26-33
in Table 2 and Map 2). Most of these were created in the days when FRNP was vacant Crown land
and there was a need to ensure access prior to the land being alienated. All are historic anomalies,
given that access is now provided by Park roads. In addition, these proposed roads if constructed,
would duplicate existing access, could compromise Park values and may not maximise available
views.
To ensure that dieback risks are minimised and that road construction and maintenance are in
sympathy with Park values, Park roads should be part of the National Park, not separate road reserves.
This also means that CALM, rather than the local authority, meets construction and maintenance costs
for roads used by a significant number of nonratepayers.
PRESCRIPTION
1) Implement the changes in status for areas 11-33 in Table 2 and Map 2.
19
TABLE 2. PROPOSED CHANGES TO CROWN LAND WITHIN THEPARK BOUNDARY
CURRENT STATUS
LAND ID No. RESERVE PURPOSE AREA VESTING PROPOSED
TYPE (Map 2) N o . (ha) STATUS
RESERVES 11 C12121 Water Rabbit Dept 4 Unvested Add to FRNP
12 C12122 Water Rabbit Dept 2 Unvested Add to FRNP
13 C12123 Water Rabbit Dept 2 Unvested Add to FRNP
14 C12124 Water supply, rabbit proof fence 8 Unvested Add to FRNP
15 C10133 Water supply, rabbit proof fence 130 Unvested Add to FRNP
16 C10135 Water supply, rabbit proof fence 121 Unvested Add to FRNP
17 C1406 Water 259 Unvested Add to FRNP
18 C20393 Water 40 Unvested Add to FRNP
19 512 Public Purposes 10 Unvested Add to FRNP
20 C10865 Water Act 56, Vic No 20 64 Unvested Add to FRNP
INLETS 21 Fitzgerald Inlet VCL --- --- Marine reserve/
add to FRNP+
22 St Mary Inlet VCL --- --- Marine reserve/
add to FRNP+
23 Gordon Inlet Government Requirements --- Unvested Marine reserve+
24 Dempster Inlet VCL --- Marine reserve/
add to FRNP+
25 Hamersley Inlet VCL --- Marine reserve+
ROADS 26 Rabbit Proof --- --- --- Add to FRNP
Fence Road
27 Protected Road --- --- Add to FRNP
(Darlingup
1:50 000 Sheet)
28 Road section Add to FRNP
(Dempster
1:50 000 Sheet)
29 Road No. 6284 --- --- Add to FRNP
30 Road Section --- --- Add to FRNP
(Whoogarup
1:50 000 Sheet)
31 Road Section --- --- Add to FRNP
(Drummond Road)
32 Road Section --- --- Add to FRNP
(Wooganup Road)
33 Road Section --- --- --- Add to FRNP
(Hamersley Drive)
+ refer to Section 10.2 Commercial Fishing for details.
20
3.4 PRIVATE PROPERTY ENCLAVES IN THE NATIONAL PARK
The objectives are:
1. Rationalise and simplify Park management by eventually adding existing alienated lands within
the Park to it
2. Provide for the complementary management of the Park and adjoining private properties,
particularly enclaves.
Background
Following finalisation of changes to Park boundaries (see 3.1 National Park Boundaries), 13 private
properties at Quaalup will be surrounded by National Park (Map 2).
The presence of private enclaves greatly increases management complexity. Some of the problems
include domestic animals on private property wandering into the Park if the properties are not
fenced, animals from the Park damaging crops and stock, weed infestation and fire control. The
provision and use of roads and power, water and telephone lines may also place Park values at risk
from dieback and weed introduction, soil erosion and landscape impacts.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Prioritise all Quaalup properties in terms of lack of disturbance and natural and cultural
environmental significance. Use this priority list to guide their purchase from willing sellers.
2. Purchase properties adjacent to the Park that have exceptional conservation or recreation
values, or management benefits, or that could protect areas with these values within the Park,
when they are available and subject to funds and a suitable selling price.
3. Encourage complementary management between the Park and enclaves or adjoining private
land.
4. Use a co-ordinated approach between the relevant authorities, departments and landowners to
ensure that land uses or sub-divisions on enclaves or adjoining private land do not adversely
affect Park values.
21
3.5 CROWN LAND ADJACENT TO THE NATIONAL PARK
The objective is to maximise the contribution that adjacent public lands can make to the values of the
Park.
Background
Substantial areas of Crown land abut the National Park.
Existing reserves are associated with the Bremer, Gairdner, Fitzgerald, Susetta, Hamersley and West
Rivers. Most of these linear, north-south orientated reserves touch the northern boundary of the Park.
They are set aside for various purposes including water collection, rest, recreation, parklands, and
Government requirements. Little is known of their conservation values, although the almost
continuous corridor of vegetation along the Fitzgerald River serves to link the Park and Lake
Magenta Nature Reserve. Parts of these corridors also have recreational values.
An extensive area of vacant Crown land links Cocanarup Timber Reserve (8 853 ha) to the
north-eastern comer of the Park. A corridor reserved for Government requirements abuts the Park's
western boundary. A smaller area of VCL abuts the Park's north-western comer. Surveys in both
areas indicate high conservation values. The heath rat and western mouse (both declared rare) occur
in the north-eastern VCL, while both areas contain the Western Whipbird (also declared rare) and
poorly known plant species.
Cocanarup Timber Reserve is managed by CALM. No department or agency is formally responsible
for day-to-day management of the other areas.
PRESCRIPTION
a. Liaise with relevant agencies to achieve management of Crown land adjacent to the Park
which enhances the values of the Park. This means complementary fire management,
recreational management, pest, weed and disease control, and research and monitoring.
22
4.0 INTERNATIONAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE STATUS
The objectives are:
• Recognise the special significance of the Park as an International Biosphere Reserve and
manage it accordingly.
• Promote integrated management of the Park and adjacent lands and waters.
Background
The State Government nominated Fitzgerald River National Park as an International Biosphere
Reserve (IBR) in 1978. 'Ibis nomination was accepted by the United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in the same year. A biosphere reserve is a protected area of
land and coast large enough to be an effective conservation unit, and to accommodate different uses
without conflict. It should have special value as a baseline for measuring long-term changes in the
biosphere as a whole.
The main technique used to minimise conflict within a biosphere reserve is zoning. The ideal
biosphere reserve consists of at least one core area surrounded by one or more buffer zones. The
central core area is the most 'natural' and must be of sufficient size to allow the flora and fauna of the
ecosystem to self-perpetuate in a self-sustaining manner with minimum human interference (Anon.,
1983). The surrounding buffer zones may contain human-modified examples of the ecosystem. The
buffer zone may also contain degraded areas which are to be restored to more natural conditions.
Given the above definition of IBRs, the FRNP is not a typical biosphere reserve, since it represents
only the core zone. To satisfy the IBR definition additional buffering areas and modified landscapes
should become part of the Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve. The locally-based Fitzgerald Biosphere
Project Committee suggest that the Fitzgerald's ability to function as a genuine biosphere reserve,
incorporating the Park and surrounding natural and modified landscapes, involves acceptance of a
large 'zone of co-operation' surrounding the Park as part of the Biosphere Reserve. This Committee
recognises the values to the Park of surrounding natural areas (Bradby et al., in prep).
The Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve (Fitzgerald River National Park) is currently managed by CALM
for the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Recognise FRNP as the "core" of the Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve. Such designation is
consistent with national park goals for the area.
23
2. Encourage the recognition and utilisation, by the Commonwealth and Western Australian
Governments, the local community and other bodies, of a broader Fitzgerald Biosphere
Reserve, incorporating buffer areas and a "zone of co-operation" beyond the Park
boundaries.
3. Support activities which bring benefits of Biosphere Reserve status to the Park and
surrounding areas.
4. Formalise links between the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee and CALM.
5. Recognise the close interaction between the Park and its surrounds as a major influence on
the prescriptions in this plan.
24
5.0 MANAGEMENT ZONES
The objectives are to implement a system of management zones which:
1. minimises conflict between conservation values and recreational use, and between different
recreational uses.
2. specifies the type and extent of public access, recreational development, and interpretive,
research and management activities, appropriate to maintaining the biological, physical and
cultural resources, and natural processes of the Park.
Background
Management zones establish a framework for the protection of conservation values and the provision
of a range of recreation uses, and indicate the different levels of management required.
Management zones for Fitzgerald River National Park were identified using the following methods:
• Mapping and describing rare flora and fauna, landform and associated erosion hazard,
Aboriginal and European cultural sites, and existing and potential access and recreation sites.
• Reviewing the conservation status of the Park's rare flora and fauna on an Australiawide basis.
• Reviewing recreation opportunities available elsewhere.
• Identifying the environmental effects of recreation use and the likely future public use through
visitor surveys, public submissions, and a workshop.
Using the information collected, overlays of the mapped information and the management zone
definitions given in Table 3, zones were delineated which protect and enhance the conservation
values of the Park while allowing for recreation use. The zones maximise protection of the Park
environment, particularly the rare flora and fauna; contribute to recreation diversity; minimise the
adverse effects of any proposed change in recreational use on any one user group; and can be
implemented feasibly.
The management zones used in FRNP are:
1. Special Conservation
This management zone covers the northern part of the Park with its concentration of declared
rare birds and mammals. A number of these species require habitat which has not been burnt
for 15 years or more and protection from introduced predators, particularly foxes. Vehicle
access through this zone is by Hamersley and Pabelup Drives. There is usually no other
motorised access, except for research and management.
2. Wilderness
25
An extensive area in the middle of the Park (78 000 ha) is maintained in a wilderness state. No
motorised access is permitted, except for emergency and essential management operations.
3. Natural Environment
Areas will be maintained as natural environments. Included are several 4WD accessible tracks
(eg. Fitzgerald Inlet track, Quoin Head Track). Generally, motorised access is restricted.
Facilities are semi-primitive and predominantly in natural settings.
4. Recreation
These are small areas associated with vehicle access routes and recreation and interpretation
sites. In FRNP, this zone is based on roads and recreation sites accessible to 2WD vehicles.
Facilities are basic and in natural settings which may show signs of modification.
Allocation of the above zones is based on information and prescriptions given in this Part, and Parts
C, D, E and F.
PRESCRIPTION
1. Use the above management zones (Table 3 and Map 3) as the basis for integrated
management of FRNP.
Practical implementation of management zones may differ from the boundaries given on Map 3.
Most communities and species have requirements which extend beyond these artificially delineated
boundaries.
TA
BL
E 3
. FIT
ZG
ER
AL
D R
IVE
R N
AT
ION
AL
PA
RK
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
ZO
NE
S
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
FR
AM
EW
OR
K
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
GE
NE
RA
LB
OU
ND
AR
YR
ESO
UR
CE
SP
UB
LIC
LE
VE
L O
F
ZO
NE
SD
ESC
RIP
TIO
NC
RIT
ER
IAO
PP
OR
TU
NIT
YM
GT
1. S
PE
CIA
LSp
ecif
ic a
reas
whi
ch c
onta
in'M
e na
tura
l ext
ent a
nd b
uffe
rSt
rict
res
ourc
e-
Usu
ally
non
-mot
oris
edH
igh
CO
NSE
RV
AT
ION
uniq
ue, r
are
or e
ndan
gere
dre
quir
emen
ts o
f de
sign
ated
cons
erva
tion.
acce
ss, e
xcep
t for
res
earc
h
feat
ures
or
the
best
exa
mpl
esfe
atur
es.
and
man
agem
ent p
urpo
ses.
of n
atur
al f
eatu
res.
- V
isito
r ap
prec
iatio
n co
nsis
tent
with
res
ourc
es, c
onse
rvat
ion.
2. W
ILD
ER
NE
SSE
xten
sive
are
as w
hich
will
be
The
ext
ent o
f na
tura
l sys
tem
sSt
rict
res
ourc
e-
Non
-mot
oris
ed a
cces
s on
ly,
Low
mai
ntai
ned
in a
wild
erne
ssin
are
as o
f 10
000
ha
or g
reat
er.
cons
erva
tion.
exce
pt f
or e
mer
genc
y an
d
stat
e.es
sent
ial m
anag
emen
t.
- Pr
imiti
ve f
acili
ties,
if a
ny.
3. N
AT
UR
AL
Are
as w
hich
can
sus
tain
, with
aT
he e
xten
t of
natu
ral e
nvir
on-
Con
serv
atio
n of
the
- In
clud
es 4
WD
trac
ks; h
owev
er,
Low
to M
oder
ate
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
min
imum
of
impa
irm
ent,
am
ents
and
sur
roun
ding
zon
es.
natu
ral e
nvir
onm
ent.
mot
oris
ed a
cces
s re
stri
cted
.
sele
cted
ran
ge o
f lo
w-d
ensi
ty-
Sem
i-pr
imiti
ve c
ampi
ng
outd
oor
activ
ities
with
a m
inim
umfa
cilit
ies.
of r
elat
ed f
acili
ties.
4. R
EC
RE
AT
ION
Lim
ited
area
s th
at c
an a
ccom
mod
ate
The
ext
ent o
f ou
tdoo
r op
port
-M
inim
al im
pact
of
Acc
ess
mot
oris
ed a
nd n
on-
Mod
erat
e to
Hig
h
a br
oad
rang
e of
out
door
rec
reat
ion
uniti
es a
nd f
acili
ties
and
thei
rac
tiviti
es a
nd f
acili
ties
mot
oris
ed.
oppo
rtun
ities
.ar
ea o
f im
med
iate
impa
ct.
on n
atur
al la
ndsc
ape.
Bas
ic c
ampi
ng f
acili
ties
.
27
28
PART C. MANAGEMENT FOR CONSERVATION
GOALS:1. Conserve all native plant communities, animal communities, species, and the natural
processes which sustain them, in the Park, especially the large numbers of rarespecies and those in need of special protection.
2. Conserve the Park's landscapes, in particular the extensive vistas free of humandisturbance.
3. Conserve the rich Aboriginal and European history of the Park, includingnumerous historical and archaeological sites.
29
6.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
6.1 GEOLOGY
The objective is to protect important geological features in the Park.
Background
(Based on contributions by Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mines Department)
Fitzgerald River National Park lies on the southern edge of the Yilgarn Block and the adjoining
Albany-Fraser Province.
The bedrock of the northern edge of the Fitzgerald River National Park is part of an ancient (2500 -
2900 million years old), essentially stable, crustal segment known as the Yilgarn Craton. Granite and
gneiss are the predominant rock types with minor enclaves of altered sedimentary and mafic igneous
rocks. One such form of mafic igneous rock is the West River greenstone belt south-west of
Ravensthorpe.
The somewhat younger rocks (1100- 1800 million years old) of the Albany - Fraser Province form
the bedrock across the southern portion of the Park. These rocks are dominated by the
metasediments of the Mount Barren Group, with smaller enclaves of slightly older granitic gneiss
appearing along the coast from Bremer Bay to Point Charles.
The Mount Barren Group forms the Barren Ranges which lie along the coast from Hopetoun to east
of Bremer Bay. This group consists of a folded and faulted sequence of metasediments of quartzite,
phyllite, dolomite and conglomerate which are generally slightly altered. Development of the Barren
Ranges, through folding and faulting of the Mount Barren Group, is thought to have occurred
between 1100 and 1400 million years ago. Subsequent changes in sea level have lead to the
formation of elevated benches on various peaks within the Barren Ranges.
The Plantagenet Group was deposited in shallow, warm waters near sea level 40-50 million years ago
(Eocene Period). Changing sea levels led to deposition under both marine and non-marine
conditions. The Werillup Formation, the lower part of the group, is composed of grey and black clay,
siltstone, lignite and carbonaceous siltstone. The lignite ranges up to 3 m thick and occurs in the
Fitzgerald River area and around Nornalup Inlet. The Werillup Formation is overlain by the Pallinup
Siltstone, a horizontally bedded white, brown or red siltstone and spongolite. The Plantagenet Group
is exposed along all the major riverlines in the Park.
30
Laterite, a weathering product of the Tertiary Period (between 26 and 2 million years old), has
developed over many of the rock types present through the Park. Also from the late Tertiary is a
shell bed of considerable interest near the east side of Hamersley Inlet.
Sandplains and recent coastal deposits are a product of the Quaternary period (within the last 2
million years). Sandplains and associated swamps cover extensive areas between the rivers in the
central and western parts of the Park. Sand-dunes and coastal limestone occur near Trigelow Beach,
Point Charles and Hamersley Inlet.
The Kybulup Schist unit of the Mount Barren Group occurs within the Park, north of Culham Inlet
on the Phillips River (Lat. 33•5 1'1 3 " S, Long. 120•04'41 "E).
Mining and mineral values are discussed in 10. 1 Mining.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Provide interpretive information regarding the Park's diverse geology and geological
history and its relationship with the flora and fauna.
2. Provide interpretive information on structural features such as the spongolite valleys
(gorges), Mt Barren ranges and precipitous sea-cliffs.
3. Protect the Kybulup Schist unit from disturbance from Park management activities.
6.2 LANDFORMS, SOILS AND EROSION HAZARD
The objectives are:
1. Protect all landforms and the processes that sustain them, especially those that are unique to
the Park.
2. Minimise changes to drainage patterns, erosion and waterlogging, resulting from
management activities such as road works, fire control and the provision of recreation
opportunities.
Background
Landform
31
The landforms of the FRNP are a product of the underlying rock and their deeply weathered
condition. Water erosion has partly removed this mantle of weathering, exposing fresh rocks beneath
the Eocene sediments. Wind action has created dunes on the coast as well as on sands further inland.
Chapman and Newbey (in prep.) identified five major and two minor landforms in the Park. Table 4
lists the landforms and their characteristics, including soils. Map 4 shows the five major landforms.
The five major landforms are the upland, plains, incised valleys, ranges and dunes.
The upland is characterised by a gently undulating terrain on the Archaean granites which underlie
the northern part of the Park. The plains, immediately inland from the coast, are flat, with numerous
swamps, depressions and large areas with no run-off. They are developed on the deeply weathered
Plantagenet Group of Eocene sediments. This is the most extensive landform. in the Park.
Steep-sided valleys cut through the plain, creating the distinct, incised valley landform. The erosional
scarp of the valleys is often capped by laterite. Flat mesaform hills also appear as relics on the plain.
TA
BL
E 4
. LA
ND
FO
RM
S, S
OIL
S, V
EG
ET
AT
ION
AN
D E
RO
SIO
N H
AZ
AR
D
LA
ND
FO
RM
GE
OL
OG
YSO
IL T
YP
EV
EG
ET
AT
ION
TO
PO
GR
AP
HY
DR
AIN
AG
EE
RO
SIO
N H
AZ
AR
D
Upl
and
gran
ites,
gne
isse
s•
exte
nsiv
e ar
eas
of•
Ver
y op
en m
alle
es•
dom
inat
ed b
y un
dula
ting
• un
dula
ting
plai
n:M
oder
ate
shal
low
loam
y sa
ndof
E. r
edun
ca o
rpl
ain:
inte
rnal
rel
ief
less
dend
ritic
and
coa
rse
• p
lain
rea
sona
bly
stab
le; s
kele
tal s
oils
• sk
elet
al s
oils
E. t
etra
gona
than
10
m, s
lope
s le
ss th
an•
V-s
hape
d va
lleys
:as
soci
ated
with
gra
nite
out
crop
s m
od.
asso
ciat
ed w
ith g
rani
te•
Allo
casu
arin
a,2°
.si
ngle
cha
nnel
with
susc
eptib
le to
wat
er e
rosi
on, V
-sha
ped
expo
sure
sG
revi
llea
and
Aca
cia
• V
-sha
ped
valle
ys: i
ncis
edfl
ows
in w
inte
r/sp
ring
valle
ys m
oder
atel
y su
scep
tible
giv
en
scru
b/he
ath
asso
ciat
ed10
0-16
0 m
, 3-1
20 s
lope
s•
gene
rally
mod
erat
ely
slop
e an
d 1:
5 ye
ar f
lood
ing
with
gra
nite
out
crop
sw
ell d
rain
ed
Pla
insp
ongo
lite,
silt
ston
e•
dupl
ex s
hallo
w s
andy
• ve
ry o
pen
mal
lee
of•
flat
pla
in: i
nter
nal r
elie
f•
unco
ordi
nate
dH
igh
loam
s, c
ollu
vial
san
dsE
. dec
ipie
ns w
ides
prea
dra
rely
exc
eeds
10
m,
drai
nage
: lar
ge a
reas
• di
stur
banc
e of
wat
er-l
ogge
d ar
eas
lead
s
and
crac
king
cla
ys•
else
whe
re o
pen
to v
ery
gene
rally
less
than
I*
slop
ew
ith n
o ru
n of
f, s
umps
to b
reak
dow
n in
soi
l str
uctu
re a
nd p
ro
• sk
elet
al s
oils
on
bedr
ock
open
shr
ub m
alle
ean
d gi
lgai
slo
nged
pon
ding
, and
/or
incr
ease
d ru
n
expo
sure
s•
diss
ecte
d dr
aina
ge o
nof
f. F
ine
silt
soils
sus
cept
ible
to w
ater
coas
t and
riv
er m
argi
nsan
d w
ind
eros
ion,
the
latte
r pa
rtic
ular
ly
• w
ater
-log
ged
win
ter/
in c
oast
al p
arts
spri
ng a
t lea
st, g
ener
ally
poor
ly d
rain
ed
Val
leys
spon
golit
e, s
iltst
one
• s
andy
loam
- s
hallo
w o
n•
open
shr
ub m
alle
e of
• s
teep
-sid
ed v
alle
ys c
ut•
broa
d va
lleys
, int
er-
Hig
hw
alls
, dee
per
on v
alle
yE
. con
glob
ata
and
into
fla
t pla
in; f
lat,
broa
dm
itten
t flo
w, s
mal
l•
ste
ep v
alle
y si
des
with
sha
llow
soi
ls
floo
rE
. inc
rass
ata
on v
alle
yva
lley
floo
rsfl
ow in
win
ter/
spri
ng,
susc
eptib
le to
wat
er e
rosi
on; f
lat v
alle
y
floo
rs a
nd d
rain
age
lines
gene
rally
sm
all l
inea
rfl
oors
mod
erat
ely
susc
eptib
le
• lo
w w
oodl
and
on s
lope
spo
ols
and
rim
s•
mod
erat
ely
wel
l dra
ined
• op
en m
alle
e on
mes
asin
upp
er r
each
es to
poo
rly
drai
ned
near
inle
ts
Tab
le 4
con
t.
LA
ND
FO
RM
GE
OL
OG
YSO
IL T
YP
EV
EG
ET
AT
ION
TO
PO
GR
AP
HY
DR
AIN
AG
EE
RO
SIO
N H
AZ
AR
D
Ran
ges
quar
tzite
, phy
llite
,•
quar
tzite
san
d on
• B
anks
ia s
crub
and
• r
ugge
d hi
lls a
nd s
tony
• ra
pid
run-
off
Ver
y H
igh
dolo
mite
,qu
artz
iteA
dena
ntho
s op
en lo
wri
ses
500
m A
SL, s
lope
s•
num
erou
s sh
ort
unco
nsol
idat
ed s
oils
and
ste
ep s
lope
s
cong
lom
erat
es•
phyl
litic
loam
y sa
nd o
rsc
rub
on q
uart
zite
rang
e fr
om 4
5• to
ver
tical
stre
ams
rapi
dly
drai
nw
ith n
umer
ous
drai
nage
line
s hi
ghly
schi
st d
uple
x so
ils•
Ver
y op
en s
hrub
mal
lee
hills
and
ris
essu
scep
tible
to e
rosi
on
of E
. inc
rass
ata,
and
• w
ell d
rain
ed
Ban
ksia
and
Allo
casu
arin
a
low
scr
ub o
n ph
yllit
ic s
chis
ts
Dun
essa
nd o
ver
spon
golit
e•
loos
e ca
lcar
eous
or
• m
alle
e an
d sh
rubl
and
• na
rrow
san
d-du
nes
occu
r•
wel
l dra
ined
E
xtre
me
or q
uart
zite
silic
eous
san
dsbe
com
ing
low
er a
ndon
sev
eral
coa
stal
sec
tions
:•
occa
sion
al a
reas
of
• lo
ose
soils
ext
rem
ely
susc
eptib
le to
dens
er h
eath
clo
ser
to2-
5 m
hig
h, v
aryi
ng s
lope
impe
ded
drai
nage
w
ind
eros
ion
(and
wav
e er
osio
n on
coas
tde
pend
ing
on s
tabi
lity
over
lim
esto
neoc
casi
ons)
Inle
tsin
cise
d in
qua
rtzi
te,
• sa
line
soils
nex
t to
• M
elal
euca
woo
dlan
d or
• al
l maj
or r
iver
s in
Par
k•
wat
er o
ccup
ies
only
Hig
hsp
ongo
lite
or li
me
-in
let
shru
blan
d on
edg
este
rmin
ate
in a
n in
let:
smal
l por
tion
of f
loor
• s
lope
s an
d cl
iffs
are
hig
hly
susc
eptib
le
ston
e•
narr
ow d
epos
its o
f•
sam
phir
e he
ath
on f
lats
inci
sed
to 1
00 m
,•
gene
rally
bar
red
from
to w
ater
and
win
d er
osio
n (i
ncre
ases
collu
vium
and
allu
vium
only
par
tially
,fill
edth
e se
aw
ith p
roxi
mity
to th
e co
astli
ne);
wat
er
spon
golit
e, a
t som
e sl
ope
expa
nsiv
e fl
at,f
loor
s•
poor
ly d
rain
edlo
gged
soi
ls o
f fi
ne te
xtur
e su
scep
tible
and
clif
f ba
ses
gene
rally
fri
nged
by
stee
pto
deg
rada
tion
slop
es o
r cl
iffs
Riv
ers,
sw
amps
gran
ites,
spo
ngol
ite,
• de
pend
ent o
n un
derl
ying
• E
. occ
iden
tali
s w
oodl
and
• ri
vers
gen
eral
ly s
ingl
e-•
rive
rs m
oder
atel
y w
ell
Hig
han
d la
kes
quar
tzite
rock
dom
inan
tch
anne
lled:
v-s
hape
d in
drai
ned
• s
ilt s
oils
, in
part
icul
ar, a
re h
ighl
y
upla
nd; b
road
, clif
fed
• sw
amps
poo
rly
drai
ned
susc
eptib
le to
wat
er e
rosi
on a
nd
mea
nder
s on
pla
in
degr
adat
ion
due
to f
lood
eve
nts
and
• sw
amps
gen
eral
ly o
nw
ater
-log
ging
plai
n
33
The ranges landform is also distinctive as it is emergent above the gently sloping plain. It has
developed on the Proterozoic quartzites. Narrow sand dune systems occur along several sections of
the coastline.
The two minor landforms which together occupy only a small percentage of the Park area are inlets,
and rivers, swamps and lakes. Many of the rivers terminate in an inlet which is closed to the sea for
most of the time. Swamps and saline lakes are characteristic of the plains.
Soils and Erosion Hazard
The susceptibility of the soil to erosion and degradation has a major influence on management. This
is dependent on geology, soil type, vegetation, topography and drainage. Likely hazard following
34
disturbance can be determined based on this susceptibility (Table 4). Most of the Park has a high
erosion hazard.
The coastal dunes are the only landform to have an extreme hazard rating. They are readily eroded
by wind, particularly when sparsely vegetated, or where wave action is likely to further decrease
stability. The steeper, younger, more sparsely vegetated dunes closer to the coast are more susceptible
than older stabilised dunes further inland. The ranges have a very high erosion hazard, given their
steep slopes and coarse, poorly consolidated skeletal soils. Minor disturbances, such as footpaths, can
lead to localised gully erosion.
The plains with their fine silty soils, are highly susceptible to water erosion, and to wind erosion closer
to the coast. This landform is characterised by widespread impeded drainage. In these poorly drained
areas, mechanical disturbance, such as firebreak and track construction, may lead to soil degradation,
increased ponding and run-off. Dieback control is likely to be a particular problem. Boggy channels
can develop over wetter months even with low levels of use. The valleys are also susceptible to erosion
if disturbed, although the valley floors, if well-drained, are only moderately susceptible. Inlets, rivers
and swamps also have a high erosion hazard, particularly in waterlogged situations and areas with fine
silty soils or steep slopes.
When the soil surface is disturbed or vegetation removed, soil erosion can result in changes to the
landform and soil structure. In national parks, the greatest effect on the soil resource occurs as a
result of the construction and use of roads and facilities for public and management purposes. Soil
erosion can also be exacerbated by reductions in plant cover through the spread of plant diseases,
such as dieback, or by fire.
In FRNP, poorly located access routes, and camping areas in coastal areas are leading to localised
water and wind erosion. Inland, erosion is largely restricted to tracks and firebreaks.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Minimise management activities in, and public access to, the coastal dunes, all of which
have an extreme erosion hazard. Where access is provided, plan according to specialist
advice on prevailing wind direction, stabilisation and slopes.
2. During road and facility development and maintenance ensure that erosion hazards (Map
4 and Table 4) are a primary consideration, subject to specialist advice on a case-by-case
basis. Carefully plan all developments. Any activity in the Ranges requires particular care
as this landform has a very high erosion hazard rating.
35
3. Give particular attention, in any development and maintenance works, to drainage and
ponding with respect to dieback.
Research and Monitoring
4. Use fixed points and aerial photography to monitor the movement of sand inland from
unstable dunes, eg. Hamersley Inlet, Gordon Inlet.
5. Monitor beach access points, both footpaths and vehicle access points, and take remedial
actions as required.
6.3 HYDROLOGY
The objectives are:
1. Ensure that, as far as possible, activities both inside and outside the Park do not harm the quality
and quantity of the Park's water resources.
2. Minimise the effect of road construction and recreation development on natural drainage.
3. Ensure that roads and site developments are properly located and designed so that damage by
heavy rainfall or unseasonal flow is minimised.
Background
(Based on information supplied by the Water Authority of Western Australia).
There are four main rivers in FRNP: the Gairdner, Fitzgerald, Hamersley and Phillips. These run
roughly from north-west to south-east through the Park. All have at least part of their catchments in
cleared agricultural land. A number of shorter rivers and streams, most notably the St Mary and
Dempster, have all of their catchment within the Park (Map 5). All rivers in the Park are intermittent,
with the majority of flows occurring during winter and spring.
The Dempster, in particular, could provide a useful reference catchment. It is completely uncleared
and lies entirely within FRNP (Map 5). As part of the wilderness zone, access will generally be on
foot only (Map 3). Such limitations on access substantially reduce the risk of further introduction
and spread of dieback.
FRNP has numerous swamps, particularly on the plains. They are covered wholly or largely by
woodland and/or shrubland. At least part of their floor is covered by a few centimetres of water
during winter and spring. Floods add up to 1.5 m of water which may remain for up to 18 months
(Chapman and Newbey, in prep.). Water quality varies from fresh to brackish. A number of fresh
(eg. Pabelup Lake) and saline (eg. Doggers Swamp) lakes also occur.
36
All major rivers in FRNP terminate in an inlet which is normally closed to the sea by a sand bar. Only
occasionally is river flow sufficient to fill any of the inlets so they overflow into the sea. Once open,
inlets remain so for days to many months (Hodgkin and Clark, 1990).
Water Quality
The majority of surface and groundwater in the Park is saline. However, a thin layer of freshwater,
overlying brackish or saline water, is likely to be present in the coastal sediments (Geological Survey
of W.A., pers. comm., 1988). Freshwater seeps occur at several places along the coastline. The Water
Authority has suggested that fresh groundwater aquifers are present in certain parts of the Park, such
as near the downstream end of the Hamersley River.
Management actions within the Park can affect water quality. Road works and road use can increase
sediment loads through erosion. Boat use can result in fuel and oil spillage from motors and erosion
of launching sites. Land-based facilities, such as camp grounds and toilets, can cause pollution and
erosion.
Management actions outside the Park can also affect water quality, particularly given that the
catchments of the Park's major rivers extend beyond the Park. In the Fitzgerald area, clearing for
agriculture has increased salinity and sediment load of streams and rivers. The long-term effects on
areas such as FRNP are uncertain. Replanting of parts of these catchments should help to counteract
current water quality problems.
Water Supply Potential
Given the high salinity of water within the Park, it has limited potential for development of either
surface or groundwater resources. In the past, the Water Authority proposed to carry out exploratory
drilling to locate a new supply source for Hopetoun. The Environmental Protection Authority
determined against the proposal and appears to have ruled out any water supply development within
the National Park.
The Water Authority does, however, have interests in adjacent areas. The Bremer Bay Groundwater
Area lies immediately south of the Park between Bremer and Dillon Bays. This Area incorporates
Cardiminup Swamp, one of the few local, permanent, freshwater swamps. The Hopetoun Groundwater
Area lies immediately east of the Park, abutting the eastern side of Culham Inlet. In the longer term,
the Hunter River and Tooregullup Swamp, immediately north of Bremer Bay, and south of FRNP,
have been identified as potential future sources of water supply.
Research and Facilities
One gauging station exists within the Park boundaries (Map 5). As the result of funding cuts it was
closed in April 1987. Continued access to the site by Water Authority officers will be necessary if
37
monitoring resumes. Relevant hydrologic studies would require, as a minimum, a gauging station on
the Fitzgerald, at or near the existing station, and one on either the Dempster or St Mary Rivers.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Assist the Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe District Soil Conservation Committees and
liaise with the Department of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Authority and local
government to:
• encourage land use practices upstream of the Park, such as tree planting or clearing
limits, which will help ameliorate deterioration in water quality or changes in quantity;
• achieve some improvements in water quality (i.e. a decrease in salinity).
2. Retain Dempster catchment and inlet as a reference area free from human disturbance.
This means minimal vehicle access, motorised boat use or building structures.
3. Design roads, tracks, paths, facility areas and associated drainage to cater for occasional
flooding.
4. Ensure developments avoid swamps, as they may retain water for up to 18 months
following flooding.
5. Do not construct new structures or facilities on sand bars which periodically open to the
sea.
6. Do not use machinery or other human-induced means to open the bars of any of the inlets
in the FRNP, unless it can be shown to be desirable by competent scientific authorities.
7. Because fresh groundwater is very limited in the Park, drinking water cannot be provided
at campsites. Maps for walking only areas may indicate the availability of limited fresh
water.
Research and Monitoring
8. Support continued monitoring of river flow and quality, with particular emphasis on the
Fitzgerald River. Continue to provide access for monitoring to the gauging station on the
Fitzgerald River in the northern part of the National Park.
9. Encourage, in consultation with the Environmental Protection Authority, longer term
research and monitoring of inlet dynamics, such as opening and closing of bars, water
38
levels and rate of sediment accumulation. Use the Dempster Inlet as an undisturbed
reference.
6.4 LANDSCAPE
The objective is to protect the Park's landscapes, particularly the extensive vistas, from visually
intrusive human disturbances.
Background
One of the fundamental values of Fitzgerald River National Park is its spectacular landscapes, with
coastal ranges, sandy beaches and extensive vistas free of any signs of human activity.
Two landscape character types have been identified in FRNP: the coastline and southern slopes (Map
6). For management purposes, differences in scenic quality within each landscape character type have
been defined. Areas with outstanding features, or diversity of features, are identified as having high
scenic quality. Those with the features and diversity commonly found in a particular character type
are given a moderate classification. Areas lacking features and/or diversity are nominated as low
scenic quality. Table 5 identifies high, moderate and low scenic quality classes; however, only high
and moderate quality classes occur in the Park. This is because views throughout the Park are
extensive and generally include the Barren Ranges.
View management in FRNP involves protecting' the landscape (including landform, vegetation and
waterform) and locating and planning land-use developments so as to provide diverse views in a
natural setting. The desired outcome is a positive response from visitors. In FRNP, the current
alignment of a number of roads and tracks has a severe visual impact (refer to 13.0 Access for
details). Their alignment and colour often contrasts sharply with natural landform and vegetation
patterns, particularly in coastal landscapes.
TA
BL
E 5
.L
AN
DSC
AP
E C
HA
RA
CT
ER
TY
PE
S
LA
ND
SCA
PE
SCE
NIC
LA
ND
FO
RM
VE
GE
TA
TIO
NW
AT
ER
FO
RM
LA
ND
USE
CH
AR
AC
TE
RQ
UA
LIT
YT
YP
E
Coa
stlin
eG
ener
al•
Ext
ends
to la
ndw
ard
limit
• L
ow d
ense
hea
th w
ith v
ery
• In
lets
gen
eral
ly b
arre
d fr
om•
Occ
asio
nal s
ite d
evel
opm
ents
-
Des
crip
tion
of m
arin
e in
flue
nces
.oc
casi
onal
pat
ches
of
Mel
aleu
cath
e se
a an
d as
soci
ated
low
key
day
use
and
cam
ping
in
• In
clud
es lo
ng w
ind-
swep
tlo
w w
oodl
and.
rive
rlin
es, o
ften
ste
ep-s
ided
.ca
refu
lly c
hose
n lo
catio
ns o
nly.
beac
hes,
qua
rtzi
te c
liffs
ris
ing
• M
alle
e w
oodl
and
asso
ciat
ed
80 m
, ext
ensi
ve s
and
drif
tsw
ith in
lets
.
(bot
h co
nsol
idat
ed a
nd
unco
nsol
idat
ed)a
nd in
lets
.
Hig
h•
Clif
fs a
nd h
eadl
ands
.•
Win
dsha
ped,
gna
rled
or
dwar
fed
• A
ll es
tuar
ies,
inle
ts,
• H
uman
-im
pose
d sp
ot d
evel
op-
• Is
land
s, s
tack
s, o
ff-s
hore
vege
tatio
n, u
nusu
al in
for
m,
lake
s an
d sw
amps
men
ts w
hich
are
in h
arm
ony
with
sand
bars
and
ree
fs.
colo
ur o
r te
xtur
e.•
Unu
sual
oce
an s
hore
line
natu
rally
est
ablis
hed
form
s, li
nes,
• R
ock
feat
ures
, cav
es, f
aultl
ines
,•
Sing
le tr
ee, s
hrub
s or
pat
ches
of
mot
ion
such
as
eddi
esco
lour
s an
d te
xtur
es.
obvi
ousl
y ba
nded
sed
imen
tary
vege
tatio
n w
hich
bec
ome
foca
ldu
e to
isla
nds,
ree
fs, s
urf
• H
arsh
edg
e co
ntra
sts
not e
vide
nt.
rock
s.po
ints
due
to is
olat
ion
or p
ositi
on
zone
s an
d sh
orel
ine
• Ir
regu
lar
coas
tline
edg
es o
ften
in r
elat
ion
to r
ocks
or
wat
er.
conf
igur
atio
n.
emph
asis
ed b
y di
stin
ctiv
e ro
ck•
Stro
ngly
def
ined
pat
tern
s
out c
ropp
ings
, bay
s, in
lets
, and
of w
oodl
and,
dun
e ve
geta
tion,
sand
dep
ositi
on p
atte
rns.
Mel
aleu
ca s
crub
and
/or
barr
en r
ock.
• Pr
imar
y di
mes
whi
ch d
ispl
ay
area
s of
act
ive
wea
ther
ing,
ste
ep
slop
es a
nd/o
r sa
nd b
low
n ed
ges.
Mod
erat
e•
Exp
anse
s of
bea
ch o
f un
ifor
m•
Pred
omin
antly
hea
th o
r be
ach
• U
nifo
rm o
cean
sho
relin
e•
Hum
an-i
mpo
sed
spot
dev
elop
wid
th a
nd c
olou
r w
ithou
t roc
kgr
asse
s w
ith s
ome
vari
atio
n in
and
mot
ion
char
acte
rist
ics
men
ts in
whi
ch f
orm
, lin
e, c
olou
r
out c
ropp
ings
or
foca
l fea
ture
s.co
lour
, tex
ture
or
patte
rn.
with
littl
e di
vers
ity.
and
text
ure
of in
trod
uced
ele
men
ts
• R
egul
ar c
oast
edg
es w
ithou
t•
Som
e co
ntra
st c
ause
d by
dif
fere
ntbo
rrow
sig
nifi
cant
ly f
rom
nat
ural
bays
, inl
ets,
pro
mot
orie
s, s
tack
sco
lour
s.fa
ctor
s bu
t som
e di
scor
dant
or c
liffs
.vi
sual
impa
cts
are
clea
rly
appa
rent
.
LA
ND
SCA
PE
SCE
NIC
LA
ND
FO
RM
VE
GE
TA
TIO
NW
AT
ER
FO
RM
LA
ND
USE
CH
AR
AC
TE
RQ
UA
LIT
YT
YP
E
Low
• E
xpan
ses
of u
nifo
rm•
Ext
ensi
ve a
reas
of
sim
ilar
• W
ater
form
s ab
sent
.•
Dev
elop
men
ts in
whi
ch f
orm
,
(ind
istin
ctly
dis
sect
ed)
vege
tatio
n su
ch a
s he
ath
orlin
e, c
olou
r an
d te
xtur
e of
land
form
.be
ach
gras
ses,
with
ver
y lim
ited
intr
oduc
ed e
lem
ents
con
tras
t
vari
atio
ns in
col
our
or te
xtur
e.sh
arpl
y w
ith n
atur
al f
eatu
res.
• Se
vere
ly d
istu
rbed
are
a w
ith
little
nat
ural
veg
etat
ion.
• T
rans
ition
bet
wee
n la
nd-u
ses
shar
p an
d ge
omet
ric,
gen
eral
ly
appe
arin
g as
a li
ne.
Sout
hern
Gen
eral
• R
ugge
d hi
lls r
isin
g to
500
m•
Scru
b an
d lo
w s
crub
of
Ban
ksia
,•
Ran
ges:
ste
ep-s
ided
sho
rt•
Mai
n de
velo
pmen
ts a
re r
oads
Slop
esD
escr
ipti
onge
nera
lly a
long
the
coas
tline
.A
lloca
suar
ina
and
Ade
nant
hos
onst
ream
-lin
es o
nly
flow
ing
and
trac
ks to
the
coas
t, fi
re -
• Fl
at to
und
ulat
ing
plai
n 80
-300
mra
nges
.af
ter
heav
y do
wnp
ours
.br
eaks
and
lim
ited
num
ber
of
in e
leva
tion,
cut
by
stee
p-•
Ope
n to
ver
y op
en m
alle
e on
• Pl
ains
: ste
ep-s
ided
val
leys
w
alk
trai
ls.
side
d va
lleys
.pl
ain.
asso
ciat
ed w
ith m
ajor
riv
er
lines
, v-s
hape
d va
lleys
in
nort
hern
par
t, el
sew
here
sw
amps
.
Hig
h•
Rug
ged
hills
and
sto
ny•
Are
as o
f hi
gh p
lant
div
ersi
ty•
Ran
ges:
inte
rmitt
ent s
hort
• H
uman
-im
pose
d sp
ot d
evel
opm
ents
rise
sw
hich
dis
play
dis
tinct
ive
colo
urst
eep
stre
ams
whi
ch b
rief
ly
whi
ch a
re in
har
mon
y w
ith n
atur
ally
• E
xpan
ses
of b
are
rock
and
text
ural
pat
tern
s.fl
ow f
ollo
win
g ra
in.
esta
blis
hed
form
s, li
nes,
col
ours
war
ped
and
fold
ed.
• Po
cket
s of
veg
etat
ion
whi
ch•
Plai
ns: v
alle
ys w
ith
and
text
ures
.
• St
eep-
side
d va
lleys
.be
com
e fo
cal p
oint
s du
e to
isol
atio
n,in
term
itten
t poo
ls.
• H
arsh
edg
e co
ntra
sts
not e
vide
nt.
unus
ual f
orm
, pos
ition
in
the
land
scap
e, o
r ca
nopy
var
iatio
n.
• A
reas
of
colo
ur w
hich
dis
tingu
ish
a pl
ant g
roup
fro
m it
s su
rrou
ndin
gs.
LA
ND
SCA
PE
SCE
NIC
LA
ND
FO
RM
VE
GE
TA
TIO
NW
AT
ER
FO
RM
LA
ND
USE
CH
AR
AC
TE
RQ
UA
LIT
YT
YP
E
Mod
erat
e•
Flat
to g
ently
slo
ping
• Pa
ttern
s ev
iden
t in
vege
tatio
n bu
t•
Seas
onal
sw
amps
and
• H
uman
-im
pose
d de
velo
pmen
ts
area
s w
ith li
mite
d fe
atur
esla
ckin
g un
ique
ness
or
dist
inct
ion
occa
sion
al s
hallo
w c
reek
lines
.in
whi
ch f
orm
, lin
e, c
olou
r an
d
of v
isua
l int
eres
t.re
lativ
e to
sur
roun
ding
veg
etat
ion.
text
ure
of in
trod
uced
ele
men
ts
• R
ound
ed h
ills
gene
rally
• T
rans
ition
fro
m lo
w o
cean
-bo
rrow
sig
nifi
cant
ly f
rom
nat
ural
sim
ilar
in g
radi
ent t
osi
de v
eget
atio
n to
hea
th a
ndfa
ctor
s bu
t som
e di
scor
dant
vis
ual
surr
ound
ing
land
form
s.m
alle
es g
radu
al.
impa
cts
are
clea
rly
appa
rent
.
• T
rans
ition
bet
wee
n la
ndus
es
com
bini
ng b
oth
grad
ual a
nd a
brup
t
edge
s, s
eldo
m a
ppea
ring
as
an
unbr
oken
line
.
Low
• E
xten
sive
fla
t are
as w
ith•
Ext
ensi
ve a
reas
of
sim
ilar
• W
ater
form
s ab
sent
. •
Dev
elop
men
ts in
whi
ch f
orm
,lim
ited
feat
ures
of
spec
ific
vege
tatio
n co
ver.
line,
col
our
and
text
ure
of
visu
al in
tere
st.
intr
oduc
ed e
lem
ents
con
tras
t
shar
ply
with
nat
ural
fea
ture
s.
• Se
vere
ly d
istu
rbed
are
as w
ith
little
nat
ural
veg
etat
ion.
• T
rans
ition
bet
wee
n la
ndus
es s
harp
and
geom
etri
c, g
ener
ally
app
eari
ng
as a
line
.
40
41
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Incorporate the prescriptions given in Table 6 in all forms of management (eg. fireprotection, gravel extraction).
2. Reduce or lessen existing negative visual impact by closing unnecessary roads andtracks. Rehabilitate and plant as necessary. Realign required tracks and redesignand/or relocate parking areas and campsites which are visually obtrusive. Details areprovided in the access and recreation sections of this plan (Part D).
3. Seek advice on visual management of the Park, as required, from CALM landscapearchitects.
42
43
TABLE 6. PRESCRIPTIONS FOR LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
COASTLINEHigh Scenic Qual i ty• alterations should remain subordinate to natural
elements such as cliffs, dunes, inlets andwind-pruned vegetation, by borrowing extensivelyfrom their form, line, colour, texture and scale.
• within one year of project completion alterationsshould not be evident.
• activities which minimally disturb theenvironment should be encouraged, for example,walking, nature study, whale watching.
• the number of roads and tracks should beminimised, with roads entering this landscapeonly to reach specific sites rather than followingthe coast east-west for long stretches.
• firebreaks should not be constructed. Burnt buffersshould be located so that they are visuallyunobtrusive from roads and tracks, beaches,headlands and inlets.
• previously disturbed areas should be given thehighest priority for rehabilitation until the desiredstandard of scenic quality is achieved.
- gravel, sand and stone extraction should beexcluded.
SOUTHERN SLOPESHigh Scenic Qual i ty7) alterations should remain subordinate to natural
elements, such as the ranges, valleys, river pools andareas of high plant diversity, by borrowing from theirform, line, colour, texture and scale.
8) within one year of project completion alterationsshould not be evident.
9) activities which minimally disturb the environmentshould be encouraged, for example, walking, wildflowerappreciation, nature study.
10) road design, construction and maintenance shouldremain subordinate to landscape elements by usingminimum clearing width, undulating edges, sensitivealignment and immediate revegetation of disturbedareas.
11) roads and tracks should be visually unobtrusive fromvantage points.
12) firebreaks should not be constructed.13) protection burning, where required, should be based on
impact-minimising prescriptions. Burnt buffers shouldbe located so that they are visually unobtrusive fromtravel routes and other vantage points.
14) previously disturbed areas should be given the highestpriority for rehabilitation until the desired standard ofscenic quality is achieved.
- gravel, sand and stone extraction should be excludedwhere possible. If not, extraction should be limited inarea and restricted to sites which can not be seen fromtravel routes and other vantage points.
Moderate Scenic Quality- alterations may be apparent but they should not
dominate; they should borrow form, line, colour,texture and scale from natural elements.
Moderate Scenic Quality13) alterations may be apparent but they should not
dominate; they should borrow form, line, colour,texture and scale from natural elements.
- the main visual appeal of this landscape is extensivevistas free of human disturbance. Roads, tracks~firebreaks and burnt buffers should be visuallyunobtrusive where possible, primarily by borrowingfrom the natural form, line, colour and texture of thelandscape.
Low Scenic Quality8 . none of the FRNP landscape falls in this class.
Low Scenic Qualitynone of the FRNP landscape falls in this class
44
7.0 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
7.1 VEGETATION
The objectives are:
1. Protect existing plant communities from impacts other than those arising from natural processes,
except where necessary to provide an approved development, consistent with the goals for the
Park (Section 2.0).
2. Rehabilitate plant communities which have been degraded.
Background
Fitzgerald River National Park is dominated by open to very open mallee and shrubland. Heath is
common throughout, while woodlands only occur along rivers and in swamps. There is a strong
correlation between vegetation structure and distribution and the landform. and underlying soil or
rock type.
The Park lies within the Eyre Botanical District of the South-West Botanical Province (Beard, 1980)
and extends from the coast almost to the District's northern boundary. The Park is the only
remaining uncleared, extensive, representation of the Eyre District. For most of the Park, the
boundaries of the vegetation systems of Beard (1976) coincide with the boundaries of the landforms
described by Chapman and Newbey (in prep.). These landforms, are given in Section 6.2 Landform,
Soils and Erosion Hazard. The characteristics of the associated vegetation types are summarised in
Table 4.
Most of the vegetation types in Fitzgerald River National Park are poorly represented in conservation
reserves, particularly those associations found on the upland plains, valleys and ranges. Together
these occupy about 90% of the Park area. Chapman and Newbey (in prep.) based the following
comments on Newbey's field knowledge of other conservation reserves within the same climatic zone.
'The plains landform. is present only in FRNP. Large areas of upland are present in Frank Hann
National Park and Lake Magenta Nature Reserve, with a small area in Corackerup Nature Reserve.
However, these areas are dominated by undulating plain: they do not include v-shaped valleys as does
FRNP. Although gorges are found in Corackerup, they do not match the extensive gorges of the
Fitzgerald and Hamersley rivers. Ranges are an obvious feature of Stirling Range National Park;
however, the coastal influences found on this landform. in FRNP are lacking in the Stirlings. Rivers,
swamps and inlets are also poorly represented in the existing reserve system, although dunes are well
represented in Stokes National Park' (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.).
PRESCRIPTIONS
45
1) Protect the vegetation communities within the Park from dieback (see 9.1 Disease). Such
protection is of paramount importance.
2) Protect the vegetation communities within the Park from introduced herbivores and weeds (see
9.3 Animal Pests and 9.4 Weeds). (Reducing the number of enclaves, and rationalising Park
boundaries and numbers of management tracks will increase protection.)
3) Protect the vegetation communities within the Park from widespread human caused fires and
frequent burning (see 9.2 Fire).
4) Minimise removal or damage to vegetation caused by development and maintenance of
facilities and visitor use.
5) Rehabilitate degraded vegetation (refer to 9.5 Rehabilitation).
Research and Monitoring
6. Carry out research into management regimes (especially fire) required to maintain
vegetation communities and fauna habitat.
7.2 FLORA
The objective is to protect and maintain viable populations of all existing species, especially the rare
species.
Background
With 1748 identified plant species, including 75 endemics, the Fitzgerald River National Park is one
of the richest flora conservation areas in Western Australia. The Park contains 20% of known plant
species (both named and unnamed) for Western Australia and 42% of the known species for the
South-West Botanical Province. The number of species will continue to increase as surveying
continues.
The Fitzgerald area is one of three nodes of high species richness in south-west Australia. FRNP also
has a high proportion of endemic, geographically restricted and rare species. Although the flora is
typical of the Eyre Botanical District it also contains some elements of the wetter forest and drier
Goldfields flora (eg. Gnephosis intosa and Ptilotus holosericeus).
46
The flora of FRNP consists of 5 families of fern and 87 of flowering plants. The major families
represented are Myrtaceae (220 species), Proteaceae (130), Asteraceae (108) and Cyperaceae (97).
Dwarf shrubs are the dominant life-form, followed by annuals and small shrubs.
The upland and plains contain the highest numbers of plant species (Table 7). They are also the most
extensive landforms identified in FRNP.
In FRNP, peak flowering occurs over August-November while the least number of species bloom in
February. There is a rapid decline in the number of species flowering through the summer months.
The most important summer flowering group is the eucalypts. Autumn-flowering species such as
Hakea laurina, Dryandra quercifolia and Banksia media are important for the survival of
honeyeaters and honey possums.
Rare Flora
Chapman and Newbey (in prep.) identified 250 plant species of very high conservation value. These
species were geographically restricted or had populations of less than 1000 plants. Some plants were
only present over small areas (eg. 1 ha or less) even though large areas of apparently suitable habitat
existed. Their list is preliminary, having been prepared as part of a general flora survey, rather than a
specific intensive survey for rare species.
Table 8 is derived from Chapman and Newbey's work. The Barren Ranges have the greatest number
of priority plants (21 of the 42 priority species).
The Park contains 16 species of declared rare flora (declared rare under the Wildlife Conservation
Act, 1950). A Ministerial permit must be obtained before disturbing or removing declared rare flora.
TABLE 7. NUMBER OF PLANT SPECIES PER LANDFORM
LANDFORM AREA (ha) FLORA % TOTAL PRIORITY FLORA
(No. of Sp.) FLORA (No. of Sp.)
Upland 87300 877 50 7
Plains 166400 763 44 6
Valleys 45300 213 12 5
Ranges 39000 230 13 21
Dunes 6760 255 15 2
Inlets negligible 197 11 1
Rivers, swamps negligible 519 30 3
and lakes
47
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Protect priority species (Table 8), especially those susceptible to dieback and those growing
in locations known to be susceptible to erosion.
2. Set up an herbarium, with emphasis on the priority flora, within the Park.
3. Ensure that all information regarding the flora in FRNP, particularly the priority species, is
stored in the CALM district office at Albany. Ensure that these records are consulted and
appropriate action taken before development or management actions are undertaken.
4. Develop an ongoing exchange of information with the public regarding rare flora
management, given the proviso that CALM is obliged to keep the location of rare flora
confidential.
5. Plant nursery-raised specimens, with due regard for dieback hygiene, if necessary to
enhance a rare species' chance of survival.
Research and Monitoring
6. Survey areas proposed for management activities for rare flora prior to the activity
commencing.
7. Carry out detailed surveys within the Park and adjacent areas to locate other populations of
priority flora (Table 8). Give priority to the Barren Ranges and areas likely to be disturbed.
8. Research the response to disturbance (such as dieback, fire, soil disturbance, weeds, grazing),
reproductive biology and taxonomy of the priority flora.
9. Encourage surveys of the distribution, and research into the taxonomy, of the 250 important
species identified by Chapman and Newbey (in prep.).
48
TABLE 8. PRIORITY FLORA
1 . Endemic, possibly rare, known from 5or less populations and probablysusceptible to dieback (Nos . ofpopulations given In brackets)
SPECIES LOCATION*Adenanthos dobagii (3) SP*Adenanthos ellipticus (1) QRBrachyloma sp. KRN 11111 (2) CD, IN, QRGrevillea fistulosa (3) QR*Grevillea infundibularis (2) QRLeucopogon lloydiorum (1) UPLeucopogon sp. KRN 4038 (5) QRLeucopogon sp. KRN 4389 (1) SVStyphelia sp. KRN 8266 (1) SP*Verticordia aff. (KRN 2763) (2) SVhelichrysantha
2.Endemic, possibly rare and known from1 population.
SPECIES LOCATIONAcacia phlebopetala var. pubescens PS, QRCharnelaucium sp. KRN 2650 SP*Coopernookia georgei QRDampiera sp. KRN 11143 QRGonocarpus hispidus QRGoodenia barilletti QRGoodenia sp. KRN 11369 UPGoodenia sp. KRN 1726 RSGoodenia stenophylla QR, UPGyrostemon sessilis SVKunzea sp. KRN 11119 QRMirbelia sp. KRN 11203 UPOlearia sp. KRN 10843 CDPimelea longiflora ssp. eyrei QRPlalysace sp. KRN 4852 QRPomax sp. KRN 11459 QRPultanaea sp. KRN 11012 SPSpyridium sp. KRN 5007 UPStyphelia sp. KRN 8266 SP*Verticordia helichrysantha SPVerticordia cf. helichrysantha (KRN 9739) SVVerticordia aff. harveyi (KRN 11120) QR
3 . Endemic, declared rare and known from5 or fewer populations.
SPECIES LOCATION*Acacia argutifolia (5) QR*Eremophila denticulata (2) RS*Eucalyptus burdettiana (2) QR*Eucalyptus coronata (3) QR*Lechenaultia superba (4) QR*Stylidium galioides (5) QR
4 . Declared rare, not endemic and knownfrom 5 or fewer populations in thePark.
SPECIES LOCATION*Eremophila serpens RS*Myoporum salsoloides UP*Ricinocarpus trichophorus SV*Thelymitra psammophila UP
___________________________________________
No. of Priority Sp. %SP: Plains 6 14SV: Valleys 5 12QR: Ranges 21 50RS : Rivers, swamps 3 7 and lakesUP: Upland 7 17CD: Dunes 2 5IN : Inlets 1 2
___________________________________________
* :declared rareEndemic: 100% of known populations confined toFRNPPossibly Rare : fewer than 1000 plants known inconservation reserves or few populations (K. Newbeyfield data)KRN : collection number of K. Newbey for avoucher specimen deposited in the W.A. Herbarium.
49
7.3 FAUNA
The objectives are:
1. Protect existing species, in particular those declared rare and in need of special protection.
2. Re-introduce native animals that once occurred within the Park if resources are available and
if research findings indicate no disadvantages to the Park.
Background
The Park has more species of vertebrate fauna than any other conservation reserve in south-west
Australia. It has 22 species of native mammals (7 declared rare), 184 species of bird (3 declared rare
and 2 declared in need of special protection), 41 species of reptile (1 declared in need of special
protection), 12 species of frog and 4 species of inland fish (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.).
The very high number of vertebrates present is partially due to an overlap of and region species and
those adapted to moister conditions. The Park also forms part of a corridor of uncleared vegetation
from the coast to the southern wheatbelt and Goldfields (Watson, 1991). The large size of the Park
and lack of widespread habitat degradation, such as frequent burning and grazing by stock, enhance
these values (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.). Habitats can be degraded by dieback.
There is a concentration of rare fauna in the northern upland (Table 9). This faunal richness is
associated with three factors (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.). First, the upland corresponds with the
Archaean shield which underlies much of the wheatbelt. Much of the fauna is a remnant of a
formerly widespread and richer wheatbelt fauna. Second, habitats exist in a tight mosaic of
soil/vegetation types due to the presence of granitic outcrops and numerous minor watercourses.
Third, some of the soils are not as extensively weathered and leached as those on the southern plains,
and thus have a higher nutrient status.
Therefore, the northern part of FRNP is a small remnant of a formerly widespread and rich faunal
area. Today, it is likely that species continue to disperse, perhaps via river valleys, from the upland to
the southern plains and elsewhere.
A Ministerial permit must be obtained before rare fauna can be disturbed or removed.
Mammals
The mammals of the Western Australia wheatbelt have declined considerably since European
settlement. This decline has been attributed to a number of factors, including clearing, feral cats,
foxes, grazing, introduced diseases and changes in fire regimes. The loss of 40% of mammal species
from FRNP is comparable with an overall loss of 42% in the whole wheatbelt (Kitchener et al., 1980).
50
However, in the case of FRNP all remaining fauna species are on one piece of land managed by a
single authority.
Of the 22 species of native mammal still present, eight are at risk according to Burbidge and
McKenzie (1989). These are the seven declared rare species (Table 10) plus Mitchell's
Hopping-mouse (Notomys mitchelli). This last species appears to be rare in FRNP. Research elsewhere
in Western Australia has implicated the fox as an important factor adversely affecting the
conservation of mammals (J. Kinnear, CALM Research Division, pers. comm., 1989).
Rare Mammals
The status and known habitat requirements of the seven declared rare species are given in Table 10.
TABLE 9. NUMBER OF NATIVE VERTEBRATE SPECIES PER LANDFORM
LANDFORM AREA BIRDS MAMMALS+ REPTILES AMPHIBIANS
(ha) No . Sp . Dec . Sp . No . Sp . Dec . Sp . No . Sp . Dec . Sp . N o . S p .
Upland 87300 77 3 16 6 27 1 9
Plain 166400 70 2 9 2 24 --- 12
Valleys 45300 64 2 9 1 21 --- 8
Ranges 39000 42 3 5 1 24 1 4
Dunes 6760 47 1 7 --- 21 1 8
Inlets negligible 102 2 7 --- --- --
Rivers, swamps negligible 123 3 7 --- 2 --- 11
and lakes
TOTAL 184 5 22 7 41 1 12
+ excludes bats
TA
BL
E 1
0. D
EC
LA
RE
D R
AR
E M
AM
MA
LS
CO
MM
ON
NA
ME
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
GE
NE
RA
L D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
AN
DF
RN
P D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
AN
DL
AN
DF
OR
MH
AB
ITA
T
STA
TU
SST
AT
US
PR
EF
ER
EN
CE
S F
RN
P
Woy
lieB
etto
ngia
pen
icill
ata
Res
tric
ted
to is
olat
ed p
ocke
tsO
nly
one
reco
rd f
rom
nor
th-w
est
Upl
and
Clu
mpe
d lo
w, w
oody
scr
ub.
in s
outh
wes
t W.A
. and
eas
tern
com
er o
f FR
NP.
QL
D. R
are.
Tam
mar
Wal
laby
Mac
ropu
s eu
geni
iD
isju
nct p
opul
atio
ns in
sou
thO
ccur
in v
ery
low
num
bers
, and
Upl
and
Tig
ht m
osai
c of
woo
dlan
d
wes
t W.A
. and
sou
ther
n S.
A.
are
scar
ce in
the
nort
hwes
t of
and
dens
er, l
ow v
eget
atio
n
Als
o fo
und
on s
ever
al o
ffsh
ore
FRN
P.as
soci
ated
with
wat
erco
urse
s.
isla
nds.
Com
mon
, lim
ited.
Oft
en a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
All
ocas
uari
na c
ampe
stri
s
ssp.
cam
pest
ris
shru
blan
d.
Dib
bler
Par
ante
chin
us a
pica
lis
Lim
ited
popu
latio
ns in
sou
thR
eadi
ly lo
cate
d at
sev
eral
site
s.U
plan
dV
ery
open
mal
lee
over
loam
y
wes
t W.A
. Col
onie
s kn
own
Mod
erat
ely
com
mon
res
iden
t at
Plai
nssa
nd, l
ong
unbu
rnt v
eget
atio
n
from
Bou
llang
er I
slan
d, C
heyn
eth
ese
limite
d si
tes.
(gre
ater
than
37
yrs)
Bea
ch, T
ornd
irru
p, F
RN
P an
d R
aven
s-(C
hapm
an a
nd N
ewbe
y, in
thor
pe R
ange
s. R
are,
lim
ited.
prep
).
Red
-tai
led
Wam
beng
erP
hasc
ogal
e ca
lura
Kno
wn
from
sev
eral
loca
litie
sR
ecor
ded
from
two
loca
tions
Upl
and
Lon
g un
burn
t sta
nds
of
in th
e so
uthe
rn w
heat
belt
ofin
nor
thw
est o
f FR
NP.
All
ocas
uari
na h
uegl
iana
.
of W
.A. C
omm
on, l
imite
d,
at r
isk.
Wes
tern
Mou
seP
seud
omys
occ
iden
tali
sE
ndem
ic to
sou
thw
est W
.A. L
imite
dO
ccur
in s
mal
l are
a in
nor
thw
est o
fV
alle
ysV
ery
open
mal
lee
over
loam
y
dist
ribu
tion
in s
outh
-eas
t whe
atbe
ltof
FR
NP.
Mod
erat
ely
com
mon
Upl
and
sand
or
fine
san
dy lo
am.
nort
h to
Hyd
en, e
ast t
o R
aven
stho
rpe
resi
dent
.
and
wes
t to
Tam
bellu
p. C
omm
on,
limite
d, a
t ris
k.
Hea
th R
atP
seud
omys
sho
rtri
dgei
Res
tric
ted
to d
ry h
eath
land
s in
Pres
ent i
n lo
w n
umbe
rs in
eas
tU
plan
dV
ery
open
mal
lee
or h
eath
sout
hwes
t Vic
tori
a, a
ndan
d no
rthe
ast F
RN
P. U
ncom
mon
Plai
nsov
er lo
amy
sand
, or
mal
lee
Rav
enst
horp
e R
ange
and
FR
NP
resi
dent
.ov
er lo
amy
sand
, lon
g
in s
outh
wes
t W.A
. Rar
e, li
mite
d.un
burn
t veg
etat
ion
(gre
ater
than
37
yrs)
(C
hapm
an a
nd
New
bey,
in p
rep)
.
Sout
hern
Bro
wn
Isoo
don
obes
ulus
Res
tric
ted
to d
ense
scr
ub in
sou
th-w
est
One
rec
ord
from
nor
ther
n FR
NP
and
Upl
and
Den
se, s
crub
by h
abita
t or
low
Ban
dico
otW
.A.,
sout
hern
Vic
tori
a an
d T
asm
ania
.an
othe
r fr
om n
ear
Wes
t Mt B
arre
n.R
ange
sgr
ound
cov
er. A
lso
open
mal
lee
Com
mon
, lim
ited.
on s
andy
loam
.
52
Chapman and Newbey (in prep.) found a correlation between the presence of rare fauna, time
elapsed since last fire and areas underlain by granite (ie. the northern part of the Park Table 9). More
research is required before definitive conclusions are drawn.
Birds
One hundred and eighty-four species of bird have been recorded in the Park. Bird richness is due to
the wide diversity of habitats. The areas with the most birds are the wetlands, (coastline, rivers and
inlets) followed by the upland and plains (Table 9). The wetlands are dominated by woodland, which
has been identified by Kitchener et al. (1982) as being particularly important to birds in the Western
Australian wheatbelt.
Although woodlands occur on all landforms in FRNP, they are very limited in distribution. The
woodlands of swamp yate (Eucalyptus occidentalis) in drainage lines offer the only possible nesting
sites for a number of species including owls, parrots and striated pardalotes. These areas are also
favoured for camping.
The Barren Ranges do not appear to provide any unique habitat for birds.
In FRNP, birds appear to have a protracted breeding season (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.). The
peak breeding months of October and November correlate with peak flowering in October (Section
7.2 Flora). May and June are the only months with no recorded breeding activity.
The high salinities of the Park's water bodies are tolerated by most species of duck, particularly the
Chestnut Teal. The only exceptions are the Hardhead, Pink-eared Duck, and Blue-billed Duck which
have only been recorded from the large, permanent, fresh waters of the Hunter River and Cardiminup
Swamp outside the Park.
Rare Birds
Five species of birds declared rare or in need of special protection occur in FRNP. Their distribution
and status are given in Table 11. The most vulnerable are the Ground Parrot, Western Bristlebird and
Western Whipbird. The largest numbers of all three have been recorded in the northern upland of
FRNP (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.).
Reptiles
The reptile fauna of the Park is less diverse than that of similar sized areas in the semi-arid and and
zones, with 41 species in the Park, compared with 60-70 species elsewhere. Chapman and Newbey (in
prep.) implicate the south coast climate, with its rapid temperature changes and frequent summer
cloud cover, as the limiting factor. These rapid changes can result in reptiles, particularly the young
of that season, dying. The species present are probably those that can grow fast enough to reach a
53
sufficient body weight to survive summer temperature changes and maintain metabolism during
winter hibernation.
In the Park, the upland contains the greatest number of reptile species (Table 9) followed by the
plains and ranges. Very open mallee across all landforms contains more species than any other
vegetation, due probably to its occurrence on deep sandy soils.
Fallen timber is also important as it creates structural complexity and refugia for reptiles (Chapman
and Newbey, in prep.). Thus, cool and patchy fires outside the breeding season favour reptiles.
Reptiles have considerable capacity to survive wildfires by burrowing or using non-flammable
refuges.
Rare Reptiles
Only the Carpet Python is declared in need of special protection, but it is considered secure within its
range (Table 11).
The Long-necked Turtle (Chelodina oblonga) occurs at its most easterly limit in the Park. Normally
regarded as a freshwater turtle, this species is known to tolerate, but only for short periods, brackish
and even saline water with salinity levels as high as 13 200 mg/L (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.).
Present salinity levels in the Park's rivers are close to this species' upper limit of salinity tolerance.
Increases in salinity are, therefore, likely to cause its local extinction.
Amphibians
Twelve species of frog have been recorded from the Park. This richness is a result of an overlap of
and region species and those adapted to moister conditions. Ten of the twelve species are endemic to
the south-west of Western Australia. None of these is declared rare.
The plains and rivers, swamps and lakes support the greatest number of species (12 and I I
respectively). This is because of the presence of deep sands for burrowing and swamps with
ephemeral freshwater. Frog distribution and abundance is controlled more by these factors than by
vegetation type. Although all species disperse widely, even into habitats without water, all except
Myobatrachus gouldii require ponded water for breeding.
The size of the Park and its relative integrity seem to provide adequate conservation protection for its
frogs.
TA
BL
E 1
1. B
IRD
S A
ND
RE
PT
ILE
S D
EC
LA
RE
D R
AR
E O
R I
N N
EE
D O
F S
PE
CIA
L P
RO
TE
CT
ION
CO
MM
ON
NA
ME
SCIE
NT
IFIC
NA
ME
GE
NE
RA
L D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
AN
DF
RN
P D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
AN
DL
AN
DF
OR
MH
AB
ITA
T P
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
STA
TU
SST
AT
US
FR
NP
DE
CL
AR
ED
RA
RE
Wes
tern
Bri
stle
bird
Das
yorn
is lo
ngir
ostr
isW
.A. s
ubsp
ecie
s re
stri
cted
Pres
ent i
n lo
w n
umbe
rs o
n th
eU
plan
dV
ery
open
mal
lee
or h
eath
with
a d
ense
brac
hypt
erus
to a
rea
betw
een
Tw
o Pe
ople
sno
rthe
rn b
ound
ary
of F
RN
P.V
alle
yssh
rub
laye
r be
twee
n 30
- 1
00 c
m, l
ong
Bay
and
Hop
etou
n in
sou
th-w
est
Unc
omm
on r
esid
ent.
unbu
rnt v
eget
atio
n (g
reat
er th
an 1
5 yr
s)
W.A
. Rar
e, li
mite
d, a
t ris
k.(S
mith
, 198
5).
Gro
und
Par
rot
Pez
opor
us w
alli
cus
W.A
. sub
spec
ies
rest
rict
ed to
Pres
ent i
n ve
ry lo
w n
umbe
rs.
Upl
and
Ver
y op
en m
alle
e, w
ith m
id-d
ense
und
er
flav
iven
tris
Fitz
gera
ld R
iver
and
Cap
eSc
arce
res
iden
t in
FRN
P. F
RN
Pst
orey
(le
ss th
an 1
m h
igh)
, and
low
Ari
d N
atio
nal P
arks
. Rar
e,ap
pear
s to
con
tain
maj
ority
sedg
e w
ith a
t lea
st 1
0% c
anop
y co
ver,
limite
d, a
t ris
k.of
W.A
. pop
ulat
ion.
long
unb
urnt
veg
etat
ion
(gre
ater
than
16
yrs)
(C
hapm
an &
New
bey,
in p
rep)
.
Wes
tern
Whi
pbir
dP
soph
odes
nig
rogu
lari
sW
.A. s
ubsp
ecie
s re
stri
cted
toR
eadi
ly lo
cate
d in
FR
NP.
Upl
and
Var
ied
habi
tat o
f m
alle
e, v
ery
open
nigr
ogul
aris
area
bet
wee
n T
wo
Peop
les
Bay
Com
mon
res
iden
t in
FRN
P.m
alle
e sh
rubl
and
and
tall
heat
h. U
sual
ly
and
Rav
enst
horp
e R
ange
.25
- 5
0% c
anop
y co
ver
of p
lant
s in
40
-
Rar
e, li
mite
d, a
t ris
k.60
cm
hei
ght r
ange
. Lon
g un
burn
t veg
et
atio
n (g
reat
er th
an 2
0 yr
s) (
Smith
, 198
5).
DE
CL
AR
ED
IN
NE
ED
OF
SP
EC
IAL
PR
OT
EC
TIO
N
Per
egri
ne F
alco
nF
alco
per
egri
nus
Dis
trib
uted
ove
r th
e gr
eate
r pa
rt o
fO
nly
one
reco
rd f
rom
upp
erIn
land
tree
-lin
ed w
ater
cour
ses,
the
cont
inen
t but
is n
owhe
re a
bund
ant.
Fitz
gera
ld R
iver
. Rar
e,m
ount
aino
us c
ount
ry a
nd c
liffs
.
Com
mon
, at r
isk.
vagr
ant t
o FR
NP.
Red
-ear
ed F
iret
ail
Stag
onop
leur
a oc
ulat
aE
ndem
ic to
sou
thw
est W
.A. n
orth
toR
eadi
ly lo
cate
d in
FR
NP.
Riv
ers,
sw
amps
Den
sely
veg
etat
ed g
ullie
s, h
eath
whe
re
the
Dar
ling
Ran
ge a
nd e
ast t
o C
ape
Com
mon
res
iden
t.an
d la
kes
ther
e is
thic
k, d
amp
vege
tatio
n, r
iver
Le
Gra
nd. C
omm
on, l
imite
d.co
mpl
ex a
nd c
reek
fri
nges
.
Car
pet
Pyt
hon
Mor
elia
spi
lota
Sout
hwes
t W.A
. nor
th to
Ger
aldt
on,
Unc
omm
on r
estr
icte
d sp
ecie
sU
plan
dV
arie
d ha
bita
t pre
fere
nces
.
imbr
icat
aY
algo
o, e
ast t
o Pi
njin
, Nor
sem
an a
ndkn
own
from
sev
eral
loca
tions
Ran
ges
Cap
e L
e G
rand
. Als
o fo
und
on s
ever
alin
FR
NP.
Dun
es
offs
hore
isla
nds.
Com
mon
, lim
ited.
55
Fish
Species found in the Park include the Spotted Minnow (Galaxias maculatus), Hardyhead
(Atherinidae sp.), Swan River Goby (Pseudogobius olorum) and Black Bream (Acanthopagrus
butcheri). All are salt water species.
The Fitzgerald, Hamersley and Phillips Rivers support all four species. The Swan River Goby is the
most widespread and abundant inland fish. Hardyheads and bream are more dependent than the
other two species on deeper, less saline and more permanent pools.
The introduced Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis), which has the potential to outcompete native fish,
is present in Western Australia from the Hutt to Pallinup, Rivers (Mees, 1977), but is not yet present in
the Park. In the Pallinup it can withstand salinities to 13 000 mg/L (Scott, 1975). As the Pallinup and
Gairdner Rivers share a common watershed in the vicinity of Jerramungup, there is potential for its
spread into the Park's rivers.
Invertebrates
Past surveys for invertebrates in the Park have focused on specific orders of insects, or occurred as
part of more widespread collection efforts over the region. Specific orders collected include ants and
bees (Hymenoptera), flies (Diptera), moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and
grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Some collection of land snails, molluscs and spiders has also been carried
out.
An extensive survey of all invertebrate types has not been conducted; however, the Park is known to
contain at least 43 families from various orders. The Buprestidae (jewel beetles) are protected and a
Ministerial permit is required for their collection.
PRESCRIPTIONS - GENERAL
1. Protect habitats from dieback (Section 9.1), inappropriate fire regimes (Section 9.2) and
human disturbance.
2. Control introduced species which are damaging, or could potentially damage, native fauna
(9.3 Animal Pests and 9.4 Weeds).
Research and Monitoring
3. Identify and research keystone species (these are species that, if removed, will precipitate
community collapse) to develop knowledge of community response to disturbances such as
dieback, fire, recreation use and management actions, and of general community changes
over time.
56
PRESCRIPTIONS - RARE SPECIES
4. Priorities for the protection of rare mammals are the heath rat, dibbler, woylie, tammar and
western mouse. Priorities for rare birds are the Ground Parrot, Bristlebird and Whipbird.
These priorities are based on each species' status and distribution in FRNP and elsewhere.
5. Use the results of the investigations in Prescriptions 7 and 8 below to determine and
implement the processes required, such as predator control and fire management, to
maintain or improve populations of rare species.
6. Reintroduce former known rare fauna inhabitants if resources are available. Before any
reintroductions are considered, the likely impact on existing fauna should be thoroughly
understood.
Research and Monitoring
7. Investigate habitat requirements and ecology of rare species by:
a. conducting comprehensive surveys to determine broader distribution
b. studying each species to determine which habitats, including vegetation structures,
compositions and fire ages, are used
c. studying life history characteristics of each species
d. determining the appropriate fire regime for each species.
8. Investigate the impacts of predation by introduced carnivores by baiting foxes in part of the
Park for 3-4 years. Monitor small mammal and fox populations in both baited and unbaited
parts of the Park to determine the effects of baiting. Identify prey species from fox stomach
and gut analyses. Determine effective control mechanisms. Use the research findings to guide
future management.
9. Update existing data on the Park's invertebrates. Subject to resource availability, carry out
invertebrate surveys, and investigate the effects of fire and dieback on invertebrate
communities.
57
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
8.1 ABORIGINAL
The objectives are:
1. Protect Aboriginal cultural features within the Park.
2. Allow for involvement of Aboriginal people as is consistent with the South Coast Regional
Management Plan.
Background
The Park area was extensively used by Aborigines. Tribes known from the region included the
Mongup, Corackerup, Quaalup and Bremer Bay groups. Ethel Hassel of Jerramungup wrote in the
1870s of the 'Wheelman tribe' who centred their traditional area around "Jarramongup" Station,
including the Twertup area.
The majority of known sites are archeological, mostly artefact scatters. These vary in size from
isolated single artefacts to major sites with up to 1 000 artefacts. Most sites are located on level
ground or on small rises with all-round views. Sites are either on the coast or associated with
watercourses and swamps (Bird, 1985). Stone arrangements also exist. Limited information can be
drawn from surface scatters. There is a need to locate and excavate stratified sites. These would give a
better understanding of Aboriginal occupation in the area.
Recently, Aboriginal people have shown an interest in reestablishing cultural links with areas on the
south coast that their ancestors previously inhabited. Closer cooperation and involvement of
Aboriginal people should lead to a better understanding of the spiritual links and cultural aspirations
in the area.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Promote opportunities for continued consultation with Aboriginal people on matters of
cultural interest as is consistent with the South Coast Regional Management Plan.
2. Survey for Aboriginal sites any areas to be developed prior to work commencing. Protect
all identified sites during all operations.
3. Report immediately to the W.A. Museum any artefacts or materials found. The
confidentiality and management of all sites is subject to guidelines and procedures
established by the W.A. Museum.
58
4. Incorporate information on Aboriginal occupation and use in interpretive programs for the
Park (see 16.0 Information, Interpretation and Education).
Research and Monitoring
5. Continue to investigate traditional Aboriginal knowledge of the area.
6. Encourage the W.A. Museum and other professional archaeologists to further study
Aboriginal occupation and use of FRNP.
8.2 EUROPEAN
The objective is to protect European cultural features within the Park.
Background
A number of European activities have focused on the Park area, including sealing and whaling,
pastoralism, mining and agriculture.
In the early 1800s, whaling and sealing concentrated on the Doubtful Islands and Bremer Bay areas.
In 1848, James Drummond travelled through the area and recognised its botanical value. At about
the same time, Roe found lignite (brown coal) deposits in the Fitzgerald valley, beginning over a
century of interest in the area's potential for mining.
Pastoralism and grazing in the Fitzgerald area began when John Hassell acquired "Jarramongup" in
1850. Soon after, John Wellstead squatted at "Quaalup". He built Quaalup homestead, which is
located just outside the Park's boundary, in 1858. Ruins of a shepherd's hut, built by the Wellsteads,
still remain near Fitzgerald Inlet. Sheep were regularly grazed along the Fitzgerald River. The Phillips
and Gairdner Rivers were used as stock routes to the coast. In 1868, John and George Dunn brought
the first sheep to Cocanarup and began permanent settlement.
Ruins of various homesteads, including the Parsons, King, Neil and Waters families can be found in
the eastern end of the Park.
The Western Australian section of the East/West Telegraph Line was completed in 1877 after
commencement in 1875. Sections of the accompanying service track are still in use today for access
to parts of the Park. The Bremer Bay station was closed down in 1929 when the telegraph line was
re-routed inland from Balladonia direct to Perth.
59
The search for prospective mineral fields brought many people to the area. The Ravensthorpe
mineral period commenced in 1898 when the Dunn brothers found gold in the Phillips River.
Copper and gold production in Ravensthorpe increased in the early 1900s. The remains of a copper
and manganese mine on Copper Mine Creek are still visible. The remains of an early twentieth
century (c. 1910-1920) head frame, associated with the search for oil is located near Jonacoonack on
the Fitzgerald River. Nearby are a number of hut sites and a small dam. The Depression signalled the
closure of smelters, however, and many people left the district. Some stripping of mallet bark
occurred near Point Charles in the 1920s. In the 1930s, a temporary revitalisation of the mining
industry around Kundip occurred with the establishment of a number of mines.
The No. 2 Rabbit Proof Fence was completed in 1905. It was abandoned in the 1960s, with the length
between Nyabing and Point Ann being the last persisting section. The Fence ran from Point Ann on
the south coast, 1 158 km (724 miles) to north of Yalgoo, where it swung north-east to join the No. 1
Fence. Although no longer functional, parts of the fence still remain in the Park (L. Sandiford,
1988).
Grazing leases were held along the Phillips and West Rivers and there was considerable grazing of
bush areas. Farming around Hopetoun commenced with the first farm on the east bank of Culham
Inlet. There was little further agricultural expansion in the area until the 1950s.
Following World War II, the era of clearing and broad acre cultivation saw an average of over 400
000 hectares State-wide released for farming every year until 1969. Most of the land allocated by the
War Service Land Settlement authorities was in the Gairdner region. In light of this rapid clearing, the
W.A. Naturalists' Club suggested that the area now comprising the National Park should be given
legal protection. In 1950, the Minister for Lands gave his approval for the creation of the Fitzgerald
Flora and Fauna Reserve and in 1954 the reserve was gazetted and given Class C status.
In 1965, a mining claim for building stone was granted on the western edge of the Fitzgerald River,
near Twertup Creek. Horry Worth, a local identity, quarried blocks of spongolite out of the gorge
wall. A small house, now the Twertup Field Study Centre, was built from spongolite at the quarry site.
A local commercial fishermen, D B Collett, applied for a fishing lease at Point Charles in 1968. Prior
to this application, Collett cleared 12 km of track through what subsequently became the Park. The
remains of his large concrete trough used for cleaning salmon can still be seen at Fitzgerald Inlet.
The late 1960s saw a Statewide boom in the mining industry and in 1970, a temporary ban was
imposed withholding vacant Crown land from pegging. This ban did not include national parks and
nature reserves. Consequently, about 12% of the Reserve was pegged for various minerals: kyanite,
coal, copper, kaolinite, diatomite, quartzite and mineral sands. After a period of negotiation and
60
debate, particularly over the claim by Jupiter Minerals to mine coal for its montan wax content, the
mining claims were disallowed and Fitzgerald River National Park was declared an A Class Reserve in
1973, and vested in the National Parks Board.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Provide interpretive material on-site regarding the history Twertup house and quarry, the
Wellstead ruins and other sites of historic interest. If use of any of these sites appears to be
leading to site degradation take the necessary management actions.
2. Assess the condition of existing historic sites and take action as necessary to preserve them.
3. Reconstruct parts of the rabbit proof fence and telegraph line. Incorporate their
interpretation and enjoyment as part of broader interpretive programs and systems of
footpaths.
4. Incorporate information on structures associated with the area's mineral history in the
Park's interpretive programs (16.0 Information, Interpretation and Education).
5. Implement safety measures, where possible, at potentially hazardous locations such as
abandoned mine shafts.
61
9.0 PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
9.1 DISEASE
The objectives are:
1. Prevent the introduction of dieback and other diseases into disease-free areas.
2. Control the spread and intensification of, and where possible eradicate, dieback and other
diseases where they are already present.
Background
Dieback Disease
The greatest management concern in FRNP is dieback, the common name given to the disease caused
by introduced microscopic soil-borne fungi, principally Phytophthora cinnamomi. The fungus
produces small motile spores which are spread in water and wet soil. It will also survive in soil and
plant material. The fungus infects plant roots and as the fungus establishes it rots the roots and stem
tissue, resulting in death due to water stress. Plants such as banksia die rapidly after infection, but
trees such as jarrah often die slowly, hence the common name for the disease -"dieback". The most
likely way in which dieback is spread is in infected soil. This soil may be moved by earthworks, or on
the wheels and underbodies of vehicles. It can also be spread by other means, such as in mud on
shoes, or flowing water.
FRNP is at risk from dieback disease for several reasons. First, the area's warm, relatively moist
climate favours the production of fungal spores, particularly after summer rains. The average number
of raindays for Bremer Bay and Ravensthorpe is 118 and 109 respectively and occasional summer
storms can bring 100 mm. of rain to both coastal and inland areas. This means that if dieback is
introduced, it is highly likely to survive and spread rapidly in the warm moist conditions.
Second, clays which are a significant component of the soils, particularly the duplex soils of the
southern plains, impede drainage. Subsurface ponding provides a suitable environment for the
production of spores. Ponding also results in muddy conditions which cause infected soil to adhere
to vehicles. An impeding clay layer also means that water tends to drain laterally, spreading the
fungus further.
Third, the fungus is known to attack a wide range of plant species. The Proteaceae, Epacridaceae,
Myrtaceae and Papilionaceae families, which together dominate many of the Park's plant
communities, are particularly susceptible. Various members of these families are known only from
Fitzgerald River National Park. For example, the Barren Ranges have a number of susceptible species
known only from the Ranges.
62
Fourth, the Park has substantial populations of honey possums and honeyeaters. Both rely on
flowering plants, many of them from the above families, for food. The honey possum, being far less
mobile than the honeyeaters, is particularly dependent on a continuing local supply of nectar and
pollen.
Fifth, the Park is generally reached via gavel roads of uncertain dieback status and management.
CALM has no control over the dieback status of roads outside the National Park and therefore has no
control over the potential of vehicles to carry dieback and infected soil under wet conditions. This
makes vehicle cleanliness a critical issue.
Cost-effective techniques for eradication once the fungus is well-established are as yet unknown.
Therefore, every effort must be made to protect the flora in the areas still free from dieback. The
only effective protection, other than quarantine, is the continued use of measures designed to limit
the artificial introduction and spread of the disease (hygiene measures).
A dieback hazard map for the Park has been produced. This map shows the different susceptibilities
of different vegetation communities to dieback. Most of the Park has at least a moderate to high
dieback hazard rating (Map 7b). This map should be regarded as a general guide, as detailed
information is not yet available regarding the degree of susceptibility of many individual plant
species in FRNP. Also, the interaction between the fungus and the environment (eg. position in the
landscape, effects of impeded drainage and soil parent material) is still poorly understood on the
south coast.
Therefore, a very conservative and consistent approach needs to be adopted. Every possible measure
must be taken to preclude further spread, or spread to presently uninfected areas in the Park. It can
not be stressed too strongly that the vegetation and recreation values of the Park are largely
dependent on retention of the vegetation, much of which is susceptible to dieback disease.
Experience in other areas of the south-west has shown that spore survival is minimised on
well-drained, hard-surfaced roads. They limit the opportunity for infected soil to be picked up or
spread by vehicles.
All south coast national parks from Walpole to Cape Arid are infected by dieback to some degree.
Current knowledge indicates that Fitzgerald River National Park is the least infected Park in
south-west of Australia.
Three species of Phytophthora are known from the area (Map 7b). These are P. cinnamomi, P.
citricola and P. megasperma (var. megasperma and var. sojae). The most aggressive of these appears
63
to be P. cinnamomi. Until more is understood of the potential of each species, it should be assumed
that all have equal destructive ability.
There are two confirmed Phytophthora cinnamomi infections, two confirmed P. megasperma
infections and one confirmed P. citricola infection within the Park (Map 7b). P. cinnamomi has been
identified near the Ranger station at Jacup, in association with the old rabbit proof fence. A major
infection is located on Bell Track which was illegally constructed in 197 1. The area infected is
greater than 6 km long and was originally described as a. linear infection. However, it has spread
considerably and is now present in the Dempster catchment to the east and the Susetta Creek
catchment to the west of Bell Track. P. megasperma is present at two locations along Hamersley
Drive. The infection which originated in the old gravel pit on East Mount Barren has severely
affected the Banksia speciosa population in this area. The disease has also spread along the southern
side of East Mount Barren, along the old track alignment. P. citricola has been positively identified
on Pabelup Drive near Twertup Track turnoff.
In addition, there is now considerable concern regarding widespread distribution of dieback in the
Park. Much of the early survey and sampling conducted in the Park was based on experience from
elsewhere in the south-west. This approach required considerable time on some sites to positively
establish that Phytophthora was causing plant death. Methods more appropriate to the Fitzgerald, for
confirming the presence of dieback fungus, are being developed. Areas in the Park, originally
identified as potential dieback infections but not confirmed by early sampling, will continue to be
regarded as suspect (Map 7b).
There are also other known Phytophthora infections adjacent to the Park. P. cinnamomi occurs in a
disused gravel pit on Highway 1, to the east of Mallee Road, and in a pit on Mallee Road. P. citricola
is also present in the pit on Mallee Road. These infections are in the catchment of the Fitzgerald
River.
P. megasperma is present in Dunn Swamp on the eastern side of the Hopetoun-Ravensthorpe Road
and along the Southern Ocean West Road on the eastern access to the Park.
Honey-Fungus (Armillaria luteobubalina)
This fungus has spores borne on gills, similar to a mushroom. The fruiting body is 12-15 cm across
and golden yellow, generally growing in clumps on tree bases or stumps. A white mycelium mat is
formed under the bark at the base of the affected tree. The fungus appears in the wetter months of
the year (June/July). Armillaria spp. feed on new wood and bark, eventually girdling and killing their
host. They have a large host range and are widespread throughout the world.
64
Unlike Phytophthora cinnamomi, A. luteobubalina is naturally occurring in the southwest. However,
the method of spread is not. In an undisturbed environment the fungus spreads by infected roots
growing towards and touching uninfected roots or by fungal hyphal growth, both slow processes.
Air-borne spores landing on damaged bark may also establish infections. However, with the advent of
large scale movement of soil and associated root material and wood, as part of management and
construction works, the probabilities of spread are greatly increased. This enhanced spread involves
the movement of fist-sized or larger pieces of root or infected woody material.
Armillaria luteobubalina has been recorded from Dunn Swamp and from two locations in the Park
(Map 7b). Surveys for its presence are continuing.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Produce a dieback hygiene map (a map showing dieback distribution and risk of natural
spread) for the Park, with particular emphasis on roads, tracks and paths. Use research and
monitoring findings to regularly update this map.
2. Use this hygiene map and the hazard map (likely impact of dieback on the vegetation) given
in this plan (Map 7a) as the primary consideration in any management activities
undertaken in the Park. Use these maps as the basis of access management (refer to 13.0
Access). Use research and monitoring findings to regularly update the hazard map.
3. Subject all proposed maintenance and development activities to an evaluation of
consequences of the activity (CALM Seven Way Test).
4. In all operations follow the hygiene practices given in the CALM Dieback Hygiene Manual.
Continue to ensure that all staff and visiting scientists working in the Park follow dieback
hygiene procedures. Develop new procedures as necessary.
5. Continue to ensure that staff associated with the Park are comprehensively trained in
dieback recognition, sampling and management techniques.
65
66
67
6. Exclude public vehicles from the Dempster, 'Lake Nameless' and three small coastal
catchments (Twin Bays, Red Islet and Marshes) in the centre of the Park to reduce the risk
of dieback introduction and/or spread to the lowest possible levels. For further details refer
to 9.2 Fire and 13.0 Access.
7. Ensure that 2WD roads, 4WD tracks and paths are well-located and welldrained to
minimise the chances of disease survival and spread. Ensure 2WD roads are all-weather.
Treat as a priority upgrading sections of road which do not meet these standards.
8. Close roads, tracks and footpaths in the Park during/following rain, if they present a
dieback risk. Implement closure in accordance with guidelines developed by District staff
based on when vehicles can pick up soil/mud from road, track and path surfaces.
9. Close Mid Mt Barren, Woolbernup Hill and Thumb Peak to walkers because of the potential
dieback risk and the botanical importance of these areas. Prescription 9 in 13.0 Access gives
a more detailed explanation. Place explanatory signs at appropriate points.
10. If dieback is found on roads, tracks or footpaths, one or more of the following actions will be
undertaken:
a. closure (temporary after rain as outlined in Prescription 8, or permanent);
b. resurfacing to decrease water ponding;
c. drainage to prevent ponding in side drains;
d. relocation lower in the landscape, where possible, to minimise the area infected.
Access should be based on accurate hygiene and hazard maps.
11. Erect permanent signs at Park entrances which can be used to indicate which roads and
tracks are open or closed and the reasons why.
12. Place signs at the beginning of paths, particularly up peaks, asking walkers to ensure that
their boots are free of mud and earth; any soil should be scraped off into a waterproof
rubbish bin provided for the purpose. Close paths in high hazard areas following rain using
the criteria given in Prescription 10. Use signs to explain why closures are necessary.
13. Establish a 'Code of the Coast' in conjunction with local associations such as the South Coast
Recreation Association and Fitzgerald River National Park Association. The 'Code' should
include cleaning vehicles, particularly the underbody, before entering the Park and
avoiding wet soil conditions which result in soil pick-up.
68
14. Ensure that publications and displays associated with the Park explain why it is important to
minimise the introduction and spread of dieback disease. Provide interpretation at a
confirmed dieback site (such as East Mt Barren).
15. Provide washdown facilities at ranger stations. Continue to investigate means by which cost
effective and efficient washdown can be achieved at all Park entrances.
16. Retain the provision in this plan for closure of particular areas, roads, tracks and footpaths
if the presence of dieback is suspected or confirmed or if a high risk of dieback introduction
or spread is identified.
Research and Monitoring
17. Continue developing techniques which will enable the rapid confirmation of the presence or
otherwise of Phytophthora species in plant communities on the south coast.
18. Accurately determine boundaries of, and regularly monitor, known infections. Continue
using aerial photography and any other image enhancement techniques which are shown to
be effective in monitoring disease distribution.
19. Develop a comprehensive description of infected areas, including information on species
affected, vegetation association, area and rate of spread, soil profile, topography and threat
to ground and surface waters.
20. Continue to survey and sample roads, tracks (including management-only) and footpaths
within the Park for signs of dieback disease.
21. Quantify the impact of each Phytophthora sp. This information is necessary in order to
assign and predict hazard ratings for all vegetation associations in the Park.
22. Investigate control and eradication procedures while ensuring that they do not place other
areas or values at risk. Eradication of isolated infections should be of the highest priority.
23. Focus research effort on determining practical methods for preventing dieback introduction
and spread and accurately identifying high hazard locations. Effort should also be directed
towards developing effective ways of controlling soil and water movement, particularly in
relation to development and maintenance of roadworks and facilities. This work, although
focusing on FRNP, should complement similar research across the CALM South Coast
Region.
69
9.2 FIRE
The objectives are:
1. Protect the lives of visitors, neighbours, staff and firefighters.
2. Protect community values in or near the Park, including settlements, private property,
recreation facilities and public utilities.
3. Provide for the survival of populations of rare or restricted flora and fauna species by the
maintenance of required habitat.
4. Where possible, restrict fires to a single cell.
5. Maintain an effective system of firebreaks and buffers, while minimising the construction of new
firebreaks and the introduction and spread of disease and weeds by fire management
operations.
6. Protect landscape values from damage and vulnerable soils from the risk of erosion as a result
of wildfires, inappropriate fire regimes, firebreak locations or machinery activity.
7. Reduce the incidence of unplanned fires.
Background
Fire History
Information on Aboriginal burning practices in the Fitzgerald area is not well documented.
More is known of early European practices. Records show that the coastal strip near Bremer and the
granite valleys of the northern Fitzgerald were burnt to improve pasture. Between 1954 and 1969 a
number of escapes from clearing bums burnt large areas of the northern part of the Park. A number
of very small unburnt patches remained. Local farmers also lit fires during this time to 'open up' the
bush. They encouraged the fires to bum for as long as fuels were available (G. Keen, pers. comm.,
1988). Fires also occurred in the Barren Ranges during this time and were often started by lightning.
They were generally small and confined to gullies and flanks on the western sides of the Ranges.
Approximately 157 000 ha of the Park were burnt in summer wildfires in 1989 as a result of four
lightning strikes (Maps 8a and 8b) (McCaw et al., 1991). Despite the extent of these fires, at least one
third of the Park contains vegetation unburnt for at least 20 years. This includes much of the
northern uplands which supports most of the known rare fauna populations.
Risk of fires generally increases with increasing visitor numbers. This problem will grow in FRNP if
visitor numbers continue to increase. It will be offset to some degree by the decreasing risk of fires
originating from agricultural areas as less and less new land is brought into production and clearing
bums are no longer required. In some years, lightning can be a significant source of fires.
70
Fire Behaviour
Weather conditions suitable for the ignition and spread of fires typically occur on a regular basis
from October until the latter part of April each year. Rainless periods during the cooler winter
months may also provide opportunities for fire spread, particularly in drought years.
Northerly and north-westerley winds associated with the development of pre-frontal low pressure
troughs have a pronounced influence on fire weather in the Park. During the summer months, the
advent of a hot, dry northerly airflow frequently results in severe fire weather conditions. Analysis of
fire weather forecasts for the Western South Coast forecast district indicate that, on average, Very
High and Extreme fire danger may be expected to occur on 20 and seven days each fire season,
respectively. Under such conditions, intense and fast-moving fires are possible in all fuel types, with
the exception of areas with vegetation less than three years old. Direct suppression action on fires is
neither effective nor safe in these conditions. The passage of a cold front typically brings
south-westerly winds which may then result in a major run by the eastern flank of a fire. This
situation occurred during the wildfires of December 1989 when some 100 000 ha of the Park were
burnt in a ten-hour period (McCaw et al, 199 1).
During the cooler winter months, pre-frontal northerly winds may provide suitable conditions for
prescribed burning, with fires usually being extinguished by the moist south-westerly winds that
follow.
Major fuel types within the Park include open mallee-heath, scrub-heath and thicket, and woodland.
Important differences in fire behaviour characteristics between these fuel types influence the conduct
of fire management operations. Mallee-heath fuels are discontinuous and require specific threshold
conditons of fuel moisture and wind speed in order to sustain fire spread. Forward spread rates for
established mallee-heath fires are generally in excess of 1 km/hour, and may exceed 5 km/hour under
severe weather conditions. Because of the erratic nature of fire behaviour in mallee-heath fuels,
prescribed fires cannot readily be confined to narrow buffer strips between parallel tracks unless the
vegetation has first been scrubrolled. The more continuous nature of fuels in scrub-heath and thicket
communities allows for a greater range in the weather conditions under which fire spread is possible,
and fires may sustain overnight and in the absence of wind. Woodland fuel types are distinguished by
the presence of a layer of leaf litter and accumulations of woody material such as fallen branches and
dead stumps. These fuels may remain alight for extended periods and generally require substantial
rain before they will extinguish. Consequently, areas of woodland may provide ready sources for
reignition of fires.
The potential for aerially ignited strips within cells to produce mosaics of burnt/unburnt vegetation
on a large scale has been successfully demonstrated in the Ravensthorpe area in the summer of 1990.
Mosaics can be produced over a range of vegetation types.
71
This technique requires clearly defined cell boundaries, some of which may need preparation such as
scrubrolling, prior to burning. The benefits of this technique include a reduction of tracks within
cells and the opportunity to complement the existing mosaic by prescribe burning at a later date.
The reduction of tracks is a positive step in reducing dieback risks. Additionally, a mosaic of
vegetation ages on a large scale should help to prevent the development of large bushfires and reduce
the need for use of heavy machinery during suppression operations.
There has been some experimentation with the use of wind-driven fires to establish unconfined
buffer strips during the cooler winter months, and good results have been obtained in scrub-heath
and thicket fuel types (G. Duxbury, pers. comm., 1991). To date there has been little success in open
mallee-heaths, probably due to moist fuel conditions at the time of lighting. Successful wind-driven
fires could no doubt be achieved in mallee-heath fuels by burning under drier conditions, although
this would have to be balanced against the risk of fires failing to extinguish completely. Reliable
weather forecasts and a sound understanding of fire behaviour are essential elements in the
implementation of this technique. This technique deserves further development because it offers the
potential to establish fuel-reduced buffers in trackless areas.
Fire Ecology
Few studies have addressed specific aspects of the response of plants and animals in FRNP to
different fire regimes. However, some tentative conclusions can be drawn from work by McNee
(1986), Muir (1985), Newbey and Chapman (1985) and Watkins (1985). All researchers found a
strong correlation between areas containing rare mammal and bird species, vegetation unburnt for at
least 15 years and areas underlain by granite (the northern part of the Park).
In terms of fire, Chapman (1985) found that bird richness in FRNP mallees reaches a maximum at
around 15 years after fire. Species restricted to 15 years plus vegetation are resident-insectivores such
as the Grey Shrike Thrush and Blue-breasted Wren. The situation with mammals is very different,
with numbers of species being greatest in five year old vegetation, declining at 15 years old and
rising again in old vegetation (tentative conclusion only) (Chapman, 1985). Reptiles show a similar
trend. Although these conclusions support the use of fire to maintain a range of habitat ages, a study
in the Ravensthorpe Ranges reported abundant and rich fauna in mallee unburnt for at least 30 years
(Chapman, 1984, in Chapman, 1985).
72
73
74
Following fire in mallee over shrubland vegetation associations at Marningerup in 1984, Chapman
and Newbey (in prep.) noted that approximately a quarter of the plant species recorded regenerated
only from seed. If the frequency of fires is similar to, or shorter than, the time necessary for these
species to flower and set viable seeds, then these species may decline.
Further information is required on the effects of fire season and intensity, and the relationship
between underlying geology (or the land surface type) and rare fauna distribution and population
sizes.
The effects of treatments involving scrubrolling and burning have been investigated in scrub-heath
and woodland communities similar to those within the Park (McCaw and Schneider, in prep.). Low
growing plants and those with flexible stems were largely unaffected by the scrubrolling and,
therefore, exhibited their normal responses following fire. Tall woody species were affected to a
greater degree by the scrubrolling; some decline was evident in the populations of obligate seed
regenerating species with capsulestored seed. This was attributed to the destruction of seed released in
the interval between scrubrolling and burning. Seed losses would be minimised by burning buffers
within a few weeks of scrubrolling. All treatments resulted in increased species richness due to the
regeneration of plants from soil-stored and dispersed seed stimulated by disturbance.
Other Considerations
Preventing the introduction and spread of dieback is the greatest management concern in the Park.
Areas which have been burnt are not interpretable for at least five to seven years; that is, the presence
or absence of dieback can not be determined until susceptible plant species regenerate, allowing the
dieback fungus to become reactivated in the soil. A number of existing fire buffers are high in the
landscape and cross numerous subcatchments, placing large areas of the Park at risk if dieback is
introduced. In the longer term, spread of diseased soil is likely to have a much greater deleterious
effect on the Park ecosystem than wildfires. In addition, machinery movement on fragile soils and
hillsides could lead to severe water and wind erosion and decreases in visual quality. Also, foxes
appear to use firebreaks as "access ways" (A. Chapman, pers. comm., 1989); therefore, firebreak
construction into or around known rare fauna populations requires careful consideration.
Another management concern associated with perimeter buffers and firebreaks adjoining farmland is
weed invasion. Pasture grasses readily invade disturbed areas, displacing native understorey species
and leading to rapid build-up of hazardous fuels. This problem is aggravated if perimeters are burnt
at a frequency that does not allow native vegetation to fully re-establish. The problem can be reduced
by retaining a narrow strip of bush between agricultural lands and Park perimeter firebreaks or
buffers.
75
The rare fauna species present in the special conservation zone are only known at this time to occur
in vegetation unburnt for at least 15 years. Additionally, this zone has high life and property values
adjacent to it. The wilderness and natural environment zones havelow life and low property values,
but high conservation values. The recreation zone has high life and low property values.
Fire suppression is currently based on a combination of direct and indirect attack. Access for
suppression forces and equipment to the fire front is usually a slow process, given the distances
involved and rugged nature of the country. Where possible, fires are contained by existing firebreaks
and roads. Boundaries of cells have been scrubrolled to enable back burning to be undertaken to
contain wildfires. Firelines have been cut where no other opportunities for suppression were available,
or risks associated with using existing firebreaks were too high. Mosaic burning will reduce the need
to use heavy machinery.
A range of different roading is available for fire management from 2WD to 'fire emergency' access.
Use of 'fire emergency' access will be strictly controlled. Section 13.0 Access provides further details.
Strategy - Fire Master Plan
The basic strategy proposed for the Park is to provide a network of fuel reduced areas so as to reduce
the likelihood of remaining tracts of mature vegetation being burnt at the one time. Some areas will
not be prescribe burnt in the long term and be retained as reference areas, that is, long unburnt areas
with which burnt areas can be compared.
The existing network of roads, tracks, buffers and recently burnt areas will be used to provide cell
boundaries in the Park. Firelines constructed in the 1989 fires will also be incorporated as cell
boundaries where appropriate.
It will be at least five years before fire hazards develop in areas burnt by the December 1989
wildfires. A major review will be conducted in 1995. The management intent in the longer term is to
carry out fuel reduction burning by aerial ignition. This will be considered in the review.
Four broad prescriptions for fire management will be used:
• narrow fuel-reduced buffers
• prescribed burning within cells
• no planned bum
• vegetation/habitat management
1. Buffers
Separation of cells by narrow, low-fuel buffers (up to 400 m wide) provides protection for individual
cells and a basis for more extensive use of prescribed fire within cells. Scrub rolling supported by
76
prescribed burning will be used to establish buffers. These buffers by themselves are not capable of
stopping large wildfires burning under severe conditions; however, they do provide positions from
which to conduct suppression operations. Such buffers will help reduce the probability of large fires
burning across the Park. This technique helped to control wildfires in the Park, under extreme
conditions, in December 1989. Consideration will be given to widening some of the buffers within
the life of the plan.
2. Prescribed Fire Within Management Cells
In areas designated, prescribed burning on a cell basis will be undertaken as indicated in Map 9.
Approximately 30-70% fuel reduction will be sought using aerial ignition to develop a mosaic of
vegetation ages within cells. Prescribed burning operations will most likely be carried out in late
spring and autumn.
3. No Planned Burn
These areas will not be prescribe burnt for the duration of this plan. The intent is to retain these areas
for reference in the long term. If a wildfire occurs in a 'no planned bum' area, consideration will be
given to designating an alternative 'no planned bum' area. This should be part of the annual review
by the fire advisory group (Prescription 8).
4. Vegetation/Habitat Management
To protect the high conservation value of the northern cells, some prescribed burning may be
necessary. This will ensure this area is not completely burnt in a single wildfire. In addition, research
may indicate the need for prescribed burning to maintain rare fauna habitat.
Cell boundaries will be protected by wide, open-edged buffers. Prescribed burning within cells will
only occur after careful assessment to ensure rare fauna are not at risk. Consideration will be given to
the use of aerially ignited mosaic burns.
PRESCRIPTIONS
General
1. The following sources of information should be used in an ongoing commitment to determine
the best fire regime for the Park:
a. fire behaviour and ecology research and monitoring results achieved through
implementation of the research and monitoring prescriptions given in this section;
b. research results from areas with similar environmental conditions.
c. experience and observations from fire-righting by bushfire organisations, members of
the local community and CALM.
77
Prescribed Burning
2. Implement the fire master plan (Map 9). Fire access will be along managed buffers and
these are either management only (no public access) or 2WD/4WD as specified in Section
13.0 Access.
3. Continue to apply standard Departmental requirements for an approved prescription prior
to initiating planned fire. The prescription should take particular account of environmental
values, especially the need for dieback control, landscape planning and visual assessment
procedures.
4. Fire management tracks will be maintained according to CALM 7-way test guidelines and
appropriate levels of approval.
5. Scrub-roll buffers prior to burning. Currently scrub-rolled buffers need to be tracked either
side to ensure only the buffer strip is burnt. For this reason, scrub-rolling will be undertaken
along existing roads/tracks. Investigation will continue to define the conditions under which
scrub-rolling can be burnt without the need for tracking either side. Consideration will be
given to landscape impacts and erosion potential before works are undertaken. Scrubrolling
will only be carried out under dry soil conditions, following survey for rare flora and an
assessment of impact on any known rare fauna
6. Carry out fuel reduction within cells only after consideration of the effects on the flora and
fauna. Emphasis should be given to the development of practical aerially ignited mosaic
burns which provide protection from large wildfires, minimise the need for on-ground
suppression and meet the divergent needs of public safety, biological management and
wilderness protection.
7. Carry out perimeter prescribed burning in conjunction with local volunteer fire brigades
and neighbouring landholders.
8. Establish a fire advisory group with representatives from the two local bush fire
organisations, Shires, Bush Fires Board and CALM to meet at least annually and review
implementation of the fire plan and priorities. This group has the responsibility to set the
program for the next year. CALM undertakes to implement each annual program so set
out. This group will consider the introduction of new technica) knowledge and its
application in fire management of the Park. The group shall report to the Shires, NPNCA,
Bush Fires Board and CALM in a format determined by consultation with the respective
organisations.
78
9. As it will be at least rive years before fire hazards develop in areas burnt in the December
1989 wildfires, Telegraph Track (between Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head turn-off),
Drummond Track (south of the northern buffer), the southern half of Bell Track, the fireline
between Mt Drummond and Red Peak, and the Fitzgerald South Track will not be accessed
for fire management prior to July 1995 when a major review shall be completed. This
would include the need for provision of fuel reduction burns to separate the coastal range
system from the heath in the central section of the Park. Access to assess the dieback and fire
management status will only be undertaken under strict permit, subject to NPNCA
approval. The review shall include consideration of aerially ignited mosaic burns. If a
life-threatening emergency arises requiring the use of vehicles within this area, entry will be
authorised by the South Coast Regional Manager or a nominated representative. If the
review described above recommends significant changes to this plan, amendments will be
undertaken through the processes prescribed in the CALM Act (refer to Section 22).
10. Consideration will not be given to implementing prescriptions for fire management within
areas burnt during the December 1989 wildfire, until the review has been completed (1995).
11. Review the fire plan after any major wildfire. The review group should comprise members
of the fire advisory group listed in Prescription 8 above. If the review recommended
significant changes to this plan, amendments will be undertaken through the processes
prescribed in the CALM Act (refer to Section 22).
12. Local staff should maintain surveillance for fire on days of extreme risk and have fire
fighting equipment on standby.
79
80
Wildfire Suppression
13. In the event of a major wildfire in the Park, CALM is to establish a control point and, by
negotiation with all involved agencies, nominate one person as controller. Fire suppression
must be in accordance with the gazetted fire plan (ie. this management plan). The expertise
and resources of the volunteer bush fire brigades, local authorities and the Bush Fires Board
are an integral part of the suppression force.
14. Endeavor to contain wildfires that enter or start in the Park within a cell defined by the
strategic buffers given in Map 9. Depending on values at risk, dieback risk, fire behaviour,
resources available and presence of buffers and tracks, suppression will involve: allowing
the fire to burn out to low fuel buffers, backburning from existing tracks or direct attack.
15. Develop water points adjacent to roads and tracks for fire suppression. They will be located
so as to minimise dieback risk and landscape impacts but must be no greater than 16 km
apart on main access ways. Base their development on improving access to existing water,
excavation, and limited use of demountable tanks. Water points should contain a minimum
volume of 15 000 litres. The water points are to be developed as a matter of priority. The
need for water points in the central area will be reviewed by July 1995.
16. Monitor water points to ensure they are not infected by Phytophthora species. Where
appropriate, treat water at time of use with approved fungicide.
Liaison
17. Work with the local authorities and brigades, adjacent landowners and the Bush Fires
Board to ensure an effective fire management force is in place. Arrange regular exercises
with local brigades and the Bush Fires Board on cooperation techniques. Locate fire
equipment within the local Bush Fire Brigade system. Station a heavy duty fire unit in the
Ravensthorpe Shire. Continue mutual aid arrangements in carrying out burns and
suppression activities in accordance with the Shire District Fire Plans.
18. Obtain UHF radios for CALM officers involved in fire management in FRNP to improve
communications between CALM and local brigades.
19. Implement programs to inform and educate Park visitors regarding this fire management
program, and fire safety and survival. This program will include information on campfires
in the Park (refer to Section 14.2).
Research and Monitoring
20. Continue to investigate the practicality of using aerially ignited mosaic burns.
81
21. Record and analyse details of all fires, including available fire behaviour information.
22. Instigate a research and monitoring program to determine the level of environmental impact
resulting from the prescribed fire regimes, fuel modification and wildfire suppression
activities, and wildfires; and to examine the effectiveness of prescribed burning and wildfire
suppression procedures.
23. Continue to strongly support the need for a geographic information system for the recording
and analysis of information on fire in the Park.
24. Continue to investigate the use of computer modelling to aid fire management.
9.3 ANIMAL PESTS
The objectives are:
1. Control or eradicate species of animals causing major conservation problems.
2. Minimise the detrimental effects of control mechanisms on the Park environment, particularly
its native fauna.
BackgroundFeral animals present in the Park include foxes, cats, rabbits, cattle and horses. All species are presentin low densities through the Park, the only exception being horses, which are only found in thenorthern FRNP, in very low numbers.
Honey possums, tammars, dibblers, bush rats, rabbits, house mice and a number of reptile species areeaten by foxes. Chapman and Newbey (in prep.) conclude that foxes in high numbers are a seriousthreat to native fauna. Many foxes are present in the Park and adjacent farmland (A. Chapman, pers.comm., 1989). This places the rare fauna in the northern FRNP at risk. No data are available fromthe FRNP regarding predation by cats. They most probably have a similar effect on small mammalsto that of foxes.
At low densities, rabbits are unlikely to do much damage in FRNP (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.).The only exception is coastal areas where rehabilitation is underway. In these areas (eg. MyliesBeach) rabbits browsing on new shoots inhibit regrowth.
Feral bees occur throughout the Park. They are prolific swarmers and, in good seasons, are likely tobe serious competitors for nest hollows which are rare in the Park. They may also adversely affectpollination in native flora. However, current infestations are impossible to control given currentfinances and resources. It is only possible to try to stop the situation worsening.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Liaise with the Agriculture Protection Board, adjacent landholders and local authorities
regarding pest control throughout the Park, especially on boundaries, in enclaves and on
adjacent properties.
2. Remove feral cattle and horses where possible.
82
3. Implement appropriate control measures for foxes throughout the Park.
(Refer to Prescription 6 under Rare Species in 7.3 Fauna for more details.)
4. Control cats. If research indicates that cats are a threat to rare fauna, implement further
control measures.
5. Where necessary, control rabbits in coastal areas that are being rehabilitated.
6. Prevent invasion of the Park by other pest animals (eg. pigs, goats).
Research and Monitoring
7. Record the general extent and location of pest animals. Document control measures
implemented and evaluate the success of these measures. Request the Agriculture Protection
Board to do likewise.
9.4 WEEDS
The objectives are:
1. Control or, if possible, eradicate weeds causing major conservation problems.
2. Minimise any detrimental side effects of control procedures on the Park environment.
Background
The Fitzgerald has at least 100 weed species. This is 6% of the Park's flora compared with 10.5% for
the State as a whole. Weed infestation in the Park is not extensive and is essentially confined to rivers,
swamps and lakes, uplands and coastal dunes (Newbey, in prep.).
Watercourses generally have the greatest biomass of introduced species, as well as the highest number
of species, for the following reasons. First, many introduced plants are present on farmland and all
major rivers in the Park have the upper part of their catchment in farmland. Second, riverine soils
tend to provide more favourable soil moisture and fertility conditions than surrounding plain or hill
soils. In the uplands, most introduced plants occur on skeletal or shallow soils associated with granite
exposures. Human use is probably the main factor in the spread of introduced plants into coastal
dunes. Most species are concentrated in areas of disturbance associated with camping, parking and
tracks. Most of the introduced species are annuals, less than 30 cm high, with a small biomass.
Most introduced plants are unlikely to spread beyond their present distribution in FRNP, or are
capable of only minor spread. Three weed species, cape weed (Arctotheca calendula), annual
veldtgrass (Ehrharta longiflora) and bridle creeper (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides), are capable of
83
rapid establishment and major spread into natural areas. These three species, plus saffron thistle
(Carthamus lanatus), doublegee (Emex australis), (both declared noxious species) and African
boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum), are of the highest management priority.
Cape weed is found in most of the vegetation types across the Park, while annual veldtgrass only
occurs along rivers and swamps. Bridle creeper is spreading along the river flats of the Gairdner
around Quaalup and Marningerup. Saffron thistle and African boxthorn are present in small
numbers on the Gairdner, Phillips and West rivers. Saffron thistle is also found on farmland
north-west of the junction of the latter two rivers.
A further four species are also of high management priority as they readily spread into disturbed
areas and would almost certainly become established. These are flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza
bonariensis), smooth cat's ear (Hypochoeris glabra), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) and
rat's tail fescue (Vulpia myuros).
The worst area of weed invasion is along the Phillips River. Parts of the Fitzgerald and Gairdner
Rivers also have high numbers of weeds.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Liaise with the Agriculture Protection Board, adjacent landholders and local authorities
regarding weed control on Park boundaries and adjacent properties.
2. Where possible, in fire management operations, retain a strip of bush between private
property and perimeter firebreaks to slow down weed invasion.
3. Liaise with adjacent landholders, and local groups, to minimise fertiliser drift into the Park.
4. Control and, if possible, eradicate saffron thistle and doublegee (both declared noxious
plants). Record treatment. Monitor to determine success or otherwise of management
actions.
5. Accurately determine the distribution of and monitor the other eight priority weed species. If
any are spreading rapidly, implement control measures. Record methods of treatment and
monitor results.
6. Avoid unnecessary disturbance associated with management actions such as road
construction and maintenance, and repeated burning.
84
7. Avoid unnaturally high nutrient build-ups by controlling rubbish and effluent disposal.
Research and Monitoring
8. Monitor known priority flora populations for weed invasion. Take control measures as
necessary.
9.5 REHABILITATION
The objective is to rehabilitate areas degraded by humans and their activities.
Background
The majority of the Park is relatively undisturbed. The greatest level of disturbance has occurred on
or adjacent to the coast where uncontrolled access and camping on highly erodible sandy soils have
led to removal of the vegetation and subsequent erosion. Camping has focused on small stands of
melaleucas and many of these have become very degraded, with extensive gully erosion and tree loss.
The extensive wildfires of December 1989 have exacerbated the problems of erosion, particularly
along the coast where burnt campsites were completely denuded.
In the eastern end of the Park, 2WD access has been provided to most beaches and numerous 4WD
tracks have been closed and covered with brush. In some areas rehabilitation has been slow and the
scars are still visible.
In the western end, a number of closed tracks in the Point Ann area and old sections of the re-aligned
Pabelup Drive require brushing. Earthworks are also necessary on slopes to minimise erosion.
Several camp sites have been re-developed and the areas no longer required have been closed, ripped
and brushed. Regeneration in some areas, and particularly behind part of Mylies Beach, has been
slow. Soil erosion and heavy grazing of new shoots by rabbits are probably responsible.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Use locally occurring native species from the same or similar sites for all rehabilitation
work. This is important, not only because of the Park's biosphere status, but also because
local species are adapted to local conditions and have a good chance of survival. Direct
seeding is preferred. Use known dieback free nurseries if propagation is required.
85
2. Encourage members of the local community to propagate local native plants for
rehabilitation, with due regard for dieback hygiene measures.
3. Foster and supervise volunteer programs to undertake rehabilitation work.
4. Rehabilitate disused tracks with appropriate techniques.
Research and Monitoring
5. Monitor, evaluate and record the success of rehabilitation techniques used. Experiment with
a range of rehabilitation techniques.
9.6 GRAVEL, SAND AND STONE
The objectives are:
1. Limit the extraction of gravel, sand and stone from the Park to areas where such
activity will have minimal impact on the spread of dieback, public use and the Park's
flora, fauna and landscape.
2. Ensure that dieback is not spread by the movement of gravel, sand or stone.
Background
Many road building and recreation site materials (ie. gravel, sand, limestone and stone) required for
Park management are available from within the Park. Gravel resources, however, are limited and in
many places are inaccessible, being covered by deep layers of sand. These materials may only be
extracted from the Park for use within the Park.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Map potential gravel and limestone sources in the Park to ensure coordinated extraction.
2. An up-to-date dieback hygiene map must be available before raw materials are extracted.
Extraction of gravel, sand or stone will not be permitted from dieback-infected or suspected
dieback-infected sites.
3. Limit pits supplying gravel, sand or stone to recreation and natural environment zones (see
Map 3 and 5.0 Management Zones). Ensure they are not visible from roads, tracks,
footpaths or other view points. Minimise pit size and the number of active pits. Develop an
extraction plan for each site.
86
4. Accommodate requests for gravel, sand and stone from the Park provided that their use is
necessary for the management of the Park. Issue of a lease by CALM is required.
5. Rehabilitate all pits as soon as material extraction is complete. Topsoil should be separately
removed and stored for later rehabilitation work. Encourage excavation and stockpiling of
gravel resources and immediate rehabilitation of the remainder of the pit. Locally occurring
native species should be used.
Research and Monitoring
6. Conduct a survey prior to material extraction to ensure that no conservation values,
particularly rare plants or Aboriginal sites, will be disturbed.
9.7 DOMESTIC ANIMALS (PETS)
The objective is to continue to exclude domestic animals (pets) from the Park.
Background
Domestic animals, and particularly dogs, can create problems in national parks. Often they disturb
other users. They may also create health problems by defecating in recreation areas and carrying
diseases such as hydatids. While management arrangements can be made to overcome these
problems, the status of this Park is such that any disturbances and potential problems should be
avoided.
There are many other coastal areas near Bremer Bay and Hopetoun where domestic animals are
allowed.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Continue to follow a policy of prohibiting domestic animals from FRNP.
2. Provide Park users with information as to why domestic animals are not allowed in the
Park.
87
10.0 MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL RESOURCEUTILISATION
10.1 MINING
The objective is to implement Government policy on exploration and mining in national parks.
Background
In accordance with current Government policy on mining, Fitzgerald River National Park is closed to
exploration and mining.
Minerals known from the Park include (Geological Survey of W.A., pers. comm., 1988):
• mineral sands near Gordon and Dempster Inlets
• manganese in the gorge of the Hamersley River near the Eyre Range, along Copper Mine Creek
and at Naendip
• cobalt and graphite in the gorge of the Hamersley River near the Eyre Range
• greenstone near the junction of the Phillips and West Rivers
• lead associated with manganese at the Hamersley Inlet
• kyanite 10 km west of Hopetoun
• building stone at Twertup
• lignite along the Fitzgerald River.
All of these minerals are available from deposits elsewhere, particularly mineral sands, which occur
along much of the old coastline of south-west Australia. Mining in the area centres on Ravensthorpe
where minerals of economic interest include copper, gold, silver and nickel.
Due to the Park's international status as a biosphere reserve and its exceptionally high conservation
values, it is essential that, should a change in Government policy eventuate, applications for mineral
exploration remain actively discouraged. If exploration and/or mining is ever approved, it should be
subject to, and meet with, conditions which will ensure minimum impact on the biological, physical,
cultural and landscape values of the Park. The prescriptions in Section 9.5 of this plan should be
used as the basis for any rehabilitation program. Rehabilitation should be to CALM's specifications
and at the proponent's expense using the most up-to-date techniques available.
PRESCRIPTION
1. Follow Government policy on mining.
10.2 COMMERCIAL FISHING
88
The objective is to provide for commercial fishing in a manner compatible with national park
objectives.
Background
Commercial fishing associated with FRNP has been both inlet and ocean beach-based. All inlets
associated with FRNP are described as intermittent fisheries. Commercial fishing is controlled by the
Fisheries Act and Regulations. Limitations are placed on species caught, 69 number taken, areas that
fish can be taken from and type of fishing involved as well as seasons in which catches may be taken.
CALM works co-operatively with the Fisheries Department. There has been limited inlet-based
commercial fishing in the Gordon, Dempster and Hamersley Inlets (Fisheries Department, pers.
comm., 1987). The St Mary and Fitzgerald Inlets are not used for commercial fishing (advice from
Fisheries Department).
In terms of ocean beach-based commercial fishing, some salmon netting occurred near Fitzgerald
Inlet during the 1970s. However, the majority of the Park's coastline is not suitable for netting. The
beaches are too exposed to safely launch a boat and use nets, while rocky headlands and offshore
reefs push salmon offshore. Trigelow Beach is currently used by commercial fishermen.
Commercial fishermen basing their operations in, or transporting their catch across, national parks
can lead to conflict with other Park visitors, particularly with regard to competition for space, such as
campsites. This problem can be alleviated by providing separate camping facilities, or by allowing
commercial fishing only when visitor numbers are low (ie. over winter). In FRNP, the former option
is difficult to achieve as suitable campsites are very limited. The latter approach can only be used
where inlets are accessible on 2WD roads, as all 4WD tracks in the Park are closed following rain (ie.
for most of the winter). Both options require additional Park management and financial resources.
Public camping is available at Hamersley Inlet Shire Reserve and on public land at the mouth of the
Gordon Inlet.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Inlet fishing: Allow commercial fishermen access to Gordon and Hamersley Inlets and
permission to transport their catch from these two inlets across the Park, subject to the
conditions given in Prescription 3 and provided that licences are held under the Fisheries
Act.
2. Ocean beach fishing and access: Continue to allow commercial fishermen access to Trigelow
Beach and use of Park roads to access the Doubtful Islands area. Permission to transport
their catch across the Park is subject to the conditions given in Prescription 3. Do not issue
89
permits for other beaches for one or more of the following reasons : access problems,
potential conflict with other Park visitors, impact on shoreline birds.
3. Access conditions: Issue permits to commercial fishermen for transporting their catch across
the Park or using the Park as a land-base, subject to other Park values and prescriptions.
The conditions associated with the permits will include:
• use of designated public access
• observing same road closures as general public
• if necessary, introduction of a ballot system to control numbers of commercial
fishermen to minimise impact on other Park users and on small recreation sites
• inlet-based commercial fishing restricted to the winter months, where necessary, to
minimise conflict with other Park users
• ocean-based commercial fishermen restricted, where necessary, to 70
4. Do not issue permits for Fitzgerald, St Mary or Dempster Inlets and the river systems. The
Fitzgerald Inlet is generally inaccessible over the winter months. Also the equipment
associated with commercial fishing is generally incompatible with the area's designation as a
natural environment zone. St Marys Inlet is part of a major recreation zone, focusing on a
very limited, small site. Commercial fishing would likely conflict with recreational use.
Dempster Inlet is part of the wilderness zone and is not accessible by vehicle. It is also part of
a reference catchment which will not be disturbed.
5. Liaise with Fisheries Department to declare Fitzgerald, St Mary and Dempster Inlets closed
waters (ie. closed to netting).
6. Based on the findings of Prescriptions 7 and 8 below, re-assess use of the area by
commercial fishermen in rive years, in consultation with the South Coast Licenced
Fisherman's Association and Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory Committee.
Research and Monitoring
7. Monitor the effect of commercial fishing on access routes and points, and other Park users.
8. Develop, with the Fisheries Department and the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project, a monitoring
program of the impacts of commercial fishing on fish stocks, the inlet and river systems.
Administrative Details
Two administrative courses of action are available to provide for management of these inlets by
CALM and achieve the above prescriptions. The course of action depends on the current status of the
inlets as defined by the Department of Land Administration.
90
If the inlets are regarded as being open to the sea and are, therefore, part of State internal waters, then
all inlets can be proposed as marine parks to high water mark under the CALM Act (1984) and
zoned accordingly. Hamersley and Gordon Inlets should include a general use zone to allow for
commercial fishing. The remainder should only include recreation and sanctuary zones (ie. no
commercial fishing).
If the inlets are regarded as inland waters and, therefore, vacant Crown land, then they can be added
to FRNP under the Land Act (1933). This automatically precludes commercial fishing. Ile only
exceptions are Hamersley and Gordon Inlets which should be reserved as marine parks to high water
mark and zoned to allow for commercial fishing.
10.3 UTILITIES AND SERVICES
The objectives are to:
1. Keep the Park free of utility corridors and assist relevant agencies to find alternatives outside
the Park.
2. Ensure that if utility corridors are approved they are constructed and maintained so as to
minimise impacts on the Park.
Background
There are no State Energy Commission, Telecom or Water Authority service lines, highways or main
roads transecting the Park. Except for road construction, the landscape is undisturbed. This is one of
the great values of the Park.
The only location where State Energy Commission and Telecom lines enter the Park is the short
distance required to service the ranger's residence at East Mount Barren. Provision of power or other
services to Quaalup would necessitate traversing about 7 km across the National Park. Similarly,
development of either of the water reserves immediately to the south of the Park may necessitate
constructing water pipelines and powerlines across the FRNP.
A number of trig points, generally on the highest points in the landscape, have been established by
the Department of Land Administration and Australian Survey Office. These are used on an irregular
basis for mapping requirements. Given their location high in the landscape, dieback could infect
large areas of the Park if introduced. Therefore, use of these points has been restricted to summer
under strict hygiene conditions.
91
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. In general, no utility corridors will be provided through the Park. Any proposals should be
based on physical, biological, social and visual considerations, analysis of alternatives
outside the Park, and alternative methods of service provision. Where they are absolutely
necessary, they should follow routes with the least environmental and landscape impact.
2. Apply environmental assessment procedures according to the Environmental Protection Act
(1986) to any proposals for utility corridors through the Park.
3. Any construction or maintenance of utilities or utility corridors in or adjoining the Park
must be undertaken with strict dieback hygiene and an awareness of the need to minimise
erosion and visual intrusion. Strict dieback hygiene procedures should be followed by the
Department of Land Administration when servicing trig points, with access by helicopter or
on foot preferred.
4. If State Energy Commission lines must traverse the Park they should be placed underground
along existing access routes. Assess the feasibility of placing the East Mt Barren SEC line
underground.
10.4 BEEKEEPING
The objective is to exclude beekeeping from the Park.
Background
Much controversy exists regarding the impact of introduced honey bees on native plants and
animals. There are few published data. Bell (1985) concludes that 'concentrated use by large
numbers of commercial hives could have a negative effect on the continued, long-term survival of
certain native bees, wasps and/or birds through competition for nectar and pollen by honeybees'.
Swarms of feral bees may also affect birds such as parrots and pardalotes by occupying nest-holes
which are scarce in the Park. However, it can be expected that some plant species will be unaffected
and some benefitted by the impacts of bees. Hopper (1985) concluded, as did a number of other
scientists, that 'it is in the interests of both the beekeeping industry and land managers to have the
relevant research undertaken as soon as possible'.
Given this lack of information, and concerns about the impacts of beekeeping on native communities,
beekeeping has been excluded from a number of national parks and nature reserves. The presence of
a number of rare and little known plant species in FRNP makes it particularly important that
92
beekeeping is excluded. There are currently three apiary sites in the Park, two in the north-west of the
Park near Twertup Creek and one approximately 4 km north of Mt Drummond.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Liaise with the Department of Agriculture and the apiarists concerned to transfer all of the
current sites out of FRNP to sites of similar value elsewhere.
2. Do not approve any new apiary sites in the Park.
93
PART D. MANAGEMENT FOR RECREATION
GOAL:Fulfill the nature-based recreation requirements of visitors to the extent that they arecompatible with conserving the Park's flora, fauna and landscape values, wildernessqualities and cultural heritage.
94
11.0 RECREATION MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY
The continuing attraction of national parks depends on the retention of the natural vegetation and
other conservation values. National parks are for people seeking different experiences to those
offered elsewhere within any given region. In general, these experiences are of a low key nature and
emphasise passive interaction with the natural environment (Sheppard, 1988).
The visitor survey carried out, as part of the preparation of this management plan, indicated that the
features most enjoyed about Fitzgerald River National Park were the scenery, views, wildflowers,
wildlife and unspoilt natural beauty. Management for visitor use should continue to protect these
features.
The key factor in managing visitor use while maintaining the Park's values is dieback control. Any
provisions for public access and use must consider dieback risk as the highest priority. Another point
of relevance is the Park's very high susceptibility to erosion. This high susceptibility means that the
Park has a limited capability to support recreational use without careful management. High levels of
use are likely to require high levels of management. This is expensive and generally changes the
features (such as "unspoilt beauty") which attracted visitors in the first place.
Therefore, the management philosophy for the Park in terms of public use is to provide low-key
facilities and services which minimise changes to, and complement, the natural environment. This
means low key camping facilities, a limited number of roads and extensive, untouched areas.
Facilities should only be placed in areas where the soils and landform are sufficiently stable to
support the facilities and their use in the longer term. Dieback should be the fundamental concern in
any planning and management of public use. This philosophy is consistent with the Recreation
Opportunity Spectrum of Parks as presented in the South Coast Regional Draft Management Plan
(CALM, 1989).
95
12.0 RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES
12.1 THE REGION
The objective is to ensure that development of recreational opportunities within the Park
complements rather than competes with attractions and facilities elsewhere.
Background
The CALM South Coast Region, which stretches from west of Albany to the South Australian border
and up to 150 km inland in places, offers a diverse range of naturebased recreation opportunities.
These include national parks, Shire reserves, other reserves and vacant Crown land.
Most places on the south coast can be reached in a day's drive or less from Perth, and within two or
three hours from Albany or Esperance. Spectacular coastal scenery can be enjoyed at Cape Arid,
Cape I le Grand, Torndirrup and West Cape Howe National Parks. Most of these Parks offer beaches
and a range of fishing opportunities (eg. beaches, rock, estuarine/inlet). Inland parks such as the
Stirling Range, Porongurup and Peak Charles offer scenery dominated by peaks and ranges, and
spectacular shows of spring wildflowers.
Between them these parks offer a combination of 2WD, 4WD and foot-only access, formal and
informal camping, and day-use sites (Table 12).
TABLE 12. NUMBERS OF CAMPING AND DAY USE AREAS IN MAJOR NATIONAL PARKS IN THE CALM SOUTH COAST REGION
PARK FORMAL CAMPING INFORMAL CAMPING DAY USE SITES2WD 4WD TOTAL 2WD 4WD TOTAL 2WD 4WD TOTAL
Cape Arid 2 1 3 1 *2 3 4 2 6Cape Le Grand 2 2 *1 *1 2 4 4Stokes 2 2 4 4 1 3 4Peak Charles 1 1 2 1 1 2Frank Hann 2 2Fitzgerald River 1 1 2 2 4 6 5 1 6Stirling Range 1 1 8 8Porongurup 2 2Torndirrup 7 7West Cape Howe 1 1 2 1 3 4William Bay 3 1 4
TOTAL 8 2 10 6 13 19 38 11 49
* sporadic beach campingSource: T. Passmore, CALM South Coast Region, pers. comm., 1988
96
A range of recreation sites are provided in the Shires of Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe, apart from
FRNP (Table 13). There are two caravan parks in each Shire and a number of coastal sites, both with
and without facilities. The Shires are responsible for the management of some of these, while the
remainder lie on other reserves (either unvested or managed by another agency) or vacant Crown
land.
TABLE 13. RECREATION SITES IN THE SHIRES OF RAVENSTHORPE ANDJERRAMUNGUP (EXCLUDING FITZGERALD RIVER NATIONALPARK)
RAVENSTHORPE JERRAMUNGUP
Caravan Parks (2): Caravan Parks (2):Ravensthorpe JerramungupHopetoun Bremer Bay
Day Use (22): Day Use (more than 10):Surf Beach Doubtful Island beachesMoylans Bremer Bay beachesTwo Mile Beach Wellstead Peninsula beachesLook-out 2 Cape Knob beachesLook-out 3 Point Irby beachesLook-out 4Five Mile Beach Camping with Facilities (1):Six Mile Track Miller's PointTwelve Mile BeachPhillips, Jerdacuttup and Oldfield Rivers Camping without Facilities (more than 10):Dunn Swamp Doubtful Island beaches, Four Mile Beach (east of FRNP)Four Mile Beach (east of FRNP) Cape Knob beaches"Creeping Dunes" (Fosters, Reef and Pallinup)Castle Rock BeachThirteen Mile Beach The majority of the above sites (camping without facilitiesFourteen Mile Beach and day use) are only accessible by 4WD. All sites areMullet Bay within 45 Ian of Bremer Bay.East of Mullet BayTuckeys Hole/Abalone TrackMason Point
Camping with Facilities (4):Twelve Mile BeachStarvation Boat HarbourMason BayHamersley Inlet
All the above sites are accessible by 2WD andwithin 45 km of Hopetoun.
Sources: Shires of Ravensthorpe and Jerramungup, pers. comm., 1988; Craig et al, 1984; DCE, 1984a; vanSteveninck and Burkin 1984.
97
Strategy
It is most important that recreation developments in the Park complement rather than compete with
other recreation opportunities on the south coast and in the Shires of Jerramungup and
Ravensthorpe. This plan provides for an increase in the camping use of FRNP. Over the next 10 years
there will be a doubling of the number of campsites and hence camping opportunities in FRNP.
Detailed prescriptions for access, recreation sites and activities are given in Sections 13.0, 14.0 and
15.0 respectively.
12.2 THE PARK
The objectives are:
1. Provide a range of recreational opportunities based on a range of natural settings, with
minimal damage to the environment.
2. Direct recreational use into those areas which are suitable and can sustain the type and
intensity of use they are likely to receive.
Background
The Park provides a range of access types, from 2WD to 4WD to foot access only. Levels of
development range from camping areas with toilets and marked camping bays to sites with no
facilities. However, emphasis is on a natural setting with minimal development. This low key
approach is strongly supported by the majority of current users (Cavana and Moore, 1988).
Current use of the Park focuses on the coast over summer and early autumn, and the inland and its
wildflowers over the spring months. Visitor numbers peak in January, with 8 030 visitor days+
recorded in January 1988 (Cavana and Moore, 1988). Activities include sightseeing, bushwalking,
photography, camping, swimming, fishing and nature study.
Visitor numbers are greatest where vehicle access is easiest, particularly access to 2WD vehicles. The
eastern end of the Park, close to Hopetoun, is the most heavily used, particularly beaches which are
accessible by 2WD. Most of this is day use, with people returning to Hopetoun or further afield for
the night.
In the western end of the Park camping is more common than day use. Beaches close to Bremer Bay,
rather than areas in the Park, meet the day-use needs of this population centre. At the western end,
use is highest at Point Ann which is accessible to 2WDs, followed by Fitzgerald Inlet which is
accessible only to 4WDs.
+ A visitor day is defined as the aggregation of time spent by persons making a recreation visit to a
recreation resource or facility into units of 12 visitor hours.
98
A visitor survey, carried out from November 1987 to April 1988, showed most people were visiting
the Park with their families (51%) or friends (27%). The majority of Park visitors came from Perth
(39%) and country areas surrounding the Park (29%). Few visitors appeared to come from the Shires
of Jerramungup and Ravensthorpe (14%), while 18% were from interstate and overseas. The survey
did not cover the full wildflower season. Also, a number of local Park users did not fill in survey
forms as they did not feel that they were visitors.
The best way to meet the needs of the different Park users is to continue to provide a range of
choices, in terms of access, levels of development or facilities in particular areas, and the amount of
interaction with other users. Some visitors may have a strong preference for camping opportunities
providing little or no interaction with other groups, while others are more gregarious. To ensure that
users know where and how to reach the recreation site most suitable for their needs, readily accessible
information is essential.
Four caravan parks on the edges of the Park provide accommodation for people requiring more
developed facilities. These are the most popular form of accommodation outside the National Park.
FRNP, as with many south coast areas, does not have a great capacity to support camping in natural
settings. This results from an exposed coastline with unstable soils and very few areas with vegetation
of sufficient height to provide shelter from the wind and sun. Those areas that have sheltering trees or
shrubs are generally limited in size and can only cater for one or two groups. They are generally
associated with melaleucas which are particularly susceptible to degradation (see 14.0 Recreation
Sites). Small patches of mallee are potentially suitable for camping if they are of sufficient height to
provide shelter, and are on stable soils.
Strategy
It is important that future management is based on the need to provide a range of low-key recreation
opportunities while retaining a predominantly natural setting, and to provide for recreational use in
only those areas which can sustain such use in the longer term.
PRESCRIPTIONS
Detailed management prescriptions are given in 14.0 Recreation Sites and 15.0 Recreation
Activities.
Research and Monitoring
1. Monitor visitor numbers and patterns of use, using traffic counters, site surveys and
questionnaires.
2. Monitor visitor perceptions regarding Park management, using surveys.
99
13.0 ACCESS
NOTE. Throughout this plan a "4WD track" is defined as a track which can only be used by
vehicles with high clearance and where 4WD may be required in exceptional circumstances.
These tracks should have a surface which has minimal dieback risk. All 4WD tracks (and
other unsealed roads within the Park) are generally closed after rain.
The objectives are:
1. Ensure that dieback control receives the highest priority in any access considerations.
2. Ensure that the conservation and landscape values of the Park are recognised in all access
provision and changes.
3. Provide and/or maintain 2WD, 4WD and foot access to a variety of coastal and inland features
within the Park, while ensuring that the natural environment and other Park users are not
adversely affected.
4. Ensure that all forms of access are constructed and maintained to a standard able to safely
support current and expected use levels.
Background
The Park is accessible, via all-weather gravel roads, from Highway 1, Bremer Bay Road and
Hopetoun-Ravensthorpe Road.
Two 2WD loops provide access within the Park (Map 1b). In the east, Hamersley Drive enters the
Park from Hopetoun and links in the north with Old Ongerup Road. The western loop, Pabelup
Drive, may be reached from the South Coast Highway via Devil's Creek Road in the west or Quiss
Road in the north. 2WD roads provide access to Point Ann, West Mt Barren, Mt Maxwell, Hamersley
Inlet, West Beach, West Beach Point, Mylies and East Mylies, Barrens and Four Mile Beach. The
remaining roads and tracks are suitable for 4WD only. There is also an extensive network of
firebreaks, particularly on the Park perimeter. All are 4WD and are for management access only.
The track system in the Park evolved from the original alignment of the transcontinental telegraph
line and associated service track, constructed in 1875. Other tracks were established to provide coastal
access for fishermen. Access tracks were also associated with the rabbit proof fence and the mineral
boom of the late 1960s (Smith, 1977).
All tracks were in place prior to gazettal of the National Park (in 1973). Landscape design or
protection of the environment were not considered in their placement. The most critical problem is
the possible introduction and further spread of dieback from roads and tracks placed high in the
landscape. Many tracks also traverse extensive low-lying waterlogged areas. Other problems include
100
safety, erosion and soil degradation, and tracks cutting across and intruding on extensive natural
views or not optimising available views.
4WD tracks and sections of some 2WD roads present an added dieback risk as many have pools of
water lying across them in winter, and in summer following rain. These pools provide an ideal
environment for dieback spores to survive, multiply and spread. Recent "forming" of these tracks
without realignment and/or sheeting or stabilisation has resulted in some sections of their surfaces
becoming slippery following 20 mm or less of rain. Water also ponds in some sections of the
adjacent drains.
A number of short footpaths (less than 1 day) provide access to the peaks of East and West Mt Barren
and to the river valley and several low hills near Twertup. An unmarked coastal walk traverses the
coast from Bremer Bay to Hopetoun. Walks up peaks present a substantial dieback risk, as they may
lead to its introduction high in the landscape. Further comments on management of footpaths are
given in 15.3 Bushwalking.
When full of water, some of the inlets are accessible by small boat. Boats can be launched on the
Hamersley Inlet most of the year. The lower reaches of the Fitzgerald, Hamersley and Phillips Rivers
can be explored by canoe. All inlets and rivers are generally too shallow to be easily or safely used
by large power boats.
Some of the problems that can result from the provision and use of access, both public and
management only, include the introduction of dieback and weeds, vegetation damage, soil
compaction which may initiate wind and water erosion and blowouts in sensitive areas, and the
impairment of scenic amenity. In addition, access may concentrate activity in areas with a limited
ability to support public use or where the public is not easily safeguarded.
Much of the Park is sensitive to erosion and soil degradation (Map 4). In a number of places on the
coast mobile dune-fields occur, interspersed with areas of recently consolidated wind-blown sand.
The steep Barren ranges are highly susceptible to water erosion once the vegetation has been
removed (eg. on footpaths). The plains suffer damage from vehicles under wet conditions. Even the
more stable granite-derived soils of the northern Fitzgerald are susceptible to water erosion.
Strategy
Future access to the Park will be based on the two existing 2WD loops, Hamersley Inlet and Pabelup
Drives, with 2WD spurs to Point Ann - St Marys, West Mt Barren and Mt Maxwell in the west, and
Hamersley Inlet and a number of beaches between Four Mile and West Beach in the east (Map 10).
The 4WD spurs to Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head will also be retained, although restricted if
necessary.
101
In the following prescriptions, dieback is the greatest management concern. Section 9.1 Disease
provides further details on dieback, the extreme vulnerability of FRNP to this disease and relevant
management prescriptions. If the presence of dieback is suspected or confirmed on or adjacent to the
roads, tracks (including management-only) or footpaths proposed in this plan, future management of
the particular access way should be carefully considered. Generally, evaluation should include
consideration of further hardening of the road, track or path surface by adding gravel or limestone
or, if appropriate, sealing. If required, consideration should also be given to re-assessing and altering
the drainage, and realignment to reduce the area of catchments affected. Closure will also be
considered.
Generally, every effort should be made to keep open the 2WD roads and 4WD tracks. All or parts of
the Park may be closed following rain, using the same criteria presently applied to 4WD tracks. That
is, closed when sufficient rains allow vehicles to pick up mud and soil.
Six classes of road are recognised:
Class 1. sealed through roads
Class 2. sealed spurs
Class 3. gravel through roads
Class 4. gravel spurs
Class 5. 4WD - dry weather access only
Class 6. management-only - dry weather access only.
Safety through the application of consistent standards will be a priority in all access provisions.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Retain public access to most parts of the Park. The recreation and natural environment
zones will be accessible by vehicle and on foot, and the special conservation and wilderness
zones by foot only (except for management purposes) (Map 3).
2. Maintain, upgrade, realign or dose roads and tracks as indicated in Table 14. Roads and
tracks will not be upgraded, except for dieback hygiene, unless resources are available to
provide adequate facilities (e.g. car parks, camping areas, walkways to the beach) at the
road/track end.
3. Road and track location and realignment must be based on selection of the best road or
track corridor. The guidelines for selection are:
102
a. the corridor minimises the risk of disease spread, based on up-to-date hygiene and
hazard maps, position in the landscape and landform;
b. the corridor is cost efficient to construct and maintain;
c. the corridor offers a diversity of views, including some panoramic views;
d. the corridor has minimal impact visually; and
e. the corridor allows for a given design speed.
Once a corridor has been selected, the alignment of the road or track within the corridor
must be designed in detail.
4. For Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 roads (see strategy above for definition) design to provide for
travelling speed of up to 60 km/hr. Provide signs at Park entrances and along roads to
indicate this speed limit. Ensure safe visibility on curves and intersections.
5. For Class 5 and 6 tracks the most important consideration is minimising the risk of dieback
introduction and disturbance. Design speed is not important.
6. On Class 5 tracks:
a. test a range of water shedding and stabilising surfaces, such as gravel, limestone and
geotextile treatments.
b. continue track closures in some parts of the Park until satisfactory techniques for
stabilisation. have been determined for broadscale implementation.
c. once techniques are implemented, continue to closely monitor track status. d. consider
dieback, landscape and erosion impacts before any technique is tested or implemented.
7. Exclude vehicles from the centre of the Park to reduce the risk of dieback introduction
and/or spread to the lowest possible levels. Vehicle access for dieback sampling and fire
management will be allowed under strict permit, subject to NPNCA approval. If a
life-threatening emergency arises requiring the use of vehicles within these areas, entry will
be authorised by the South Coast Regional Manager or a representative. Access for fire
management purposes in the centre of the Park will be reviewed in 1995 (refer to 9.2 Fire).
103
104
TABLE 14. ROAD AND TRACK PRESCRIPTIONS
RECOMMENDEDROAD/TRACK CLASS MANAGEMENT ACTION PRIORITY
EASTERN SECTIONHamersley Drive 1 Assess need for realignment. Provide "pull-overs" with inter
pretive material. Seal around East Mt Barren, for diebackreasons, as highest priority. Seal to Mylies or further, if needed. 1
Moir Track 5 Assess need for realignment. Sheet where necessary. 1Barrens Road 4 Maintain. OngoingFour Mile Beach Road 4 Maintain. OngoingMylies Road 4 Maintain. OngoingEast Mylies Road 4 Maintain. OngoingWest Beach Road 4 Maintain. OngoingWest Beach Point Road --- Close to vehicles, provide extended footpath to West Bch Point. 2The Gorge Track --- Close to vehicles, use as footpath, provide carpark at head of track. 1
Hamersley Inlet Road 2 Maintain. OngoingHamersley Dunes Track 5 Monitor. Traffic will be along a defined corridor. OngoingEdwards Pt Track 5 Monitor. Ongoing
West Hamersley Inlet Track 5 Assess need for realignment. Sheet where necessary. 1Whalebone (Dave Niels) Tk 5 Assess need for realignment. Sheet where necessary. 1Quoin Head Track 5 Assess need for realignment. Sheet where necessary. 1Quoin - Whalebone Track 5 Close. Alternative access available. 1No Tree Hill Track 4 Assess need for realignment. Provide carpark on lower 3
slopes. Gravel.
WESTERN SECTIONPabelup Drive 1 Assess need for realignment. Seal sections for dieback reasons,
if needed. Provide "pullovers" with interpretive material. 1Colletts Road 4 Assess need for realignment. 1Gairdner Road North 5 Assess need for realignment. Stabilise crossing. Sheet
where necessary. 3Gairdner Road- South* 4 Assess need for realignment. Liaise with Shire re joint
road maintenance program. 3Gordon Inlet Road* 4 Assess need for realignment. Upgrade to 2WD all weather.
Liaise with Shire re joint road maintenance program. 3Gordon Inlet - Quaalup Tk* 4 Assess need for realignment. Upgrade to 2WD all weather. 1West Mt Barren Road 2 Maintain. OngoingPt Ann Road 2 Assess need for realignment. 2Mt Maxwell Road 4 Assess need for realignment. 3Fitzgerald Inlet Track 5 Realign to avoid 'Lake Nameless' catchment. Assess need for
realignment in the remaining section. Sheet where necessary. 1Twertup Track 4 Assess need for realignment. Sheet where necessary. 1St Marys Track 2 Realign, upgrade to 2WD all weather. Provide stable 1
access to Pt Charles Bay Beach.Trigelow East Track 4 Realign, provide stable all weather vehicle access to 1
northern end of Trigelow Beach.Trigelow Beach Track Close track which runs parallel to beach. 2Trigelow Beach --- Continue beach access, monitor. Ongoing"Small Boondalup" Track --- Close to vehicles, use as footpath. 1St Marys - Pt Charles Tk 5 Realign, keep beach open. 1Point Charles Bay Beach --- Continue beach access, monitor. OngoingSmokehouse Landing Track --- Close on basis of continuing access to S bank of Bremer 1
River through Jerramungup Shire reserve.
105
RECOMMENDEDROAD/TRACK CLASS MANAGEMENT ACTION PRIORITY
Fitzgerald Beach --- Continue beach access, monitor. OngoingAccesses around Quaalup 6 Review. 2
CENTRAL SECTIONTelegraph Track 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and 1(Fitzgerald Inlet - Quoin survey under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Head)Drummond Track 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and 1
survey under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Twin Bays Track 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and 1
survey under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Bell Track South 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and 1
survey under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Fitzgerald South Track 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and survey, 1
under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Red Islet - Marshes 6 Close to all access except for dieback sampling and 1Beach Track survey under strict permit. Review for fire access in 1995.Bell Track North --- Keep closed. 1Southern spurs off Old 6 Maintain for fire (emergency) access. 2Ongerup Road
GENERALFirebreaks 6 Assess need for realignment. Minimise numbers, dieback 1
risk and erosion. Ensure closure to public vehicles.
* Assess best provision of access to the Peninsula and Gordon Inlet and links with Bremer Bay and FRNP.
8. Temporarily close East Mt Barren path because of confirmed dieback at the beginning of the
path. Re-locate the beginning of the path and realign the path to both avoid the infected area
and to minimise the area infected if further spread associated with the footpath occurs.
Clearly delineate the infected areas. Establish a sealed carpark on old gravel pit site and
provide a stable walkway to the first stage of the path.
9. Because of dieback risks, prohibit access (including foot access) to the peaks of Mid Mt
Barren, Woolbernup Hill and Thumb Peak, except by special permit. These peaks are
proposed for closure or quarantine as they are part of the quartzite ranges which support
high numbers of rare plants, many of which are susceptible to dieback. By walking on these
peaks, walkers risk introducing dieback.
10. Provide parking and turning space for buses of up to 45 seats at East Mt Barren lookout,
approaching from the east. Provide for buses of up to 20 seats at Point Ann, West Mt
Barren and Mylies Beach and other destinations which may be approved from time to time.
Elsewhere, roads should be designed and built to meet the requirements of cars, rather than
those of buses or caravans.
106
11. Close all or parts of the Park following rain as necessary (ie. access ways where vehicles [or
footwear] can pick up mud or soil). This is to minimise the risk of dieback infection and
spread (see Section 9.1 Disease for explanation), damage to the track surface and to reduce
safety risks to users. Use signs at all Park entrances and other media to indicate whether
roads, tracks and footpaths are open or closed.
12. Realign the track on the hinterland of Point Charles Bay to ensure dieback cannot be
introduced or spread to the "Lake Nameless" catchment, to reduce track visibility from
Point Ann and St Marys, and to provide access to all of Point Charles Beach. Realign the
Fitzgerald Inlet Track to avoid the 'Lake Nameless' catchment. The "Lake Nameless"
catchment is one of the catchments from which all vehicles are being excluded to minimise
the risk of dieback introduction and spread.
13. Keep Trigelow, Point Charles Bay, Fitzgerald/Dempster and Hamersley Beaches open to
4WD vehicles, with access available via the tracks indicated on Map 10. 4WD use of these
four beaches has been retained on the basis that:
• 4WD access to the beach can be provided via a stable and visually acceptable
alignment.
• these beaches are remote and, therefore, conflict with other users is minimal.
• a range of opportunities is available elsewhere in FRNP, firstly, for people to access
the immediate hinterland of beaches in 2WD vehicles; and secondly, several remote
beaches have been retained as foot access only, with no vehicle access to the immediate
hinterland.
• users are notified of safety risks (eg. quicksand, changing beach profile).
• no breeding birds appear to be affected.
If the effects on breeding birds, safety risks or damage to foredunes, particularly at access
points, become unacceptable, 4WD use of the specific beach should be re-assessed. The
beach of particular concern, in terms of breeding birds and safety (ie. quicksands), is
Fitzgerald Beach. Any reassessment should be in consultation with users and the Fitzgerald
River National Park Advisory Committee.
14. Restrict vehicles on beaches to the unvegetated beach face, generally between low and high
water mark. Do not allow vehicles in foredunes.
15. Rehabilitate closed tracks to minimise erosion and encourage revegetation. Provide
explanatory signs to inform users.
107
16. Liaise with Shires to ensure that road standards within the Park and of adjoining roads are
complementary.
17. Other than beach access as described, only permit the use of vehicles and machines off-road
for fire control (and only in specified parts of the Park - refer to 9.2 Fire), search and
rescue and other emergency circumstances. The decision will rest with the District Manager.
Strict dieback hygiene must be observed and special care must be taken to avoid areas
susceptible to soil erosion and degradation. Areas containing rare species or archaeological
sites must also be avoided.
18. Subject all road and track maintenance to strict dieback hygiene measures.
19. A strictly limited number of management-only tracks will be maintained for the control of
fire, pests, weeds and disease, and for survey, research and monitoring. These tracks will not
be all-weather and may only be accessible in summer or following long dry periods. Their
use will be subject to strict dieback hygiene and the approval of the District Manager.
Maintenance works on these tracks should be limited to prevention of erosion and
waterlogging, and should disturb the soil profile and natural drainage patterns as little as
possible.
20. Management-only tracks will generally be open for walking but not to vehicle access by the
public. They will be closed by secured gates.
21. New management tracks will only be established where no feasible alternatives for
management exist, and only following evaluation using the Necessary Operations Checklist
and obtaining the associated levels of approval. Location should be according to the
principles given earlier (Prescription 3).
22. Liaise with local users prior to road closures, where possible.
Research and Monitoring
23. Monitor annually the status of roads, tracks and footpaths. If erosion gullies become greater
than 10 cm deep, or if water ponds on a road or track for longer than three to four days
after rain, then management action is necessary. These values are based on dieback risk,
and soil degradation and erosion. They can be re-assessed and new values written if new
information indicates the need.
24. Monitor access points to 4WD beaches. If 4WD tracks other than the
designated main access point are created, management action is necessary.
108
13.1 TELEGRAPH TRACK
The objective is to recognise the special wilderness values of the central part of the Fitzgerald in anyaccess considerations associated with Telegraph Track.
Background
This 4WD track, which runs east-west through the centre of the National Park, has been closed since
1986 because of dieback risks (see 9.1 Dieback for an explanation). There are several reasons
supporting continuation of this decision. These are.:
Dieback Risk
Telegraph Track traverses three catchments (Hamersley River, Quoin Head and Dempster) and
provides access to a number of smaller coastal catchments. With realignment it could avoid the Quoin
Head catchment. However, it would still place two major catchments at risk from dieback introduction
and spread.
The Dempster is the only major catchment wholly within the National Park. This means that CALM
can minimise changes in water quality and further dieback spread across the whole catchment.
Dieback risks can be overcome to some degree by upgrading access to sealed roads with
comprehensive drainage. This means that dry conditions inhospitable to the survival of the dieback
fungus are created. However, there is still some risk. The risk associated with gravel roads is greater,
and is higher again for 4WD tracks. Construction of sealed roads is expensive and in many cases
beyond the budget of land managers. In FRNP, the priorities are sealing major tourist roads such as
Hamersley and Pabelup Drives. These are at greater risk given their higher levels of use.
Maximising Recreation Opportunities (Wilderness Values)
If the aim is to provide a diversity of recreational opportunities in the Park, then continued vehicle
access through the central part of the Park and to the central coast means that few coastal areas are
the domain of walkers only. This reduces the range of recreation and in particular wilderness
opportunities.
Strategy
It is the intention at this stage that Telegraph Track (between Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head Track)
will remain closed to all vehicular use unless the fire management strategy for the central wilderness
area, which will be reviewed by July 1995, requires it to be open for this purpose (see 9.2 Fire). The
only exception is strictly controlled vehicle access approved by the NPNCA for management
purposes. Recreational vehicle access will continue to be provided along Telegraph Track to Quoin
Head. These decisions are necessary to protect the area from further dieback spread.
109
With this level of access 24% of the coastline can be considered reasonably protected, and providing
for walkers only. It also provides for use of Quoin Head and Fitzgerald Inlet by 4WD-based visitors.
PRESCRIPTION
1. Close Telegraph Track between Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head Track to all vehicle
access. Access for dieback and fire management purposes will only be permitted with
NPNCA approval. In July 1995, future management access will be determined by the
National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority on the advice of the fire advisory
group.
110
14.0 RECREATION SITES
NOTE: There are circumstances where certain users, for example anglers, have a genuine
requirement to be on-site overnight. This plan will allow recreational fishermen to rest in
their vehicles at designated 4WD sites overnight. 'Overnight resting in vehicles' is defined as
sleeping in, or next to, a vehicle for one night, provided neither tents nor any other external
structure is erected. This system will be periodically reviewed, time restrictions may be
applied and specific sites may become unavailable.
14.1 GENERAL
The objectives are:
1. Provide a choice of recreation sites, within a range of natural settings, which can be used and
maintained with minimal damage to the environment.
2. Ensure that recreation sites are located in stable landscapes where they are visually
unobtrusive and where such use is sustainable in the longer term.
3. Minimise conflict between visitors by careful site location and design.
4. Consider visitors' safety at recreation sites as well as ensuring that the sites remain attractive.
Background
There are about 28 recreation sites currently used in the Park. Of these, 11 are used for both day use
(parking and/or picnicking) and overnight camping, 13 for day use only and 4 for camping only.
The Park visitor survey (Cavana and Moore, 1988) indicated that 49% of visitors are day visitors and
that the majority of campers stay 2 to 3 nights. The most frequently used campsites are Fitzgerald
Inlet, Point Ann, Four Mile Beach and Mylies. With average levels of use the capacities of day use
and camping areas are not exceeded. However, during peak use periods (Christmas -New Year,
January and March long weekends, school holidays and Easter) the capacities of Mylies, Point Ann
and Hamersley Inlet are often exceeded. The ability to camp away from other people is considered
important by 81% of visitors. Many recreation sites have generally been established at the end of
fishing tracks or are associated with coastal features such as beaches and headlands. The majority of
sites lie on the coast. This has led to two major problems.
Firstly, many sites are located on fragile, highly erodible soils, such as recently consolidated sands.
Recreational use, particularly camping, has focused on small stands of melaleucas. Many of these
stands have been progressively stripped for firewood or damaged by vehicles pushing under them for
shade. Once the sandy soils in these areas are exposed, they are readily damaged by water and wind
erosion.
111
Therefore, these fragile areas cannot continue to support intensive uses such as camping. Reductions
in the intensity of use can be achieved by changing the site from camping to day use (thereby
reducing the length of time and the demands users place on a site), closing the area to vehicles and
providing for foot access only, or by closing the area to all access. The measure chosen depends on
the fragility of the area, level of degradation and availability of alternative sites.
Secondly, the majority of sites cater for both day use and camping. Using one area to cater for both
demands may lead to conflict between day users and campers. To make the most efficient use of
space and minimise safety risks, day use and camping sites should be physically separated where
possible. The three sites which are deteriorating most rapidly are Point Ann, Mylies and Quoin Head.
Point Ann is popular because it provides a sheltered beach and small sandy terrace protected by
cliffs. It has become highly degraded. The stands of melaleucas which once provided shelter and
shade have been progressively removed for firewood or otherwise damaged. Erosion gullies several
metres deep run from the access track to the beach. There is conflict between day visitors and their
parking requirements, campers and the occasional boat trailer. An old shack also adds to the
congestion.
Mylies Beach is a long beach popular for fishing and swimming. The site itself lies between a stream
and mobile dunes. It is limited in size, with the melaleucas being damaged by camping. The site
becomes crowded at times, with the potential for conflict between campers and day users. The site was
damaged by floods in 1988, when the walkway to the beach was washed away, and by fire in 1989
when vegetation was completely removed.
Quoin Head also provides a sheltered beach. The site is on sloping sands at the foot of a steep rocky
slope. The melaleucas have been extensively damaged by stripping for firewood and by vehicles
pushing into stands for shelter. Exposed areas are becoming damaged by wind and water erosion
with gullies 1 m deep.
Stands of mallees on stable soils provide attractive alternatives for camping in the Park. A number of
potential sites relatively close to the coast (100 m - 1 km) exist in the Park.
Strategy
Reference to the Recreation Goal for the FRNP indicates that the Park should cater for recreational
use in a natural setting, with minimal facilities. Within this framework there should be a choice of
settings, including coastal, heathland and mallee; and development, ranging from "developed" to "less
developed". This should include areas accessible to 2WDs with facilities, 4WD-accessible areas with no
facilities apart from toilets, and backpack campsites with no facilities. There are currently enough
112
sites, albeit poorly planned, to meet demand, except over peak-use periods. It is an inefficient use of
resources to plan on the basis of peak demand, which only occurs on 18-20 days per year.
Although the sites meet demand, their inherent fragility and obvious degradation mean that in a
number of areas current levels of use cannot be sustained in the longer term. In terms of camping,
the Park currently provides for about 21 groups in the western end and 19 groups in the east, giving
a total of 40 groups spread over 18 locations.
The strategy proposed in this plan for camping is to provide attractive, additional/alternative areas
which are stable and sustainable in the longer term. The number of proposed areas will cater for
current demand plus a potential increase of about 100% over the next 10 years. This is based on
potential sites for 43 groups in the west and 36 in the east, giving a total of 79 across 18 areas (Map
10 and Table 15). Of these 18 locations, six will be accessible to 2WD, four to 4WD, five to
backpackers only and four (2 to 2WD, 2 to 4WD) for clubs or organised groups.
Only limited changes to existing camping sites, to prevent further degradation, will be made until
alternatives are provided. For example, a camping area will not be changed to day use until an
attractive, alternative camping area has been established.
The strategy proposed for day use areas is to separate them from camping sites. Also, most parking
areas require re-assessment to maximise the space available, while at the same time minimising the
area disturbed. Details on specific sites are given in Table 15, Map 10 and the following
prescriptions. The development of detailed plans for all sites within the National Park is beyond the
scope of this plan but will be undertaken during the life of this plan.
PRESCRIPTIONS
It is essential to read the strategy above before reading the following prescriptions.
General
1. Carry out site modifications and management according to the prescriptions in Table 15.
Carry out site developments in accordance with a site development plan. Prepare plans in
consultation with CALM landscape architects.
2. Consult with Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory Committee regarding site
development plans. All new developments should be based on an up-to-date dieback hygiene
plan and an approved Seven Way Test (see 9.1 Disease for explanations).
Camping
113
3. Design campsites to cater for a range of group sizes, from one vehicle to three to four vehicle
groups. Also, design to provide, where possible, good separation of camping groups, either
by screening vegetation, landform and/or distance.
4. Provide for vehicle-based, 2WD-accessible camping at St Mary Inlet, Hamersley Inlet, Four
Mile Beach, Twertup, "The Peninsula" and Paperpark Flat (at the southern end of Pabelup
Drive) (Table 15, Map 10). The last two are new sites. Support the use of Hamersley Inlet
Shire Reserve for camping.
5. Provide for vehicle-based 4WD-accessible camping at Fitzgerald Inlet, Quoin Head,
Hamersley River Crossing and Hamersley Dunes (Table 15, Map 10). Investigate a
possible new campsite in Whalebone Beach area.
6. With the exception of the wilderness zone, CALM will seek additional campsites and the
upgrading and expansion of suitable existing campsites, with emphasis on those near the
coast and accessible to 2WDs. Implementation will be subject to NPNCA approval.
7. Implement a system for booking of campsites, particularly for 4WD sites during peak
demand periods, according to need.
8. Provide for backpack camping (foot access only) at The Gorge, McCulloch's Crossing,
"Small Boondalup" River, Dogger's Swamp and the eastern end of Fitzgerald Beach (Table
15, Map 10). The Gorge, "Small Boondalup" and the Fitzgerald Beach sites are currently
accessible by 4WD, but are degrading rapidly.
9. Provide for group camping, on a bookings basis, with a maximum group size of preferably
four or rive vehicles, or 20 people or fewer, at The Peninsula, Wellstead Flats, Kybulup
Pool and Hamersley Drive (Map 10). The last is a new site.
10. Close camping sites behind Trigelow Beach, at Point Charles, West Hamersley and Edwards
Point because of degradation and erosion.
11. Consider the needs of commercial fishermen in the development of camping areas near
Gordon and Hamersley Inlets.
12. Develop, as required, a campsite host system at selected campsites.
13. Inspect disused gravel pits with the view to rehabilitation into campsites if the need arises and
if appropriate.
114
14. Change the use of Mylies and Point Ann from camping and day use to day use only. Details
are given in Table 15.
15. Provide for day use (well separated from camping) at Quoin Head and Hamersley Inlet
(National Park site).
Day Use
16. Re-assess and, if necessary, modify the design of carparks at Mt Maxwell, West Mt Barren,
Twertup Field Study Centre, Four Mile (day use), Barrens, East Mt Barren lookout and the
carpark at the foot of East Mt Barren path, East Mylies, Mylies and West Beach (Table 15,
Map 10).
17. Close West Beach Point carpark and access road (Table 15, Map 10). Provide footpath
from a new carpark on West Beach Road. This will reduce the visual scar of the existing
road and carpark.
18. Ensure that parking areas at West Mt Barren, Point Ann and Mylies cater for 20-seater
buses and that East Mt. Barren lookout carpark caters for 45-seater buses.
19. The highest priorities for management actions are to: a. change Pt Ann to day use and at the
same time establish camping areas at St Marys and Paperbark Flat. b. change Mylies to day
use and at the same time increase the capacity of Hamersley Inlet (National Park site) and
Four Mile.
Research and Monitoring
20. Regularly photograph recreation sites from a fixed point and in a fixed direction. Use
photographs to identify subtle changes over time (and between managers) at a particular
site.
21. Record, on a regular basis, percentage canopy cover (from aerial photos), number of
broken branches and depth of erosion gullies. If the canopy cover has decreased by more
than 10%, number of broken branches has doubled or erosion gullies are deeper than 10
cm since the last survey, then management intervention is necessary. Change these criteria
and standards if new information indicates the need. Keep a written record of any changes
made.
115
TABLE 15. MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS FOR RECREATION SITES*
SITE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED
PRIORITY
WESTERN SECTIONMt Maxwell lookout Assess carpark design. Define carpark boundaries. 3
Current: day use
Proposed: day use
West Mt Barren Assess carpark design. Provide seating on walktrail. Provide for access 3
Current: day use by small buses (up to 20 seats).
Proposed: day use
Trigelow Beach Close and rehabilitate campsites. Close track. 2
Current: day use and vehicle
based camping
Proposed: closure
"Small Boondalup" River Close to vehicles, promote as a readily accessible backpack site. Provide 2
Current: day use and vehicle- carpark and start of the path on Trigelow East Tk. Assess need for
based camping provision of formal walkway to beach.
Proposed: backpack camping
Point Ann Re-design for day use only. Convert shack to day use facility. Provide 1
Current: day use and vehicle- camping at St Marys, The Peninsula and Paperbark Flat. Use information
based camping boards to explain why changes have been made. Provide for launching of
Proposed: day use small boats, and parking for boat-trailers.
St Mary Inlet Design to provide camping for 5 groups (maximum design load 10). 1
Current: day use and vehicle- Ensure 4WD access to Pt Charles Bay Beach.
based camping
Proposed: day use and vehicle
based camping
Point Charles Close campsite and rehabilitate. 2
Current: vehicle-based camping
Proposed: closure
Fitzgerald Beach (E end) Close campsite to vehicles, tidy up and encourage use as a backpack 2
Current: vehicle-based camping campsite.
Proposed: backpack camping
Fitzgerald Inlet Design to provide camping for 10 groups (maximum design load 15). 1
Current: day use and vehicle- Ensure 4WD access to beach.
based camping
Proposed: day use and vehicle
based camping
116
SITE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED
PRIORITY
Twertup Assessment of future requirements by consultation between CALM 2
Current: day use and built and Fitzgerald River National Park Association.
accommodation
Proposed: day use and
built accommodation
Paperbark Flat Develop for vehicle-based camping for 7 groups 1
Current: none (maximum design load 15).
Proposed: vehicle-based camping
The Peninsula† (Pt 32666) Develop for vehicle-based camping for 15 groups (maximum 2
Current: informal camping (no design load 20). Provide toilets.
facilities)
Proposed: vehicle-based camping
Dogger's Swamp Backpack camping, no facilities. 2
Current: none
Proposed: backpack camping
Smokehouse Landing Liaise with Shire to provide access to the southern part of the Shire 1
(currently part of Jerramungup reserve. Close to vehicles and rehabilitate access track to Smokehouse
Shire Reserve) Landing.
Current: day use
Proposed: day use; access by boat
and foot only.
EASTERN SECTIONFour Mile - day use Assess need to increase carpark capacity once capacity of the 3
Current: day use camping area has been increased (see below).
Proposed: day use
Four Mile - camping Increase capacity for 7 groups (maximum design load 7) to give a total 1
Current: vehicle-based camping of 13 sites by extending existing camping area.
Proposed: vehicle-based camping
Barrens Beach Re-design carpark to form a loop. 3
Current: day use
Proposed: day use
East Mt Barren lookout Re-design parking area to reduce visual impact and erosion 2
Current: day use problems. Provide disabled access path to lookout. Provide parking
Proposed: day use for buses up to 45 seats in capacity.
117
SITE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED
PRIORITY
East Mt Barren path Move and seal beginning of the path and parking area, realign 1
Current: day use path because of dieback risks to rare plants. Use carpark as a
Proposed: day use display area for information on dieback.
Mylies Beach Re-design for day use only, based on site about 200 m west of 2
Current: day use and vehicle- existing site. Retain existing carpark (with some re-design) for
based camping use during peak periods. Provide additional camping at Four
Proposed: day use Mile and Hamersley Inlet. Use information boards to explain
why changes have been made.
East Mylies Reduce road crest, use cut to fill carpark. Check that fill 2
Current: day use level doesn't make cars visually obtrusive. Monitor
Proposed: day use existing footpath for erosion.
The Gorge Close to vehicles, rehabilitate access track. Provide paths, 2
Current: vehicle-based camping with beginning of the path off West Beach Road. Provide
Proposed: backpack camping for backpack camping.
West Beach Point Close carpark and West Beach Point Road. Provide walktrail to 3
Current: day use West Beach Point from a new carpark on West Beach Rd.
Proposed: day use
West Beach Redesign to create one-way loop within carpark. 3
Current: day use
Proposed: day use
Edwards Point Monitor track and turn around on Point. Close and rehabilitate 2
Current: day use and vehicle- campsite.
based camping
Proposed: day use
Hamersley Dunes Develop nearby mallees for vehicle-based camping for 3 groups 2
(campsite inland of mobile dunes) (maximum design load 6).
Current: vehicle-based camping
Proposed: vehicle-based camping
Hamersley Inlet Develop campsite for 4 groups (maximum design load 6) 1
(National Park site) and day use area with access to inlet for boat launching.
Current: day use and vehicle- Provide pull-over on entrance road for views over the Inlet.
based camping
Proposed: day use and vehicle
based camping
118
SITE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES RECOMMENDED
PRIORITY
Hamersley Inlet West Close and rehabilitate. Close off the 'slide' down to Hamersley 2
Current: day use and vehicle- Inlet.
based camping
Proposed: closure.
Whalebone Beach Maintain existing access. Provide parking and turn around area at 2
Current: day use western end of beach. Close tracks along cliffs. Investigate a possible
Proposed: day use new campsite in the Whalebone Beach area.
Quoin Head Provide for limited vehicle-based camping for 4 groups (maximum 1
Current: day use and vehicle- design load 4). Site of limited suitability for camping in the longer
based camping term; however, no other sites available nearby. Give high priority to
Proposed: day use and vehicle- monitoring. Rehabilitate degraded and eroding areas. Modify last
based camping steep section of access track to reduce erosion.
Hamersley River Crossing Develop for vehicle-based camping for 5 groups (maximum 1
Current: informal camping design load 10). Realign Telegraph Track around the northern
(no facilities) end of the yate woodland to enlarge camping area and physically
Proposed: vehicle-based camping separate the Track and camping area.
McCulloch's Crossing Backpack camping, no facilities. Commence the path on Hamersley 2
Current: none Drive.
Proposed: backpack camping
Sepulcralis Hill Maintain. Ongoing
Current: day use
Proposed: day use
No Tree Hill Provide carpark on lower slopes and footpath to peak. 2
Current: none
Proposed: day use
CENTRAL SECTIONMarshes Beach to Twin Bays Monitor for impacts by backpack campers. Ongoing
Current: backpack camping
Proposed: backpack camping
† outside the existing National Park boundary * details on club/group sites not included.
119
14.2 RECREATION SITE MANAGEMENT (Level ofdevelopment, campfires, caravans and rubbish)
The objectives are:
1. Manage sites to protect the natural environment and maintain each site's attractiveness to
visitors.
2. Manage sites in the most cost-effective way.
Background
To retain the natural setting of recreation sites requires a clear definition of the acceptable levels of
facility development. This is given below in the Strategy. Other points of broad relevance to site
management across the Park are campfires and rubbish bins.
A major problem in the Park, and many other areas on the south coast, is the destruction of trees for
firewood. Trees are a particularly limited resource in FRNP. In coastal areas their removal often leads
to erosion and a reduction in shelter for campers and other visitors. Stands of melaleucas are
particularly susceptible.
Most recreation sites have rubbish bins provided. These are emptied regularly by Park staff. There is
a need to rationalise the provision of bins as emptying them is very time-consuming, reducing ranger
time for other tasks. Most visitors only stay in the Park 2-3 days and could readily take their rubbish
with them.
Strategy
A range of facilities should be provided at sites across the Park. Sites nearest the eastern and western
ends of the Park and closest to the rangers (and, therefore, more rapidly accessed and maintained)
should be the most developed, while those further into the Park should be more primitive.
Flushing toilets, showers and caravan parks will not be provided. Toilets will be "long drop" only, with
sealed vaults accessible to sanitary trucks at the busiest sites.
Caravans should be actively discouraged because camping areas are small and not designed for
caravans, and because the roads are not designed to safely accommodate them.
The facilities provided should be based on minimal maintenance to provide Park staff with more time
for interpretive, educational, monitoring and research functions.
120
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Provide gas barbecues at the more intensively used areas.
2. Do not permit campfires on the ground within the Park, because of fire risks and impacts of
firewood collection on fragile coastal vegetation. Allow fires in containers that meet with the
ranger's approval on beaches and in approved campsites, provided a live fire is not left
unattended and visitors supply their own fuel which is free of dirt and seeds. Brochures and
general information on the Park will advise visitors to bring their own wood and fire
container.
3. Provide toilets at all camp sites and day-use sites as required, with the exception of backpack
sites. The siting of toilets must be unobtrusive.
4. As far as possible remove bins. Provide bulk rubbish collection sites close to exits. Provide
brochures and pre-visit information which encourage visitors to "pack it in, pack it out".
5. Provide tables at some major day use sites.
6. Accept the use of generators at some remote sites (such as Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head,
and the club sites). If conflict arises with other users, generator-only camping areas may
need to be designated.
7. Use of post and rails should be minimal. Their use is acceptable in the more developed sites
at the eastern and western ends, but less so at the more remote sites. Use natural features
where possible.
8. Ensure that all signs conform with the CALM Sign Manual.
Research and Monitoring
9. Include a sign monitoring and maintenance program in the Park's annual works program.
121
15.0 RECREATION ACTIVITIES
15.1 NATURE STUDY
The objective is to encourage all visitors to appreciate, and increase their understanding of, the
Park's natural and cultural environments and in particular the need to control dieback.
Background
The Park is a popular area for wildflower enthusiasts throughout the year, with interest peaking over
the spring months. The attractions of FRNP's flowers are the diversity of species, the restricted
distribution of many and their unusual shapes and forms. Wildflower interest presently focuses on
East and West Mt Barren, Mt Maxwell and Hamersley Drive.
The Twertup Field Study Centre (refer to Section 16.0) attracts the interests of naturalists throughout
the year. It provides a focal point for vertebrate, invertebrate, floral and palaeontological studies.
Courses are periodically offered by members of the Fitzgerald River National Park Association.
Over the winter and spring months, increasing numbers of people are visiting Point Ann and Four
Mile Beach to watch whales.
PRESCRIPTIONS
Prescriptions for Nature Study are given under Section 16.0 Information, Interpretation and
Education.
15.2 SIGHTSEEING
The objective is to foster an appreciation of the natural environment by vehicle-based sightseers.
Background
FRNP is visited by many people who enjoy the scenery, wildflowers and "naturalness" without leaving
their car, or only leaving it briefly. Sightseeing is the most popular activity undertaken in the Park
(68% of visitors; Cavana and Moore, 1988). The eastern and western loop roads provide attractive
tourist routes, with Hamersley Drive, in particular, offering constantly changing views and spectacular
wildflowers for much of the year. A number of people are satisfied driving the short distance from
Hopetoun to East Mt Barren or West Beach and then returning to Hopetoun. They may only stop
briefly, but the scenery and flowers viewed from the car are worth the trip.
122
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Provide several "pull-overs" and associated information on Hamersley and Pabelup Drives.
2. Provide safe, comfortable access for 2WD vehicles along Hamersley and Pabelup Drives
(13.0 Access provides further details).
3. Assess potential "pull-overs", associated information requirements and possible interpretive
footpaths along Old Ongerup Road, in consultation with the Shire of Ravensthorpe and
interest groups. Implement findings of assessment, with guidance from CALM landscape
architects.
Further prescriptions are given under 16.0 Information, Interpretation and Education.
15.3 BUSHWALKING
The objectives are:
1. Provide a variety of bushwalking opportunities in the Park, ranging from short scenic and
interpretive paths into each major natural community in the Park to extended walks of several
days duration, sometimes into remote areas.
2. Ensure that footpaths are developed in locations which are capable of sustaining them, where
maintenance is feasible and where Park values will not be adversely affected.
Background
The second most popular activity in the Park is walking (46% of visitors; Cavana and Moore, 1988).
It is an activity which is enjoyed by people of all ages, interests and levels of fitness. A range of
opportunities is necessary to meet the needs of this diverse user group. Walks may be short
self-guided circuit paths developed in conjunction with other facilities, such as campgrounds or
picnic sites, long distance walking tracks, or cross-country tracks.
The Park offers a wealth of bushwalking opportunities. Currently, walks range from a 15 minute walk
at Twertup, through 1-2 hour walks up East and West Mt Barren, to a weeklong coastal walk from
Bremer Bay to Hopetoun. The "coastal walk" is currently unmarked and in a number of places there
is a bewildering number of paths converging and diverging. In some sections the path is nonexistent.
'It could be tremendous walk, .... however at the moment only experienced walkers can use it' (L.
Sandiford, pers. comm., 1988).
123
Other opportunities are available for development. Short footpaths of less than one day duration
could be provided on the sandplains and river valleys as well as the peaks. Short walks associated with
recreation sites such as Point Ann and Quoin Head also provide additional walking opportunities.
Overnight walks could be developed along the Hamersley and Fitzgerald Valley, the rabbit proof
fence and inland tracks. Places such as the Eyre Range should be left for experienced walkers.
The impact of bushwalking on the physical environment, while generally low, is variable depending
on soil conditions, vegetation type and intensity of use. Where use levels are high, walking can lead to
the loss of vegetation as well as localised soil compaction and erosion problems. Other imp-acts such
as the spread of dieback disease, the introduction of weeds, or the escape of fires from overnight
campfires may also occur. Usually these problems can be minimised effectively through the sensitive
location and design of paths, the careful selection of campsites and suitable education. Access for
bushwalkers may need to be altered from time to time depending on the dieback situation.
Of similar concern is the potential safety problem associated with long distance walks through remote
areas. In the event of a walker becoming lost or injured, search and rescue operations could lead to
substantial environmental impacts. Such problems can be largely offset through visitor information
programs designed to ensure walkers are adequately informed about, and equipped to handle, the
conditions they will encounter.
Guidelines for footpath development
• paths should be placed low in the landscape, wherever possible, to minimise the risk of disease
introduction or spread.
• paths should be circuits or loops rather than commencing and ending at widely divergent points.
• beginning of the paths should be relatively accessible to vehicles to facilitate visitor use and
management and provide information on the associated path.
• paths should provide views; that is, paths should be placed in a position in the landscape where
this can be achieved without jeopardising Park values, particularly by creating dieback risks.
• path alignments or routes should be located along or near the boundaries of different landforms,
soil types or plant communities to provide maximum visual diversity.
• longer walks (routes) should enable the walker to experience the remoteness and solitude of the
Park.
Strategy
Walks in the Park were selected to provide a range of opportunities. Such opportunities cover both
ends and the centre of the Park, a combination of the valleys, coast, mountains and northern upland
and include a range of walk lengths.
124
Three footpath "standards" are used in this plan: walk, track and route. A walk is the easiest and is
relatively short and well formed. It is constructed to "shoe" standard and is suitable for people of all
ages and fitness levels. A track is more difficult, requiring some skill or experience. However, it is
generally well designed, marked and suitable for people of average fitness. It is designed to "boot"
standard. A route is most difficult, being lightly marked to unmarked and requiring a high degree of
experience. It is only suitable for well-equipped walkers.
The Strategy section in 13.0 Access outlines contingency measures in the case of possible or
confirmed dieback infections associated with footpaths.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Develop the paths detailed in Table 16. Development may range from the construction of a
gravelled surface with gentle grades (a walk) to the provision of only a sign at the
beginning of the path, pamphlets and/or route markers as required (a route).
2. Provide self-registration points for walkers using remote areas (for safety reasons and to
evaluate the effects of users on remote areas).
3. Produce information for walkers on the dieback risks associated with the Park, how to
protect Park values, and ensure their own safety.
4. Place signs at the beginning of paths regarding dieback, requesting walkers to scrape any
earth off their boots into the waterproof rubbish bin provided before they start walking.
5. Close Mid Mt Barren, Woolbernup Hill and Thumb Peak to walkers because of the potential
dieback risk and their botanical importance. Prescription 9 in 13.0 Access gives a more
detailed explanation. Place signs at appropriate points to explain why.
6. Require walkers to carry their own cooking fuel and not to light wood fires. The fire risks
are too great and wood is a scarce commodity in the Park. Require walkers to carry their
rubbish out. Promote minimum impact bushwalking.
7. Produce individual brochures for most walks. Leave a number of routes unmarked for those
who enjoy a high degree of challenge.
8. Develop some walks for interpretation.
125
9. As unobtrusively as possible, and based on the best possible alignment, mark sections of the
coastal route which are currently confusing.
10. On the longer walks, provide designated camping sites with no facilities at attractive places
capable of supporting such use in the longer term. Several proposed backpack campsites are
given in Section 14.0 Recreation Sites (Table 15, Map 10).
11. Retain the water tank at Twin Bays.
Research and Monitoring
12. Monitor the effects of bushwalking in remote areas.
TABLE 16. WALKS
PATH DURATION STANDARD
Less Than 1 Day1. Twertup Short Loop 1/2 hr walk2. Pt Ann - St Marys 1/2 hr walk/track3. West Beach Point 1-2 hrs walk4. Twertup Long Loop 1 1/2 hrs walk5. The Gorge 1 hr track6. Horrie & Dorrie (Twertup) 1 1/2 hrs, track7. Dogger's Swamp 1-2 hrs track8. West Mt Barren 2 hrs track9. East Mt Barren 2-3 hrs track10. Pt Ann Heritage Trail 1-2 hrs track11. W edge of Culham Inlet 1 1/2 hrs track12. No Tree Hill 1-2 hrs track13. Boondalup River 3-4 hrs route
1 Day or Longer14. Roe's Rock Pool 1 day track15. McCulloch's Crossing 1-2 days track/route16. Parwoonup 1-2 days track/route17. Mt Drummond 1 day track18. Dempster Inlet 1-2 days route19. Quoin Hd - Marshes 1-2 days route20. Fitzgerald Inlet - Twin Bays 1-2 days route21. Eyre Range 2-3 days route22. Quoin Hd - Twin Bays 1-3 days route23. Fitzgerald Valley 2-3 days route24. Hopetoun - Bremer Bay 7-10 days route
126
15.4 CAMPING
Objectives, background information and detailed prescriptions for camping are given under 14.0
Recreation Sites, and in Table 15 and Map 10.
15.5 RECREATIONAL FISHING
The objective is to allow vehicle access for recreational fishing to those sections of the coast,
including beaches and cliffs, which are able to support use with minimal damage to the natural
environment.
Background
The FRNP coastline has long been a destination for fishermen. For at least 100 years farmers and
other local residents have been using the beaches and cliffs. Fishing is controlled by the Fisheries Act
and Regulations. Limitations are placed on species caught, number taken, areas that fish can be taken
from and type of fishing involved as well as seasons in which catches may be taken. CALM and the
Fisheries Department work cooperatively.
Beach fishing is popular, with species caught including herring, shark, skipjack and tailor. During late
summer and early autumn, salmon can be caught from Hamersley Beach. Rock fishing generally
concentrates on groper, while inlet fishing generally produces black bream.
Vehicle access to fishing spots may have adverse impacts on the environment. If vehicles leave
existing roads and tracks it encourages other vehicles to follow, leading to a profusion of tracks. This
is becoming an increasing problem as more people buy 4WDs and explore the more remote parks of
the south-west. Continuing 4WD use of sandy soils and steep rocky slopes leads to rapid gully
erosion.
Camping in areas with no facilities, as is the case in more remote fishing spots, can create problems if
firewood is not carried in and rubbish carried out. Past use has led to minimal impact in remote sites;
however, all sites are becoming increasingly accessible as numbers of 4WDs, and people's interest in
exploring remoter areas increases. Adverse impacts are already high at readily accessible sites (refer
to 14.0 Recreation Sites).
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Continue to allow vehicle access for recreational fishing, to those points accessible by 2WD
roads and public 4WD tracks (Map 10). Following addition of the inlets to the Park (refer
127
to prescriptions in Section 3.3) continue to permit fishing in all waters of the Park, subject to
the Fisheries Regulations. The only exception is the Dempster Inlet which should be closed to
fishing and retained as a biological reference area.
2. "Overnight resting" in vehicles will be permitted on beaches designated as 4WD accessible
and at some 4WD sites in the Park (refer to 14.0 Recreation Sites). "Overnight resting" is
defined as sleeping in, or next to, a vehicle provided neither tents nor any other external
structure is erected.
3. Encourage fishermen using the Park to join fishing dubs. This helps people become aware of
their responsibilities and increases the social and educational aspects of fishing. CALM will
liaise closely with fishing clubs and provide information.
4. Allow for foot access along paths to remote fishing spots in the natural environment and
wilderness zones (refer to 5.0 Management Zones).
5. Encourage the Fisheries Department to monitor and research fish stocks in inland
waterways.
15.6 BOATING
The objective is to provide for boat launching where the natural environment is stable enough to
support such use in the longer term, and where such activities do not unduly impinge upon other
recreational activities or the landscape.
Background
Use of boats in the Park is closely associated with fishing. Small boats less than 3 m long are
generally used. They are occasionally launched at Point Ann and used for fishing in Point Charles
Bay. Small boats are also occasionally launched at Hamersley Inlet.
Opportunities for boat use are limited in FRNP. Much of the coastline is exposed and there are few
calm bays for launching or fishing from a boat. Although the inlets are protected, most are too
shallow for boating. The Hamersley is an exception with several suitable launching sites.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Allow car-top boats on all inlets and rivers of the Park, except the Dempster, which is part
of the wilderness zone and has non-motorised access only.
128
2. Provide vehicle access to the water for launching small boats and off-beach parking for
boats and trailers at The Peninsula (Gordon Inlet), Point Ann and Hamersley Inlet (old
National Park site).
3. Support the Ravensthorpe Shire in providing for boat launching and associated parking
requirements at the Hamersley Inlet Shire Reserve.
Research and Monitoring
4. Monitor boat launching sites. If tracks to the water, other than at the launching area,
become obvious additional management actions are necessary.
15.7 HORSE RIDING
The objective is to exclude horse riding from the Park except for search and rescue.
Background
There is no horse riding in the existing Park. Horse riding can adversely affect the natural
environment. The major concerns in FRNP are the spread of weeds, erosion and damage to
vegetation. Horses may also spread dieback. Because of the very high values of FRNP, risks should
be minimised. Park roads are not open to horses and many alternative areas for horse riding exist in
the region.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Continue to exclude recreational horse riding from the FRNP.
2. Allow use of horses in search and rescue if:
a. approval has been granted by the CALM District Manager;
b. soil conditions are dry, minimising the risk of dieback introduction and spread;
c. the horses' hooves have been thoroughly cleaned before entering the Park; and
d. there is no other viable alternative by 4WD, air or boat access, on foot or some
combination of these.
129
15.8 GROUP AND CLUB-BASED ACTIVITIES
The objective is to accommodate use by groups and clubs to the extent that it is compatible with the
Park's natural values and the aspirations of other users.
Background
The Park is used by naturalist, 4WD, bushwalking and fishing clubs, plus community groups. Use
concentrates over the summer months, peaking over Christmas-New Year, January and March long
week-ends and Easter.
A number of these groups are Perth-based. Some stay in caravan parks nearby, while others camp in
the National Park. 4WD clubs drive to destinations in the Park, set up camp and remain in the one
place for three to seven days (S. Wilke, W.A. Association of 4WD Clubs, pers. comm., 1988).
School groups generally come from Albany, and to a lesser extent from Perth, to walk the coastal
route.
Party sizes of most groups are generally four to 10 vehicles. Groups of greater than four to five
vehicles can lead to damage of camping and day use sites as excess vehicles are forced to drive over
or into surrounding areas to remain with the group. Conflict with other users due to crowding and
pressure on facilities, such as* toilets, is also a problem.
Proposed club and group campsites are marked on Map 10. The Marningerup area (on western edge
of the Park) is a possible future site for group camping.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Liaise with clubs and organisations to keep group sizes to approximately 20 people or fewer,
in four or rive vehicles.
2. Make suitable campsites available for club and group use on a bookings basis (Map 10).
3. Review and consider limitations on bushwalking groups only if backpack campsites become
degraded or the enjoyment of other walkers is being affected.
4. Provide publications for groups and organisations regarding the values of the Park, how
group members can help protect these values, camp-sites available to groups and the
benefits of booking ahead.
130
15.9 COMMERCIAL OPERATORS
The objective is to allow use of parts of the FRNP by a limited number of commercial operators, while
ensuring that the Park environment and other users are not adversely affected.
Background
A number of commercial operators visit the Park, principally over the spring months, with wildflower
tours. The Park roads are generally not suitable for large vehicles.
The road and recreation site proposals in this plan will provide suitable facilities for small buses.
However, the roads and facilities, such as toilets, will not meet the requirements of larger buses and
associated larger numbers of people. Also, the numbers of people in larger buses may adversely
affect the enjoyment of the Park by other users.
The Park is only rarely used by "wilderness-walking" tour operators. This is probably a result of its
distance from Perth and lack of readily available water. The Park does, however, provide good
opportunities for extended walks.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Liaise with the Shires to ensure provision of facilities in nearby towns for tour members. This
encourages visitors to spend money locally, and also means that large ablution blocks do
not need to be provided in the Park.
2. Provide parking and turning space for buses of up to 45 seats at East Mt Barren lookout,
approaching from the east. Provide for buses of up to 20 seats at Point Ann, Mylies Beach
and West Mt Barren and at other destinations which may be approved from time to time.
3. Continue to ensure that tour operators contact rangers before entering the Park and have
correct entry permits. Encourage tour operators to obtain interpretive information.
4. Should road standards be upgraded to a level accepted as safe for 45 seater buses during the
period of this plan, the NPNCA may allow this commercial use to occur subject to
appropriate conditions.
131
PART E. MANAGEMENT FOR EDUCATION
GOAL: Foster a sense of stewardship for the Park by the community at all levels - local, State,
national and international - emphasising its special conservation, landscape, recreation,
cultural and historic values.
132
16.0 INFORMATION, INTERPRETATION AND EDUCATION
The objectives are:
1. Develop and maintain a Park information program which interprets the Park's values, natural
systems, and management concerns, particularly dieback, fire, flora, fauna and geology; and
which addresses visitor needs and public safety.
2. Emphasise, in any information program, the Park's international biosphere reserve designation
and, in particular, the values of the Park to the broader community and the community's role
in the Park's future.
3. Encourage use of the Park for educational purposes.
4. Enrich the visitor's understanding and appreciation of the Park's natural and cultural values
through on-site interpretation.
Background
Nature study is one of the most popular activities in the Park (32% of visitors). The majority of
visitors also noted that it was important to learn more about nature, particularly from information
displays and publications (Cavana and Moore, 1988).
The Park is particularly rich in terms of interpretive features. Its geologic history ranges from the
ancient Archaean Shield to the more recent Eocene spongolite and siltstone and even younger
limestone shoreline. The Proterozoic Barrens and associated ranges add to this diversity. The wealth
of plant species, a number found nowhere else, and the Park's rare birds and mammals are also
features of interest. To this can be added a number of Aboriginal sites and features of European
history dating back more than 100 years.
There is a significant level of involvement by community groups in public education and
interpretation. The Fitzgerald River National Park Association and CALM have jointly established a
number of walks and produced associated publications. The Association run courses from the
Twertup Field Study Centre.
The Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee (FBP) is also interested in education and research in the
broader context of the Park and adjacent lands. They are actively seeking funds to promote the
biosphere concept and better land management practices, particularly on agricultural lands.
Field Study Centre
Twertup Field Study Centre is run on a volunteer basis by the Fitzgerald River National Park
Association. It is located in the north-western part of the Park, in an old house on the edge of a
disused spongolite quarry. The building was originally occupied by the quarry operator (Horace
Worth) and was restored and established as a Study Centre in 1981. It is used on a bookings basis
133
through the Association. There is currently no tenancy agreement. The Association uses Twertup on
a "permissive occupancy" basis.
The Study Centre has education, information and interpretation functions. Courses run by the
Fitzgerald River National Park Association include botany, geology, ornithology, palaeontology,
entomology, arachneology and photography. Information and interpretation resources include a
library, herbarium, maps and other publications. Other features include its use as a venue for
meetings (Fitzgerald River National Park Association, Agriculture Protection Board), art camps,
University extension courses and school camps. It is also a base for survey and research in the
western end of the Park, a starting and wayside point for bushwalkers, and a place for day visits and
quiet family camping.
Strategy
Adopt an integrated approach to the provision of information, interpretation and education regarding
FRNP. This will involve close liaison with community groups, Government departments (such as the
Tourism Commission), and the tourism industry.
Interpretation and education programs should explore the ecosystem functions of the Park, the Park's
role in the broader region, and individual values (scenery, rare plants and animals).
PRESCRIPTIONS
Prior to implementation of the following programs, Park facilities and services should be of a
sufficient standard to support the anticipated and resultant increase in demand.
General
1. Provide Park information, interpretation and education as part of a regional and local
community approach. This will involve liaison with community groups, other Government
departments and local government. The Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory
Committee will provide a useful forum (see 20.0 Liaison).
2. Ensure that FRNP information, intepretation and education programs complement other
CALM programs, particularly those in the CALM South Coast and Goldfields Regions.
Information
3. Update and maintain supplies of a basic Park brochure, including a detailed map. The
brochure should contain a general description of the Park and Biosphere Reserve, and
details of recreation sites.
134
4. Provide information bays at Park entrances with details of recreation sites, dieback and
other management concerns and specific points of interest. They should be regularly
monitored, maintained and updated by regional staff in accordance with CALM standards
for interpretive facilities. The information symbol "i" should be erected I km either side of
the Quiss Road turn-off indicating the CALM information bay.
5. Provide interpretive signs at key sites, based on particular themes relevant to the
management objectives for that area. For example, East Mt Barren: dieback; Pt Ann:
whales; Quoin Head: campsite degradation; Quiss Road: fire. Information should be
regularly updated.
6. Warning signs (eg. coast risk) should be placed in potentially hazardous areas which
receive moderate to high levels of use (eg. 2WD accessible beaches with known rips or some
cliffs).
7. a. Once works have been completed on Pabelup and Hamersley Drives (see Section 13.0
Access) and at associated facilities, place Main Roads Dept approved signs to the Park on
appropriate turn-offs from Highway 1.
b. Sign-post all 2WD accessible points and give distances at turn-offs.
c. Turn-offs to 4WD tracks (eg. Fitzgerald Inlet and Quoin Head) should not be sign-posted
at turn-offs, rather small, distance signs should be placed several hundred metres down
the track. This will help to keep use levels low, thereby minimising track and recreation
site degradation.
8. Provide simply designed pamphlets emphasising a "code of the coast" to shops and service
stations in Bremer Bay, Jerramungup, Ravensthorpe and Hopetoun. The pamphlets should
include safety details, plus information on dieback and fire, the standard of various roads
and tracks, and current Park management.
Interpretation
9. Produce publications which promote FRNP as an ecosystem and part of larger ecosystems,
and on specific themes relevant to particular parts of the Park. Themes could include
biosphere status, early exploration. and settlement, Aboriginal use, plants known only from
FRNP, geology, whales, banksias, orchids, honeyeaters and waterbirds. These pamphlets
could also include management information.
10. Provide interpretive information (publications, signs, displays) for a number of walks
(Table 16). Use these walks to interpret distinctive features within the Park.
135
11. Establish seasonal interpretive activities and programs, including children's programs.
Evening talks and activities could also be established. The emphasis could initially be in the
Hopetoun area as it currently receives the majority of Park visitors. Hopetoun Caravan
Park (only 4-5 km away from the Park) could be included as part of the regional approach
in Park communication programs. Local expertise should be employed where possible.
12. Promote and maintain the vehicle-based Heritage Trail which follows Hamersley Drive.
Provide pull-overs to encourage people to get out of their vehicles and enjoy the Park.
Develop a similar publication and approach for Pabelup Drive.
13. Develop the interpretive potential of Old Ongerup Road, in association with the Shire of
Ravensthorpe and interest groups. Development could include information bays, picnic
areas, publications and short walks. Planning and implementation should be in consultation
with CALM landscape architects.
Education
14. Continue to support and encourage educational activities by groups and individuals
associated with FRNP.
Field Study Centre
15. Establish a lease agreement with Fitzgerald River National Park Association regarding
Twertup Field Study Centre. Provide year-round 2WD access. Support the Association in
their ongoing use of Twertup.
16. Co-operate with, and provide assistance to, the FRNPA in the provision of Park
information, education and interpretation.
136
PART F. RESEARCH AND MONITORING
GOALS:
1. Promote and undertake the scientific study and monitoring of those physical, biological
and social values and natural processes special to the Park.
2. Measure and control impacts of management activities and human use on the Park
environment.
137
17. 0 RESEARCH AND MONITORING
The objectives are:
1. Promote and undertake research on the flora, fauna, ecosystem processes, physical environment
and archaeology of the Park, with special emphasis on endangered and endemic species, and
on processes/activities that threaten or enhance conservation values.
2. Develop and implement a monitoring program to determine: a. the impacts of management
and human use on the Park; and b. changes in the natural environment and other natural
processes.
Background
The Park has particularly high potential for research, in terms of both research for Park management
and as part of a world-wide network of biosphere reserves.
In physical terms, the Park has a diversity of landforms subject to a range of physical processes,
particularly ongoing erosion by water and wind. Biologically, the area is large (328 026 ha),
relatively undisturbed and contains a wealth of plant and animal species, a number of these rare. In
social terms, the Park provides a good opportunity to evaluate the impacts of various levels and types
of recreation use and management activities. Research in all areas is enhanced by the availability of
good baseline data on the area's biological values (Chapman and Newbey, in prep.) and visitor use
(Cavana and Moore, 1988).
Research is an integral part of the international biosphere reserve (IBR) concept (Section 4.0). In
FRNP, which is regarded as the core of the Fitzgerald Biosphere Reserve, emphasis should be on
non-manipulative research.
Topics researched to date include honey possums and pygmy possums, geology, honeyeater
pollination, eucalypts, fire and floral/faunal succession, inlets, Aboriginal occupation, water levels and
water quality in the Fitzgerald River, Ground Parrots, Western Bristlebirds, a comprehensive two-year
biological survey and a visitor survey. A number of these projects are ongoing.
Other work currently underway includes surveys to establish the status of the chuditch in the Park,
surveys and radio-tracking of Ground Parrots, and monitoring of regrowth following the 1989 fires.
Proposed research includes determination of the effects and management of fox predation.
Monitoring is necessary to determine changes over time, particularly changes in response to
disturbance. Causes of disturbance may be as varied as dieback introduction and spread, weed or pest
invasion, fire, public use, and/or management activities.
138
Monitoring is also a fundamental component of IBRs, both in terms of "benchmark" areas which can
be used to monitor broadscale changes in the environment, and buffer areas where more localised
changes can be followed. About 60 fixed monitoring points have been established across the Park as
part of the FRNP Association two-year biological survey. These, plus other baseline data already
collected, provide a starting point for regular monitoring.
Monitoring water quality and flow is essential to the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project to determine the
effectiveness of various catchment management programs. A Water Authority gauging station exists
within the National Park on the Fitzgerald River, and samples have been taken regularly from the
Fitzgerald and other major rivers.
Social monitoring, or determination of visitor satisfaction and impacts of visitors, is receiving
increasing attention from park management agencies throughout Australia. There is also a need to
monitor the impact of recreation on the natural environment so management action can be taken in
time to prevent degradation.
The impact of management activities, such as buffer burning, pest control and re-planting needs to be
monitored. This is the only way that the success, or otherwise, of management actions can be
evaluated.
The level of research and monitoring undertaken will be influenced by the level of funding. The
prescriptions in Table 17 represent a list of desirable activities recognised to date. It may be a number
of years before all high priority research programs can be funded.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Implement an integrated program of survey, research and monitoring based on the
summary given in Table 17. Staff from the CALM Research Division, South Coast Region
and FRNP, and the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee should be involved in
integrating the program, and should facilitate its implementation.
2. Assess potential locations, and acquire funds, for the establishment of a CALM research
station to service the Park. Factors to be considered are: closeness to species/communities
being studied, closeness to rangers for security and servicing, and establishment and
maintenance expenses. Jacup is a potential site.
3. Continue to require all research workers to follow dieback hygiene procedures whether
travelling by vehicle or on foot. Provide research workers with a publication explaining
these procedures.
139
4. Continue to require all research workers to make their findings readily available, with
copies of their findings being kept at the CALM South Coast Regional Office and made
known to the Ranger-In-Charge.
Research and Monitoring
5. Encourage non-manipulative research in the Park. However, some manipulative research is
required, such as determining the most effective ways of eradicating dieback and of
establishing fire buffers, feral animal control and 4WD track stabilisation techniques.
6. Encourage and support other groups, agencies, institutions and individuals to carry out
research and monitoring projects relevant to the conservation and management of the Park.
140
TABLE 17. SUMMARY OF SURVEY, RESEARCH AND MONITORING
PRESCRIPTIONS FOR THE FITZGERALD RIVER NATIONAL
PARK (Implementation dependent on availability of funding)
SECTION PRESC. PRESCRIPTION
No. No.
HIGH PRIORITY
C7.2 6 Survey areas proposed for management activities for rare flora prior to the activity
commencing.
C7.2 7 Carry out detailed surveys within the Park and adjacent areas to locate other populations
of the priority rare flora. Give priority to the Barren Ranges and areas likely to be
disturbed.
C7.2 8 Research the response to disturbance (such as dieback, fire, soil disturbance, weeds and
grazing), reproductive biology and taxonomy of the priority rare flora.
C7.3 8 Investigate habitat requirements and ecology of rare fauna species by:
a) conducting comprehensive surveys to determine broader distribution
b) studying individuals of each species to determine which habitats, including vegetation
structures, compositions and fire ages, are used
c) studying life history characteristics of each species
d) determining appropriate fire regimes for each species.
C7.3 9 Investigate the impacts of predation by introduced carnivores by baiting foxes in part of
the Park for 3-4 years. Monitor small mammal and fox populations in both baited and
unbaited parts of the Park to determine the effects of baiting. Identify prey species from
fox stomach and gut analyses. Determine effective control mechanisms. Use the research
findings to guide future management.
C7.3 10 Update existing data on the Park's invertebrates. Subject to resource availability, carry out
invertebrate surveys, investigate the effects of fire and dieback on invertebrate
communities.
C9.1 16 Continue developing techniques which will enable the rapid confirmation of the presence
or otherwise of Phytophthora species in plant communities on the south coast.
C9.1 17 Accurately determine boundaries of, and regularly monitor, known dieback infections.
Continue using aerial photography, landsat and thermal enhanced imagery for monitoring
disease distribution.
C9.1 19 Continue to survey and sample roads, tracks (including management-only) and footpaths
within the Park for signs of dieback disease.
C9.1 20 Quantify the impact of each Phytophthora sp. This information is necessary in order to
assign and predict hazard ratings for all vegetation associations in the Park.
141
SECTION PRESC. PRESCRIPTION
No. No.
C9.1 21 Investigate control and eradication procedures while ensuring that they do not place other
areas or values at risk. Eradication or isolation of all the infections should be of the highest
priority.
C9.1 22 Focus research effort on determining practical methods for preventing dieback
introduction and spread and accurately identifying high hazard locations. Effort should
also be directed towards developing effective ways of controlling soil and water
movement, particularly in relation to roadworks and facilities development and
maintenance. This work, although focusing on FRNP, should complement similar research
across the CALM South Coast Region.
C9.2 20 Continue to investigate the practicality of using aerially ignited wind-driven buffers.
C9.2 21 Record and analyse details of all fires, including available fire behaviour information.
C9.2 22 Instigate a research and monitoring program to determine the level of environmental
impact resulting from the prescribed fire regimes, fuel modification and wildfire
suppression activities, and wildfires; and to examine the effectiveness of prescribed
burning and wildfire suppression procedures.
C9.2 23 Continue to strongly support the need for a geographic information system for the
recording and analysis of information on fire in the Park.
C9.6 7 Conduct a survey, prior to material extraction, to ensure that no conservation values,
particularly rare plants or Aboriginal sites, will be disturbed.
D12.2 1 Monitor visitor numbers and patterns of use, using traffic counters, site surveys and
questionnaires.
D13.0 23 Monitor annually the status of roads, tracks and footpaths. If erosion gullies become
greater than 10cm deep or water ponds on a road or track for longer than 3-4 days after
rain then management action is necessary. These values are based on dieback risk and soil
degradation and erosion. They can be re-assessed and new values written if new
information indicates the need.
D14.1 20 Record on a regular basis percentage canopy cover (from aerial photos), number of broken
branches and depth of erosion gullies. If the canopy cover has decreased by more than
10%, number of broken branches has doubled or erosion gullies are deeper than 10 cm
since the last survey, then management intervention is necessary. Change these criteria
and standards if new information indicates the need. Keep a written record of any changes
made.
F17.0 6 Encourage and support other groups, agencies, institutions and individuals to carry out
research and monitoring projects relevant to the conservation and management of the
Park.
142
SECTION PRESC. PRESCRIPTION
No. No.
MEDIUM PRIORITY
C6.2 5 Monitor beach access points, both footpaths and vehicle access points, and take remedial
actions as required.
C6.3 8 Support continued monitoring of river flow and quality, with particular emphasis on the
Fitzgerald River. Continue to provide access, for monitoring, to the gauging station on the
Fitzgerald River in the northern part of the Park.
C7.1 6 Carry out research into management regimes (especially fire) required to maintain
vegetation communities and fauna habitat.
C7.2 9 Encourage surveys of the distribution, and research into the taxonomy, of the 250
important species identified by Chapman and Newbey (in prep.).
C7.3 3 Identify and research keystone species to develop knowledge of community response to
disturbances such as dieback, fire, recreation use and management actions, and knowledge
of general community changes over time.
C8.1 5 Encourage the W.A. Museum and other professional archeologists to further study
Aboriginal occupation and use of the Park.
C9.1 18 Develop a comprehensive description, including information on species affected,
vegetation association, infection area, rate of spread, soil profile, topography and threat to
ground and surface waters.
C9.3 7 Record the general extent and location of pest animals, control measures implemented and
an evaluation of their success. Request the Agriculture Protection Board to do likewise.
C9.4 8 Monitor known priority flora populations for weed invasion. Take control measures as
necessary.
C9.5 5 Monitor, evaluate and record the success of rehabilitation techniques used. Experiment
with a range of rehabilitation techniques.
D12.2 2 Using surveys, monitor visitor perceptions regarding Park management.
D13.0 24 Monitor access points to 4WD beaches. If 4WD tracks other than the designated main
access points are created, management action is necessary.
D14.1 19 Regularly photograph recreation sites from a fixed point and in a fixed direction. Use
photographs to identify subtle changes over time (and between managers) at a particular
site.
D14.2 9 Include a sign monitoring and maintenance program in the Parks annual works program.
D15.3 12 Monitor the effects of bushwalking in remote areas.
D15.6 4 Monitor boat launching sites. If tracks to the water other than at the boat launching area
become obvious additional management actions are necessary.
143
SECTION PRESC. PRESCRIPTION
No. No.
F17.0 5 Encourage non-manipulative research in the Park. However, some manipulative research
is required, such as determining the most effective ways of eradicating dieback and of
establishing fire buffers, feral animal control and 4WD track stabilisation techniques.
LOW PRIORITY
C6.2 4 Use fixed points and aerial photography to monitor the movement of sand inland from
unstable dunes, eg. Hamersley Inlet, Gordon Inlet.
C6.3 9 Encourage, in consultation with the Environmental Protection Authority, longer term
research and monitoring of inlet dynamics, such as opening and closing of bars, water
levels and rate of sediment accumulation. Use the Dempster Inlet as an undisturbed
reference.
C8.1 4 Continue to investigate the traditional Aboriginal knowledge of the area.
C9.2 24 Continue to investigate the use of computer modelling to aid fire management.
C10.2 7 Monitor the effect of commercial fishing on access routes and points, and other Park users.
C10.2 8 Develop with the Fisheries Department and the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project, a monitoring
program on the impacts of commercial fishing on fish stocks, the inlets and river systems.
144
PART G. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN
145
18.0 MANAGEMENT PRIORITIES
Strategy
The following list provides a general overview of priorities. Only the six highest priorities
are listed. These are:
1. Determining practical procedures for dieback control to protect the Park's flora, particularly
the priority rare and endemic species (7.2 Flora).
2. Realigning and/or treating where necessary roads, tracks (including managementonly) and
footpaths designated in this plan, primarily to reduce dieback risks (13.0 Access).
3. Relocating where necessary and establishing boundary fire buffers (9.2 Fire).
4. Changing Pt Ann and Mylies from camping and day use to day use only and providing
attractive alternatives; re-designing Quoin Head to separate day use and camping and to
stabilise erosion. (14.0 Recreation Sites).
5. Providing up-to-date Park publications, displays and signs (16.0 Information, Interpretation
and Education).
6. Conducting research into habitat requirements of rare species such as the Ground Parrot,
Western Bristlebird and heath rat (7.3 Fauna).
146
19.0 STAFF
Background
The Park currently has a staff of three: a ranger-in-charge at Jacup, and two rangers, one at East Mt
Barren and the other at Quaalup. Over the summer months, mobile rangers assist by servicing
popular areas, particularly at the eastern end of the Park. There is a need for seasonal staff for the
western end of the Park, in areas such as Pt Ann and The Peninsula.
Specialist staff from the CALM Albany regional and district offices and Perth also provide assistance,
however the travel time involved reduces their effective operating time. If research, and particularly
monitoring, and the proposed site works are to be undertaken, staff numbers and funding will need to
be increased.
Housing
Facilities at Jacup include a house, workshop and storage shed and wash-down pad. Mains electricity
and the dam water supply are adequate. Additional land for further housing or facilities is available.
Facilities at East Mt Barren include a house, workshop, storage shed and washdown pad. Mains
electricity and rainwater supply are used. The existing water supply is inadequate and additional
sources are required, primarily for firefighting and the washdown facility. These facilities could not
be readily expanded without an adverse effect on the views from East Mt Barren.
The Quaalup residence is privately owned and a government-owned facility will be required when the
current ranger retires. Its location should be based on the point of greatest access to the Park, on
cost-effectiveness in terms of closeness of services (eg. mains electricity) and recreation sites
requiring frequent servicing.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Actively seek an increase in the number of staff in order to successfully implement this plan.
Resources are required to:
• develop proposed recreation sites and paths.
• assist in implementing research and monitoring programs.
• assist in general implemention of the management plan prescriptions.
• assist in Park maintenance.
2. Locate the residence for the ranger servicing the south-western part of FRNP in or adjacent
to the south-western part of the Park.
3. Assess the feasibility of re-locating the East Mt Barren ranger's residence to the east side of
Culham Inlet.
147
20.0 LIAISON
20.1 COMMUNITY LIAISON
Background
Several methods of communication between the local community and CALM exist. The first of these
is the presence of three Park rangers as members of the local community. Each is involved to
different degrees in local community groups such as the FRNP Association and the South Coast
Recreation Association. The rangers, plus other CALM staff, also become involved in firefighting on
lands adjacent to the Park. CALM regional and district staff based in Albany maintain regular contact
with the Ravensthorpe and Jerramungup Shire Councils. The Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory
Committee and community - CALM link also provide excellent fora for information exchange.
Ongoing liaison with local community groups and associations is essential, as is liaison with interests
further afield.
Community Involvement in Implementation
There is tremendous potential for public involvement in the implementation of this plan. This
involvement may range from monitoring, research and interpretation to laying brush and re-planting.
The best mix would be a combination of paid and voluntary contributions.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Revise the structure and membership of the existing Fitzgerald River National Park
Advisory Committee, to create a Committee to provide advice to the CALM South Coast
Regional Manager regarding implementation of this management plan and other
management issues which arise. Any revisions to the structure and membership should be
made in consultation with the existing Committee.
2. Hold regular meetings in the Fitzgerald area to discuss aspects of management of the Park
with the local community and, relevant Government departments.
3. Ensure ongoing CALM involvement in the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee.
4. Liaise with the Ravensthorpe and Jerramungup Shire Councils, State Emergency Services
and local Counter Disaster Advisory Committees regarding emergency situations which
could occur in the Park.
148
20.2 GOVERNMENT AGENCY LIAISON
Liaison with the two Shires is essential for a number of reasons:
a. integrated fire management
b. integrated management of the two Shire reserves and the National Park
c. provision of a valuable recreation resource to the local community
d. potential benefits to the local community of educational and research uses of the Park.
The Tourism Commission and Great Southern Tourism Directorate should also be aware of the
values and management issues associated with FRNP in their planning for tourism development in the
south-east region. Ongoing liaison with the Bush Fires Board, local Bush Fire Control Officers and
volunteer brigades regarding fire protection of areas adjacent to the Park is also essential. The Main
Roads Department and Department of Agriculture are also key players in achieving good land
management in the Fitzgerald area.
PRESCRIPTION
1. Continue, and seek ways to improve, liaison established between CALM and other
Government agencies and departments.
149
21.0 FUNDING
Background
Management of FRNP is funded by CALM. External funding has also been provided to the FRNP
Association for research and the Fitzgerald Biosphere Project Committee for educational and
interpretive projects. This has included international funding from World Wide Fund for Wildlife, and
Commonwealth funding from the Australian Heritage Commission. The biosphere reserve status of
the Park represents a significant opportunity to attract funding.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Actively seek sufficient funds during the first 2 to 3 years of this plan to ensure essential
works are carried out, ie. to upgrade, realign or close the nominated roads and tracks,
establish perimeter low fuel buffers and carry out the works necessary to manage, establish
and rehabilitate recreation sites.
2. Seek funding from the Main Roads Department for proposed works on roads and tracks.
3. Actively seek funding both within and outside Government to implement this plan.
4. Support community groups in their efforts to seek funds for projects associated with the
Park.
150
22.0 EVALUATION AND REVIEW
The results from the research and monitoring programs detailed in this plan will be an integral part
of the yearly and 10-year evaluation and review process outlined below. There is provision under
Section 61 of the CALM Act for the plan to be amended, as required. If there are major changes to
the plan, the revised plan will be released for public comment.
PRESCRIPTIONS
1. CALM and Fitzgerald River National Park Advisory Committee should review plan
implementation each year, prior to CALM preparing the works program for the Park for
the following year. The highest priorities for this program are given in 18.0 Management
Priorities. The review should identify which prescriptions have been implemented and to
what degree, and any new information which may affect management.
2. The fire advisory group, representing the two local bush fire organisations, Shires, Bush
Fires Board, Fitzgerald River National Park Association and CALM, should meet annually
to review implementation of the fire master plan, and priorities and programs for the next
year. The group should report to the Shires, National Park and Nature Conservation
Authority, Bush Fires Board and CALM.
3. A major review by the fire advisory group of fire access requirements, particularly in the
central Park, should be completed by July 1995. The review should include consideration of
aerially ignited mosaic burning.
4. The National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority will monitor the implementation of
the FRNP management plan as required under Section 22 (1)(e) of the Conservation and
Land Management Act.
5. Review the plan in the final year of its 10-year term. This review should identify the extent to
which the objectives have been achieved and prescriptions implemented, the reasons for lack
of achievement or implementation, and a summary of information which may affect future
management.
151
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anon. (1983). Looking at Biosphere Reserves - a 1983 perspective. Nature and Resources 19(2):
22-25
Batisse, M. (1982). The Biosphere Reserve: A Tool for Environmental Conservation and
Management. Environ. Conserv. 9(2) : 101 -111
Beard, J.S. (1973). Vegetation of the Ravensthorpe Area. Veg. Map. Publ., Perth.
Beard, J.S. (1976). Vegetation of the Bremer Bay and Newdegate Areas. Veg. Map. Publ., Perth.
Beard, J.S. (1980). A New Phytogeographic Map of Western Australia. WA.Herbarium Research
Notes 3 : 37-58.
Bell, D. (1985). Honeybees and native flora in Australia. IN: Department of Conservation and Land
Management (1987) Beekeeping and Land Management. Proceedings of a Workshop.
November 1985, Perth, Western Australia.
Bird, C. (1985). Prehistoric Lithic Resource Utilisation: A case study from south-west Western
Australia. Unpublished Phd Thesis, University of Western Australia, Centre for Prehistory.
Bradby, K. (1989). A Park in Perspective - A Report on the Past, Present and Future of the Fitzgerald
River National Park. A Report for the Fitzgerald River National Park Association.
Burbidge, A. A. and McKenzie, N. L. (1989). Patterns in the modem decline of Western Australia's
vertebrate fauna: Causes and conservation implications. Biol Cons. 50, 143-198.
Cavana, M. and Moore, S. (1988). Fitzgerald River National Park. Visitor Survey. November 1987
-April 1988. Department of Conservation and Land Management.
Cavana, M. (1991). Fitzgerald River National Park. Analysis of Public Submissions. Department of
Conservation and Land Management, Perth.
Chapman, A. (1985). A Fire-fauna Study in Fitzgerald River National Park. National Parks
Authority of Western Australia. Unpublished Report.
Chapman, A. (1988). A Preliminary List of Vertebrate Fauna from the Proposed Kybulup Reserve.
Unpublished Report.,
152
Chapman, A. and Newbey, K. (in prep). A Biological Survey of the Fitzgerald Area, Western
Australia. Final Report - Part 1. A Project Funded by the Heritage Committee of Western
Australia.
Conservation and Land Management Act (1984). No. 126 of 1984. Western Australian Government,
Perth.
Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (1986). Identification and Management of Wilderness
Areas in Australia. A Report by the CONCOM Working Group on Management of National
Parks.
Craig, G., Burkin, B. and Van Steveninck, A. (1984). Ravensthorpe District Draft Coastal
Management Plan. DCE Bulletin No. 152.
Davis, B. W. and Drake, G.A. (1983). Australia's Biosphere Reserves: Conserving Ecological
Diversity. Aust. National Commission for UNESCO. Aust. Govt. Publ. Serv. 1983.
Department of Conservation and the Environment (1984a). Jerramungup Coastal District Draft
Management Plan. Bulletin No. 167.
Department of Conservation and the Environment (1984b). Jerramungup Coastal District Recreation
Survey. Bulletin No. 162.
Department of Conservation and Land Management (1989). South Coast Region Dieback Protection
Plan 1989-1993. CALM.
Department of Conservation and Land Management (1989). The South Coast Region Draft
Managment Plan. CALM.
Derrick-Sewell, W.R. and Dumbrell, J.W. (1987). Wilderness Decision Making: A Comparative Study
of Experiences in British Columbia, Australia and New Zealand. Cornett Occasional Papers No.
5. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia. Victoria.
Dortch, C. (1984). Devils Lair, A Study in Prehistory. W.A. Museum, Western Australia.
Hallam, S.J. (1975). Fire and Hearth - A Study of Aboriginal Usage and European Usurpation in
South-western Australia. Australian Aboriginal Studies No. 58, Australian Institute of Aboriginal
Studies, Canberra.
153
Hallam, S.J. (1985). The History of Aboriginal Firing. IN: Ford, J. (ed). (1985) Fire Ecology and
Management in Western Australian Ecosystems. Symposium Proceedings. WAIT Environmental
Studies Group Report No. 14.
Hawes, M. and Heatley, D. (1985). Wilderness Assessment and Management. A Discussion Paper.
The Wilderness Society, Hobart, Tasmania.
Henschke, C.J. (1982). Preliminary Groundwater Investigation in Relation to Soil Salinity at
Fitzgerald, Western Australia. Technical Report 9. Division of Resource Management.
Department of Agriculture, South Perth.
Hocking, R. (1988). The Bremer Basin. IN: Geological Survey of Western Australia. Memoir 3. Geol.
Surv. West. Aust. Unpublished Report.
Hodgkin, E.P. and Clark, R. (1987). Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons of South Western Australia -An
Inventory. Number One. Wellstead Estuary - The Estuary of the Bremer River. Environmental
Protection Authority Estuarine Study Series No. 1.
Hodgkin, E.P. and Clark, R. (1990). Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons of South Western Australia -An
Inventory. Estuaries of Shire of Ravensthorpe and the Fitzgerald River National Park.
Environmental Protection Authority Estuarine Study Series No. 7.
Hopper, S.D. (1985). Impact of honeybees on Western Australia's nectarivorous fauna. IN:
Department of Conservation and Land Management (1987). Beekeeping and Land
Management. Proceedings of a Workshop, November, 1985, Perth, Western Australia.
Jenkins, C.F.H. (1980). The National Parks of Western Australia. National Parks Authority, Perth.
Kitchener, D.J., Chapman, A., Dell, J. & Muir, B. G. (1977). Biological Survey of the Western
Australian Wheatbelt. Part 3. Vertebrate Fauna of Bendering and West Bendering Nature
Reserves. Rec. West. Aust. Mus.Suppl. No. 5
Kitchener, D.J., Chapman, A., Dell, J. and Muir, B.G. ((1979). Biological Survey of the Western
Australian Wheatbelt. Part 10. Buntine, Nugadong, and East Nugadong Nature Reserves and
Nugadong Forest Reserve. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. No. 9.
Kitchener, D.J., Chapman, A., Muir, B.G. and Palmer, M. (1980).The Conservation Value for
Mammals of Reserves in the W.A. Wheatbelt. Biol. Conserv. 18(3): 179-207.
154
Kitchener, D.J., Dell, J., Muir, B.G. and Palmer, M. (1982). Birds in W.A. Wheatbelt Reserves -
Implications for Conservation. Biol. Conserv. 22(2): 127-163.
Kitchener, D.J. (1982). Predictors of Vertebrate Species Richness in Nature Reserves in the W.A.
Wheatbelt. Aust. Wildl. Res. 9: 1-7.
Madin, R.W. & Smith, T.F. (1987). Declared Plant Control Handbook 1987. Recommendations for
the Control of Declared Plants in Western Australia, 1987 Edition. Agriculture Protection Board.
Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.
McCaw, L., Maher, T. and Gillen, K. (1991). Wildfire in the Fitzgerald River National Park, Western
Australia, December 1989. CALM Technical Report.
McFarland, D. (1988). The composition, microhabitat use and response to fire of the avifauna of
subtropical heathlands in Cooloola National Park, Queensland. Emu 88: 249-257.
McNee, S. (1986). Surveys of the Western Whipbird and Western Bristlebird in Western Australia,
1985. RAOU Report No. 18.
Meagher, S.J. and Ride, W.D.L. (1979). Use of Natural Resources by the Aborigines of South western
Australia. IN: Berndt, R.M. & Berndt, C.H. (eds) (1979). Aborigines of the West - Their Past and
Their Present. UWA Press. p66-80.
Mees, G.F. (1977). The status of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) in south-western Australia. Rec.
West. Aust. Mus. 6(1): 27-32.
Meredith, C.W., Gilmore, A.M. and Isles, A.C. (1984). The ground parrot (Pezoporus wallicus Kerr)
in south-eastern Australia: a fire-adapted species? Aust. J. Ecol. 9(4) : 367-380.
Moore, S.A. (1988a). Fitzgerald River National Park. Summary of Public Workshop Held on
Thursday 10 March, 1988. CALM.
Moore, S.A. (1988b). Fitzgerald River National Park. Summary of Submissions to Leaflet. CALM.
Muir, B.G. (1980). Fitzgerald River National Park - A Summary of Existing Knowledge and
Suggestions for Future Research. National Parks Authority, Perth, Western Australia.
155
Muir, B.G. (1985). The Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) found in Fitzgerald River National Park.
West. Aust. Nat. 16(2/3): 48-5 1.
Mulcahy, M.J. and Bettenay, E. (1971). The Nature of Old Landscapes. Search 2 (11-12): 433-434.
National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority (1990). Draft policy statement on Management of
Designated Wilderness Areas.
Newbey, K.R. (1979). The Vegetation of Central South Coastal Western Australia. M.Phil. Thesis
Murdoch University. Volumes 1 and 2.
Newbey, K.R. (1982). Land Use Planning of the North Fitzgerald Area. Initial Ecological Survey.
Interim Report.
Newbey, K.R. (1985). Fire Ecology Study of the Marningerup Section, Fitzgerald River National
Park, Western Australia. Park 1: Pre-bum Vegetation and Flora Survey. Report prepared for the
Department of Conservation and Land Management Perth, 1985.
Newbey, K.R. (in press). Introduced plants of the Fitzgerald Area, Western Australia. Kingia.
Pianka, E.R. (1969). Sympatry of desert lizards (Ctenotus) in Western Australia. Ecology 50 :
1012-30.
Preece, K. and Lesslie, R., (1987). A Survey of Wilderness Quality in Victoria. A Report to the
Ministry for Planning and Environment Victoria and the Australian Heritage Commission.
Sandiford, L. (1988). Rugged Mountains, Jewelled Sea. The South Coast Heritage Trail Network. A
Joint Project by the Western Australian Heritage Committee and the Department of Conservation
and Land Management, 1988.
Scott, J. (1975). Fish. IN: A spring, 1975, biological survey of the proposed Mussel Pool complex
and recommendations for its future development. Westem Australia Museum. Unpublished
Report.
Sharley, H. (1985). Tourism Development Plan. Goldfields Region, December 1985. Western
Australian Tourism Commission, 1985.
Sheppard, D. (1988). Parks are for People .... or Are They? Australian Parks and Recreation. 24
(2):11-14.
156
Sokolov, V.E. and Vinogradov, B.V. (1986). Man and the Biosphere - a view from above. Nature
and Reserves. 22 (1-2).
Smith, F.G. (1977). Fitzgerald River National Park. Outline Working Plan. National Parks Authority,
Perth, Western Australia.
Smith, G.T. (1977). The effect of environmental change on six rare birds. Emu 77: 173-179.
Smith, G.T. (1985). Fire Effects on Populations of the Noisy Scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus),
Western Bristlebird (Dasyornis longirostris) and Western Whipbird (Psophodes nigrogularis).
IN: Ford, J. (ed) (1985). Fire Ecology and Management in Western Australia Ecosystems.
Symposium Proceedings. WAIT Environmental Studies Group Report No. 14.
Strahan, R. (ed). (1983). The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals. Angus &
Robertson. Sydney.
Thom, R. (1977). Explanatory Notes to Ravensthorpe Sheet, Western Australia. 1:250,000 Geological
Series. Geol. Surv. West. Aust.
Thom, R. (1979). Clastic Dykes near the South Coast of Western Australia. Geol. Surv. West. Aust.
UNESCO/MAB (1986). Programme UNESCO on Man and the Biosphere Implementation of the
Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves. Proceedings of European MAB Conference on Biosphere
Reserves and Ecological Monitoring. 24-28 March, 1986.
Van Steveninck, A. and Burkin, B. (1984). Starvation Boat Harbour Coastal Management Plan. DCE
Bulletin No. 15 1.
Watkins, D. (1985). Report of the RAOU Ground Parrot Survey in Western Australia. RAOU Report
No. 15, August 1985.
Watson, J. R., (1991). The identification of river foreshore corridors for nature conservation in the
South Coast Region of Western Australia. IN: D.A. Saunders and R.J. Hobbs (eds). Nature
Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, pp 63-68.
Western Australian Forests Department (1980). Management Plan: Cocanarup Timber Reserve.
Forests Department, Perth.