fitness professionals' guide to musculoskeletal anatomy and human movement
TRANSCRIPT
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FitnessProfessionals’GuidetoMusculoskeletalAnatomyandHumanMovement
LawrenceA.Golding,Ph.D.,FACSMUniversityofNevada,LasVegas
ScottM.Golding,M.S.CEOE2SystemsInc.
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT
© 2003 Lawrence Golding and Scott Golding. All figures, drawings, andillustrationsusedbypermissionofE2Systems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStates.
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HealthyLearning
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofHealthyLearning.
Illustrations:ClintSmithLayoutdesign:JenniferBokelmannPhotocredits
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Coverdesign:JenniferBokelmannLibraryofCongressNumber:2002110886
ISBN:1-58518-706-2
www.healthylearning.com
P.O.Box1828Monterey,CAUSA93942
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DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this book to my wife Carmen,whohashad to livewith thecompetitionofmy job,myprofession,andtheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine.Without her support through the many years of myprofessional life, Icouldnothaveaccomplishedmanyofthe things I’veundertaken anddone. Iwould like to takethisopportunitytogivehermyheartfeltthanks.
—LawrenceA.Golding
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FOREWARD
Knowledge of anatomy and humanmovement is amustfor anyone wishing to be a fitness professional. Whatcould be better than to have a unique text onmusculoskeletal anatomy and human movement writtenby one of the best teachers of fitness professionals? Dr.Lawrence Golding has taught human anatomy for morethan40yearsatmajoruniversities,andhasbeendirectlyinvolved in the certification of fitness professionalsthroughtheYoungMen’sChristianAssociation(YMCA)and theAmerican College of SportsMedicine (ACSM).Heknows,fromexperience,whatmustbeknownandthedepth to which it must be known in order for fitnessprofessionalstofunctionatahighlevelinthedeliveryoffitness programs.When this knowledge is coupled withhis extensive teaching experience, a unique textbookresults.
The text is loadedwith“blankdrawings”onwhichtopracticewhatyouthinkyouhavelearnedabout the origin and insertion of muscles. Inaddition, a series of multiple choice quizzes thatwill test your knowledge of every aspect ofanatomy and human movement presented in thetext is provided. Finally, a CD-ROM containingspecial video sequences of movements andexercises,aswellasmostoftheinformationinthetext, isalsoincluded.Clearly, thiscombinationoftextbook and CD-ROM will make the path to
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knowledge easier for those learning the materialfor the first time, or for those needing a review.Teacherswillalsoappreciatebeingabletoprojectonto a screen the various elements in the text tohelpmoveaclassalong.
Dr. Golding is the author of numerouspublications, including the classicYMCAFitnessandAssessmentManual.Heisalso theEditor-in-ChiefofACSM’sHealth&FitnessJournal.Hehasbeen recognized by his peers in the AmericanCollege of Sports Medicine with thatorganization’s prestigious Citation Award. Thiscurrent text, representing a unique collaborationbetween father and son, is a “must have” in anyfitnessprofessional’slibrary.
—EdwardT.Howley,Ph.D.,FACSMProfessorandChair,DepartmentofExerciseScienceUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville
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PREFACE
T his book is written primarily for anyonewho is learning anatomy for thefollowingreasons:
•Toanalyzemovements,activitiesandexercises.•Tounderstandthemusclesthatareinvolvedinathleticinjuries.•Toprescribeexercisesforparticularmusclegroups.• To develop an exercise program designed to develop and strength theskeletalmuscles.
•Todetermine themuscles that are involved inpathological conditionsororthopedicproblems.
Most of the individuals who have the above reasons for learningmusculoskeletal anatomy are likely to be in the fields of exercise physiology,personal training, athletic training, physical education, physical therapy,coaching, or nursing. Students in these disciplines, during their academiccurricula, takeanatomyandphysiology frombiologydepartmentswhousuallyservicethesefields.Thetypicalanatomyclassatmostuniversitiesincludestheanatomyofallofthebody’ssystems:theskeletalsystem(osteology);thesystemof joints and articulations (arthrology); the muscular system (myology); thevascular system (angiology), which includes the circulatory system and thelymphatic system; the nervous system (neurology),which includes the centralnervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS); theintegumentarysystem;thealimentarysystem(oftencalledthedigestivesystem);the urogenital system; and the endocrine system. In exercise studies, thecardiorespiratorysystemisoftenreferredtoasindicatingthetwosystemsmost
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involvedinaerobicexercise:theangiologyandrespiratorysystems.Becausethetypicalanatomyclassonlylastsfor12-14weeks,lessthanoneweekisnormallyspentoneachsystem.Evenatwo-semesterclasswouldonlydoublethisamountoftime.Asaresult, individualsinthesefieldswhoareinterestedinbonesandthemuscles that attach to themhave limited timespenton themost importantsystemforthem:namelythemusculoskeletalsystems.
As a consequence, most disciplines usually teach an additionalmusculoskeletalanatomycoursefortheirstudents,whichteachesstudentsaboutmuscles,howmusclescreatemovement,howtheyareusedinmovement,howthey are developed, and how they are rehabilitated after injury. It is forindividualsinterestedinthistypeofinformationthatthisbookiswritten.
Relatively few textbooks are devoted exclusively to musculoskeletalanatomy. Students and instructors alike buy attractive muscle charts, whichdisplayallthesurfacemuscles,andwhichareusuallylabeled,butarelimitedinscope. For example, if you are interested in muscle anatomy for theaforementioned practical reasons, then you must know where the musclesoriginateandwheretheyinsertsothattheiractioncanbedetermined.Examinethe muscle charts so often purchased by those who want to know where themuscles are and what they look like. These charts do not show the muscle’soriginsorinsertionsbecausetheycannotbeseenordetermined;onlythebellyofthemuscleisshown.
This point can be illustrated by a simple example, looking at a commonsuperficialmusclelikethebiceps.Mostmusclechartsclearlyshowthebiceps–it’s an upper, anterior, superficial armmuscle.Nowask yourself the question:where is its origin? The origin is on two places on the scapula (the coracoidprocessandthesupraglenoidtubercleoftheglenoidfossa).Thesecan’tbeseenbecausethebicepsisfoldedunderthedeltoidandthepectoralismajor.Whereisits insertion? The insertion is the radial tuberosity. That too cannot be seenbecause it is under the muscles and tendons of the forearm. In reality, theanatomy chart only shows that the bicep is an anterior, superficial, upper armmuscle,butitdoesnotshowwherethemusclecomesfrom,orwhereitgoes.
One of the primary purposes of this book is to address that issue bypresentingdrawingsofall the skeletal, locomotormuscles, so thatataglance,
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youwill be able to clearly see the origin of themuscle,where it inserts, andhencebeabletodetermineitsaction.Iftheoriginandtheinsertionofamuscleareknown,noneedexiststolearnitsactionbecauseitsactioncanbedeterminedbyknowingwhereitattaches,andwhathappenswhenitshortens.
Theotherphenomenon is thatpractitionerswhousemusclenames in theirjob enjoy impressing clients with their knowledge of the technical names ofmuscles. The human body has 680 muscles, and that’s a lot of names tomemorize. If you know the name of jointmovements (which can typically belearnedinabout20minutes),theninlessthanahalf-hour,youwillalsohaveareasonable opportunity to learn the names of all the muscles, and in a moremeaningfulmanner.Again,anillustrationcanhelpclarifythispoint.
Ayoungexercise leaderata localhealth facilitywasexplaining tome thearmcurlontheNautilusmachine.Hesaidthatthiswasanexcellentexerciseforthebiceps.Soitis!But,hiscommentwasalsoverydiscriminatory.Whataboutthebrachialis,thepronatorteres,thesupinator,thebrachioradialis,andtheflexordigitorumsublimus?Thesemusclesarealsousedinthebicepscurl.Whynamethebiceps?Anumberofpossiblereasonsexist.First,heprobablydidn’tknowthose other muscle’s names, so he was showing off his limited knowledge.Second,whocares?Third,hewantedtosoundeducated.
Interestingly,thebrachialis,whichliesunderthebicepsandcan’tbeseenonamusclechart,isatruerflexoroftheelbowthanthebiceps,sincethebicepshastwootheractionsinvolvingtheshoulderandradial-ulnajoint,andthebrachialisonly has one action – elbow flexion. If this young man knew the jointmovements,thennamingallthemusclesinvolvedinthecurlissimple.Bendingthe elbow involves a joint action called elbow flexion.Accordingly,when theyoungmanwas explaining themuscles involved in the curl, he simply couldhavesaidthatperformingthecurlexercisestheelbowflexors(ofwhichtherearesixmuscles).Thiswayhewouldhavementionedall themuscles involvedanddidn’thavetoworryaboutrememberingallthemuscle’snames.
Likewise,whenexplainingthemusclesinvolvedinthelegpress(ofwhich,therearemanymore than thearmcurl) it couldbeexplained that themusclesused are the knee extensors and the hip extensors. This book is designed toteach, illustrate, and explain all of the body’s joint movements. Master these
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movements,andyou’vemasteredalltheskeletalmuscleactionsinthebody.Inaddition, the muscles in each of the major groups of the body will beindividuallyillustratedandshown.
Anotherdesirablefeatureofthisbookisthatitcouldbeusedasacoloringbook of skeletal muscles. One of the best ways of learning the origin andinsertionofmusclesistodrawthemontheskeletonontheindividualbones.Forthisreason,thebookincludesseveralblankdrawingssothateachmusclecanbedrawnandcanbeseeninitsentirety,notconfusedwithoroverlappingwithanyothermuscles.Color-coding theorigin and insertion further helps the learningprocess.
Understanding the joints actions also facilitates the learning of themuscleactions. In order for a muscle to work a joint, it must cross the joint. Thequestioncanbeaskedifthebrachialiscrossestheelbowjoint,whatisitsactionon the elbow joint? The elbow joint has only two actions: it either flexes orextends. Since it crosses the anterior of the joint, it can only flex the elbow.Sincetherearenootheractions,therecanbenootheractiontoconsider(unlessitcrossesanotherjoint).
Anotherexamplewillhelpclarifythisfactor.(Keepinmindthatatthisstageinthebook,don’tconcernyourselfwithrememberingtheseexamples–theywillbedealtwith indetail as thebookprogresses.Right now, they areonlybeingusedtoillustrateaparticularpoint.)Takethemiddledeltoid,forexample,whichcrosses the shoulder joint.The shoulder jointhas sixpossible actions: flexion,extension, abduction, adduction, inward rotation, and outward rotation.Therefore, themiddle deltoidmust have one or some of these actions, but noothers.Sincethemiddledeltoidcomesrightoverthetopoftheshoulder(fromthe acromion process of the scapula to the lateralmiddle humerus), it has noangle on the arm, therefore cannot flex or extend the arm.To flex the arm, itwouldhavetobeinfrontofthearminordertopullitupintoflexion.Toextendthearm,itwouldhavetobebehindthearm,soitcouldpullthearmbackintoextension. By the same reasoning, with no angle on the humerus, it neitherinternally nor externally rotates the arm. Therefore, the middle deltoid onlyabductsthearm(comesoverthetopoftheshoulderandpullsthelateralsurfaceof thehumerus intoabduction).Thisapproachoffersaveryeasyway to learnmuscleactions.
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Bones have bonymarkings, which are named and illustrated. These bonymarkingsaretheoriginsandinsertionslocationsofmuscles.Asaresult,byfirstlearning all the bony markings, the body’s muscle origins and insertions arelearnedbeforethestudyofmusclesisevenstarted.
UsingtheCompanionCD
The compact disc that is included with this book contains most of the sameinformation in the book. I t is designed for use on almost any Windowscomputer.InstallationinstructionsfortheCDcanbefoundinAppendixB.TheCDwillinstallaprogramonyourcomputerthatwillallowyoutoviewallofthemuscles shown in this text, and review the relationships between exercises,muscles, and activities. Over 300 exercises and 100 activities have beenanalyzedandarepresentedinthisCD.TheCDalsoincludesvideofootageofallthe exercises and body actions.Muscle drawings and blank skeletal drawingscanbeprintedonanyprinterattachedtothecomputer.Samplequizzescanalsobe printed alongwith other aids to help you learn themusculoskeletal systemfaster and better. Used together, the book and CD offer an exceptionalinstructional tool for learning and fully understanding the musculoskeletalsystemof thebody. If theyhelpyou in this regard, then the time, energy, andresourcesrequiredtowritethistextandtodevelopthecompanionCDwillhavebeenwellworththeeffort.
—L.G.,S.G.
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–TERMINOLOGY
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CHAPTER1•TERMINOLOGY
Most anatomy books have an extensive glossary of terms covering all thesystemsofthebody.Sincethisbookisprimarilydirectedtothemusculoskeletalsystem, this terminology section deals only with terms related to bones andmuscles.
AnatomicalPosition
Thisisthestartingpositionforallmuscleactions.RefertoFigure1-1.Thebodyisstandinguprightwiththearmsat thesidesandthepalmsof thehandfacingforward (supinated). All muscle actions are given from this position, andalthoughmuscleactionscanbedonefromotherpositions,thetextbookactionisfromthestartingposition.Forexample:standingintheanatomicalposition,flexthe elbows.The forearmcomes forward in the sagittal plane.However, if youstand in the normal standing position with your arms by your side and yourpalms facingyour thigh, andyou flex your elbow, your forearmmoves in thefrontalplane,andyouarestandingwitharms“akimbo”.Likewise,ifyouabductyourwholearmsothatitisparalleltothefloorandflexyourelbow,againthemovement is in the frontal plane. These three examples all involve elbowflexion, but the resultant action is very different. The true action of elbowflexion,aswithalmostallactions,isfromtheanatomicalposition.
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Thetrueactionofelbowflexion,aswithalmostallactions,isfromtheanatomicalposition.
Allmovementsoccurinaplaneandaroundanaxis.
PlanesandAxes
Allmovementstakeplaceparalleltoaplane.Forexample,elbowflexion,spineflexion,kneeflexion,andhipflexionareall in thesagittalplane.Armand legabductionareinthefrontalplane,whilerotationsoccurinthehorizontalplane.Allmovementsalsotakeplacearoundanaxis(apointofrotation—likeanaxleofawheel),whichisatrightanglestotheplane.Forexample,allmovementsin
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thesagittalplaneoccuraroundthefrontalaxis(refertoFigure1-1).
The aforementioned point can be illustrated by standing and flexing andextending thearmlikeapendulum. Ifyouusedapencil to indicate the“axle”aroundwhich thismovement occurs, the pencilwould be coming in from thesideintothemiddleoftheshoulder(perpendiculartothesagittalplane),whichwouldbethefrontalaxis.Now,standandabductandadducttheleg.Thepencil“axle”wouldcomeinfromthefronttothetopoftheleg(perpendiculartothefrontalplane),whichwouldbe thesagittalaxis.Finally, rotateyourhead fromrighttoleft.Wherewouldthepencilgotorepresentthe“axle”aroundwhichthismovementisoccurring?Thepencilwouldbecomingfromaboveintothemiddleofthetopofthehead,whichwouldbetheverticalaxis.
Thus, allmovements occur in a plane and around an axis. To summarize,movements in thesagittalplaneoccurarounda frontalaxis,movements in thefrontalplanearearoundasagittalaxis,andmovements in thehorizontalplaneoccuraroundaverticalaxis.
Figure1-1.Thebodyplanes
AnatomicalDirection
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Thefollowingcommonlyusedanatomytermsrefertodirection.RefertoFigure1-1.
•Medianplane(ormid-sagittalplane)–asagittalplanepassingthroughthebodyfromanterior toposterior,dividing thebodyinto twoequalhalves.TheMedianplaneisshowninthesagittalplanedrawingabove.
•Sagittalplane–anyplaneparalleltothemedianplane.• Frontal plane – a plane passing through the body from side to side,dividingthebodyintoananteriorandposteriorpart.
• Transverse plane (or horizontal plane) – any plane passing horizontallythroughthebody.
•Anterior(orventral)–towardthefrontofthebody.•Posterior(ordorsal)–towardthebackofthebody.•Medial–closertothemedianplanethansomeotherpoint.•Lateral–awayfromthemedianplanethansomeotherpoint.•Superior (or cranial) – toward thehead, or closer to thehead than someotherpoint.
• Inferior (orcaudal)– toward the tail,or farther fromthehead thansomeotherpoint.
•Central–Inthecenterofthebody.•Peripheral–towardthesurfaceofthebody.•Distal–distantfromapointofreference.•Proximal–neartoapointofreference.
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Movementsinthesagittalplaneoccuraroundafrontalaxis.
AnatomicalDescriptiveTerms
Thefollowingdescriptivetermsareprimarilyprefixesthatgobeforeotherroots.By knowing these terms, the meanings of words can be determined. Forexample, “cardio” refers to the heart; therefore a cardiologist is a physicianspecializing in the heart. Cardiovascular refers to the heart and circulation.Myocardiumreferstothemuscleoftheheart.Epicardiumistheinnermostlayerofthecoveringoftheheart.Epicardialfatisthefataroundtheheart,andsoon.Thisdeductivereasoningcanbeappliedwitheachoftheseterms.
• Cardio...........................................refers to the heart • Cephalo.......................................refers to the head •Chondro........................................refers to cartilage •Encephalon..................................refers to the brain • Gastro.....................................refers to the stomach •Hepato............................................refers to the liver •
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Myo...................................................refers to muscle •Neuro.................................................refers to nerves •Osseo...................................................refers to bone •Pneumo.........................................refers to the lungs • Reno..........................................refers to the kidneys •Uro..................................refers to the urinary system •Vaso...................................................referstovessels
Termsrelatingtodifferentregionsofthebodyareoftenusedindifferentcontexts.
AnatomicalRegions
Thefollowingterminologyrelatingtotheregionsofthebodyisveryimportantandishelpfulwhenworkingwithmusculoskeletalsystems.Thesetermsrefertoa part of the body and are used in many different contexts. For example,antibrachial refers to the areaof the forearm (belowor in front of the elbow).When someone speaks about drawing blood from the antibrachial region, thestethoscope diaphragm is placed in the antibrachial space when taking bloodpressure.Brachialisobviouslyabovetheantibrachialregion(abovetheelbow).Inthatregard,thebodyhasbothabrachialarteryandabrachialpulsewave.
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•Antibrachial.........................forearm•Axilla...............................armpit•Brachial....................shouldertoelbow•Calcaneal.............................heel•Carpal................................wrist•Cervical..............................neck•Cubital...............................elbow•Femoral................................thigh•Hallux..............................greattoe•Lumbar.....................smallof theback •Metacarpal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hand •Metatarsal..............................foot•Nuchae.....................backoftheneck•Pectoral........................anteriorchest•Peroneal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .areaof thefibula•Plantar........................soleofthefoot•Pollex................................thumb•Popliteal....................backoftheknee•Tarsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ankle•Thoracic...............................chest•Vaso.................................vessels•Volar.......................palmofthehand
BoneMarkings
As with the other terminology, bony markings are general terms referring tocharacteristicmarks on bones.When you learn the individual bones, the termusedisspecifictothatbone.Forexample,theenlargementontheproximalendof thehumerus is termeda tuberosity; theenlargementon theproximalendofthe femur is called a trochanter. This is the same description generally – anenlargementonabone,butdifferentspecifically,whenspeakingofaparticularbone.Thefollowingtermsareusedwhennamingbonymarkings:•Condyle.......asmooth,roundedprominencecoveredwitharticularcartilage•Crest................................aridge•Epicondyle..................aboveacondyle•Facet....asmall,smoothcartilagecoveredarea
•Foramen...............aholethroughabone•Fossa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .adepressionorhollow•Head.. . . . . .asmooth,roundedendofabone
•Line......................alongnarrowridge•Neck..aconstriction
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belowtheheadofabone•Sinus.........amucousmembranelinedcavityinabone,filledwithair•Spine......................asharpprojection•Stylus.................apencil-pointprojection•Tubercle,tuberosity,trochanter....aneminenceorenlargement
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–BONES
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CHAPTER2•BONES
This chapter discusses bones andbonymarkings.Byvirtueof their name, theskeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and operate on the bone to causemovement. The markings on the bones (the bony markings) are the specificlocations where muscles attach. Four different types of bones exist have adefinitefunctioninthebody.
TypesandFunctionsofBones
TypesofBones
The human skeleton has four types of bones. Each type is described by itsgeneralshape:long,short,flat,andirregular.Thesenamesareverydescriptiveofwhateachtypeofbonelookslike.
•Longbones.Longbonesarelongandarecharacterizedbythefacttheyarelongerthantheyarewide.Theygenerallyhavetubularshaftsandarticularsurfacesateachend.Thefunctionof longbones is locomotion.Musclesoperatingonlongbonesallowyoutowalk,run,crawl,climb,jump,kick,andhit.Themajorbonesofthearmsandlegsarelongbonesthatincludethefemur,tibia,fibula,humerus,radius,andulna.
• Short bones. Short bones are shorter than long bones and also havegenerally tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Short bonesallowflexibility.Forexample, the reasonyoucanmakea fist is that theshortbonesofthefingercan“roll”upintoafist.Theshortbonesinclude
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allthemetacarpals,metatarsals,andphalanges.• Flat bones. Flat bones are flat and relatively thin and have broad, flatsurfaces.Their function isprotection. If thevitalpartsof thebodywerenamed,theywouldbethebrain,theheartandlungs,andthereproductiveorgans. All these vital parts are protected by flat bones. The brain iscompletelyencasedbythecranium(sixflatbones);theheartandlungsareprotectedby theflatbonesof theribcageandsternum; thereproductiveorgansareprotectedbytheflat¬bonedpelvicgirdle(theinnominate-threeflatbones).
•Irregularbones.Almostanybonethatisnotalongbone,ashortbone,oraflatboneisanirregularbone.Thesebonesarevariableinsizeandshape.They are generally compact in nature and are distributed throughout theskeleton.Theseincludetheentirevertebralcolumn,theeightcarpalbones,theseventarsalbones,andthepatella.
FunctionsofBones
As mentioned previously, bones have three primary functions – locomotion,flexibility, and protection. In addition, bones have three other very importantfunctions–theseadditionalfunctionsincludethefollowing:themanufactureofbloodcells;thestorageofdepositedofcalciumandphosphorus;andsupport.
•Bloodcellsaremadeinthemarrowofbones(intheircenters)andreleasedintothebloodstream.
•When a body doesn’t ingest enough calcium (as during pregnancy or inpostmenopausalwomen),thebodyusesstoredcalciumbytakingitfromthebones.This process has the effect ofweakening thebones,which iswhyitisimportanttogetenoughcalciumwhenthebody’sneedsarehigh.
•Theskeletonprovidesasupportfororgansandgivesshapetothebody.
BonyMarkings
Bonymarkings(whichareliterallymarkingsonthebone)maybecharacterized
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byridges,depressions,holes,roughareasorsmoothareas.Thesemarkingsareusuallytheoriginorinsertionofmuscles.Bylearningthebonymarkings,alloftheoriginsandinsertionsofalloftheskeletalmusclescanbelearned.Drawingsof the bones showing the bony markings listed below are at the end of thissection.
Thebonesandthemarkingsoneachbonethatareusedwiththelocomotor(skeletal)musclesdiscussed in thisbookare listed in thefollowingsection,bybody region. The specific bonemarkings are noted below the bone onwhichtheyoccur.Bones thatdonothavebonymarkings thatareused for locomotormuscles havemarkings listed as “none.” This designation does notmean thatthese bones do not have markings, just that they are not important forlocomotion.Thenumberofbonespresentineachparticularbodyregion(part)isdenotedinparenthesisafterthenameofthebone.
BonesandTheirBonyMarkings
BonesoftheHead
Althoughmanymusclesareattachedtothehead(e.g.,musclesofexpressionandmuscles used to talk and eat), only a limited number of these are locomotormuscles.
•Frontalbone(1)-none
•Parietalbone(2)-none•Temporalbone(2)-mastoidprocess•Occipitalbone(1)-occipitalprotuberance-superiornuchallines-inferiornuchallines-medialnuchalline•Facialbones-none
BonesoftheChest,Thorax,andUpperTrunk•Sternum(1)
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-manubrium-bodyofsternum-xiphoidprocess-clavicularnotch
•Clavicle(2)-sternalend-accromialend
•Ribs(12pairs)-head-neck-angle-shaft-costalcartilage
•Vertebra,cervical(7)-body-superiorarticularprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-transverseforamen-vertebralforamen-anteriortubercle(1st&2nd)-posteriortubercle(1st&2nd)-spineyprocess
•Vertebra,thoracic(12)-body-superiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-vertebralforamen-spineyprocess
-pedicle-superiordemifacet-inferiordemifacet•Vertebra,lumbar(5)-body-superiorarticularprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-vertebralforamen-spineyprocess
-pedicle•Sacrum(fiveinchildren,oneinadults)-none•Coccyx(fourinchildren,oneinadults)-none•Scapula(2)-inferiorangle
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-vertebralborder-superiorangle-superiorborder-scapulanotch-coracoidprocess- glenoid fossa (cavity) - supraglenoid tubercle - infraglenoid tubercle -axillaryborder
-spine-acromionprocess-supraspinatusfossa-infraspinatusfossa-subscapularfossa
BonesoftheArm
•Humerus(2)-head-anatomicalneck- greater tuberosity - lesser tuberosity - crest of the greater tuberosity -crestofthelessertuberosity-surgicalneck
- deltoid tuberosity - lateral epicondyle - lateral supracondylar ridge -medialepicondyle-medialsupracondylarridge-trochlear
-olecranonfossa-radialfossa-coronoidfossa-capitulum
•Radius(2)
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-head-radialtuberosity-styloidprocess
•Ulna(2)-olecranonprocess-radialnotch-semilunal(trochlear)notch-coronoidprocess-ulnatuberosity-supinatorcrest-styloidprocess
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BonesoftheLeg
•Femur(2)-head-neck- intertrochanteric line - greater trochanter - intertrochanteric crest -intercondylarfossa-lessertrochanter-glutealline
-pectinealline-lineaaspera-medialepicondylarridge-lateralepicondylarridge-adductortubercle-medialepicondyle-lateralepicondyle-medialcondyle
-lateralcondlye•Tibia(2)-lateralcondyle-medialcondyle- intercondyle emminence - anterior tuberosity - popliteal surface -poplitealline
-anteriorcrest
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-medialmalleous•Fibula(2)-head-lateralmalleous
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Figure2-1.Theanteriorskeleton
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Figure2-2.Theskull
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Figure2-3.Thevertebra
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Figure2-4.Thescapula
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Figure2-5.Theinnominatebone
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Figure2-6.Thehumerus
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Figure2-7.Theradiusandulna
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Figure2-8.Thehand
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Figure2-9.Thefemur
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Figure2-10.Thetibiaandfibula
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Figure2-11.Thefoot
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–JOINTSANDBODYACTIONS
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CHAPTER3•JOINTSANDBODYACTIONS
Thischapterdealswiththetypesandactionsofthedifferentjointsinthebody,andthebodyactionsthateachjointcanmake.
Arthopolgy
Arthrology is that branch of anatomy that dealswith joints or articulations.Ajointorarticulationistheconnectionorjunctionbetweentwoormorebonesorbetweencartilageandbone.
ClassificationofJointsThreetypesofjointsexist–eachofwhichisdifferentiatedbyitsstructureandabilitytomove:❑Synarthrosisjoints(juncturaefibrosae)–immoveablejoints❑Amphiarthrosisjoints(juncturaecartilagineae)–jointswithslightmovement❑Diarthrosisjoints(juncturaesynoviales)–free-movementjoints•Synarthrosisjoints–twobonescomingtogetherbutwithnomovementbetweenthebones.Inmanycases,theboneshavefusedtogether.Threeexamplesofsynarthrosisjointsaretheinnominatebone,thesacrum,andthecranium.Theinnominateboneisthreebones(ischium,iliumandpubicbone)thathavefusedtogethertomakeoneinnominatebone.Thereisnomovementbetweenanyofthesebones.Wherethebonesjoin
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togetherisdifficulttosee.Thesacrumisfivesacralvertebrainthechild,whichfusetogetherintheadultintoonebone–thesacrum.Likewise,withthecoccyx,whichliesbelowthesacrum.Thecraniumismadeupofthefrontalbone,twoparietalbones,theoccipitalbone,andtwotemporalbones.Thejointsbetweenthesebonesarecalledsutures.
•Amphiarthrosis joints – two bones coming together butwith very slightmovement between the bones. There are two types of amphiarthrosisjoints– symphysis (cartilaginous) joints and syndesmosis (ligamentous)joints. Two examples of symphysis joints are the symphysis pubis (thejunctionbetweenthetwopubicbonesthatmakeupthepubicarch)andthejunctionbetweentheupperpartofthesternum,themanubrium,andbodyof the sternum. In forced inspiration this joint allows the sternum to“bend”alittle.Anexampleofasyndesmosisjointisthecoraco-acromialjoint (a ligament that joins the coracoid process with the acromionprocess).
•Diarthrosisjoints–becauseofitsfreedomofmovementitisoftenreferredto as a true joint. Diarthrosis joints have several essential structures(characteristics), including the following: – Articular surfaces of bones.Theendsofthebonesaresmoothandcoveredwithcartilage.–Articularcartilage.Thecartilagecoveringtheendoftheboneprovidesasmooth,cushionedsurfacefortwobonestocometogether.
–Articulardisk.Adisk(ormeniscus)maybesituatedbetweendissimilarsurfacesinordertofacilitatefreemovement.
–Articularcapsule.Aligamentuscapsulesurroundsthejointandcontainssynovial fluid, which helps to lubricate the joint and serves as anutritientsource.
–Asynovialmembranelinesthearticularcapsulecontainingthesynovialfluid.
– Ligaments which run from one bone to the other which bind andstabilizethejoint.
There are six types of diarthrosis joints: 1. Gliding joint (arthrodia or
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articulatio plana). A gliding joint involves bones that lie next to oneanother and as movement takes place, they glide (or slide or rub)together.Agoodexampleisthecarpalandtarsalbones,whichlienextto one another. When the wrist or ankle moves, these bones moveslightly against one another. This movement involves the intercarpalandintertarsaljoints,respectively.Anotherexampleofaglidingjointisthe movement between the head of the rib and the vertebra, or thejunctionoftheclaviclewiththesternum.
2. Hinge joint (ginglymus). The hinge joint is somewhat self descriptive,namelytwobonesactinglikeahingeonadoor.Hingejointsareprimarilyin one plane – flexion and extension. Good examples are theinterphalangeal jointsof thefingersand thehumerusandulna.Thekneeand ankle joints are also hinge joints, but are not as typical, since theyallowslightrotation.
3.Pivotjoint(trochoid).Inthepivotjoint,themovementisprimarilyrotationwithonebonerotatinginaringofanother.Twogoodexamplesofapivotjointare the radioulnar joint (where theheadof the radius rotates in theradialnotchoftheulnar)andthedensoftheaxisrotatingintheringoftheatlasvertebra.
4.Ballandsocketjoint(spheroideaorenarthrosis).Likethehingejoint,thename of this joint is self-descriptive and consists of a round head orprojectionofonebonefittingintoacuporsocketofanotherbone.Thehipand shoulder joints are good examples of a ball and socket joint.Movementispermittedinallplanes.Becauseofitsstructure,thehipjointismorestablethantheshoulderjoint.Thehipjointhasadeepsocket(theacetabulum of the innominate bone) and a very pronounced ball (thegreater trochanterof the femur). In addition, thehip joint involves largestrongmuscles,whichsurroundandsupportthejoint.Theshoulderhasaveryshallowsocket(theglenoidfossaof thescapula), fittingagainst thegreatertuberosityofthehumerus.
5. Saddle joint (articulatio sellaris). In this joint, the opposing bones thatcometogetherareconvexandconcave.Thesurfaceofthejoint(bone)issaddle-shaped (like awestern saddle used in horse riding).The skeletononly has a few saddle joints. Saddle joints allow all movements exceptrotation. The best example of a saddle joint is the junction between the
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first metacarpal (of the thumb) and the greater multangular (trapezium)carpal(carpo-metacarpaljointofthethumb).
6.Condyloidjoint(articulatioellipsoidea).Thisjointissimilartothesaddlejointinthatacondyleofonebonefitsintoanellipticalcavityofanotherbone, allowing all movements except rotation. The wrist joint with theradius and the scaphoid (navicular) carpal is an example of a condyloidjoint.Anotherexampleofacondyloid joint is theoccipitalboneand thesuperiorarticularprocessoftheatlas(firstcervicalvertebra).
BodyActions
Groupedbythe typeofactionof the joint,Table3-1presentsadetailedlistofbody actions. Figures 3-3 to 3-7 provide drawings that clearly illustrate all ofthese body actions. The muscles used for each of these body actions aresummarized in the second section of Chapter 5. The companion CD thataccompaniesthistextincludesvideofootageofthesebodyactions.
As a matter of convention, the naming of body actions (except in thequizzes) is consistent throughout this book. However, it should be noted thatother texts useother conventions thatmean the same thing.For example, armflexion isused in this text as anaction, some texts call thisShoulderFlexion,andsomemayevencallitarm-shoulderflexion.Allareidentical.Infact,whilethis book employs the term hip-leg for describing actions of that joint, usingeitherhiporlegwouldalsobeacceptable.Otherequivalentnotationswouldbewrist or hand, foot or ankle, spine or trunk, head or neck, and so on. Theimportantpointtorememberisthejointonwhichthattheactionistakingplace.
❏Bodypartsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend:•Arm
•Head•Toe•Spine
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•Finger•Hip-leg•Wrist
❏Bodypartsthatonlyflexandextend:•Elbow
•Knee•Thumb
❏Scapulaactions:
•Adduction•Elevation•Downwardrotation•Abduction•Depression•Upwardrotation
❏Bodypartsthatadductandabduct:•Arm
•Hip-leg•Thumb•Horizontalarm•Finger•Toe
❏Bodypartsthatrotate:•Spine(leftandright)
•Head(leftandright)•Arm(internalandexternal)•Hip-leg(internalandexternal)❏Bodypartsthatlaterallyflex:•Head
•Spine
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❏Miscellaneousbodyactions:•Forearmsupination
•Ankledorsiflexion•Ankleeversion•Wristradialflexion•Thumb-fingeropposition•Forearmpronation•Ankleplantarflexion•Ankleinversion•Wristulnarflexion
Table3-1.Bodyactions
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Figure3-1.Anteriorviewofjointtypes
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Figure3-2.Posteriorviewofjointtypes
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Figure3-3.Jointsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend
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Figure3-4.Scapulaactions
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Figure3-5.Jointsthatadductandabduct
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Figure3-6.Jointsthatrotate
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Figure3-7.Miscellaneousbodyactions
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MUSCLEANATOMY
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CHAPTER4•MUSCLEANATOMY
Thischapterdealswiththebody’smuscularsystem.Sincethisbookisgearedtoward physical activity and the analysis ofmovement, themuscles presentedand discussed are primarily locomotor muscles (i.e., the muscles involved inlocomotionandphysicalactivity).Thesemusclesarereviewedanddiscussedindetail.However,becausefitnessprofessionalsshouldhaveabasicknowledgeofandanappreciationforallthemusclesinthebody,thebody’smusclesarelistedandbrieflydiscussedinthenextsectionofthischapter.Inthissection,musclenamesandthenumberofeacharelistedbyspecificmuscle(withareferencetothespecificpageonwhichdetailsoftheparticularmuscleappear)andorganizedbysectionsofthebody,e.g.musclesofthehead,musclesoftheneck,musclesofthethorax,andsoon.
Thelastsectionofthischapteristhemainfocalpointofthischapter.Inthissection,eachlocomotormuscleispresentedinalphabeticalorderwithitsoriginsand insertions and attachments identified, a full-colored illustration of themuscle,andotherdetailsaboutthemuscle.
MuscleClassifications
Because biologists are great classifiers, most parts of the body are classified.Nerves are classified, bones are classified, and muscles are classified.Classificationisnecessarybecausethebodyhasseveralkindsofmuscle,notjust
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one.Theearlygrossanatomist, (i.e., the individualwhostudied thebodywiththenakedeye) classifiedmuscles according towhere theywere located in thebody.Intheprocess,hecameupwiththreebasicclassesofmusclesbylocation.
Those muscles that attached to the skeleton he termed skeletal muscles.Thesemusclesandthebonestowhichtheywereattachedformedaleversystemthat provided locomotion and movement. However, when he dissected theabdomen(theviscera),hefoundothermuscles.Thestomachisaholloworganwith six big flat muscles that help digest food that enters the stomach. Afterleavingthestomach,thefoodtravelsdownthirty-twofeetofintestine,whichhaslongitudinalandcircularmuscles in itswalls thatprovide theperistalticactionthatmovesthefoodthroughtheintestine.Becausethesemusclesdonotattachtotheskeletonbutarepresentintheviscera,henamedthemvisceralmuscles.
Much later, he discovered that blood vessels also have muscles in theirwalls. Although these muscles are not in the viscera, he classified them asvisceramuscles.Finally,whenthegrossanatomistexaminedtheheart,hefoundthatittooisamuscle.Becausetheheartisaveryuniquemuscle–differentthananyothermuscleinthebody,itformsaclassofmusclesallbyitself,thecardiacmuscle. Therefore, the first attempt to classify muscles involved groupingmusclesbytheirlocation.Inthisprocess,all themusclesofthebodywereputintooneofthreeclassifications–skeletal,visceral,andcardiac.
With the advent of themicroscope, a newbranch of biology began calledhistology. In thisprocess, the anatomist attempted todeterminewhat thebodylooked like under amicroscope.Microscopes enables the anatomist to closelyexamine cells,whether they are nerve cells, brain cells, bones cells ormusclecells.Subsequently, histologists developed a classificationofmuscles thatwasbased onwhat themuscle cell looked like, a process that produced away ofgroupingmusclescalledahistologicalclassification.
When the skeletal muscle was examined under the microscope, thehistologist saw that ithad lightanddarksegments that randown the lengthofthecells.Becausethesemusclesweresegmentedorstriated,heclassifiedthemas striated muscles. It just so happened that all skeletal muscles are striated.However, when he examined visceral muscles under the microscope, thestriations were missing – visceral muscles were non-striated. Accordingly, he
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classified these muscles as smooth muscles. All visceral muscles are smoothmuscles. When he studied heart muscle under the microscope, it was againdifferentfromeitherof theother twotypesofmuscles.Ithadstriations.Thesestriations weren’t regular, like those of the skeletal muscles, they were criss-crossed in a network pattern. As a result, he classified heart muscle as asyncytium(multinucleated)orabranch-striatedmuscle.
Inotherwords,inadditiontoclassifyingmusclesaccordingtotheirlocation,the advent ofmicroscopes enabledmuscles to be classified according towhatthey look likeunder themicroscope.Similar to theirclassificationby location,all the muscles of the body can be put into one of three (additional)classifications–striated,smooth,andbranchstriated.
Anothermethodofclassifyingmusclesinvolvesnervecontrol.Muscles,likeall tissues of the body, are controlled by the nervous system.What kind of anerve innervates a particular muscle will affect whether the muscle can becontrolledvolitionally(atwill)orwhetheritiscontrolledautomatically.Musclesarealsoclassifiedaccordingtohowtheyarecontrolledbythenervoussystem.Ifamusclecanbecontrolledvolitionally,themuscleiscalledavoluntarymuscle.Most skeletal muscles are voluntary, although a few are both voluntary andinvoluntary.
Muscles that individuals have no control over are called involuntarymuscles.Mostofthebody’svisceralmusclesareinvoluntary,althoughtherearea few that arebothvoluntary and involuntary.When food is introduced to thestomach, the stomach muscles contract and start digesting food whether youwant them to or not. As such, stomach muscles are involuntary muscles.Likewise,thecardiacmuscleisaninvoluntarymuscle.Themusclesthatcanbebotharecalledvoluntary/involuntary(ormixed)muscles.Themusclesinvolvedin respiration are an example of mixed muscles. You can either breatheautomatically,orholdyourbreath.Table4-1summarizes the threemethodsofclassifyingmusclesandthethreecategoriesineachmethod.
Location MicroscopicAppearance NerveControl
Skeletal Striated Voluntary
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Visceral
Cardiac
Smooth
SyncytiumorBranchStriated
Involuntary
Voluntary/Involuntary
Table4-1.Threemethodsofclassifyingmuscles
MuscleProperties
Muscles have the following four properties or characteristics that make themunique: • Contractibility – the ability to shorten when innervated, causingmovement.Thisfactorisauniquepropertyofmuscles.
• Extensibility – the ability to be stretched beyond their normal restinglength.Thispropertyiswhatenablesflexiblemovementtooccur.
• Elasticity – the ability to rebound to their resting length after beingstretched.
•Tonicity–astateofhardnessofthemuscle.Whenamuscleisexercised,moremuscle fibersbecomeactive,and themusclebecomes firmer.Thisfactoriscalledmuscletone.Whiletheotherpropertiesofmusclescanbereadilymeasured,itisdifficulttoquantifytheleveloftonicity.
TypesofContractions
Contraction is a unique property of muscle tissue and involves the ability toshorten when innervated by a motor nerve. However, becausemore than onekind of contraction exists, muscle contraction is also classified by type. Inanatomy, two kinds of muscle contraction exists – isotonic contraction andisometric contraction. If a muscle shortens and causes movement when it isinnervated,thisisanisotoniccontraction.Forexample,ifyoumovea25-pounddumbbell from a table by curling it, your elbow flexors are isotonicallycontracting.Ontheotherhand,ifamuscleispreventedfromshorteningwhenitis innervated, this is an isometric contraction. For example, in the previousinstance,ifthedumbbellyouaretryingtocurlweighs400lbs(asopposedto25
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lbs), and you try to curl it, but it doesn’t move, your elbow flexors arecontracting,butnotshortening,sincenomovementisoccurring.Inthisexample,yourelbowflexorsareisometricallycontracting.
When the fields of kinesiology, physical education, and sports medicinewereinitiallybeingestablished,manyindividualsinthesefieldsdiscoveredthattheyneededtoanalyzemuscularmovements.Becausetheyfoundtheanatomicalclassificationsomewhatlimitinginthisregard,theycreatedanewclassificationof muscular contractions. When a muscle was innervated and that muscleshortened and movement took place, they renamed isotonic contraction as“concentric contraction.”When themusclewas innervated andmovement didnottakeplace,thattypeofcontractionwascalleda“staticcontraction”insteadofanisometriccontraction.
Thetypeofmovement(term)thatwasneededthattheanatomistdidn’thavewas what happens when a muscle moves against gravity, but the musclelengthens during themovement.Using the previous example, if the 25-pounddumbbellonatableisactuallymovedwhenyouattempttocurl it,yourelbowflexorsare isotonicallyor concentricallycontracting. Ifyounowslowly returnthedumbbell to the table, then the samemuscles that curled thedumbbell areallowing it to be slowly returned to the table. Your elbow flexors arelengthening,butaredoingthework.Gravitywantstopullthedumbbellquicklyto the table. A kinesiologist calls this type of contraction an “eccentriccontraction.” Specifically, the muscle is working, but lengthening. If ananatomist were asked about this, he would say that your elbow flexors areactually slowly relaxing. Such an analysis is true, but someone analyzingmuscularmovementneedsadescriptivetermtouse.Inthisinstance,thattermis“eccentriccontraction.”
A mix of the aforementioned terms are employed in this book. When amuscle is working, but lengthening, this is referred to as an eccentriccontraction.Whenthemuscleisworking,butnotchanginglength,thisiscalledan isometric contraction.When the muscle is working and shortening, this iseitherdesignatedasanconcentriccontraction,ornodesignation isusedat all,sincethisisthetypicalmuscleaction.
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Description HumanAnatomyTerms
KinesiologicalTerms
Musclelengthshortens
Muscle length doesn't changeMuscle lengthincreases
Isotonic
Isometric
Concentric
Static
Eccentric
Table4-2.Typesofmusclecontractions
Musclesofthehead:
•Cranialmuscles(7)•Facialmuscles(24)•Musclesoftheeye(10)•Musclesofthetongue(8)•Musclesofthesoftpalate(6)•Musclesofthepharynx(4)Musclesoftheneck:
• Muscles of the larynx (22) • Superficial lateral muscles of the neck: -sternocleidomastoid[p116]-rectuscapitislateralis[p115]
•Anteriorneckmuscles(7):-rectuscapitisanterior[p114]-longuscapitis[p114]
•Posteriorneckmuscles(15):-rectuscapitisposterior(major)[p118]-rectuscapitisposterior(minor)[p118]-spleniuscervicis[p119]-spleniuscapitus[p119]-obliquuscapitisinferior[p117]-obliquuscapitissuperior[p117]
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Musclesofthethorax:
•Diaphragm•Externalintercostals(11)[p151]•Internalintercostals(11)[p151]•Serratusposterior(inferior)[p154]•Serratusposterior(superior)[p155]•Scalenusmedius[p153]•Transversusthoracis[p156]•Scalenusposterior[p153]•Subcostales[p156]•Levatorcostarum[p152]•Scalenusanterior[p152]
Theabdominalmuscles:
•Externalobliqueabdominal[p40]•Internalobliqueabdominal[p41]•Rectusabdominis[p44]•Transversusabdominis[p45]•Quadratuslumborum[p43]•Pyramidalis[p42]
Thespinalmuscles:
•Sacrospinalis(erectorspinae):-longissimuscervicis[p146]-longissimusthoracis[p147]-longissimuscapitis[p145]-iliocostaliscervicis[p142]-iliocostalisthoracis[p144]
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-iliocostalislumborum[p143]-spinaliscapitis[p148]-spinaliscervicis[p149]-spinalisthoracis[p150]
•Deepmuscles:-longuscolli(superioroblique)[p138]-longuscolli(vertical)[p139]-longuscolli(inferioroblique)[p138]-semispinaliscervicis[p140]-semispinalisthoracis[p141]-interspinalis[p137]-rotatores[p140]-intertransversarii[p137]-multifidus[p139]
Table4-3.Axialmuscles
Musclesoftheupperextremity:•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheshouldergirdle:-pectoralisminor[p132]
-serratusanterior[p134]-rhomboids(majorandminor)[p133]-levatorscapulae[p131]-trapezius[p136]-subclavius[p135]
•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheshoulderjoint:-pectoralismajor[p126]
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-coracobrachialis[p120]-deltoidanterior[p121]-deltoidmiddle[p122]-deltoidposterior[p123]-latissimusdorsi[p125]-teresmajor[p129]-teresminor[p130]-supraspinatus[p128]-infraspinatus[p124]-subscapularis[p127]
•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheelbowandradioulnarjoints:-bicepsbrachii[p59]-brachialis[p60]-tricepsbrachii[p65]-anconeus[p58]-pronatorteres[p63]-brachioradialis[p61]-supinator[p64]-pronatorquadratus[p62]
• Muscles that act primarily on the wrist and fingers: - superficialflexors:√flexorcarpiradialis[p168]√palmarislongus[p171]√flexordigitorumsuperficilias[p170]√flexorcarpiulnaris[p169]
-deepflexors:√flexordigitorumprofundus[p161]
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√flexorpollicislongus[p162]-superficialextensors:√extensorcarpiradialislongus[p164]√extensorcarpiradialisbrevis[p163]√extensordigitorum[p167]√extensordigitiminimi[p166]√extensorcarpiulnaris[p165]
-deepextensors:√abductorpollicislongus[p157]√extensorpollicislongus[p160]√extensorpollicisbrevis[p159]√extensorindicis[p158]
•Intrinsicmusclesofthehandthatactonthefingers:-opponensdigitiminimi[p84]-abductordigitiminimi[p77]-adductorpollicis[p79]-opponenspollicis[p85]-flexorpollicisbrevis[p82]-abductorpollicisbrevis[p78]-palmarinterossei[p86]-dorsalinterossei(4)[p80]-flexordigitiminimibrevis[p81]-lumbricals(4)[p83]
Table4-4.Upper-extremelyappendicularmuscles
Musclesofthelowerextremity•Musclesthatactprimarilyonthehipjoint:-ilio-psoas:
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√iliacus[p93]√psoasmajor[p95]√psoasminor[p96]
-pectineus[p94]-tensorfascialatae[p97]-adductorlongus[p88]-adductorbrevis[p87]-adductormagnus[p89]-gluteusmaximus[p90]-gluteusmedius[p91]-gluteusminimus[p92]
•Musclesthatprimarilyrotatethehip:-piriformis[p104]-gemellussuperior[p101]-gemellusinferior[p100]-obturatorinternus[p103]-obturatorexternus[p102]-quadratusfemoris[p105]
•Musclesthatactonthehipandknee:-sartorius[p99]-gracilis[p98]
•Musclesthatactprimarilyonthekneejoint:-quadriceps√rectusfemoris[p110]√vastuslateralis[p112]√vastusmedialis[p113]√vastusintermedius[p111]
-hamstrings:√bicepsfemoris[p107]
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√semitendinosus[p109]√semimembranosus[p108]
-popliteus[p106]
•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheankle,andtoes:-anteriorgroup:√extensordigitorumlongus[p46]√extensorhallucislongus[p47]√peroneustertius[p48]√tibialisanterior[p49]
-lateralgroup:√peroneusbrevis[p50]√peroneuslongus[p51]
-posteriorgroup√gastrocnemius[p54]√soleus[p56]√plantaris[p55]√flexordigitorumlongus[p52]√flexorhallucislongus[p53]√tibialisposterior[p57]
•Intrinsicmusclesofthefootthatactonthetoes:-dorsalinterossei(4)[p69]-abductorhallucis[p67]-extensordigitorumbrevis[p70]-plantarinterossei(3)[p75]-flexordigitiminimi(quinti)brevis[p71]-adductorhallucis[p68]-flexorhallucisbrevis[p73]-lumbricals(4)[p74]
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-quadratusplantae[p76]-flexordigitorumbrevis[p72]-abductordigitiminimi(quinti)[p66]
Table4-5.Lower-extremityappendicularmuscles
MuscleDetailsandIllustrations
Thefollowingpagesoffertheessentialdetailsofeveryskeletalmuscle,groupedbybodypartandpresentedinalphabeticalorder.
NOTE:Sometimesamuscleisclassifiedastwodistinctmuscles—onereferredtoasamajor,theotherasaminor.Thedifference,however,isacademicinthatthe twopartshave thesameactionandareusually learnedas justonemuscle.For example, early anatomists divided the psoas muscle into two separatemuscles—thepsoasmajor(upperfibers),andthepsoasminor(lowerfibers),butthe muscle works as a whole. Likewise, the rhomboid major and rhomboidminor act as onemuscle and are usually learned as onemuscle.On the otherhand, onoccasion, the terms “major” and “minor” reflect two totally differentmusclesandmustbe treatedassuch,e.g.,pectoralismajorandminor,or teresmajorandminor.
Itisalsoimportanttonotethatsomemuscles,duetotheirextensiveorigin,haveopposite actions. In these instances, anatomists look at the actionsof theanteriorandposterior fibers thatare located inaparticularpartofamuscle todefinethatmuscle,e.g. theadductormagnus.Someof thesepartsaredifferentenoughtobeconsideredandstudiedastwoorthreemuscles,eventhoughtheyareonemuscle,e.g.,thedeltoidmuscle(refertopages121-123).Thedeltoidisonemusclebutcanbelearnedasthreemuscles:anteriordeltoid,middledeltoid,andposteriordeltoid.Theaforementionedthreetermsseparatemusclesarealsoreferred by some textbooks as the clavicular deltoid, acromional deltoid, andscapuladeltoid—termsthatcorrespondtotheirorigin.Althoughbooksdealwiththedeltoidasonemuscleandrefertoitasthemajorabductorofthearm,itmaybe beneficial to learn it as three muscles, because although the deltoid is anabductor of the arm, the anterior and posterior deltoids are arm adductors.Assuch,itishelpfultostudyandlearnthedeltoidasthreeseparatemuscles.
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ABDOMINAL
EXTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL
Description:
Thesemuscles,oneachsideoftheabdomen,aidinrotatingthespinewhenworking independently. When working together, they assist the rectusabdominisinspineflexionandabdomencompression.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(totheoppositeside-each)3Abdomencompression(both)4Spinelateralflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:•Lowerintercostalarteries•Subcostalarteries•Lumbararteries
Insertion:
•Lineaalba•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIliumandinguinalligament
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Nerves:
•IntercostalnervesT8-T12•IliohypogastricnervesT12,L1•IlioinguinalnerveL1
Origin:
Externalsurfacesofthelowereightribs
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ABDOMINAL
INTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL
Description:Thefibersofthismusclerundiagonallyintheoppositedirectiontothatoftheexternalobliques,andhelprotateandflexthespineaswellascompresstheabdomen.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(tothesameside–each)3Abdomencompression(both)
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BloodSupply:•Lowerintercostalarteries•Subcostalarteries•Lumbararteries
Insertion:
•Lowerthreeribs•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis
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Nerves:
•IntercostalnervesT8-T12•IliohypogastricnervesT12,L1•IlioinguinalnerveL1
Origin:
•Lumbodorsalfascia•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIlium•Lateralone-halfoftheinguinalligament
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ABDOMINAL
INTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL
Description:Thefibersofthismusclerundiagonallyintheoppositedirectiontothatoftheexternalobliques,andhelprotateandflexthespineaswellascompresstheabdomen.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(tothesameside–each)3Abdomencompression(both)
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BloodSupply:•Lowerintercostalarteries•Subcostalarteries•Lumbararteries
Insertion:
•Lowerthreeribs•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis
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Nerves:
•IntercostalnervesT8-T12•IliohypogastricnervesT12,L1•IlioinguinalnerveL1
Origin:
•Lumbodorsalfascia•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIlium•Lateralone-halfoftheinguinalligament
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ABDOMINAL
PYRAMIDALIS
Description:Asmallmuscleoftheloweranteriorpartoftheabdomenthatisinthesamesheathwiththerectusabdominisandfunctionstopullonthelineaalba.
JointCrossing:N/A
BodyAction:Pullsonthelineaalba
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BloodSupply:Superiorandinferiorepigastricarteries
Insertion:Lowerportionofthelineaalba
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Nerves:
BranchofthesubcostalnerveT12
Origin:
Anteriorsurfaceofpubis
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ABDOMINAL
QUADRATUSLUMBORUM
Description:Aquadrilateral-shapedmuscleofthebackthatflexesthespinelaterally,andwhenworkingtogetherwiththeotherbackmusclestoextendthespine.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both)2Spinehyperextension(both)3Spinelateralflexion(each)
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BloodSupply:•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery
Insertion:
•Twelfthrib•Transverseprocessesofthefivelumbarvertebrae
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Nerves:
BranchesofnervesT12,L1
Origin:
Posteriorcrestoftheilium
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ABDOMINAL
RECTUSABDOMINIS
Description:Alongflatmuscleoneithersideofthelineaalba,extendingalongthewholelengthofthefrontoftheabdomen,thatactstoflexthespine,tensetheanteriorwalloftheabdomen,andassistincompressingthecontentsoftheabdomen.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion2Abdomencompression
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BloodSupply:Superiorandinferiorepigastricarteries
Insertion:
• Xiphoid process of the sternum • Cartilages of the fifth, sixth, andseventhribs
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Nerves:
Seventhtotwelfthintercostalnerves
Origin:
Superiorramusofthepubis(crestofthepubicbone)
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ABDOMINAL
TRANSVERSUSABDOMINIS
Description:Aflatmusclewithtransversefibersthatformstheinnermostlayerofthewalloftheabdomenandendsinabroadaponeurosis.Itactstocompresstheabdominalvisceraandassistsintheexpulsionofthecontentsofvariousabdominalorgans(asinurination,defecation,vomitingandparturition).
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:Abdomencompression
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BloodSupply:•Lowerintercostalarteries•Subcostalarteries•Lumbararteries
Insertion:
•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis
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Nerves:
•IntercostalnervesT7-T12•IliohypogastricnervesT12,L1•IlioinguinalnerveL1
Origin:
• Lateral one-half of the inguinal ligament • Crest of the ilium •Lumbodorsalfascia•Insidesurfacesofthelowersixribs
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ANKLEANDTOES-ANTERIOR
EXTENSORDIGITORUMLONGUS
Description:Amuscleinwhichfibersextendobliquelyfromeithersideofacentraltendonontheouterfrontofeachleg.Itextendsthefoursmalltoesanddorsiflexesandevertstheankle.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Toeextension(2nd-5thtoes)3Toehyperextension4Ankleeversion
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BloodSupply:Anteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthesecondandthirdphalangeofthe2nd-5thtoes
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Nerves:
DeepperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
•Outsidesurfaceofthelateralcondyleofthetibia•Headandanteriorsurfaceupperthree-fourthsofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-ANTERIOR
EXTENSORHALLUCISLONGUS
Description:Alongthinmusclesituatedonthefibulathatextendsthebigtoeanddorsiflexesandinvertstheankle.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(bigtoe)2Toehyperextension(bigtoe)3Ankledorsiflexion4Ankleinversion
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BloodSupply:Anteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Baseofthesecondphalangeofthebigtoe(dorsalsurface)
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Nerves:
DeepperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
Anteriorsurfaceofthemiddleportionone-fourthofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-ANTERIOR
PERONEUSTERTIUS
Description:Amusclethatissometimesreferredtoasabranchoftheextensordigitorumlongus.Absentinsomeindividuals,itdorsiflexestheankleandassistsinevertingit.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Ankleeversion
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BloodSupply:Anteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Baseofthefifthmetatarsal
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Nerves:
DeepperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
Anterior/lateralsurfaceofthelowerone-thirdofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-ANTERIOR
TIBIALISANTERIOR
Description:Oneofthemusclesofthelowerlegthatacttodorsiflexthefootandtoinvertit.Alsocalledthetibialisanticus.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Ankleinversion
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BloodSupply:Anteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Crosses the topof the foot to theplantar surfaceofthe first cuneiformandbaseofthefirstmetatarsal
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Nerves:
DeepperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
•Outsidesurfaceof the lateralcondyleof the tibia•Two-thirdsof theanteriorshaftofthetibia
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ANKLEANDTOES-LATERAL
PERONEUSBREVIS
Description:Alowerlegmusclethatassistsinevertingandplantarflexingtheankle.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleeversion2Ankleplantarflexion
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheperonealartery
Insertion:
Aroundtheoutsideankletothebaseofthefifthmetatarsal
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Nerves:
SuperficialperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
Lowerlateraltwo-thirdssurfaceofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-LATERAL
PERONEUSLONGUS
Description:Alowerlegmusclethataidsinevertingandplantarflexingtheankle.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleeversion2Ankleplantarflexion
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheperonealartery
Insertion:
Aroundtheoutsideankle,crossingunderthefoottothefirstcuneiformandbaseofthefirstmetatarsal
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Nerves:
SuperficialperonealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
•Lateralsurfaceoftheheadofthetibia•Lateralsurfaceoftheheadandupperlateraltwo-thirdssurfaceofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
FLEXORDIGITORUMLONGUS
Description:Amuscleoftheoutsideofthelowerlegthatflexesthelastphalanxofeachofthefoursmalltoes,andhelpsplantarflexandinverttheankle.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes)2Ankleplantarflexion3Ankleinversion
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BloodSupply:•Peronealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Around the medial ankle to the plantar surface of the base of the thirdphalangeofthe2nd-5thtoes
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Nerves:
TibialnerveL5,S1
Origin:
•Posteriorsurfaceofthemiddleone-thirdportionofthetibia,betweenthesoleusandtibialisposterior
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
FLEXORHALLUCISLONGUS
Description:Along,deepmuscleoftheoutsideofthelowerlegthatflexestheterminalphalangeofthebigtoe.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion(bigtoe)2Ankleinversion
3Ankleplantarflexion
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BloodSupply:•Peronealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Around the inside ankle to the plantar surface of the base of the terminalphalangeofthebigtoe
![Page 122: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Nerves:
TibialnerveL5,S1,2
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofthelowertwo-thirdsofthefibula
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
GASTROCNEMIUS
Description:Thelargestandmostsuperficialmuscleofthelowerleg,heavilyusedtopropelthebodyupandforwardwhenwalking,running,andjumping.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion(strong)2Kneeflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:•Suralbranchesofpoplitealartery•Muscularbranchesofperonealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Tuberosityofthecalcaneusviatheachillestendon
![Page 126: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Nerves:
TibialnerveS1,2
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofmedialandlateralepicondylesofthefemur
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
PLANTARIS
Description:Asmallmuscleofthelowerlegthatweaklyflexesthekneeandplantarflexestheankle.Assiststhegastrocnemiusandsoleusinplantarflexion.Missinginsomepeople.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion2Kneeflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:•Suralbranchesofpoplitealartery•Muscularbranchesofperonealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Tuberosityofthecalcaneusviatheachillestendon
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Nerves:
TibialnerveS1,2
Origin:
Posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the femur (above thegastrocnemius)
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
SOLEUS
Description:Abroadflatmuscleofthelowerlegthatliesunderthegastrocnemiuswhichplantarflexestheankle.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:Ankleplantarflexion(strong)
![Page 133: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Suralbranchesofpoplitealartery•Muscularbranchesofperonealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Tuberosityofthecalcaneusviatheachillestendon
![Page 134: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Nerves:
TibialnerveS1,2
Origin:
•Upper1/3posteriorshaftofthefibulaandtheposteriorsurfaceoftheheadofthefibula•Poplitealline•Middle1/3ofthemedialborderofthetibia
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ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR
TIBIALISPOSTERIOR
Description:Adeepmuscleoftheposteriorlowerlegthatplantarflexesandinvertstheankle.Alsocalledthetibialisposticus.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion2Ankleinversion
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BloodSupply:•Peronealartery•Posteriortibialartery
Insertion:
Around the medial ankle to the plantar surface of the navicular, firstcuneiform,cuboid,andthejunctionofthefollowingfourbones–thesecondandthirdcuneiforms,andthesecondandthirdmetatarsals
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Nerves:
TibialnerveL5,S1
Origin:
•Middleone-thirdof theposterior lateralsurfaceof the tibia•Middleone-thirdoftheposteriormedialsurfaceofthefibula
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
ANCONEUS
Description:Asmalltriangularextensormusclethatissuperficiallysituatedbehindandbelowtheelbowjointthatextendstheelbow.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Elbowextension
![Page 141: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
BloodSupply:Middlecollateralarteryfromtheprofundabrachiiartery
Insertion:Posterior/lateralsurfaceoftheolecranonprocessandposteriorsurfaceoftheulna
![Page 142: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Nerves:
RadialnerveC7,8
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthehumerus
![Page 143: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
BICEPSBRACHII
Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleoftheupper,anteriorarm.Thoughtofasamajorelbowflexor(curls),itisalsoastrongsupinatoroftheradio-ulnarjoint,aswellasaflexorofthearm.
JointCrossing:Three
Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowflexion2Forearmsupination3Armflexion
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofbrachialartery
Insertion:
Radialtuberosityoftheradius
![Page 145: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Nerves:
MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6
Origin:
•Longhead:supraglenoidtubercleoftheglenoidfossaofthescapula•Shorthead:coracoidprocessofthescapula
![Page 146: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
BRACHIALIS
Description:Ananterior,upperarmmusclelyingunderthebiceps.Itsonlyactionisasatrueflexoroftheelbow.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:Elbowflexion
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BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofbrachialartery•Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:
•Coronoidprocessoftheulna•Theulnartuberosity
![Page 149: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Nerves:
MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6
Origin:
Lowerportionoftheanteriorsurfaceofthehumerus
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
BRACHIORADIALIS
Description:Along,narrowmuscleoftheforearmthatflexestheelbowandsupinatestheradio-ulnajoint.Elbowflexionisstrongestwhentheforearmisalreadysupinated.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowflexion2Forearmsupination
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BloodSupply:Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:Styloidprocessoftheradius
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Nerves:
RadialnerveC5,6
Origin:
Upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus (aboutthelowerlateralone-thirdofthehumerus)
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
PRONATORQUADRATUS
Description:Adeepmuscleofthelowerforearm,passingtransverselyfromtheulnatotheradiusandservingtopronatetheforearm.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:Forearmpronation
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BloodSupply:•Anteriorinterosseousartery•Muscularbranchesoftheradialartery
Insertion:
Anteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-fourthofradius
![Page 156: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Nerves:
PalmarinterosseousbranchofmediannerveC6,7
Origin:
Anteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-fourthofulna
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
PRONATORTERES
Description:Amuscleoftheforearmthatservestopronatetheforearmandflextheelbow.Elbowflexionisweakerwhentheforearmissupinated.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Forearmpronation2Elbowflexion
![Page 159: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofulnarartery•Muscularbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Middleone-thirdofthelateralsurfaceoftheradius
![Page 160: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Nerves:
MediannerveC6,7
Origin:
•Medialepicondyleofthehumerus•Coronoidprocessoftheulna
![Page 161: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
SUPINATOR
Description:Amusclethatproducesthemotionofsupination,rotatingthewristtomakethethumbmoveoutward.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Forearmsupination2Elbowflexion
![Page 162: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
BloodSupply:Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:
Lateralsurfaceoftheupperone-thirdoftheradius
![Page 163: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchofradialnerveC6
Origin:
• Lateral/posterior epicondyle of the humerus • Supinator crest of theulna
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ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR
TRICEPSBRACHII
Description:
A major upper, posterior arm muscle that strongly extends the elbow.Becauseof itsattachment to thescapula, italsoassistswitharmextensionandadduction.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowextension2Armextension(longhead)3Armhyperextension(longhead)4Armadduction
![Page 165: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
BloodSupply:
• Branches of the brachial artery • Superior ulnar collateral artery •Profundabrachiiartery
Insertion:
Olecranonprocessofulna
![Page 166: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Nerves:
RadialnerveC7,8
Origin:
•Longhead:infraglenoidtubercleofthescapula•Lateralhead:upper,1/3lateral-posteriorsurfaceof thehumerus•Medialhead: lower3/4posteriorsurfaceofthehumerus
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FOOT
ABDUCTORDIGITIMINIMI(QUINTI)
Description:Amusclethatliesalongthelateralsideofthefootandabductsthelittletoe.Alsoknownastheabductordigitiquinti.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:Toeabduction(littletoe)
![Page 169: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:
Lateralsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe
![Page 170: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
• Lateral and medial processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus • Theplantar aponeurosis and the septum between the lateral and medialprocesses
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FOOT
ABDUCTORHALLUCIS
Description:Thismuscleliesalongthemedialborderofthefootandabductsthebigtoe.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeabduction(bigtoe)2Toeflexion(bigtoe)
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BloodSupply:Medialplantarartery
Insertion:
Tibialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe
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Nerves:
MedialplantarnerveL4,5
Origin:
•Medialprocessofthetuberosityofthecalcaneum•Astrongligament-theflexorretinaculum•Astrongligament-theplantaraponeurosis
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FOOT
ADDUCTORHALLUCIS
Description:Afootmusclethatadductsthebigtoe.Alsoknownastheadductorobliquushallucis.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Toeadduction(bigtoe)
![Page 175: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:Lateralsideofbaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe
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Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
•Obliquehead:baseofthesecondandfourthmetatarsalsandthetendonoftheperoneuslongus•Transversehead:plantarmetatarsophlangealligamentsofthe3rd-5thtoes
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FOOT
DORSALINTEROSSEI(FOURMUSCLES)
Description:Agroupoffourmusclesthatabductandflexthe2nd,3rd,and4thtoes.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion2Toeabduction
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BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:
•Firstheads– themedialsideof thesecondphalangeof the2nd,3rd,and4thtoes•Secondheads–thelateralsidesofthesecondphalangeofthe2nd,3rd,and4thtoes
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Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
Twoheadsfromtheadjacentsidesofthemetatarsals
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FOOT
EXTENSORDIGITORUMBREVIS
Description:Abroad,thinmuscleonthedorsalsurfaceofthefootthatextendsthetoes.Themostmedialtendonisfrequentlyidentifiedasaseparatemuscle–theextensorhallucisbrevis.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(2nd-4thtoes,assistsbigtoe–metatarsophalangealjoints)2Toehyperextension(2nd-4thtoes,assistsbigtoe–metatarsophalangealjoints)
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BloodSupply:Dorsalispedisartery
Insertion:
•Byfourtendonstothebaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe•Lateralsidesofextensordigitorumlongustendonsofthe2nd-4thtoes
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Nerves:
DeepperonealnerveL5,S1
Origin:
•Anteriorandlateralcalcaneus•Lateraltalocalcanealligament
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FOOT
FLEXORDIGITIMINIMI(QUINTI)BREVIS
Description:Amuscleofthesoleofthefootthatflexesthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Toeflexion(littletoe)
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BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:
Lateralsideofbaseoffirstphalangeofthelittletoe
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Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS2,3
Origin:
•Baseofthefifthmetatarsal•Sheathoftheperoneuslongustendon
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FOOT
FLEXORDIGITORUMBREVIS
Description:Amusclethatliesinthemiddleoftheplantarsurfaceofthefootandisunitedwiththeplantaraponeurosis.Itflexesthemiddlephalanxofeachofthefoursmalltoes.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes)
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BloodSupply:Medialplantarartery
Insertion:Asplittendontothefourtoeswhichsplitsagaintoinsertoneachsideofthesecondphalangeofeachtoe
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Nerves:
MedialplantarnerveL4,5
Origin:
• Medial process of the tuberosity of calcaneus • Central part of theplantaraponeurosis
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FOOT
FLEXORHALLUCISBREVIS
Description:Ashort,two-belliedmuscleontheplantarsurfaceofthefootthatflexesthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Toeflexion(bigtoe)
![Page 192: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
BloodSupply:Medialplantarartery
Insertion:Medialandlateralportionofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe
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Nerves:MedialplantarnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:•Cuboid
•Lateralcuneiform
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FOOT
LUMBRICALS(FOURMUSCLES)
Description:Foursmallmusclesofthefoot,comparabletothelumbricalesofthehand,thatflextheproximalphalangesandextendthetwoterminalphalangesofeachtoe.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(twodistalphalangesoffourtoes)2Toehyperextension(twodistalphalangesoffourtoes)3Toeflexion(proximalphalangesoffourtoes)
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BloodSupply:•First–medialplantarartery•Second-fourth–lateralplantarartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthetendonsoftheextensordigitorumlongus
![Page 196: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
Nerves:
•First–medialplantarnerveL4,5•Second-fourth–lateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
On the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, the four muscles arenumberedfrommedialtolateral
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FOOT
PLANTARINTEROSSEI(THREEMUSCLES)
Description:Threemusclesthatliebeneaththemetatarsalbonesalongtheplantarsideofthethird,fourth,andfifthtoes.Actstoflexthefirstphalangesandadductthetoes.Alsocalledtheplantarisinterosseus.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(3rd-4thtoes)2Toehyperextension(3rd-4thtoes)3Toeadduction(3rd-5thtoes)
![Page 199: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:
Medialsidesofbasesoffirstphalangesofthethird,fourth,andfifthtoes
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Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
Medialsidesofthebasesofthethird,fourth,andfifthmetatarsals
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FOOT
QUADRATUSPLANTAE
Description:Amuscleontheplantarsurfaceofthefootthathastwoheadsandaidsinflexingthetoes.Alsoknownastheflexoraccessorius.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes–distalinterphalangealjoints)
![Page 203: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery
Insertion:Lateralmarginoftendonoftheflexordigitorumlongusataboutthemetatarsophalangealjoint
![Page 204: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
Nerves:
LateralplantarnerveS1,2
Origin:
• Its origins are separated by the plantar ligament • Medial head –medial/plantarsurfaceofcalcaneus•Lateralhead– lateralborderofinferiorsurfaceofcalcaneus
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HAND
ABDUCTORDIGITIMINIMI
Description:Asmallmuscleofthehandthatabductsthelittlefingerandflexesthephalangenearestthehand.Alsocalledtheabductordigitiquinti.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerabduction(littlefinger)2Fingerflexion(littlefinger–firstphalange)
![Page 206: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
BloodSupply:Deeppalmarbranchesofulnarartery
Insertion:
•Theulnarsideofbaseoffirstphalangeofthelittlefinger•Theulnaborderoftheextensordigitiminimi
![Page 207: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Pisiform•TendonofFlexorCarpiUlnaris
![Page 208: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
HAND
ABDUCTORPOLLICISBREVIS
Description:Athinflatmuscleofthehandthatabductsthethumbatrightanglestotheplaneofthepalm.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbabduction(carpometacarpaljoints)2Thumb-fingeropposition(slight)3Wristradialflexion(assists)
![Page 209: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
BloodSupply:Superficialpalmarbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Outsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb
![Page 210: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
Nerves:
RecurrentbranchofmediannerveC6,7
Origin:
•Anteriorsurfaceofthetransversecarpalligament•Trapezium•Scaphoid
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HAND
ABDUCTORPOLLICIS
Description:Amuscleofthehandwithtwoheadsthatadductsthethumbbybringingittowardthepalm.Composedoftwoparts–caputobliquusandthecaputtransversus.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Thumbadduction(carpometacarpaljoint)
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BloodSupply:Superficialpalmarbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Ulnaraspectofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)
![Page 213: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Capitatebone•Baseofsecondandthirdmetacarpals•Theintercarpalligaments•ThetendonoftheFlexorCarpiRadialis
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HAND
DORSALINTEROSSEI
Description:Agroupoffourmusclesthatthatbothextendandabducttheindex,middle,andringfingers.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerabduction2Fingerextension(twodistalphalanges)3Fingerhyperextension(twodistalphalanges)
![Page 215: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofdeeppalmararch
Insertion:
Bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th proximal phalanges onto the tendons of theextensordigitorum.
![Page 216: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
Nerves:
PalmerbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Twoheadsfromeachsideofthemetacarpalbones
![Page 217: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
HAND
FLEXORDIGITIMINIMIBREVIS
Description:Amuscleoftheulnarsideofthepalmthatflexesthelittlefinger.Alsoknownastheflexordigitiquintibrevis.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Fingerflexion(littlefinger)
![Page 218: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
BloodSupply:Deeppalmarbranchesofulnarartery
Insertion:Ulnarsideofthefirstphalangeofthelittlefinger
![Page 219: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Hamate
Palmarsurfaceoftheflexorretinaculum
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HAND
FLEXORPOLLICISBREVIS
Description:Ashortmuscleofthepalmthatflexesandadductsthethumb.Itisespeciallyactiveinafirmgrip.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbflexion(carpometacarpalandmetacarpophalangealjoints)2Thumbadduction(carpometacarpaljoint))
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BloodSupply:Superficialpalmarbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Baseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb
![Page 223: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
Nerves:
Superficialhead–mediannerveC6,7
Deephead–deepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Superficial(lateral)head–flexorretinaculum•Firstmetacarpal
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HAND
LUMBRICALS
Description:Foursmallmusclesofthepalmofthehandthatflextheproximalphalangesandextendthetwoterminalphalangesofeachfinger.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion(metacarpophalangealjoint)2Fingerextension(thetwodistaljoints)3Fingerhyperextension(thetwodistaljoints)
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BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofdeeppalmararch
Insertion:
Thetendinousexpansionoftheextensordigitorumonthedorsalsideofthehand
![Page 226: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
Nerves:
•1,2–mediannerveC6,7•3,4–deepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Thetendonsoftheindexandmiddlefinger•Thetendonstothelittleandringfingers
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HAND
OPPONENSDIGITIMINIMI
Description:Atriangularmuscleofthehandthatfunctionstoabduct,flex,androtatethefifthmetacarpalinopposingthelittlefingerandthumb.Alsocalledtheopponensdigitiquinti.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumb-fingeropposition(littlefinger)2Fingerabduction(littlefinger)3Fingerflexion(littlefinger)
![Page 229: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
BloodSupply:Deeppalmarbranchesofulnarartery
Insertion:
Ulnasideoftheshaftofthefifthmetacarpal
![Page 230: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchoftheulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Hamateandtheconnectingportionoftheflexorretinaculumligament
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HAND
OPPONENSPOLLICIS
Description:Asmalltriangularmuscleofthehand,locatedbelowtheabductorpollicisbrevis,thatfunctionstoabduct,flex,androtatethemetacarpalofthethumb,whileopposingthethumbandfingers.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumb-fingeropposition2Thumbabduction3Thumbflexion
![Page 233: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
BloodSupply:Superficialpalmarbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Lateralborderofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)
![Page 234: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
Nerves:
RecurrentbranchofmediannerveC6,7
Origin:
•Trapezium•Theflexorretinaculum
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HAND
PALMARINTEROSSEI
Description:Anyofthreesmallmusclesofthepalmarsurfaceofthehand,eachofwhichactstoadductitsfingertowardthemiddlefinger.Alsocalledtheinterosseuspalmarisandvolarinterossei.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingeradduction(2nd,4th,5thfingers–metacarpophalangealjoints)2Fingerflexion(metacarpophalangealjoint)3Fingerextension(twodistalphalanges)4Fingerhyperextension(twodistalphalanges)
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BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofthedeeppalmararch
Insertion:
Thesideofthebasesofthefirstphalangesofthe2nd,4th,and5thfingersandtheextensordigitorumtendongoingtothesamefinger
![Page 238: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
Nerves:
DeepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Thelengthofthe2nd,4th,and5thmetacarpals
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HIP
ADDUCTORBREVIS
Description:Oneofthreetriangularmusclesthatcontributetotheadductionoftheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legflexion
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoffemoralartery
Insertion:
Pectineallineofthefemurandupperone-thirdofthelineaaspera
![Page 242: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
Nerves:
ObturatornerveL3,4
Origin:
Inferiorramusofthepubis
![Page 243: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
HIP
ADDUCTORLONGUS
Description:Oneofthreepowerfultriangularmusclesontheinsideofthethigh,whichadductstheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legflexion
![Page 244: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoffemoralartery
Insertion:
Middleone-thirdofthelineaasperaontheposteriorfemur
![Page 245: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
Nerves:
ObturatornerveL3,4
Origin:
Bodyofthepubis,justinferiortothepubiccrest
![Page 246: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
HIP
ADDUCTORMAGNUS
Description:
Oneof threepowerful triangularmuscleson the insideof the thigh,whichadductstheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation(anteriorfibers)3Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)4Hip-legextension(posteriorfibers)5Hip-leghyperextension(posteriorfibers)6Hip-leginternalrotation(posteriorfibers)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesofprofundafemoris
Insertion:
![Page 248: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
•Lineaaspera•Medialsupracondylarridgeoffemur•Adductortubercleoffemur
Nerves:
•Anteriorfibers:obturatornerveL2,3,4•Posteriorfibers:tibialnerveofsciaticbundleL4,5,S1,2,3
Origin:
Inferiorramusofpubisandischium
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HIP
GLUTEUSMAXIMUS
Description:
Alargesuperficialmuscleofthebuttocksthatisaverystrongextensorandexternalrotatoroftheleg.Thelowerfibersofthismusclealsoadducttheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Hip-legexternalrotation4Hip-legadduction
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BloodSupply:
•Inferiorglutealartery•Superiorglutealartery
Insertion:
• Superficial fibers – iliotibial band • Deep fibers – gluteal line onposteriorupperfemur
![Page 252: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
Nerves:
InferiorglutealnerveL5,S1,2
Origin:
•PosteriorgluteallineofIlium•Posterioriliaccrest•Lateralposteriorsacrumandcoccyx
![Page 253: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
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HIP
GLUTEUSMEDIUS
Description:Afan-shapedmusclethatworksinconjunctionwiththegluteusminimustoabducttheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-legexternalrotation(posteriorfibers)3Hip-leginternalrotation(anteriorfibers)4Hip-legextension(posteriorfibers)5Hip-leghyperextension(posteriorfibers)6Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)
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BloodSupply:Superiorglutealartery
Insertion:
Superiorandlateralsurfaceofthegreatertrochanterofthefemur
Nerves:
SuperiorglutealnerveL4,5,S1
![Page 256: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
Origin:
Lateraluppersurfaceoftheilium,abovethegluteusminimus
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HIP
GLUTEUSMINIMUS
Description:Thedeepestofthethreeglutealmuscles.Itactssimilarlywiththegluteusmedius.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-leginternalrotation(anteriorfibers)3Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)
![Page 258: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
BloodSupply:Superiorglutealartery
Insertion:
Superiorandlateralsurfaceofthegreatertrochanterofthefemur
Nerves:
SuperiorglutealnerveL4,5,S1
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Origin:
Lateralsurfaceofilium(betweentheanteriorandinferiorgluteallines)
![Page 260: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
HIP
ILIACUS
Description:Amuscleoftheiliacregionoftheabdomenthatflexesandexternallyrotatestheleg.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasmajorandminortoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legadduction
![Page 261: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Deepcircumflexiliacartery
Insertion:
Lessertrochanterofthefemurandtheshaftjustbelow
![Page 262: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
Nerves:
•Lumbarnerve•FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
Iliacfossa
![Page 263: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
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HIP
PECTINEUS
Description:Aflat,quadrangularmuscleoftheupperfrontandinneraspectofthethighthatflexes,adducts,andexternallyrotatestheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legadduction3Hip-legexternalrotation
![Page 265: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofmedialfemoralcircumflexartery
Insertion:
Pectineallineofthefemur
![Page 266: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
Superiorramusofthepubis
![Page 267: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
HIP
PSOASMAJOR
Description:Thelargerofthetwopsoasmusclesthatflexestheleg.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasminorandiliacustoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation
![Page 268: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery
Insertion:Lessertrochanterofthefemurandtheshaftjustbelow
![Page 269: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/269.jpg)
Nerves:
•Lumbarnerve•FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
The transverse processes of the five lumbar vertebrae and the bodies anddisksbetweenthem
![Page 270: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/270.jpg)
HIP
PSOASMINOR
Description:Thesmallerofthetwopsoasmusclesthatflexesthehip.Itisoftenabsentinsomepeople.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasmajorandiliacustoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation
![Page 271: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/271.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery
Insertion:•Pectinealline•Iliopectinealeminence•Iliacfascia
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Nerves:
•Lumbarnerve•FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
Thebodiesofthe12ththoracicandfirstlumbarvertebrae
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HIP
TENSORFASCIAELATAE
Description:Ashortmuscleonthelateralaspectofthethighthatinsertsontheilio-tibialbandandcontinuestothekneejoint.Itworkswiththegluteusmediusandminimustoabducttheleg.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-legflexion3Hip-leginternalrotation
![Page 274: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/274.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Superiorglutealartery•Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery
Insertion:Ilio-tibialband
![Page 275: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
Nerves:
SuperiorglutealnerveL4,5,S1
Origin:
Anterior,lateralsurfaceoftheiliumbelowtheanteriorcrestandposteriortotheanteriorspineoftheilium
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HIPANDKNEE
GRACILIS
Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleoftheinsidethighthatactstoadducttheleg,flextheknee,andassistinrotatingtheleginternally.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legflexion(weak)3Kneeflexion4Hip-leginternalrotation(weak)
![Page 277: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/277.jpg)
BloodSupply:Obturatorartery
Insertion:
Upper, anterior, medial surface of the tibia (with sartorius andsemitendinous)
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Nerves:
ObturatornerveL2,3,4
Origin:
Symphysispubisandinferior(descending)ramusofthepubis
![Page 279: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/279.jpg)
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HIPANDKNEE
SARTORIUS
Description:Thelongestmuscleinthebody,itactstoflex,abduct,andexternallyrotatethelegandtoflextheknee.Oftencalledthetailor'smusclebecauseearlytailorssatcross-legged,whichtheactionofthesartoriusenabledthemtodo.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Kneeflexion3Hip-legexternalrotation4Hip-legabduction
![Page 281: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/281.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Branchofdescendinggenicularartery
Insertion:
Upper,anterior,medialsurfaceofthetibia
![Page 282: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/282.jpg)
Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3
Origin:
Anteriorsuperioriliacspine
![Page 283: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/283.jpg)
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HIPROTATOR
GEMELLUSINFERIOR
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 285: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/285.jpg)
BloodSupply:Inferiorglutealartery
Insertion:Insidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter
![Page 286: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/286.jpg)
Nerves:
BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1,2
Origin:
Tuberosityoftheischium
![Page 287: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/287.jpg)
HIPROTATOR
GEMELLUSSUPERIOR
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 288: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/288.jpg)
BloodSupply:Inferiorglutealartery
Insertion:Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter
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Nerves:
SacralnerveL5,S1,2
Origin:
Outersurfaceofthespineoftheischium
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HIPROTATOR
OBTURATOREXTERNUS
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 291: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/291.jpg)
BloodSupply:Obturatorartery
Insertion:Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter
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Nerves:
ObturatornerveL3,4
Origin:
Generallyfromthesacrumandinsidesurfacesofthepubisandischium
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HIPROTATOR
OBTURATORINTERNUS
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 294: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/294.jpg)
BloodSupply:Inferiorglutealartery
Insertion:
Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter
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Nerves:
BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1,2
Origin:
Generallyfromthesacrumandinsidesurfacesofthepubisandischium
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HIPROTATOR
PIRIFORMIS
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 297: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/297.jpg)
BloodSupply:•Superiorglutealartery•Inferiorglutealartery
Insertion:Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter
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Nerves:
FirstorsecondsacralnerveS1,2
Origin:
Generallyfromthesacrumandinsidesurfacesofthepubisandischium
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HIPROTATOR
QUADRATUSFEMORIS
Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)
![Page 300: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/300.jpg)
BloodSupply:Inferiorglutealartery
Insertion:Proximalpartofthelinethatextendsfromtheintertrochantericcrestofthefemur
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Nerves:
BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1
Origin:
Generallyfromtheproximalpartoftheexternalborderofthetuberosityoftheischium
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KNEE
POPLITEUS
Description:Aflatthintriangularmusclethatformspartofthefloorofthepoplitealspace,andfunctionstoflextheknee.Itplaysalargeroleinprovidingpostero-lateralstabilitytotheknee.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Kneeflexion
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BloodSupply:Branchesofpoplitealartery
Insertion:Poplitealsurfaceofthetibia
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Nerves:
TibialnerveL5,S1
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthefemur
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KNEE-HAMSTRINGS
BICEPSFEMORIS(HAMSTRINGS)
Description:
Alargesuperficialmuscleoftheupper,posteriorthigh.Oneofthehamstringgroupofmuscles,itisastronghipextensorandkneeflexor.
JointCrossing:
Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legexternalrotation
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5Hip-legadduction(slight)
BloodSupply:
•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)
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Insertion:
•Headofthefibula•Adjacent(lateral)surfaceofthetibia
Nerves:
•Longhead:sciatic-tibialnerveS1,2,3•Shorthead:sciatic-peronealnerveL5,S1,2
Origin:
• Long head: ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone • Short head:lowerhalfoflaterallipofthelineaasperaontheposteriorfemur
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KNEE-HAMSTRINGS
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS(HAMSTRINGS)
Description:Along,thinmuscleonthemedial,upper,posteriorthighthat’soneofthegroupofhamstringmuscles.Itcrossesthehipandkneejoints.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legadduction5Hip-leginternalrotation
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BloodSupply:•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)
Insertion:
Posterior,upper,andmedialsurfaceofthecondyleofthetibia
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Nerves:
TibialnerveofsciaticbundleL5,S1,2
Origin:
Ischialtuberosityoftheinnominatebone
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KNEE-HAMSTRINGS
SEMITENDINOSUS(HAMSTRINGS)
Description:
Alongband-likemusclewhichispartof thehamstringmusclegroup.Thedistalendofthismuscleisheldposteriorlybytheligamentsaroundthekneejoint,justpriortoitbeinginsertedanteriorlyonthetibia.Thisfactorallowsflexionoftheknee.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legadduction5Hip-leginternalrotation
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BloodSupply:
•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)
Insertion:
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Upper,anteriormedialsurfaceofthetibia
Nerves:
TibialnerveofsciaticbundleL5,S1,2
Origin:
Ischialtuberosityoftheinnominatebone
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KNEE-QUADRICEPS
RECTUSFEMORIS(QUADS)
Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleofthequadricepsgroup.Stronglyextendsthekneewiththeotherthreequadricepsmuscles.Sinceitcrossestheanteriorhipjoint,italsoflexesthehip.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Kneeextension2Hip-legflexion
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BloodSupply:Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery
Insertion:
Upper borders of the patella by way of the quadriceps tendon. Thequadriceps tendon passes over and around the patella and becomes thepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity
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Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
•Straighthead–anteriorinferioriliacspine•Reflectedhead–upperlipoftheacetabulum
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KNEE-QUADRICEPS
VASTUSINTERMEDIUS(QUADS)
Description:Oneofthequadricepsmusclegrouplyingundertherectusfemoris.Withtheotherthreemuscles,itstronglyextendstheknee.Alsoknownasthecrureus.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Kneeextension
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BloodSupply:Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery
Insertion:•Upperbordersofthepatellabywayofthequadricepstendon•Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity
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Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
Uppertwo-thirdsoftheanteriorandlateralsurfaceofthefemur
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KNEE-QUADRICEPS
VASTUSLATERALIS(QUADS)
Description:Thelargestofthequadricepsmusclegroup.Itformsthelowerlateralaspectofthethigh.Alsocalledthevastusexternus.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Kneeextension
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BloodSupply:Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery
Insertion:
• Upper border of the patella by way of the quadriceps tendon • Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity
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Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
• Anterior, upper femur, at right angles to the intertrochanteric line •Lateral lip of the gluteal line (tuberosity) • The lateral edge of theuppertwo-thirdsofthelineaaspera
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KNEE-QUADRICEPS
VASTUSMEDIALIS(QUADS)
Description:Oneofthequadricepsmusclegroup.Itmakesupthelowermedialaspectofthethigh.Maybeimportantinmaintainingpatellofemoralstability,duetothewayitsfibersareattachedtothesuperiormedialpatella.Alsocalledthevastusinternus.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Kneeextension
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BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Branchofdescendinggenicularartery
Insertion:
•Upper borders of the patella byway of the quadriceps tendon •Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity
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Nerves:
FemoralnerveL2,3,4
Origin:
•Distal half of the intertrochanteric line • Themedial lip of the lineaaspera•Theuppertwo-thirdsoftheintercondylarline
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NECK-ANTERIOR
LONGUSCAPITIS
Description:
One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles. Amuscleoneithersideofthefrontandupperportionoftheneckthatflexesthehead.Alsoknownasrectuscapitusanticusmajor.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Headflexion
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Basilarpartofoccipitalbone
Nerves:
VentralramiC1,2,3
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofC3-C6
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RECTUSCAPITISANTERIOR
Description:
One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles.Stabilizestheatlantooccipitaljoint.Alsoknownastherectuscapitisanticusminor.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Headflexion(atlantooccipitaljointstabilization)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Basilarpartofoccipitalboneanteriortoforamenmagnum
Nerves:
VentralramiC1,2
Origin:
Anteriorsurfaceoflateralatlas
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RECTUSCAPITISLATERALIS
Description:
One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles.Laterallyflexesthehead,aswellasstabilizingtheatlantooccipitaljoint.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Headlateralflexion(atlantooccipitaljointstabilization)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Jugularprocessoftheoccipitalbone
Nerves:
VentralramiC1,2
Origin:
Superiorsurfaceoftransverseprocessoftheatlas
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NECK-LATERAL
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Description:Athicksuperficialmuscleoneachsideoftheneckthatactstoflexandrotatethehead.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:1Headflexion(both)2Headrotation(totheoppositeside–each)3Headlateralflexion(totheoppositeside–each)
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BloodSupply:•Occipitalartery•Superiorthyroidartery
Insertion:
•Mastoidprocessoftemporalbone•Adjacentportionofoccipitalbone
Nerves:
Spinalaccessorynerve,C2,3
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Origin:
• Anterior, upper surface of themanubrium •Medial one-third of theclavicle
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NECK-LATERAL
OBLIQUUSCAPITISINFERIOR
Description:
Asmallposteriorlypositionedmusclethatrotatesthehead.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Headrotation
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery
Insertion:
Transverseprocessofatlas
Nerves:
PosteriorramiofC1
Origin:
Spinousprocessofaxis
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OBLIQUUSCAPITISSUPERIOR
Description:
Located posteriorly, a muscle that extends the head and assists the rectuscapitislateralisinlateralflexion.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension2Headhyperextension3Headlateralflexion
BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery
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Insertion:
Betweenthesuperiorandinferiornuchallineoftheoccipitalbone
Nerves:
PosteriorramiofC1
Origin:
Transverseprocessofatlas
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NECK-POSTERIOR
RECTUSCAPITISPOSTERIOR(MAJOR)
Description:
Amuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatactstoextendandrotatethehead.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension3Headrotation(tothesameside-each)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery
Insertion:
Lateralportionofinferiornuchallineofoccipitalbone
Nerves:
PosteriorramiofC1
Origin:
Spinousprocessofaxis
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RECTUSCAPITISPOSTERIOR(MINOR)
Description:
Amuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatextendsthehead.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension2Headhyperextension
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery
Insertion:
Medialportionofinferiornuchallineofoccipitalbone
Nerves:
PosteriorramiofC1
Origin:
Posteriorarchoftheatlas
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NECK-POSTERIOR
SPLENIUSCAPITIS
Description:
Aflatmuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatrotatesandlaterallyflexes the head to the side onwhich it is located and,with bothmuscles,extendsthehead.
JointCrossing:
One
Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension(both)3Headlateralflexion(tothesameside–each)4Headrotation(tothesameside–each)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
• Mastoid process of the temporal bone • Adjacent portion of theoccipitalbone
Nerves:
PosteriorbranchesofcervicalnervesC4-8
Origin:
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•Lowerportionofnuchalligament•Spinesofthe7thcervicalandthefirstthreeorfourthoracicvertebrae
SPLENIUSCERVICIS
Description:
Aflatnarrowmuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatactstorotateandlaterallyflextheheadtothesideonwhichit is locatedand,withbothmuscles,extendthehead.Alsoknownasthespleniuscolli.
JointCrossing:
One
Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension(both)3Headlateralflexion(tothesame
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side–each)4Headrotation(tothesameside–each)
BloodSupply:
Deepcervicalartery
Insertion:
Transverseprocessofthefirsttwoorthreecervicalvertebrae
Nerves:
PosteriorbranchesofcervicalnervesC4-8
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Origin:
Spinousprocessesofthe3rd-6ththoracicvertebrae
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SHOULDER
CORACOBRACHIALIS
Description:Aweakmusclewhosemajorfunctionistomovethearmhorizontallyandacrossthechest.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armhorizontaladduction2Armflexion3Armadduction4Armexternalrotation(slight)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofthebrachialartery
Insertion:
Middleone-thirdofthemedialsurfaceofthehumerus
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Nerves:
MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6,7
Origin:
Coracoidprocessofthescapula
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SHOULDER
DELTOIDANTERIOR
Description:Thefrontpartofthedeltoidmuscle,itisastrongabductorofthearm.Itslowerfibersweaklyadductandinternallyrotatethearm.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armabduction(upperfibers)2Armflexion3Arminternalrotation4Armhorizontaladduction(lowerfibers)5Armadduction(lowerfibers)
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BloodSupply:•Posteriorhumeralcircumflexartery•Deltoidbranchofthoracoacromialartery
Insertion:
Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceofthehumerus
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Nerves:
AxillarynerveC5,6
Origin:
Anteriorborderofthelateralone-thirdoftheclavicle
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SHOULDER
DELTOIDMIDDLE
Description:Astrongabductorofthearm.Theabductionisassistedbytheupperfibersoftheposteriorandanteriordeltoid.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Armabduction
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BloodSupply:•Posteriorhumeralcircumflexartery•Deltoidbranchofthoracoacromialartery
Insertion:
Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceoftheshaftofthehumerus
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Nerves:
AxillarynerveC5,6
Origin:
Acromionprocessofthescapula
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SHOULDER
DELTOIDPOSTERIOR
Description:
Theposteriorpartofthedeltoidmuscle,itisastrongabductorofthearm.Itslowerfibersweaklyadductandexternallyrotatethearm.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armabduction(upperfibers)2Armexternalrotation3Armextension4Armhyperextension5Armhorizontalabduction6Armadduction(lowerfibers)
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BloodSupply:
• Posterior humeral circumflex artery • Deltoid branch ofthoracoacromialartery
Insertion:
Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceoftheshaftofthehumerus
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Nerves:
AxillarynerveC5,6
Origin:
Inferioredgeofscapularspine
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SHOULDER
INFRASPINATUS
Description:Amusclethatoccupiesmostoftheinfraspinousfossaofthescapulaandrotatesthearmexternally.Becauseofitswideorigin,itsupperfibersabductanditslowerfibersadductthearm.Itisastrongexternalrotator,andisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armexternalrotation2Armhorizontalabduction3Armadduction(lowerfibers)4Armabduction(upperfibers)
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BloodSupply:•Suprascapularartery•Scapularcircumflexartery
Insertion:
Superior/lateralsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus
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Nerves:
SuprascapularnerveC5,6
Origin:
Infraspinousfossaofthescapula
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SHOULDER
LATISSIMUSDORSI
Description:
Abroad, flat superficialmuscleof the lowerpartof theback thatextends,adducts,andinternallyrotatesthearm.Sometimesknownastheswimmer’smuscle.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armextension(strong)2Armhyperextension(strong)3Armadduction(strong)4Arminternalrotation5Armhorizontaladduction
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BloodSupply:
Thoracodorsalartery
Insertion:
Intertubulargrooveontheanteriorhumerus
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Nerves:
ThoracodorsalnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
• Spines of the lower six thoracic vertebrae • Spines of the lumbarvertebrae •Posteriorsurfaceof thesacrum•Posteriorportionof thecrest of the ilium • Lower three or four ribs • Inferior angle of thescapula
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SHOULDER
PECTORALISMAJOR
Description:
Alarge,superficialfan-shapedmuscleofthechest.Itisastronghorizontaladductor, flexor, and internal rotator of the arm. It lies superior to thepectoralisminor.
JointCrossing:
One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armhorizontaladduction2Armflexion3Arminternalrotation4Armadduction
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BloodSupply:
• Pectoralis branch of thoracoacromial artery • Lateral thoracic artery(lessersupply)
Insertion:
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Crestofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus
Nerves:
•LateralpectoralnerveC5,6,7(upper)•MedialpectoralnerveC8,T1(lower)
Origin:
• Medial two-thirds of the anterior border of the clavicle •Anterior/lateralsurfaceofthesternumandthecostalcartilage'softhefirstsixribs•Aponeurosisoftheexternalabdominalobliquemuscle
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SHOULDER
SUBSCAPULARIS
Description:Atriangular-shapedmusclethatfillsupthesubscapularfossa,stabilizestheshoulder,androtatesthearminternally,whenthearmisheldbythesideofthebody.Itisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Arminternalrotation2Armextension3Armhyperextension4Armadduction(weak)
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BloodSupply:Branchesofsubscapularartery
Insertion:
Lessertuberosityofthehumerus
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Nerves:
UpperandlowersubscapularnervesC5,6
Origin:
Subscapularfossaofthescapula
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SHOULDER
SUPRASPINATUS
Description:Amuscleoftheshoulder,thatisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.Itabductsthearmandisthemostofteninjuredoftherotatorcuffmuscles,especiallywithactivitiesthatraisethearmabovethehead.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Armabduction
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BloodSupply:Suprascapularartery(poorlysupplied)
Insertion:
Superior/lateralsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus
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Nerves:
SuprascapularnerveC5
Origin:
Supraspinousfossaofthescapula
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SHOULDER
TERESMAJOR
Description:Similartoasmalllatissimusdorsi,havingthesamefiberdirectionand,hence,thesameactions.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armextension2Armhyperextension3Armadduction4Arminternalrotation
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BloodSupply:Thoracodorsalartery
Insertion:
Crestofthelessertuberosityofthehumerus
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Nerves:
LowersubscapularnerveC5,6
Origin:
•Lowerone-thirdoftheaxillaryborderofthescapula•Inferiorangleofthescapula
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SHOULDER
TERESMINOR
Description:Alongcylindricalmusclethatcontributestotheformationofthefourrotatorcuffmusclesoftheshoulder,andactstoextendandrotatethearmexternally.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Armexternalrotation2Armextension3Armhyperextension4Armadduction5Armhorizontalabduction
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BloodSupply:Scapularcircumflexartery
Insertion:
Posteriorsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus
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Nerves:
AxillarynerveC5,6
Origin:
Uppertwo-thirdsoftheaxillaryborderofthescapula
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
LEVATORSCAPULAE
Description:Abackmusclethatmostlyelevatesthescapulabutalsoassistswithdownwardrotation.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaelevation2Scapuladownwardrotation3Scapulaadduction(slight)
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BloodSupply:Transversecervicalartery
Insertion:
Vertebralborderofthescapula,fromthespinetothesuperiorangle
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Nerves:
•BranchesofC3,4•DorsalscapularnerveC5
Origin:
Transverseprocessesofthefirstfourcervicalvertebrae
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
PECTORALISMINOR
Description:Anon-locomotormusclethatisusedinforcedinspiration.Itliesbeneaththepectoralismajor.
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation2Scapuladepression
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BloodSupply:Lateralthoracicartery
Insertion:
Coracoidprocessofscapula
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Nerves:
MedialpectoralnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Anteriorsurfaceofthird,fourth,andfifthribs
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
RHOMBOIDMAJOR&MINOR
Description:
A muscle that acts to adduct and downwardly rotate the scapula. Themovementsofthescapulaaffectthemovementsoftheshouldergirdle.
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaadduction2Scapuladownwardrotation3Scapulaelevation
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BloodSupply:
Deepbranchoftransversecervicalartery(ordorsalscapularartery)
Insertion:
Vertebralborderofthescapula,fromthespinetotheinferiorangle
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Nerves:
DorsalscapularnerveC5
Origin:
• Lower part of the ligamentum nuchae • Spine of the seventh cervicalvertebra•Spinesofthefirstfivethoracicvertebrae
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
SERRATUSANTERIOR
Description:
Abroadmusclethatwrapsaroundthethoraxanddovetailswiththeexternalabdominaloblique (inaserrated junction). Itacts tostabilize thescapulabyholdingitagainstthebackthoracicwallandabductsandupwardlyrotatesit.Alsocalledtheserratusmagnus.
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaabduction2Scapulaupwardrotation3Scapuladepression(lowerfibers)
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BloodSupply:
• Lateral thoracic artery (upper portion) • Thoracodorsal artery (lowerportion)
Insertion:
Costalsurfaceofvertebralborderofscapula
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Nerves:
LongthoracicnerveC5,6,7
Origin:
Lateral,anteriorsurfacesoffirsteightornineribs
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
SUBCLAVIUS
Description:Asmallmuscleoneachsideofthebodythatactstostabilizetheclaviclebydepressinganddrawingforwarditslateralendduringmovementsoftheshoulder.
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:Scapuladepression(sternoclavicularjointstabilizationandprotection)
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BloodSupply:Clavicularbranchofthoracoacromialartery
Insertion:
Inferiorgrooveinthemid-portionoftheclavicle
Nerves:
NervefibersfromC5,6
Origin:
Superioraspectoffirstribatitsjunctionwithitscostalcartilage
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SHOULDERGRIDLE
TRAPEZIUS
Description:
Alargeflattriangularsuperficialmuscleoneachsideoftheupperbackthatservesmainlytoelevatethescapula.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaadduction(middlefibers)2Scapulaelevation(upperfibers)3Scapuladepression(lowerfibers)4Scapulaupwardrotation5Headextension6Headhyperextension7Headrotation8Headlateralflexion
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BloodSupply:
Transversecervicalartery
Insertion:
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•Lateralone-thirdof theclavicle •Acromionprocessof the scapula •Spineofthescapula
Nerves:
•Spinalaccessorynerve•BranchesofC3,4
Origin:
•Superiornuchalline•Occipitalprotuberance•Ligamentumnuchae•Spinesof7thcervicalandall12thoracicvertebrae
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SPINE-DEEP
INTERSPINALIS
Description:
Anyofthevariousshortmusclesthatarelocatedbetweeneachvertebratoextendthespine.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Spinousprocessofnextvertebra
Nerves:
Posteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves
Origin:
Spinousprocessesofeachvertebra
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INTERTRANSVERSARII
Description:
Adeepsetofmusclesthatconnectadjacentvertebraeandlaterallyflexthespine.This set ofmuscles includes fourparts: intertransversarii anteriores,posteriores,laterales,andmediales.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Spinelateralflexion
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Tuberclesoftransverseprocessesofnextvertebra
Nerves:
Anteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves
Origin:
Tuberclesoftransverseprocessesofeachvertebra
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SPINE-DEEP
LONGUSCOLLI(INFERIOROBLIQUE)
Description:Agroupofthreemuscles(longuscollisuperioroblique,inferioroblique,andvertical)thatarelocatedposteriorlyonthecervicalvertebrae,andassistinspineflexion.
JointCrossing:Spine
BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
TransverseprocessesofC5-C6
Nerves:
VentralramiC2-C7
Origin:
BodiesofT1-T3
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LONGUSCOLLI(SUPERIOROBLIQUE)
Description:Agroupofthreemuscles(longuscollisuperioroblique,inferioroblique,andvertical)thatarelocatedposteriorlyonthecervicalvertebrae,andassistinspineflexion.
JointCrossing:Spine
BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine)
BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
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Insertion:
Anteriorarchofatlas
Nerves:
VentralramiC2-C7
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofC3-C5
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SPINE-DEEP
LONGUSCOLLI(VERTICAL)
Description:Agroupofthreemuscles(longuscollisuperioroblique,inferioroblique,andvertical)thatarelocatedposteriorlyonthecervicalvertebrae,andassistinspineflexion.
JointCrossing:Spine
BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
TransverseprocessesofC5-C6
Nerves:
AnteriorsurfaceofC2-C4
Origin:
BodiesofC5-C7andT1-T3
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MULTIFIDUS
Description:Adeepmuscleoftheback,fillingupthegrooveoneachsideofthespinousprocessesofthevertebraefromthesacrumtotheskullandconsistingofmanyfasciculithatpassupwardandinwardtothespinousprocessesandhelpextendandrotatethespine.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateral)
BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
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Insertion:
Spinousprocessesof2nd,3rd,or4thvertebraeabovetheorigin
Nerves:
Posteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves
Origin:
•Sacrum•Iliacspine• Transverse processes of lumbar, thoracic, and lower four cervicalvertebrae
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SPINE-DEEP
ROTATORES
Description:
Anyof several smallmuscles in thedorsal regionof the spine thatacts torotateandextendthespine.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateralrotation)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Baseofspinousprocessofnextvertebraabove
Nerves:
Posteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves
Origin:
Transverseprocessofeachvertebra
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SEMISPINALISCERVICIS
Description:
Adeeplongitudinalmuscleofthebackthat,withthesemispinalisthoracis,actstoextendthespinalcolumnandrotateittowardtheoppositeside.Alsocalledthesemispinaliscolli.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateral)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
SpinousprocessesofC2-C5
Nerves:
Posteriorprimarydivisionsofspinalnerves,alldivisions
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofT1-T6vertebrae
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SPINE-DEEP
SEMISPINALISTHORACIS
Description:Adeeplongitudinalmuscleofthebackthat,withthesemispinaliscervicis,actstoextendthespinalcolumnandrotateittowardtheoppositeside.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateral)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
SpinousprocessesofC6-C7andT1-T4
Nerves:
Posteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofT6-T10
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
ILIOCOSTALISCERVICIS
Description:
Amusclethatextendsfromtheribstothecervicalvertebraeandextendsandlaterally flexes the upper cervical vertebrae. Also known as cervicalisascendens.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Transverseprocessesofthe4th,5th,and6thcervicalvertebrae
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
3rd,4th,5thand6thribs
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
ILIOCOSTALISLUMBORUM
Description:Amusclethatextendsfromthelumbodorsalfasciatothelowerribsandindividuallyactstodrawthespinetothesamesideandtoextendthespinewhenworkingtogether.Alsoknownasthesacrolumbalis.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both)2Spinehyperextension(both)3Spinelateralflexion(each)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Lowersixribs
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Nerves:
Posteriorbranchesofspinalnerves
Origin:
Lumbodorsal fascia – (posterior iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum,lumbarvertebrae)
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
ILIOCOSTALISTHORACIS
Description:Amusclethatextendsfromthelowertotheupperribsandactstolaterallyflexthespinetothesameside.Alsoknownasthemusculusaccessorius.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Uppersixribs
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
Lowersixribs
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
LONGISSIMUSCAPITIS
Description:
Alongslendermusclebetweenthelongissimuscervicisandthesemispinaliscapitisthatextendstheheadandspine.Alsocalledthetrachelomastoid.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Headextension4Headhyperextension5Headlateralflexion6Headrotation
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Mastoidprocessofthetemporalbone
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
Lower four cervical vertebrae and upper four thoracic vertebrae (eightvertebraetotal)
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
LONGISSIMUSCERVICIS
Description:Aslendermusclemedialtothelongissimusthoracisthatextendsthespine.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Secondthroughthesixthcervicalvertebrae(allbutC1andC7)
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
Transverseprocessesoftheupperfourorfivethoracicvertebrae
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
LONGISSIMUSTHORACIS
Description:Amusclewhoseoriginblendsinwiththeiliocostalislumborum.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Transverseprocessesofallofthethoracicvertebraeandadjacentribsurface
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
Lumbodorsalfascia,whichincludestheposterioriliaccrest,posteriorsurfaceofsacrum,lumbarvertebrae
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
SPINALISCAPITIS
Description:
Alsoknowasthesemispinaliscapitisandthebiventercervicis.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both–upperspine)2Spinehyperextension(both–upperspine)3Headextension(both)4Headhyperextension(both)5Headlateralflexion(each–slight)6Headrotation(each–totheoppositeside)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Occipitalbonebetweenthesuperiorandinferiornuchalline
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofthefirstsixorseventhoracicvertebraeandtheC4-C7vertebrae(10-11vertebraeinall)
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
SPINALISCERVICIS
Description:
Anirregularshapedsmallmusclethatextendsthespineandlaterallyflexestheupperoneortwovertebrae.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion(upperspine–weak)
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BloodSupply:
Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Spineoftheaxis(secondcervicalvertebrae)
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
•Lowerpartofnuchal ligament •Seventhcervicalvertebra • firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae
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SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)
SPINALISTHORACIS
Description:Anupwardcontinuationofthesacrospinalisthatissituatedmediallytoandblendswiththelongissimusthoracis.Itisaspineextensor.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta
Insertion:
Spinesoftheuppereightthoracicvertebrae
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Nerves:
Dorsalramiofspinalnerves
Origin:
Spinesof the11thand12ththoracicvertebraeandfirstandsecondlumbarvertebrae
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THORAX
EXTERNALINTERCOSTALS
Description:
These muscles elevate the ribs to increase thoracic volume to assist withinspiration.Alsoknownastheintercostalesexterni.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Ribelevation
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BloodSupply:Intercostalarteries
Insertion:
Superiorborderoftheribbelow
Nerves:
IntercostalbranchesofT1-11
Origin:
Eleveninnumber;theinferiorborderofeachrib
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INTERNALINTERCOSTALS
Description:
Muscles thatdepress theribsduringexhalation,andhelpelevatetheupperribsduringinhalation.Alsoknownastheintercostalesinterni.
JointCrossing:N/A
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(upperfourribs–duringinhalation)2Ribdepression(duringexhalation)
BloodSupply:Intercostalarteries
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Insertion:
Theyextenddorsallytotheangleoftheribs
Nerves:
IntercostalbranchesofT1-11
Origin:
Eleven in number; in the space between the cartilages of the ribs in thesternum
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THORAX
LEVATORCOSTARUM
Description:
Aseriesof12musclesoneachsideofthespinethatraisetheribsincreasingthevolumeofthethoraciccavityandlaterallyflexthespine.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation2Spinelateralflexion(thoracicspine)
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BloodSupply:
Deepcervicalartery
Insertion:
Theypassobliquelyanddownwardandouttoinsertoftheribimmediatelybelow
Nerves:
Intercostalnerves
Origin:
Twelveinnumber:fromtheendsoftransverseprocessesofC7,T2-T11
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SCALENUSANTERIOR
Description:
Oneofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctionstoflexthespineforwardandlaterally,andtorotateittotheside.Alsocalledtheanteriorscaleneorscalenusanticus.
JointCrossing:Spine
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(Firstrib)2Spineflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)4Spinerotation(contralateral-cervicalspine))
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BloodSupply:
Inferiorthyroidartery(branchofthethyrocervicaltrunk)
Insertion:
Innerborderanduppersurfaceof1strib
Nerves:
VentralramiC5,6
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofC3-C6
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THORAX
SCALENUSMEDIUS
Description:
Anyofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctionstoflexthespineforwardandlaterally,andtorotateittotheside.Alsocalledthemiddlescalene.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(firstrib)2Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinerotation(cervicalspine)
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BloodSupply:
Ascendingcervicalartery
Insertion:
Superiorsurfaceof1strib
Nerves:
VentralramiC3-C8
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofC2-C7
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SCALENUSPOSTERIOR
Description:
Anyofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctions to raise the second rib and to flex and slightly rotate the spine.Alsocalledtheposteriorscalene.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(secondrib)2Spineflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)4Spinerotation(contralateral-cervicalspine-slight)
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BloodSupply:
Ascendingcervicalartery
Insertion:
Outersurfaceofsecondrib
Nerves:
VentralramiC6,7,8
Origin:
TransverseprocessesofC5-C7
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THORAX
SERRATUSPOSTERIOR(INFERIOR)
Description:Athinquadrilateralmuscleatthejunctionofthethoracicandlumbarregionsthatactstocounteractthepullofthediaphragmontheribstowhichitisattached.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Ribdepression(depressribs8-12downwardandoutward;counteractstheinwardpullofthediaphragm)
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BloodSupply:•Lowerposteriorintercostalartery•Subcostalartery
Insertion:
Inferiorborderslateraltoanglesofribs8-12
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Nerves:
BranchesfromanteriorprimaryramiofT9-T12
Origin:
SpinousprocessesofT10-T12andL1-L3
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THORAX
SERRATUSPOSTERIOR(SUPERIOR)
Description:Athinquadrilateralmuscleoftheupperanddorsalpartofthethoraxthatactstoelevatetheupperribs.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:Ribelevation(upperribs)
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BloodSupply:Posteriorintercostalarteries
Insertion:
Superiorborderslateraltoanglesofribs2-5
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Nerves:
BranchesfromanteriorprimaryramiofT1-T4
Origin:
•Ligamentumnuchae•SpinousprocessesofC7,T1,andT2orT3
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THORAX
SUBCOSTALES
Description:
Anyofavariablenumberofsmallmusclesthatfunctiontodepresstheribsbydrawingthemtogether.Alsoknownastheintracostales.
JointCrossing:N/A
BodyAction:
Ribdepression(decreasingthoraciccavityvolume)
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BloodSupply:Intercostalarteries
Insertion:
Mediallyontheinnersurfaceofsecondorthirdribbelow
Nerves:
Intercostalnerves
Origin:
Innersurfaceofeachribnearitsangle
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TRANSVERSUSTHORACIS
Description:
Athinflatsheetofmuscleandtendonfibersoftheanteriorwallofthechestthatactstodrawtheribsdownward.Alsocalledthetriangularissterni.
JointCrossing:One
BodyAction:
Ribdepression(ribs3-6)
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BloodSupply:Intercostalarteries
Insertion:
Innersurfacesandinferiorbordersofcostalcartilages2-6
Nerves:
IntercostalbranchesofT3-T6
Origin:
•Innersurfaceofthesternum•Xiphoidprocess•Sternalendsofcostalcartilagesofthelastthreeorfourtrueribs
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPEXTENSORS
ABDUCTORPOLLICISLONGUS
Description:Amuscleoftheforearmthatabductsthethumbandradiallyflexesthewrist.Alsoknownastheextensorossismetacarpipollicis.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbabduction2Wristradialflexion
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BloodSupply:Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)
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Nerves:
DeepbranchofradialnerveC6,7
Origin:
•Themiddleonethirdofthemedialposteriorsurfaceoftheradius•Theupperlateralsurfaceofthemiddleoftheulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPEXTENSORS
EXTENSORINDICIS
Description:
Athinmusclethatextendstheindexfinger,especiallyusedwhenpointing.Alsoknownastheextensorindicisproprius.
JointCrossing:One
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension(indexfinger)2Fingerhyperextension(indexfinger)3Wristextension(weak)4Wristhyperextension(weak)
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BloodSupply:
Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
The tendon of the extensor digitorum at about the region of the secondmetacarpaloftheindexfinger
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
Dorsalsurfaceofthelowershaftoftheulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPEXTENSORS
EXTENSORPOLLICISBREVIS
Description:
Amusclethatextendsthefirstphalangeofthethumb,andslightlyextendsthewrist.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbextension2Wristextension(slight)3Wristhyperextension(slight)
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BloodSupply:
Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthefirstphalangeofthethumb
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-thirdoftheradius
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPEXTENSORS
EXTENSORPOLLICISLONGUS
Description:Amusclethatextendsthesecondphalanxofthethumb,andextendsthewrist.Alsoknownastheextensorsecundiinternodiipollicis.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbextension2Wristextension3Wristhyperextension
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BloodSupply:Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseoftheterminalphalangeofthethumb
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
Lateral part of themiddle thirdof theposterior surfaceof the shaft of theulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPFLEXORS
FLEXORDIGITORUMPROFUNDUS
Description:
A deep muscle of the outside of the forearm that flexes the terminalphalangesofthefourfingers-usedinanytypeofgrippingaction.Withtheflexordigitorumsuperficialis,itisoneofonlytwomusclesthatflexallfourfingers.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion2Wristflexion
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BloodSupply:
•Muscularbranchesoftheulnarartery•Muscularbranchesoftheradialartery•Anteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Bysplittendonstotheterminalphalangesofthefourfingers
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Nerves:
•Fingers2,3:medialnerveC8,T1•Fingers4,5:ulnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
Upperanteriorthree-fourthsoftheulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPFLEXORS
FLEXORPOLLICISLONGUS
Description:Amuscleoftheradialsideoftheforearmthatflexestheterminalphalangeofthethumb.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbflexion2Wristflexion
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BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofradialartery•Anteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Baseoftheterminalphalangeofthethumb(palmarsurface)
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Nerves:
PalmarinterosseousbranchofmediannerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Middleanterior surfaceof the radius •Anteriormedialborderof theulnajustdistaltothecoronoidprocess
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS
EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISBREVIS
Description:
Amuscle on the radial side of the back of the forearm that extends andradiallyflexesthewrist;astrongwristextender.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristradialflexion4Elbowextension(slight)
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BloodSupply:
Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:
Baseofthethirdmetacarpal(dorsalsurface)
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Nerves:
DeepbranchofradialnerveC6,7
Origin:
Posteriorlateralepicondyleofthehumerus
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS
EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISLONGUS
Description:
Alongmuscleontheradialsideofthebackoftheforearmthatextendsandradiallyflexesthewrist.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristradialflexion4Elbowextension(slight)
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BloodSupply:
Radialrecurrentartery
Insertion:
Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseofthesecondmetacarpal
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Nerves:
RadialnerveC6,7
Origin:
• Distal one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus •Lateralepicondyleofthehumerus
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS
EXTENSORCARPIULNARIS
Description:
Amuscleontheulnarsideofthebackoftheforearmthatextendsandulnarflexes thewrist.With the flexorcarpiulnaris, it isoneof the twomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristulnarflexion4Elbowextension(slight)
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BloodSupply:
Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Baseofthe5thmetacarpal(dorsalsurface)
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
• Posterior lateral epicondyle of the humerus • Middle half of theposteriorulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS
EXTENSORDIGITIMINIMI
Description:
Aslendermuscleonthemedialsideoftheextensordigitorumthatassiststoextendthelittlefinger.
JointCrossing:Three
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension(littlefinger)2Fingerhyperextension(littlefinger)3Wristextension(slight)4Wristhyperextension(slight)5Elbowextension(weak)
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BloodSupply:
Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Baseofsecondandthirdphalangeofthelittlefinger(dorsalsurface)
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
Posteriorlateralepicondyleofthehumerus
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS
EXTENSORDIGITORUM
Description:
Theonlymuscleinvolvedintheextensionofallfourfingers.Alsoknownastheextensordigitorumcommunis.
JointCrossing:Three
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension2Fingerhyperextension3Wristextension4Wristhyperextension5Elbowextension(slight)
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BloodSupply:
Posteriorinterosseousartery
Insertion:
Splittendonstothesecondandthirdphalangeofthefourfingers
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Nerves:
PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8
Origin:
Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthehumerus
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALFLEXORS
FLEXORCARPIRADIALIS
Description:Asuperficialmuscleoftheradialsideoftheforearmthatflexesthewristandassistsinradiallyflexingit.Thismusclemaybeabsentinsomeindividuals.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Wristradialflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Baseofthesecondandthirdmetacarpals,onthepalmarsurface
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Nerves:
MediannerveC6,7
Origin:
Medialepicondyleofthehumerus
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALFLEXORS
FLEXORCARPIULNARIS
Description:Asuperficialmuscleontheulnarsideoftheforearmthatflexesthewrist.Withtheextensorcarpiulnaris,itisoneofthetwomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Wristulnarflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofulnarartery
Insertion:
•Anterior-palmarsurface:•Pisiform•Hamate•Baseofthefifthmetacarpal
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Nerves:
UlnarnerveC8,T1
Origin:
•Medialepicondyleofthehumerus•Medialborderoftheolecranonprocessandtheuppertwo-thirdsoftheposteriorulna
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALFLEXORS
FLEXORDIGITORUMSUPERFICIALIS
Description:
Asuperficialmuscleon theulnar sideof the forearm that flexes thewrist.Withtheextensorcarpiulnaris, it isoneof thetwomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.
JointCrossing:Three
Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion2Wristflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:
•Muscularbranchesofulnarartery•Muscularbranchesofradialartery
Insertion:
Themuscle splits into four tendons runningdowneachof the four fingersagainsplittingandinsertingoneachsideofthesecondphalangesofthefour
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fingers
Nerves:
MediannerveC7,8,T1
Origin:
• Medial epicondyle of the humerus • Ulnar head – medial coronoidprocess•Radialhead–diagonallinecrosstheupperradius
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WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALFLEXORS
PALMARISLONGUS
Description:Asuperficialmuscleoftheforearm,lyingonthemedialsideoftheflexorcarpiradialis,thatactstoflexthewrist.Oneofthemostvariablemusclesinthebody,thismuscleisabsentin10%ofindividuals.
JointCrossing:Two
Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Elbowflexion(slight)
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BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofulnarartery
Insertion:
Palmaraponeurosis
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Nerves:
MediannerveC6,7
Origin:
Medialepicondyleofthehumerus
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
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CHAPTER5•MOVEMENTANALYSIS
Thischapterdealswithananalysisofhumanmovements.Thechapterincludesabriefdescriptionofthethreerolesthatmusclestakeinaparticularmovement(primemovers,stabilizers,andneutralizers),alistofeverybodyactionwiththemusclesthatcontributetothataction,andfinallyadetailedmovementanalysisof selectedexercises andanoverviewof thebodyactions involved in specificactivities.
Analysis ofmovements divides amovement into a list of body actions.Amovementmaybeanexercise,sport,orsomeotheractivity.Initially,movementanalysis breaks up a particularmovement into specificmotions. For example,witharchery(shootinganarrow),themovementinvolvedcouldbebrokenintothe followingmotions: holding the bowout in front of you; pulling the stringbackandaiming;andreleasingthestring.Theidentifiedmotionsarethenrankedastothemostimportantfromastrengthperspective.Subsequently,eachmotionisthenbrokenupintoarankedlistofbodyactionsthatcomprisethatmotion.Inotherwords,movementanalysisinvolvesbreakingdownaparticularmovementinto rankedmotions, which are then broken into ranked body actions. In thisway,aconcise, completedescriptionof theoriginalmovement isderivedbyalistofrankedbodyactions.
RoleofMusclesinMovement
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When analyzing the involvement ofmuscles in an activity or an exercise, thefollowing three terms are used to describe the role that muscles take in themovement–primemovers,stabilizers,andneutralizers.
•PrimeMovers
Aprimemoveristhemuscleormusclegroupthatdoesthemainmovement.Inthepush-up,forexample,theprimemoversaretheelbowextensorsandthearmflexors.Thesearethemusclesthatgetthebodyfromthe“floor”positiontothe“up” position. The elbow extensors straighten the elbow, and the arm flexorsbringthearmintothefinal“up”positionforthepush-up.Inpull-ups,theprimemovers are the elbow flexors and the shoulder extensors;both setsofmusclesmustworktogethertopullyoutothe“up”positionforapull-up.
Prime movers typically imply concentric contraction. In the movementanalysis of the various exercises and activities that appears in subsequentsectionsofthischapter,theprimemoveractionsaretypicallyforthefirstmotionlisted.
•Stabilizers
Usingthepreviouslydiscussedpush-upexampleasareferencepoint,ifyoulayonthefloorinthe“down”positionforthepush-up,andthenonlydidtheactionsoftheprimemovers,youwouldbeinthe“up”position,butyourbodywouldbesagging toward the floor (hyperextending thespineandhips).Agoodpush-upinvolveskeepingyourbodystraightorrigidwhenpushingtothe“up”position.Ifthebodyistobekeptstraight,thenmuscleshavetokeepitrigid.Themusclesthatmake thishappenarecalled stabilizers.Theystabilize thebody,while theprimemoversdo their job. In thepush-up, sincenostabilizerscause thespineand hips to be hyperextended, the stabilizers are the spine and hip flexors (topreventhyperextension).Dependingon theactivityormovement,musclescanbeeitherprimemoversorstabilizers.
Stabilizers typically imply isometric contractions. In the analysis of thevarious exercises and activities that appears in subsequent sections of thischapter,theactionslistedasisometriccontractionsusuallyinvolvestabilizers.
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•Neutralizers
The third role ofmuscles inmovement is as neutralizers.Manymuscles havemorethanoneaction.Forexample,thebicepsisanelbowflexor,anarmflexor,and a supinator of the forearm. When it contracts, all of these actions areinitiated.Ifthemovementbeinganalyzedonlyinvolvessupination(forexample,drivingascrewintoapieceofwood),thenthebicepswillbeaprimemover(asone of the forearm supinators).However, of its three possible actions that thebiceps could undertake, only supination is needed. To prevent the other twoactions,muscleswiththeoppositeactionshavetobeinnervatedto“neutralize”theelbowandarmflexion,(inotherwords,theelbowandarmextensors).Inthisinstance,thesemusclesactasneutralizers.
MusclesforEachBodyAction
This sectionpresentsa listofeverybodyaction, followedby themuscles thatcontributetothataction.Theactionsarelistedinalphabeticalorder.Themusclesassociatedwitheachactionarealsolisted.Theindentedmuscleshaveasmallercontributiontotheaction.
❑ Abdomen Compressors: • External oblique abdominal • Internal obliqueabdominal•Rectusabdominis
•Transversusabdominis❑AnkleDorsiflexors:•Extensordigitorumlongus•Peroneustertius
•Tibialisanterior-extensorhallucislongus❑AnkleEverters:
•Extensordigitorumlongus•Peroneusbrevis•Peroneuslongus•Peroneustertius❑AnkleInverters:
•Flexorhallucislongus•Tibialisanterior
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•Tibialisposterior- extensor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus❑ Ankle PlantarFlexors•Flexordigitorumlongus•Gastrocnemius
•Peroneuslongus•Plantaris•Soleus•Tibialisposterior-flexorhallucislongus-peroneusbrevis❑ArmAbductors:
•Deltoidanterior(upperfibers)•Deltoidmiddle•Deltoidposterior(upperfibers)•Supraspinatus-infraspinatus(upperfibers)❑ArmAdductors:
•Latissimusdorsi•Teresmajor•Teresminor- coracobrachialis - deltoid anterior (lower fibers) - deltoid posterior(lower fibers) - infraspinatus (lower fibers) - pectoralis major -subscapularis
-tricepsbrachii❑ArmExtensors:
•Deltoidposterior•Latissimusdorsi•Subscapularis•Teresmajor•Teresminor
-tricepsbrachii❑ArmFlexors:
•Coracobrachialis•Deltoidanterior•Pectoralismajor-bicepsbrachii
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❑ArmHorizontalAbductors:•Infraspinatus-deltoidposterior-teresminor
❑ArmHorizontalAdductors:•Coracobrachialis•Pectoralismajor- deltoid anterior - latissimus dorsi❑ Arm Hyperextensors: • Deltoidposterior
•Latissimusdorsi•Subscapularis•Teresmajor•Teresminor-tricepsbrachii❑ArmInternalRotators:•Deltoidanterior
•Latissimusdorsi•Pectoralismajor•Subscapularis-teresmajor
❑ArmExternalRotators:•Deltoidposterior•Infraspinatus•Teresminor-coracobrachialis❑ElbowExtensors:
•Anconeus•Tricepsbrachii-extensorcarpiradialisbrevis-extensorcarpiradialislongus-extensorcarpi ulnaris - extensor digiti minimi √ extensor digitorum❑ ElbowFlexors:
•Bicepsbrachii•Brachialis
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•Brachioradialis•Pronatorteres-flexorcarpiradialis-flexorcarpiulnaris-flexordigitorumsuperficialis-palmarislongus
-supinator
❑FingerAbductors:•Abductordigitiminimi•Dorsalinterossei-opponensdigitiminimi❑FingerAdductors:
•Palmarinterossei❑FingerExtensors:
•Dorsalinterossei•Extensordigitiminimi•Extensordigitorum•Extensorindicis•Lumbricals
-palmarinterossei❑FingerFlexors:
•Abductor digitiminimi • Flexor digitiminimi brevis • Flexor digitorumprofundus•Flexordigitorumsuperficialis•Lumbricals
•Palmarinterossei-opponensdigitiminimi❑FingerHyperextensors:•Dorsalinterossei
•Extensordigitiminimi•Extensordigitorum•Extensorindicis•Lumbricals-palmarinterossei❑ForearmPronators:
•Pronatorquadratus•Pronatorteres❑ForearmSupinators:•Bicepsbrachii
•Brachioradialis
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•Supinator
❑HeadExtensors:•Longissimuscapitis •Obliquuscapitis superior •Rectuscapitisposterior(major)•Rectuscapitisposterior(minor)•Spinaliscapitis
•Spleniuscapitis•Spleniuscervicis-trapezius
❑HeadFlexors:•Longuscapitis•Rectus capitis anterior • Sternocleidomastoid❑HeadHyperextensors: •Longissimuscapitis •Obliquuscapitissuperior •Rectuscapitisposterior(major)•Rectuscapitisposterior(minor)•Spinaliscapitis
•Spleniuscapitis•Spleniuscervicis-trapezius
❑ Head Lateral Flexors: • Longissimus capitis • Obliquus capitis superior •Rectuscapitislateralis•Spleniuscapitis
•Spleniuscervicis•Sternocleidomastoid-spinaliscapitis√trapezius
❑HeadRotators:• Obliquus capitis inferior • Rectus capitis posterior (major) •Sternocleidomastoid - longissimus capitis - spinalis capitis - spleniuscapitis-spleniuscervicis√trapezius
❑Hip-LegAbductors:•Gluteusmedius•Gluteusminimus•Tensorfasciaelatae-sartorius
❑Hip-LegAdductors:•Adductorbrevis•Adductorlongus
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•Adductormagnus•Gracilis•Pectineus-bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)-gluteusmaximus-iliacus-semimembranosus(hamstrings)-semitendinosus(hamstrings)❑Hip-LegExtensors:•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Gluteusmaximus
•Semimembranosus(hamstrings)•Semitendinosus(hamstrings)-adductormagnus(posteriorfibers)-gluteusmedius(posteriorfibers)❑Hip-LegFlexors:
•Gracilis•Iliacus•Pectineus•Psoasmajor•Psoasminor•Sartorius•Tensorfasciaelatae-adductorbrevis-adductorlongus-adductormagnus-gluteusmedius-gluteusminimus- rectus femoris (quads)❑Hip - LegHyperextensors • Biceps femoris(hamstrings)•Gluteusmaximus
•Semimembranosus(hamstrings)•Semitendinosus(hamstrings)-adductormagnus- gluteus medius ❑ Hip - Leg Internal Rotators: • Gluteus medius(anteriorfibers)•Gluteusminimus(anteriorfibers)-adductormagnus
- semimembranosus (hamstrings) - semitendinosus (hamstrings) - tensorfasciaelatae❑Hip-LegExternalRotators:•Adductormagnus
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•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Gemellusinferior•Gemellussuperior•Gluteusmaximus•Gluteusmedius•Obturatorexternus•Obturatorinternus•Piriformis•Quadratusfemoris•Sartorius-adductorbrevis-adductorlongus-iliacus-pectineus-psoasmajor-psoasminor√gracilis
❑KneeExtensors:• Rectus femoris (quads) • Vastus intermedius (quads) • Vastus lateralis(quads)•Vastusmedialis(quads)❑KneeFlexors:
•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Popliteus•Sartorius• Semimembranosus (hamstrings) • Semitendinosus (hamstrings) -gastrocnemius-gracilis-plantaris
❑RibDepressors:•Internalintercostals•Serratusposterior(inferior)•Subcostales
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•Transversusthoracis❑RibElevators:
•Externalintercostals•Internalintercostals•Levatorcostarum•Pectoralisminor•Scalenusanterior•Scalenusmedius•Scalenusposterior•Serratusposterior(superior)❑ScapulaAbductors:
•Serratusanterior❑ScapulaAdductors:
•Rhomboidmajor&minor•Trapezius-levatorscapulae❑ScapulaDepressors:•Pectoralisminor
•Subclavius•Trapezius-serratusanterior❑ScapulaElevators:
•Levatorscapulae•Rhomboidmajor&minor•Trapezius
❑ScapulaDownwardRotators:•Levatorscapulae•Rhomboidmajor&minor❑ScapulaUpwardRotators:•Serratusanterior
•Trapezius
❑SpineExtensors:• Iliocostalis cervicis • Iliocostalis lumborum • Iliocostalis thoracis •Interspinalis
• Longissimus capitis • Longissimus cervicis • Longissimus thoracis •Multifidus
•Quadratuslumborum•Rotatores
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•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis•Spinaliscapitis•Spinaliscervicis•Spinalisthoracis❑SpineFlexors:
• External oblique abdominal • Internal oblique abdominal • Longus colli(inferior oblique) • Longus colli (superior oblique) • Longus colli(vertical)•Rectusabdominis- scalenus anterior - scalenus posterior ❑ Spine Hyperextensors: •Iliocostalis cervicis • Iliocostalis lumborum • Iliocostalis thoracis •Interspinalis
• Longissimus capitis • Longissimus cervicis • Longissimus thoracis •Multifidus
•Quadratuslumborum•Rotatores•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis•Spinaliscapitis•Spinaliscervicis• Spinalis thoracis ❑ Spine Lateral Flexors: • Iliocostalis cervicis •Iliocostalislumborum•Iliocostalisthoracis•Intertransversarii
•Levatorcostarum•Quadratuslumborum•Scalenusanterior•Scalenusmedius•Scalenusposterior•Spinaliscervicis-externalobliqueabdominal❑SpineRotators:
•Externalobliqueabdominal•Internalobliqueabdominal•Multifidus•Rotatores•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis-scalenusanterior-scalenusmedius
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-scalenusposterior❑ThumbAbductors:
•Abductorpollicisbrevis•Abductorpollicislongus•Opponenspollicis❑ThumbAdductors:
•Adductorpollicis•Flexorpollicisbrevis❑ThumbExtensors:
•Extensorpollicisbrevis•Extensorpollicislongus❑ThumbFlexors:• Flexor pollicis brevis • Flexor pollicis longus • Opponens pollicis❑Thumb-FingerOpposers:•Opponensdigitiminimi•Opponenspollicis-abductorpollicisbrevis❑ToeAbductors:
•Abductordigitiminimi(quinti)•Abductorhallucis•Dorsalinterossei(fourmuscles)❑ToeAdductors:
•Adductorhallucis•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑ToeExtensors:
•Extensordigitorumbrevis•Extensordigitorumlongus•Extensorhallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑ToeFlexors
• Dorsal interossei (four muscles) • Flexor digiti minimi (quinti) brevis •Flexordigitorumbrevis•Flexordigitorumlongus•FlexorHallucisbrevis•FlexorHallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Quadratusplantae-adductorhallucis❑ToeHyperextensors:•Extensordigitorumbrevis•Extensordigitorumlongus•Extensorhallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑WristExtensors:
•Extensor carpi radialis brevis •Extensor carpi radialis longus •Extensorcarpi ulnaris - extensor digiti minimi - extensor digitorum - extensorindicis - extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus ❑ WristFlexors:
•Flexorcarpiradialis•Flexorcarpiulnaris•Palmarislongus
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- flexor digitorum profundus - flexor digitorum superficialis - flexorpollicislongus❑WristHyperextensors:•Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis•Extensorcarpiradialislongus•Extensorcarpiulnaris-extensordigitiminimi-extensordigitorum-extensorindicis-extensorpollicisbrevis-extensorpollicis longus❑WristRadialFlexors: •Abductorpollicislongus•Extensorcarpiradialislongus•Flexorcarpiradialis-abductorpollicisbrevis-extensorcarpiradialisbrevis❑WristUlnarFlexors:•Extensorcarpiulnaris•Flexorcarpiulnaris
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
ExerciseExamples
Inthissection,movementanalysesareprovidedfor13exercises.Eachanalysisis first divided into themajormovements involved in the lifting and loweringphases of the exercise. Then, eachmovement is divided into themotions thatoccuratthemovingandprimarystabilizingjoints.Thejointmotionsarerankednumerically according to the importance they play in performing the actualexercise.Nexttoeachjointmotionisthemusclegroupprimarilyresponsibleforthemotion, and the type of contraction that themuscle group listed performsduringthemotionoccurringatthatparticularjoint.ThecompanionCDsoftwareincludesaverysimilaranalysisforover300exercisesinitsdatabase.
Toget thenamesof theindividualmusclesthatarepartofamusclegrouplistedforajointmotion,refertothepriorsectionofthischapter,whichlistsallthemuscles involved for each body action. For example, in the dumbbell flyshowninthissection,themainmusclegrouplistedforarmhorizontaladductionis the arm horizontal adductors. Referring to arm horizontal adductors in theprevioussection, itcanbeseenthat themusclesthatareprimemoversfor thismotionarethecoracobrachialis,pectoralismajor,deltoidanterior,andlatissimusdorsi(duringinitiationofthejointmovement).
DumbbellFly(SupineonBench)
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❑Fly—LiftingMovement(ArmsUpandIn)Rank
123
Motion Arm horizontaladduction Elbowstabilization Scapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontaladductorsElbowflexorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
IsometricConcentric
❑Fly—LoweringMovement(ArmsDownandOut)Rank
123
Motion Arm horizontaladduction Elbowstabilization Scapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontaladductorsElbowflexorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
IsometricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
BenchPress(Barbell)
❑Press—LiftingWeight(UpwardMovement)Rank
123
4
Motion
ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontaladductionScapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow extensors Armflexors
ArmhorizontaladductorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Press—LoweringWeight(DownwardMovement)Rank
123
4
Motion
ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontaladductionScapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow extensors Armflexors
ArmhorizontaladductorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentric
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Lunge(Dumbbells)
❑Lunge—UpwardMovement(FrontLeg)Rank
12
3
Motion
KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
❑Lunge—DownwardMovement(FrontLeg)Rank
12
3
Motion
KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
BicepHammerCurl(Dumbbells)
❑Curl—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank
1Motion
Elbowextension
Muscle Group InvolvedElbowflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
❑Curl—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank
1Motion
Elbowextension
Muscle Group InvolvedElbowflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
BentOverLateralRaise—ReverseFly(Dumbbells)
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❑ReverseFly—LiftingMovement(ArmsUpandOut)Rank
12
2
Motion
ArmhorizontalabductionElbowstabilizationnScapulaadduction
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Elbowextensors
Scapulaadductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
IsometricConcentric
❑ReverseFly—LoweringMovement(ArmsDownandIn)Rank
12
2
Motion
ArmhorizontalabductionElbowstabilizationScapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Elbowextensors
Scapulaadductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
IsometricEccentric
❑BackandHipStabilization(LiftingandLoweringMovements)Rank
111
1
Motion
SpinalstabilizationKneestabilizationHip-legstabilizationHip-legstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedSpineextensors
Kneeextensors(quads)Hip-legextensorsHeadextensors
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
BentOverRow(Barbell)
❑Row—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank
11
2
Motion
ArmextensionScapulaadductionElbowflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedArmextensors
ScapulaadductorsElbowflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
❑Row—Lifting(Downward)MovementRank
11
2
Motion
ArmflexionScapulaabductionElbowextension
Muscle Group InvolvedArmextensors
ScapulaadductorsElbowflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentric
❑BackandHipStabilization(LiftingandLoweringMovements)Rank
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111
2
Motion
HeadstabilizationHip-legstabilizationSpinalstabilizationKneestabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedHead extensors Hip-legextensors Spineextensors Kneeextensors(quads)
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometric
Deadlift(Barbell)
❑Deadlift—Lifting(Upward)MotionRank
11
2
Motion
Hip-legextensionKneeextensionSpinalstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors (quads) Spineextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricIsometric
❑Deadlift—Lifting(Downward)MotionRank
11
2
Motion
Hip-legflexionKneeflexionSpinalstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors (quads) Spineextensors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
SidePlank(HipRaise)
❑LiftingHipsUpwardIntoSidePlankRank
11
1
Motion
SpinelateralflexionHip-legabductionHip-legadduction
Muscle Group Involved(Lower) spine lateralflexors (Lower) hip-legabductors (Upper) hip-legadductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
❑LoweringHipsDownwardFromSidePlankRank
11
1
Motion
SpinelateralextensionHip-legadductionHip-legabduction
Muscle Group Involved(Lower) spine lateralflexors (Lower) hip-legabductors (Upper) hip-legadductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentric
❑ArmandHeadStabilizationRank
Motion Muscle Group Involved Contraction Type
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11
2
ElbowstabilizationWriststabilizationHeadstabilization
Elbowflexors
Wristflexors(Upper)headlateralflexors
Isometric
IsometricIsometric
LateralRaise(Dumbbells)
❑LateralRaise—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank
12
2
Motion
ArmabductionElbowstabilizationScapulaupwardrotation
Muscle Group InvolvedArmabductors
ElbowextensorsScapulaupwardrotators
Contraction TypeConcentric
IsometricConcentric
❑LateralRaise—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank
12
2
Motion
ArmadductionElbowstabilizationScapuladownwardrotation
Muscle Group InvolvedArmabductors
ElbowextensorsScapulaupwardrotators
Contraction TypeEccentric
IsometricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
Push-Up,Full
❑Push-Up—LiftingMovementRank
123
4
Motion
ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontaladductionScapulaabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow extensors Armflexors
ArmhorizontaladductorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Push-Up—LoweringMovementRank
123
4
Motion
ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontalabductionScapulaadduction
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow extensors Armflexors
ArmhorizontaladductorsScapulaabductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentric
❑BodyStabilizationRank
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111
2
Motion
Hip-legstabilizationSpinalstabilizationHeadstabilizationKneestabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg flexors Spineflexors Head extensorsKneeextensors(quads)
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometric
Squat
❑Squat—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank
123
4
Motion
KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexionSpinalstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantar flexors Spineextensorsandflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricIsometric
❑Squat—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank
12
Motion
Kneeflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkle
Contraction TypeEccentric
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3
4
Hip-legflexionAnkledorsiflexionSpinalstabilization
plantar flexors Spineextensorsandflexors
EccentricEccentricIsometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
UprightRow(Barbell)Note:Theuprightrowiscontraindicatedforpeoplewithshoulderissues,especiallyshoulderimpingement.
❑UprightRow—LiftingMovement(ArmsUp)Rank
11
2
Motion Elbow flexionArm abduction Scapulaupwardrotation
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armabductors Scapulaupwardrotators
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
❑UprightRow—LoweringMovement(ArmsDown)Rank
11
2
MotionElbowextensionArm adduction Scapuladownwardrotation
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armabductors Scapulaupwardrotators
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentric
![Page 577: Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081602/613c12d722e01a42d40e7cae/html5/thumbnails/577.jpg)
Pull-Up
❑Pull-Up—LiftingMovementRank
1112
2
Motion Elbow flexionArm extension Armadduction Scapuladownward rotationScapuladepression
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armextensors Armadductors Scapuladownward rotatorsScapuladepressors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Pull-Up—LoweringMovementRank
1112
2
MotionElbowextensionArmflexion
ArmabductionScapulaupwardrotationScapulaelevation
Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armextensors Armadductors Scapuladownward rotatorsScapuladepressors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
ActivityExamples
In this section, 12 activities have been analyzed. Each movement analysis ispresented as a series of sequential steps that occur while performing themovement. Each step is divided into the joint motions performed during themovement,withthejointmotionspresentedintheorderthattheyoccurduringthe fullmovement.The jointmotions are rankednumerically,with themusclegroupresponsibleforthemotionandthecontractiontypeforthemusclegrouplistedonthesamerow.ThecompanionCDsoftwareincludesasimilaranalysisforover100activitiesinitsdatabase.
Togetthenamesoftheindividualmusclesthatarepartofamusclegrouplistedfor a jointmotion, refer tothe prior section of this chapter,which lists all themusclesinvolvedforeachbodyaction.Forexample,inthedumbbellflyshowninthissection,themainmusclegrouplistedforarmhorizontaladductionisthearmhorizontaladductors.Referringtoarmhorizontaladductorsintheprevioussection, it can be seen that themuscles that are primemovers for thismotionarethe coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, deltoid anterior,and latissimus dorsi(duringinitiationofthejointmovement).
Archery
Holdingthebow,pullingthestringback,andlettinggo❑Holdingthebowandstring(bowarm/forwardarm)
Rank
1122
Motion
WriststabilizationElbowstabilizationFingerstabilizationFingerstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedWristextensors
ElbowextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometric
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❑Pullingthestringback(shootingarm/backarm)
Rank
112
Motion
ArmhorizontalabductionFingerstabilizationScapulaadduction
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Fingerflexors
Scapulaadductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
IsometricConcentric
❑Lettinggoofthearrowandbowstring(shootinghand/backarm)Rank
11
Motion
FingerextensionFingerabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedFingerextensorsFingerabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
Concentric
HittingaBaseballStandingattheplatewaitingforapitch,backswing(orload),swingingattheball,andfollow-through
❑Lettinggoofthearrowandbowstring(shootinghand/backarm)Rank
1122
Motion
FingerflexionThumbflexionWristflexionWristextension
Muscle Group InvolvedFingerflexors
ThumbflexorsWristflexorsWristextensors
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometric
❑Holdingthebatready(awaitingthepitch)Rank
11112222
Motion
ArmstabilizationArmstabilizationElbowstabilizationSpinestabilizationHip-legstabilizationHeadstabilizationHip-legstabilizationHip-legstabilizationKneestabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedArmflexors
ArmabductorsElbowflexorsSpinerotatorsHip-legextensionHeadrotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsHip-legexternalrotators
Contraction TypeIsometric
IsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometric
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2 Kneeextensors(quads) Isometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Backswing(orload)—small,quickcounter-movementjustpriortothepowerswing
Rank
1111112222
3
Motion
Spinalrotation(awayfromball)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowflexionArmhorizontaladduction(frontarm)Armhorizontalabduction(reararm)WristradialflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexionAnkledorsiflexionHeadstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
Hip-leginternalrotatorsHip-legexternalrotatorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontaladductorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristradialflexorsHipextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHeadextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometric
❑PowerswingRank
1111112222
Motion
Spinalrotation(towardsball)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowextensionArmhorizontalabduction(frontarm)Armhorizontaladduction(reararm)WristulnarflexionHip-legextensionKneeextension
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
Hip-legexternalrotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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3 AnkleplantarflexionHeadstabilization
Headextensors Isometric
❑Follow-through(slowingthebatdownaftertheswing)Rank
1111111122
2
Motion
Spinalrotation(towardsball)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowflexionArmhorizontalabduction(frontarm)Armhorizontaladduction(reararm)ArmflexionWristradialflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedSpine rotators(antagonists) Hip-leginternal rotators Hip-leg external rotatorsElbowextensors
ArmhorizontaladductorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmextensorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
ThrowingaBaseballOverhandthrowingofthebaseball:bringingthearmback,throwingtheball,andfollow–through
❑Backswing(orload)—small,quickcounter-movementjustpriortothepowerswing
Rank
1
1
Motion
FingerextensionFingerabduction
Muscle Group InvolvedFingers extensionsFingerabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
Concentric
❑Bringingthearmback
Rank
111111111
1
Motion
Armhorizontalabduction(throwingarm)Armexternalrotation(throwingarm)Elbowflexion(throwingarm)Spinalrotation(backwards)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Armhorizontaladduction(non-throwingarm)Wristextension(throwingarm)Thumbflexion(throwingarm)Fingerflexion(throwingarm)
Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabduction Arm externalrotatorsElbowflexors
SpinerotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsHip=-legexternalrotatorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristextensorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric
❑Throw
RankMotion
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11111111111111
1
Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Spinalrotation(towardstarget)Hip-legextension(rearleg)Kneeextension(rearleg)Ankleplantarflexion(rearleg)Hip-legflexion(frontleg)Armhorizontalabduction(non-throwingarm)Armhorizontaladduction(throwingarm)Arminternalrotation(throwingarm)Elbowextension(throwingarm)Armextension(throwingarm)Wristflexion(throwingarm)Thumbextension(throwingarm)Fingerextension(throwingarm
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Spinerotators
Hip-legextensionsKneeextensionsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmhorziontaladductorsArminternalrotatorsElbowextensorsArminternalrotatorsWristflexorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Follow-through(slowingthearmdownafterreleaseoftheball)
Rank
11111111111111111
1
Motion
Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Spinalrotation(towardstarget)Hip-legextension(rearleg)Kneeextension(rearleg)Ankleplantarflexion(rearleg)Kneeflexion(frontleg)Ankledorsiflexion(frontleg)Armextension(throwingarm)Arminternalrotation(throwingarm)Armhorizontaladduction(throwingarm)Elbowextension(throwingarm)Wristflexion(throwingarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-throwingarm)Thumbextension(throwingarm)Fingerextension(throwingarm)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg internalrotators Hip-legexternal rotators Spinerotators (antagonists)Hip-legflexors
KneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmflexorsArmexternalrotatorsArmhorizontalabductorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsArmhorizontaladductorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
ShootingaBasketballShootingthebasketball,aswhenmakingafoulshot❑Bringingtheballintopositionfromwaistlevel
RankMotion Contraction Type
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111112
2
WriststablizationArmflexionThumbflexionElbowflexionFingerflexionHeadextensionSpineextension
Muscle Group InvolvedWrist flexors andextensorsArmflexors
ThumbflexorsElbowflexorsHeadextensorsSpineextensors
Isometric
ConcentricIsometricConcentricIsometricConcentricConcentric
❑Movingfromsemi-crouchedtoextendedbodypositionwhenshooting
Rank
11111222
2
Motion
SpineextensionHip-legextensionElbowflexionAnkleplantarflexionKneeextensionThumbflexionWristextensionHeadextensionFingerflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedSpineextensors
Hip-legextensorsElbowflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsKneeextensors(quads)ThumbflexorsWristextensorsHeadextensorsFingerflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑ExtendingthearmandflexingthewristtoshootRank
11111112
Motion
Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedHipextensors
KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmextensorsElbowextensorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsSpineextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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2 SpinestablizationHeadstablization
Headextensors IsometricIsometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Follow-through(afterreleasingthebasketball)Rank
11111112
2
Motion
Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexionSpinestabilizationHeadstabilization
Muscle Group InvolvedHipflexors
KneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsFingerextensionsSpineextensionsHeadextensions
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometricIsometric
PuntingaFootballHoldingthefootballandpuntingit❑Movingthekickinglegback(backswing)
Rank
11111222
Motion
Hip-legextension(kickingleg)Kneeflexion(kickingleg)Hip-legflexion(non-kickingleg)Kneeflexion(non-kickingleg)SpinalextensionAnkledorsiflexion(non-kickingleg)ArmflexionElbowstablizationWriststablization
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensors
KneeflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeextensorsSpineextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricIsometricEccentricEccentricConcentricEccentricConcentricIsometric
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2 Fingerstablization(holdingball)Thumbextension(holdingball)
FingerflexorsThumbflexors
IsometricIsometric
❑PuntingthefootballRank
11111222222
2
Motion
Hip-legflexion(kickingleg)Kneeextension(kickingleg)Hip-legextension(non-kickingleg)Kneeextension(non-kickingleg)SpinalflexionArmstabilizationElbowstabilizationWriststabilizationFingerextension(lettingballgo)Thumbextension(lettingballgo)Ankleplantarflexion(kickingleg)Ankleplantarflexion(non-kickingleg)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legflexors
KneeextensorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsSpineflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsFingerextensionsThumbextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Folllow-through(slowingthelegdownafterstrikingtheball)Rank
111111222
Motion
Hip-legflexion(kickingleg)Kneeextension(kickingleg)Ankledorsiflexion(kickingleg)Hip-legextension(non-kickingleg)Kneeextension(non-kickingleg)SpinalflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWriststabilizationAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensors
KneeflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsSpineflexorsArmflexorsElbowextensorsWristextensorsAnkledorsiflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
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2 (non-kickingleg
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
Gardening
Workingwithatrowelandpullingweeds❑Diggingwithatrowel
Rank
1111
1
Motion
WristradialflexionArmflexionElbowextensionFingerflexionThumbflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedWristradialflexorsArmflexors
ElbowextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric
❑Pullingupweeds(aftergraspingthem)Rank
1111
1
Motion
ElbowflexionForearmsupinationArmextensionFingerflexionThumbflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedElbowflexors
ForearmsupinatorsArmextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric
DrivingaGolfBallThegolfswingasperformedoffatee❑Backswing
Rank
11
Motion
Spinalrotation(backward)Wristradial
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotations
Contraction TypeConcentric
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111111111122
3
flexionElbowextensions(frontarm)Elbowflexion(reararm)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Armadduction(frontarm)Armflexion(frontarm)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Armabduction(reararm)ThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexionHeadstabilization
WristradialflexorsElbowextensorsElbowflexorsHip-legexternalrotatorsArmadductorsArmflexorsHip-leginternalrotatorsArmabductorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsHeadextensors
ConcentricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricEccentricEccentricIsometric
❑Powerswing(hittingthegolfball)Rank
11111111112222
Motion
Spinalrotation(forward)Armabduction(frontarm)WristulnarflexionHip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowextensionArmabduction(reararm)ThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionArmflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
ArmabductorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legexternalrotatorsHip-leginternalrotators(frontleg)ElbowextensorsArmadductorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsArmflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHeadextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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3 Headstabilization Isometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Follow-throughRank
1111111111122
2
Motion
Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)ElbowflexionSpinalrotation(forward)ArmflexionArmabduction(frontarm)Armadduction(reararm)WristradialflexionThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Elbowextensors
Spinerotators(antagonists)ArmextensorsArmabductorsArmadductorsWristulnarflexorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeflexorsAnkleflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometricIsometricIsometricEccentricEccentricEccentric
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PaintingaWallBrushingthewallinanupwardanddownwardstroke❑Brushingthewallinanupwardstroke
Rank
1111
1
Motion
WristextensionArmflexionElbowflexionFingerflexionThumbflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedWristextensors
ArmflexorsElbowflexorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric
❑BrushingthewallinadownwardstrokeRank
1111
1
Motion
ArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexionThumbflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedArmextensors
ElbowextensorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric
HittingaForehandinRacquetballThetypicalforehandshot❑Grippingtheracquet
Rank
1
1
Motion
ThumbflexionFingerflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedThumbflexors
Fingerflexors
Contraction TypeIsometric
Isometric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Backswing(movingtheracquetbackpriortoforehandshot)
Rank
11111111
1
Motion
Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(backward)KneeflexionAnkledorsiflexionArmhorizontalabduction(racquetarm)Wristextension(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)Armhorizontaladduction(non-racquetarm)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotations Hip-leginternal rotations Spinerotators
KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristextensorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontaladductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Powerforehandswing
Rank
11111111
1
Motion
Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(forward)KneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmhorizontaladduction(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-racquetarm)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg internalrotators Hip-legexternal rotators Spinerotators
KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristflexorsElbowextensorsArmhorizontalabductors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Follow-through(slowingtheracquetdown)
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Rank
11111111
1
Motion
Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(forward)KneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmhorizontaladduction(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-racquetarm)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Spinerotators (antagonists)Kneeflexors
AnkledorsiflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristextensorsElbowextensorsArmhorizontaladductors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
Shoveling(SnoworSand)Usingashovelwithonlythearms(i.e.,withoutafootontheblade),aswhenshovelingsnoworsand,andplacingtheloadtotheside❑Powerswing(hittingthegolfball)
Rank
1
1
Motion
ThumbflexionFingerflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedThumbflexors
Fingerflexors
Contraction TypeIsometric
Isometric
❑PlacingtheshovelintothesnoworsandRank
11111
1
Motion
KneeflexionHip-legflexionSpinalflexionArmflexionElbowextensionAnkledorsifleion
Muscle Group InvolvedKneeextensors
Hip-legextensorsSpineextensorsArmextensorsElbowextensorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricEccentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑LiftingtheloadRank
11111
1
Motion
KneeextensionHip-legextensionSpinalextensionElbowflexionArmextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedKneeextensors
Hip-legextensorsSpineextensorsElbowflexorsArmextensorsAnkleplantarflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑HaulingtheloadtothesideRank
11
1
Motion
SpinalrotationArmflexionElbowextension
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
ArmflexorsElbowextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
SwimmingFreestyleSwimmingusingthefreestyleorcrawlstroke(Armmovementanalysisfocusesonlyononearm;kickingcycleisfasterthanarmcycleinfreestylestroke,sopaceoflegsisfaster.)❑Armpull(fromoutfarinfrontofheadthroughtosideofleg)
Rank
111
Motion
ScapuladownwardrotationArmextension
Muscle Group InvolvedScapula downwardrotatorsArmextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
Concentric
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11112
2
ArminternalrotationArmadductionWristflexionFingerstabilizationFingerstabilizationElbowflexionHeadstabilization
ArminternalrotatorsArmadductorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsFingeradductorsElbowflexorsHeadextensors
ConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricConcentricIsometric
❑Raisingthearmandrotatingtheheadtobreathe(fromhandnexttothightoheadoutofwatertobreathe)
Rank
11111122
2
Motion
Spinalrotation(towardsurface)ScapulaupwardrotationArmhyperextensionArmabductionArmexternalrotationHeadrotation(tobreathe)ElbowflexionWristflexionFingerflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
ScapulaupwardsrotatorsArmextensorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsHeadrotatorsElbowflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Armreach(fromoutofwaterwithheadduringbreath,toentryinwaterjustpriortothestartofthearmpull)
Rank
1111111
Motion
Spinalrotation(backtowardwater)ScapulaupwardrotationArmabductionArmexternalrotationWristextensionFingerextensionElbow
Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators
ScapulaupwardrotatorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsWristextensorsFingerextensorsElbow
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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1
1
extensionHeadrotation(backintowater)Armflexion
extensorsHeadrotatorsArmflexors
ConcentricConcentricConcentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑Flutterkick—downwardkickingmovement
Rank
11
1
Motion
Hip-legflexionAnkledorsiflexionKneeextension
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg flexors Ankledorsiflexors Kneeextensors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
❑Flutterkick—upwardkickingmovement
Rank
11
1
Motion
Hip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexionKneeflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensorsAnkleplantar flexors Kneeflexors
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentric
ServinginTennisTheclassicoverheadtennisserve❑Grippingtheracquet
Rank
1
1
Motion
Hip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedThumbflexors
Fingerflexors
Contraction TypeIsometric
Isometric
❑BalltossandbackswingRank
11
Motion
Hip-legflexionKneeflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Knee
Contraction TypeEccentric
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1111111
1
AnkledorsiflexionSpinalrotation(backward)Armabduction(tossarm)Elbowextension(tossarm)Wristflexion(tossarm)Armabduction(racquetarm)Armexternalrotation(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)
flexors
AnkleplantarflexorsSpinerotatorsArmabductorsElbowflexorsWristflexorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsElbowflexors
EccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS
❑ExtendingupwardandreachingfortheballwiththetennisracquetRank
1111111111
1
Motion
Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionSpinalextensionHeadextensionArmexternalrotation(racquetarm)Armabduction(racquetarm)Armadduction(tossarm)Wristextension(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Spinerotation(forward)
Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors Ankle plantarflexors Spine extensorsHead extensors Armexternal rotators Armabductors
ArmabductorsWristextensorsElbowextensorsSpinerotators
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
❑Poweroverheadswing(strikingtheball)Rank
1111111112
Motion
Armextension(racquetarm)Arminternalrotation(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armadduction(racquetarm)Spinalrotation(forward)Arminternalrotation(tossarm)SpinalflexionAnkleplantarflexionHip-leg
Muscle Group InvolvedArmextensors
ArminternalrotatorsWristflexorsElbowextensorsArmadductorsSpinerotatorsArminternalrotatorsSpineflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKnee
Contraction TypeConcentric
ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric
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2 extensionKneeextension
extensors Concentric
❑Follow-through(slowingtheracquetdown)Rank
1111111111
1
Motion
Armextension(racquetarm)Arminternalrotation(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armadduction(racquetarm)Spinalrotation(forward)Arminternalrotation(tossarm)SpinalflexionAnkledorsiflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexion
Muscle Group InvolvedArmflexors
ArmexternarlrotatorsWristextensorsElbowflexorsArmabductorsSpinerotators(antagonistsArmexternalrotatorsSpineextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensors
Contraction TypeEccentric
EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric
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APPENDIXA•QUIZZESThequizzesinAppendixAcanbeprintedoutfromtheaccompanyingCD.TheyareallcompatiblewithScantrongrading.
Quiz1-PlanesandActions
1.Thefrontalplaneisalwaysaroundwhataxis?
a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis
d.Verticalaxis
e.Verticalhorizontalaxis2.Hipflexionisinwhatplane?
a.Frontalplane
b.Sagittalplane
c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Transverseplane
e.Verticalplane
3.Hipadductionisinwhatplane?
a.Frontalplane
b.Sagittalplane
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c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Transverseplane
e.Verticalplane
4.Pronationisinwhatplane?
a.Frontalplane
b.Sagittalplane
c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Horizontalplane
e.Verticalplane
5.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?
a.Armabduction
b.Shoulderadductionc.Armextension
d.Armflexion
e.Armexternalrotation6.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?
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a.Dorsiflexion
b.Plantarflexion
c.Ankleextension
d.Eversion
e.Footrotation
7.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?
a.Inversion
b.Eversion
c.Rotation
d.Retraction
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e.Abduction
8.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?
a.Headflexion
b.Headextension
c.Neckextension
d.Neckflexion
e.Headlateralflexion9.Arminternalrotationoccursaroundwhataxis?
a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis
d.Verticalaxis
e.Sagittalaxis
10.Spinelateralflexionoccursaroundwhataxis?
a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis
d.Verticalaxis
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e.Verticalhorizontalaxis11.Dorsiflexionisinwhatplane?
a.Frontalplane
b.Sagittalplane
c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Horizontalplane
e.Verticalplane
12.Headrotationoccursaroundwhataxis?
a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis
d.Verticalaxis
e.Sagittalaxis
13.Ulnaflexioninvolveswhataxis?
a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis
d.Verticalaxis
e. Vertical horizontal axis 14. The region from the elbow to the hand isreferredtoas:a.Brachial
b.Antibrachial
c.Popliteal
d.Axilla
e.Volar
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15.Theregionfromtheelbowtotheshoulderisreferredtoas:a.Brachial
b.Antibrachial
c.Popliteal
d.Pectoral
e.Axilla
16.Theregionofthesmallofthebackisreferredtoas:a.Nuchae
b.Cervical
c.Lumbar
d.Iliac
e.Thoracic
17.Whattermreferstothehead?
a.Hepato
b.Reno
c.Cephalo
d.Encephalon
e.Chondro
18.Whattermreferstothebrain?
a.Hepato
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b.Reno
c.Cephalo
d.Encephalon
e.Chondro
19.Thecharacteristicsofadiarthosisjointare:a.Jointcapsule,jointcavity,smoothjointsurfaceb.Jointcapsule,free-moving,cartilaginousconnectionc.Synovialfluid,synovialmembrane,synarthrosisd.Amphiarthrosis,jointsurfacesmooth,jointcapsulee.Free-moving,fusedbones,jointcavity20.Whatisthefunctionofbones?
a.Protection
b.Support
c.Locomotion
d.Manufactureofbloodcellse.Alloftheabove
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Quiz2-TheSkull
Pleaserefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthequestionsinthisquizabouttheskull.
1.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelEisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone2.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelGisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone3.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelFisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone4.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelHisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone5.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelIisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalprotuberanced.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline6.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelOisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline7.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelMisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Medialnuchallined.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline8.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelNisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Medialnuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Nuchalligamente.Inferiornuchalline9.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelJis
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the:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Mastoidprocesse.Superiornuchalline10.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelAisthe:a.Mandible
b.Maxilla
c. Occipital bone d. Mastoid process e. Superior nuchal line 11. On thedrawingsoftheskull,labelBisthe:a.Mandible
b.Maxilla
c. Occipital bone d. Mastoid process e. Superior nuchal line 12. On thedrawingsoftheskull,labelCisthe:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Mastoidprocesse.Superiornuchalline13.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelDisthe:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Nasalbone
d.Maxilla
e.Superiornuchal line14.On thedrawingsof the skull, labelK is the:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Nasalbone
d.Maxilla
e.Angleofthemandible15.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelListhe:a.Temporal bone b. Inferior nuchal line c.Occipital bone d.Mastoid process e.Superiornuchalline
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Quiz3-TheScapula
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthescapula.
1.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelAisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine
c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 2. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelBisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine
c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 3. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelCisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine
c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 4. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelDisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine
c. Infraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 5. On thedrawingsof thescapula, labelEis the:a.Glenoidfossab.Subscapulafossac.Supraglenoidtubercled.Superioranglee.Coracoidprocess6.Onthedrawingsof the scapula, label F is the: a.Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder7.Onthedrawingsofthe
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scapula,labelGisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Scapulanotchd.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder8.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,label H is the: a. Superior border b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Inferior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder9.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelIis the: a. Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Superior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder10.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelJis the: a. Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Inferior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine
11.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelKisthe:a.Supraspinatusfossab.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine
12.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelListhe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine
13.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelMisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Axillaryborderd.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine
14.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelNisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Axillaryborderc.Inferiorangled.Vertebralbordere.Spine
15.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelOisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine
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Quiz4-TheHumerous
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthehumerus.
1.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelDisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity2.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelBisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity3.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelOisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity4.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelQisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity5.On the
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drawingsofthehumerus,labelListhe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity6.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelFisthe:a.Trochlear
b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 7. On the drawings of the humerus, label K is the: a.Trochlear
b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 8. On the drawings of the humerus, label P is the: a.Trochlear
b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 9. On the drawings of the humerus, label R is the: a.Trochlear
b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 10.On the drawings of the humerus, label A is the: a.Trochlear
b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 11. On the drawings of the humerus, label C is the: a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa
c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Neck
e.Head
12.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelEisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa
c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Neck
e.Head
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13.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelHisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa
c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Surgicalneck
e.Head
14.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelIisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa
c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Neck
e.Head
15.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelNisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa
c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Neck
e.Head
16.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelJisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum
c. Lateral supracondylar ridge d. Medial supracondylar ridge e. Greatertuberosity
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Quiz5-TheRadiusandUlna
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizabouttheradiusandulna.
1.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelDisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch
d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess2.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelFisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch
d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess3.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelEisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch
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d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess4.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelHisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch
d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess5.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelCisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch
d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess6.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna, label I is the: a.Styloidprocessof the radiusb.Radial tuberosity c.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity
e.Supinatorcrest
7.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelJisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity
e.Supinatorcrest
8.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelGisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity
e.Supinatorcrest
9.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelBisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity
e.Supinatorcrest
10.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelAisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity
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e.Supinatorcrest
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Quiz6-TheHand
Pleaserefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutthehand.
1.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelFisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate
c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate2.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelDisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate
c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate
3.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelCisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate
c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate
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4.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelIisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate
c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate
5.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelHisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate
c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate
6.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelBisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate
c.Trapezoid
d.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform
7.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelAisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate
c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform
8.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelEisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate
c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform
9.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelJisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate
c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Thirdphalangee.Pisiform
10.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelGisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate
c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform
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Quiz7-TheVertebra
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthevertebra.
1.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelYisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas
d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess2.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelCisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas
d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess3.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelDisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas
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d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess4.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelEisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas
d. Transverse process e. Posterior tubercle 5. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelFisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas
d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess6.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelAisthe:a.Axis
b.Dens
c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 7.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelBisthe:a.Axis
b.Dens
c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 8.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelXisthe:a.Axis
b.Dens
c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 9.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelMisthe:a.Axis
b.Dens
c.Transverseforamend.Anterior tuberclee.Superiorarticularprocess10.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelNisthe:a.Axis
b.Dens
c.Transverseforamend.Anterior tuberclee.Superiorarticularprocess11.On thedrawingsof thevertebra, labelL is the:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
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d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle12.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelKisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle13.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelOisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferior articular processe. Inferior tubercle 14.On the drawings of thevertebra,labelGisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle15.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelIisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle16.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelJisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle17.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelHisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 18. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelRisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle19.On thedrawingsof the
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vertebra,labelSisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 20. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelTisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine
c.Body
d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 21. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelUisthe:a.Pedicle
b.Spine
c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess22.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelVisthe:a.Pedicle
b.Spine
c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess23.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelWisthe:a.Pedicle
b.Spine
c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess24.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelPisthe:a.Pedicle
b.Spine
c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess25.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelQisthe:a.Pedicle
b.Spine
c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess
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Quiz8-TheInnominateBone
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizabouttheinnominatebone.
1.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelEisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine2.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelJisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine3.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelCisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine4.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelKisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine5.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelDisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine6.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelGisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest
d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 7. On the drawings of the
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innominate bone, labelH is the: a.Tuberosity of the iliumb.Anterior gluteallinec.Iliacdrest
d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 8. On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelFisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest
d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 9. On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelIisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest
d.Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line10.On thedrawingsof theinnominatebone,labelPisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest
d.Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 11.On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelAisthe:a.Iliacfossa
b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis
12.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelSisthe:a.Iliacfossa
b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis
13.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelRisthe:a.Iliacfossa
b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis
14.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelTisthe:a.Iliacfossa
b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis
15.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelOisthe:a.Iliacfossa
b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis
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16.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelMisthe:a.Superiorramus
b.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum
d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium17.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelBisthe:a.Superiorramus
b.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum
d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium18.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelQisthe:a.Superiorramus
b.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum
d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium19.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelListhe:a.Superiorramusofthepubisb.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum
d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium20.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelNisthe:a.Superiorramus
b.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum
d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium
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Quiz9-TheFemur
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthefemur.
1.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelAisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head
d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 2. On the drawings of thefemur,labelBisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head
d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 3. On the drawings of thefemur,labelCisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head
d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 4. On the drawings of thefemur,labelFisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head
d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 5. On the drawings of thefemur,labelDisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head
d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 6. On the drawings of the
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femur, label O is the: a. Medial epicondyle b. Adductor tubercle c. Medialcondyle
d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle7.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelJisthe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle
d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle8.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelMisthe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle
d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle9.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelListhe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle
d. Intercondylar fossa e. Lateral epicondyle 10. On the drawings of thefemur, label N is the: a. Medial epicondyle b. Adductor tubercle c. Medialcondyle
d. Intercondylar fossa e. Lateral epicondyle 11. On the drawings of thefemur,labelHisthe:a.Lineaaspera
b.Pectinealline
c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline
e.Lateralepicondylarridge12.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelGisthe:a.Lineaaspera
b.Pectinealline
c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline
e.Lateralepicondylarridge13.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelIisthe:a.Lineaaspera
b.Pectinealline
c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline
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e.Lateralepicondylarridge14.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelEisthe:a.Lineaaspera
b.Pectinealline
c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline
e.Lateralepicondylarridge15.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelKisthe:a.Lineaaspera
b.Pectinealline
c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline
e.Lateralepicondylarridge
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Quiz10-TheTibiaandFibula
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthetibiaandfibula.
1.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelHisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head
2.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelAisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Headofthefibula3.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelEisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head
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4.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelCisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head
5.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelGisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head
6.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelBisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft
c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus7.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelIisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft
c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus8.Onthedrawingsof the tibia and fibula, labelFis the: a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft offibula c. Lateral condyle d. Popliteal surface e. Medial malleolus 9. On thedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelJisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft
c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus10.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelDisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft
c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus
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Quiz11-TheFoot
Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthefoot.
1.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelIisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus
d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform2.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelFisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus
d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform3.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelDisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus
d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform4.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelGisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus
d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform5.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,label
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Eisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus
d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform6.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelCisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid
c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal7.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelJisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid
c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal8.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelBisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid
c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal9.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelAisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid
c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal10.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelHisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid
c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal
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Quiz12-MusclesandMovers
1.Thefourpropertiesofmusclecellsare:a.Contractility,extensibility,flexibility,tonicityb.Contractility,compressibility,flexibility,tonicityc.Contractility,extensibility,isokinetic,tonicityd.Contractility,extensibility,flexibility,adaptabilitye.Contractility,extensibility,elasticity,tonicity2.Thefiveclassificationsofmusclecontractionsbyanatomistsandkinesiologistsare:a.Isometric,isotonic,concentric,eccentric,staticb.Isometric,isotonic,isokinetic,eccentric,staticc.Isometric,isotonic,concentric,eccentric,dynamicd.Isometric,isokinetic,concentric,eccentric,statice.Isometric,isotonic,isostatic,eccentric,static3.Towhatmuscleclassificationsdothebicepsbelong?
a.Skeletal,visceral,smooth
b.Skeletal,voluntary,smooth
c.Skeletal,striated,voluntary
d.Skeletal,involuntary,smooth
e.Smooth,visceral,involuntary
4.Towhatmuscleclassificationdoesthestomachmusclebelong?
a.Skeletal,visceral,smooth
b.Skeletal,voluntary,smooth
c.Skeletal,striated,voluntary
d.Skeletal,involuntary,smooth
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e.Smooth,visceral,involuntary
5.Towhatclassificationdoestheheartbelong?
a.Syncytium
b.Striated
c.Smooth
d.Visceral
e.Voluntary/involuntary
6.PrimeMoversarethemusclesthatdothemajormovement.
a.True
b.False
7.Duringpush-ups,thestabilizersare:a.Hipextensorsandspineextensorsb.Hipflexorsandspineflexors
c.Hipextensorsandspineflexorsd.Hipflexorsandspineextensorse.Hipflexorsandkneeflexors
8.Duringpush-ups,whataretheprimemovers?
a.Elbowflexorsandarmflexors
b.Elbowflexorsandarmextensorsc.Elbowextensorsandarmextensorsd.Elbowextensorsandarmflexorse.Elbowextensorsandforearmsupinators9.Duringpull-ups,whataretheprimemovers?
a.Elbowflexorsandarmflexors
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b.Elbowflexorsandarmextensorsc.Elbowextensorsandarmextensorsd.Elbowextensorsandarmflexorse.Elbowextensorsandforearmsupinators10.Duringasit-up,theprimemoversare:a.Hipflexorsandspineflexors
b.Hipflexorsandkneeflexors
c.Hip flexors and spine extensors d. Spine extensors andhip extensors e.Legflexorsandspineextensors
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Quiz13-Insertions,Origins,andActions
Choosethemostcorrectanswerforthefollowingquestions.
1.Theoriginofthesternocleidomastoidis:a.Manubriumofthesternum
b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Themedialthirdoftheclavicleandtheanteriorsurfaceofthemanubriume.Coracoidprocess
2.Theoriginofthespleniuscapitisis:a.Ligamentumnuchae
b.Spinesofthe1-4thoracicvertebrac.Seventhcervicalspinyprocess
d.Thelowerligamentumnuchae,theseventhcervicalvertebraandtheupperfour thoracic vertebra e. Mastoid process and adjacent occipital bone 3. Theoriginofthepectoralisminoris:a.Manubriumofthesternum
b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Coracoidprocess
e.Uppereightribs
4.Theinsertionofthesternocleidomastoidis:a.Mastoidprocess
b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
c. The anterior 3rd, 4th, & 5th ribs d. Mastoid process and the adjacentoccipitalbonee.Coracoidprocess
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5.Theinsertionofthespleniuscapitisis:a.Mastoidprocess
b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
c. The anterior 3rd, 4th, & 5th ribs d. Mastoid process and the adjacentoccipitalbonee.Coracoidprocess
6.Theactionsofthesternocleidomastoidare:a.Headflexionandlateralflexion
b.Headextensionandlateralflexionc.Headrotationandflexion
d.Headlateralflexion,rotation,andflexione.Headlateralflexion,rotation,and extension 7. The actions of the splenius capitis are: a. Head flexion andlateralflexion
b.Headextensionandlateralflexionc.Headrotationandflexion
d.Headlateralflexion,rotation,andflexione.Headlateralflexion,rotation,and extension 8. The origin of the serratus anterior is: a. Manubrium of thesternum
b.Upper8-9ribs
c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Vertebralborderofthescapula
e.Costalsurfaceofthescapula
9.Theinsertionoftheserratusanterioris:a.Manubriumofthesternum
b.Upper8-9ribs
c. The anterior 3rd, 4th,& 5th ribs d. The costal surface of the vertebralborderofthescapulae.Costalsurfaceofthescapula
10.Theoriginofthetrapeziusis:a.Occipitalprotuberance
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b.Superiornuchalline
c.Theligamentumnuchae
d.Theseventhcervicalandallthoracicvertebrae.Alloftheabove
11.Theinsertionofthetrapeziusis:a.Occipitalprotuberance
b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
c.Thespineofthescapula
d. The lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion process and spine of thescapulae.Vertebralborderofthescapula
12.Theoriginsoftherhomboidsare:a.Thevertebralborderofthescapulab.Superiornuchalline
c.Theligamentumnuchae
d. The seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebra e. Lower ligamentumnuchae,seventhcervicalandfirstfivethoracicvertebra13.Theinsertionoftherhomboids is: a. The vertebral border of the scapula below the spine of thescapulab.Superiornuchalline
c.Theligamentumnuchae
d.The seventhcervical andall thoracicvertebra e.The lower ligamentumnuchae, seventh cervical and first five thoracic vertebra 14. The action of therhomboids is: a. Scapula elevation, downward rotation, adduction b. Scapulaelevation,upward rotation, adductionc.Scapulaelevation,downward rotation,abduction d. Scapula elevation, depression, adduction e. Scapula elevation,abduction
15.Theactionofthetrapeziusis:a.Scapulaelevation,downwardrotation,abduction,depressionb.Scapuladepression,downwardrotation,adduction
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c.Scapulaelevation,downwardrotation,abductiond.Scapulaelevation,depression,adduction,upwardrotatione.Scapulaelevation,depression,adduction,downwardrotation16.Theoriginofthelevatorscapulais:a.Ligamentumnuchae,seventhcervicalb.Lowerligamentumnuchae,seventhcervical,1-4thoracicvertebrac.1-4cervicalvertebra
d.4-5-6cervicalvertebra
e. Ligamentum nuchae, seventh cervical, all thoracic vertebra 17. Theinsertionof the levatorscapula is:a.Vertebralborderof thescapulabelowthespineofthescapulab.Vertebralborderofthescapula
c. Spine and acromion process of the scapula d. Superior border of thescapula
e. Vertebral border of the scapula above the spine of the scapula 18. Theaction of the levator scapula is: a. Scapula elevation, downward rotation,adductionb.Scapulaelevation,upwardrotation,adductionc.Scapulaelevation,upwardrotationd.Scapulaelevation,depression,downwardrotatione.Scapulaelevation,abduction,downward rotation19.Theoriginof thecoracobrachialisis:a.Acromionprocess
b.Acromionprocessandcoracoidprocessc.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle
d.Coracoidprocess
e.Anterior3,4,5ribs
20.Theinsertionofthecoracobrachialisis:a.Anterior3,4,5ribs
b.Medialmiddlethirdofthehumerusc.Brachialtuberosity
d.Lowerthirdofthehumerus
e.Anteriorhumerus
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21.Theactionofthecoracobrachialisis:a.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationb.Armextensionandexternalrotationc.Armflexionandabduction
d.Armflexionandinternalrotatione.Armflexion,adduction,andinternalrotation 22. The action of the lower fibers of the anterior deltoid is: a. Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc. Arm extension, adduction, external rotation d. Arm extension, adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction
23.Theactionofthelowerfibersoftheposteriordeltoidis:a.Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Armextension,adduction,externalrotationd.Armextension,adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction
24.Theactionofthemiddledeltoidis:a.Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Armextension,adduction,externalrotationd.Armextension,adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction
25.Theoriginofthedeltoidis:a.Medialtwo-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,coracoidprocessb.Clavicleandspineofthescapulac.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,andspineofthescapulad.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,superiorborder,andspineofscapulae.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,andaxillaryborder26.Givetheactionofthebiceps.
a.Elbowflexion
b.Elbow extension and arm extension c.Arm flexion, elbow flexion, andsupinationd.Elbowflexionandsupinatione
e.Elbowflexionandpronation
27.Givetheactionofthebrachialis.
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a.Elbowflexion
b. Elbow extension and arm extension c. Arm flexion, elbow flexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination
e.Elbowflexionandpronation
28.Givetheactionofthetriceps.
a.Elbowflexion
b.Elbowextensionandarmextension&adductionc.Arm flexion, elbowflexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination
e.Elbowflexionandpronation
29.Givetheactionofthelatissimusdorsi.
a.Armflexion,armadduction,arminternalrotationb.Armextension,armadduction,arminternalrotationc.Armextension,elbowextension,arminternalrotationd.Arminternalrotation,armflexion,armadductione.Armextension,armadduction,externalrotation30.Givetheactionoftheteresmajor.
a.Armflexion,armadduction,arminternalrotationb.Armextension,armadduction,arminternalrotationc.Armextension,elbowextension,arminternalrotationd.Arminternalrotation,armflexion,armadductione.Armextension,armadduction,externalrotation31.Givetheactionofthesupraspinatus.
a.Armabduction,armflexion,arminternalrotationb.Armadduction,armflexion,arminternalrotationc.Armabduction
d.Armabduction,arminternalrotatione.Armadduction
32.Givetheactionofthepronatorteres.
a.Elbowflexion
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b. Elbow extension and arm extension c. Arm flexion, elbow flexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination
e.Elbowflexionandpronation
33.Givetheactionofthebrachioradialis.
a.Elbowflexion
b. Elbow extension and arm extension c. Arm flexion, elbow flexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination
e.Elbowflexionandpronation
34.Givetheactionoftherectusabdominis.
a. Spine flexion, rotation to the opposite side, and compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine
c.Compressionoftheabdomen
d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen35.Givetheactionoftheexternalabdominaloblique.
a. Spine flexion and rotation to the opposite side; compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine
c.Compressionoftheabdomen
d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen36.Givetheactionofthetransverseabdominis.
a. Spine flexion and rotation to the opposite side; compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine
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c.Compressionoftheabdomen
d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen37.Givetheactionoftheinternalabdominaloblique.
a. Spine flexion and rotation to the opposite side; compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine
c.Compressionoftheabdomen
d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotation to the same side; compression of the abdomen 38. The action of theiliacusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hipflexion,adduction,external rotation c.Hip extension, external rotation, adduction d.Hip flexion,adduction, internalrotatione.Legflexion,abduction,externalrotation39.Theactionofthegluteusmaximusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hip flexion, adduction, (possible external rotation) c. Hip extension, externalrotation, abduction& adduction d. Hip flexion, adduction, internal rotation e.Legflexion,abduction,externalrotation40.Theactionofthesartoriusis:a.Hipflexion, abduction, external rotation, knee flexion b. Hip flexion, adduction,(possibleexternalrotation)c.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion, adduction, internal rotation, knee flexion e. Hip flexion, abduction,externalrotation,kneeextension41.Theactionofthegracilisis:a.Hipflexion,abduction, external rotation b. Hip flexion, adduction, (possible externalrotation)c.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,abduction,internalrotatione.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotation42.Theactionoftheadductor longus is: a.Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation b.Hip flexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,adduction, internal rotatione.Leg flexion,abduction,external rotation43.Theactionofthepectineusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation c. Hip extension, external rotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,adduction,internalrotatione.Legflexion,abduction,external rotation 44. The action of the tensor fascia lata is: a. Hip flexion,abduction, external rotation b.Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation c.Hipextension, external rotation, adduction d. Hip flexion, adduction, internalrotatione.Hipflexion,abduction,internalrotation45.Theactionofthepsoasis:
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a. Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation b. Hip flexion, adduction,external rotation c.Hip extension, external rotation, adduction d.Hip flexion,adduction, internal rotation e.Hip flexion, abduction, internal rotation46.Theoriginofthegluteusmaximusisthe:a.Pectineallineandupperone-thirdofthelinea aspera of the femur b. Post. gluteal line, post. crest of ilium, post/lat.sacrum& coccyx c.Middle one-third of the linea aspera d. Pectineal line offemur
e. Linea aspera, medial epicondylar ridge, adductor tubercle of femur 47.Theoriginofthepsoasisthe:a.Posteriorcrestoftheilium
b.Thesymphysisofthepubicbone
c.Inferiorramusofthepubicbone
d.Iliacfossaof theiliumandadjacentsacrume.Transverseprocessesandbodies of the five lumbar vertebra 48. The action of the gastrocnemius is: a.Plantarflexion
b.Kneeflexion,plantarflexion
c.Kneeextension,plantarflexion
d.Plantarflexion,hipextension
e.Dorsiflexion
49.Identifytheankleevertor.
a.Tibialisanterior
b.Tibialisposterior
c.Extensorhallicuslongus
d.Flexorhallicuslongus
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e.Peroneusbrevis
50.Identifytheankledorsiflexors.
a. Extensor hallicus longus and extensor digitorumlongus b. Tibialisposteriorandflexorhallicuslongusc.Soleus
d.Peroneuslongus
e.Peroneusbrevisandtertius
51.Identifytheankleplantarflexors.
a.Flexordigitorumlongus
b.Extensorhallicuslongus
c.Extensordigitorumlongus
d.Tibialisanterior
e.Flexordigitorum
52.Identifytheankleinvertor.
a.Extensordigitorumlongus
b.Flexordigitorumlongus
c.Peroneustertius
d.Peroneuslongus
e.Peroneusbrevis
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53.Theactionofthetibialisposterioris:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion
b.Plantarflexion,inversion
c.Plantarflexion,toeflexion
d.Plantarflexion,eversion
e.Toeflexion,eversion
54.Theactionoftheextensordigitorumlongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion
b.Plantarflexion,inversion
c.Plantarflexion,toeflexion
d.Plantarflexion,eversion
e.Toeflexion,eversion
55.Theactionoftheflexordigitorumlongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion,toeflexionb.Plantarflexion,inversion,toeflexionc.Plantarflexion,toeflexion
d.Plantarflexion,eversion,toeflexione.Toeflexion,eversion
56.Theactionoftheperoneuslongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion
b.Plantarflexion,inversion
c.Plantarflexion,toeflexion
d.Plantarflexion,eversion
e.Toeflexion,eversion
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57.Theinsertionoftheperoneusbrevis&tertiusis:a.Junctionofthe2nd&3rdmetatarsal,&2nd&3rdcuneiformb.Baseofthefirstmetatarsal,firstcuneiformc.Baseofthefirstmetatarsal
d.Navicular,cuboid
e.Baseofthefifthmetatarsal
58.Theoriginofthelongissimusdorsiisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia
c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra59.Theoriginofthespinalisdorsiisthe:a.11th&12thoracicvertebraand1st&2ndlumbarvertebrab.Lumbodorsalfascia
c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra60.Theoriginofthelongissimuscervicusisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia
c.Transverseprocessesofupper4-5 thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra61.Theoriginof the spinalis cervicis is the: a. Lower two thoracic vertebra and upper twolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia
c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebra&upperfourthoracicvertebra62.Theoriginofthespinaliscapitusisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia
c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourth
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nuchal ligament, seventh cervical, first and second thoracic vertebra e.Transverseprocessesofthelowerfourcervicalanduppersixorseventhoracicvertebra 63. The insertion of the flexor pollicis brevis is the: a. The flexorretinaculumandtrapeziumb.Pisiform
c.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumbd.Ulnasideofthefirstmetacarpale.Theflexorretinaculumandhamate64.Theinsertionof theabductordigitiminimi (hand) is the:a.The flexor retinaculumandtrapeziumb.Pisiform
c.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumbd.Ulna sideof the firstphalangeof fifth fingere.The flexor retinaculumandhamate 65. The insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis is the: a. The flexorretinaculumandtrapeziumb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthumb,lateralsidec.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthumb,medialsided.Alloftheradialsideofthefirstmetacarpale.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb66.Theinsertionoftheabductordigitiminimi(foot):a.Tendonsoftheflexordigitorumlongusb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe,lateralsidec.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoed.Calcaneum
e.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoe,medialside67.Theinsertionoftheflexorhallicusbrevis:a.Tendonsoftheflexordigitorumlongusb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe,lateralsidec.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoed.Calcaneum
e.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoe,medialside
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Quiz14-ScapulaAttachments
Refertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthefollowingquestionsinthisquizaboutthescapulaattachments.
1.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelAisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor2.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelDisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor3.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelGisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor4.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelFisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor5.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelEisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor6.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelHisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps
d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor7.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelCisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps
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d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor8.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelBisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps
d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor
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Quiz15-HumerusAttachments
Refer to the following drawings concerning thequestions in this quiz abouthumerusattachments.
1.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelA?
a.Deltoid
b.Brachialisc.Anconeusd.Triceps
e.Coraobrachialis2.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelE?
a.Anconeusb.Brachialisc.Deltoid
d.Triceps
e.Coracobrachialis3.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelB?
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a.Anconeusb.Brachialis.
c.Deltoid
d.Triceps
e.Coracobrachialis4.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelD?
a.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisb.Brachialisc.Flexordigitorumd.Triceps
e.Supinator5.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelC?
a.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisb.Brachialisc.Flexordigitorumd.Triceps
e.Supinator
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Quiz16-ForearmAttachments
Refer to the followingdrawingsconcerningquestions#1-12 in thisquizaboutforearmattachments.
1.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelH?
a.Biceps
b.Supinatorc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres2.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelF?
a.Biceps
b.Supinatorc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres3.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelE?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Flexordigitorum4.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatis
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labelI?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres5.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelG?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres6.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelJ?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres7.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelK?
a.Triceps
b.Brachioradialisc.Anconeus
d. Pronator quadratus 8. On the drawings of the radius and ulna, what islabelL?
a.Triceps
b.Brachioradialisc.Anconeus
d. Pronator quadratus 9. On the drawings of the radius and ulna, what islabelA?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres10.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelB?
a.Biceps
b.Brachialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronatorteres11.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelC?
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a.Triceps
b.Brachioradialisc.Anconeus
d.Pronator quadratus12.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelD?
a.Triceps
b.Brachioradialisc.Anconeus
d.PronatorquadratusRefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningquestions#13-17inthisquizaboutforearmattachments.
13.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelB?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum14.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelA?
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a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum15.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelC?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum16.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelD?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum17.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelE?
a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum
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Quiz17-InnominateAttachments
Refertothefollowingdrawings(#1and#2)concerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutinnominateattachments.
1.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelI?
a.Sartoriusb.Gluteusmaximusc.Gracilis
d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus2.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?
a.Sartoriusb.Gluteusmaximusc.Gracilis
d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus3.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?
a.Sartoriusb.Gluteusmaximusc.Gracilis
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d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus4.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?
a.Sartoriusb.Gluteusmaximusc.Gracilis
d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus5.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?
a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus
e.Adductorbrevis6.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelH?
a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus
e.Adductorbrevis7.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelF?
a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus
e.Adductorbrevis8.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus
e.Adductorbrevis9.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelG?
a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus
e.AdductormagnusInnominateBone–#2
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10.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmuscle(s)hasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a.Biceps femoris b.Semitendinosis c.Semimembranosis d.Hamstrings e.Alloftheabove11.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?
a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Vastus intermedius12.Ondrawing#2of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?
a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius13.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?
a. Biceps femoris b. Gluteus minimus c. Semimembranosis d. Rectusfemorise.Vastusintermedius
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Quiz18-FemurAttachments
Refertothefollowingdrawings(#1and#2)concerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutfemurattachments.
1.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Iliacus
d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus2.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatisatlabelA?
a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Iliacus
d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus3.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatisatlabelC?
a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Iliacus
d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus4.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,what
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isatlabelB?
a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Pectineus
d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus5.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatmuscleisatlabelE?
a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Iliacus
d.Gluteusmaximuse.AdductorlongusFemur–#2
6.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?
a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius7.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius8.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?
a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius9.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?
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a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius10.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?
a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Plantaris
d.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius11.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelF?
a.Vastuslateralisb.Gastrocnemiusc.Plantaris
d.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius
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Quiz19-TibiaandFibulaAttachments
Refer to the following drawings (#1 and #2) concerning the questions in thisquizaboutthetibiaandfibulaattachments.
1.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Adductormagnus2.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?
a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Adductormagnus3.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?
a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.AdductormagnusTibiaandFibula–#2
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4.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?
a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus
5.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?
a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus
6.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?
a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus
7.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?
a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus
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8.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?
a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus
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Quiz20-ExerciseandActivityAnalysis
Forthefollowingquestions,selectthemostcorrectanswerfromthoselisted.
1.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-1.
a.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
b.Kneeflexors,hipFlexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
d.Spineextensors,hipextensors
e.Hipflexors,kneeextensors,dorsiflexorsFigure20-1
2.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-2.
a.Shoulderabductors,wristflexors
b.Armabductors
c.Shoulderabductors,elbowflexors
d.Shoulderabductors,hipflexors
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e.Armabductors,shoulderoutwardrotatorsFigure20-2
3.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-3.
a.Kneeflexors
b.Plantarflexors
c.Elbowextensors
d.Hipflexors
e.Kneeextensors
Figure20-3
4.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-4.
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderabductorsb.Shoulderabductors
c.Elbowflexors,armabductors/flexorsd.Spineextensors,armextensors
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e.Armadductors/extensors,elbowflexorsFigure20-4
5.NamethePrimeMoversinFigure20-5.
a.Elbowextensors
b.Shoulderflexors
c. Elbow extensors, arm abductors/flexors d. Spine extensors, elbowextensors
e.Armadductors/extensors,elbowflexorsFigure20-5
6.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-6.
a.Kneeflexors
b.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
c.Spineextensors
d.Hipextensors
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e.Hipflexors
Figure20-6
7.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-7.
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
Figure20-7
8.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-8.
a.Elbowextensors
b.Elbowflexors
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c.Shoulderflexors
d.Wristflexors
e.Finger,wristflexors
Figure20-8
9.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-9.
a.Spineextensors
b.Trunkflexors
c.Hipextensors
d.Hipflexors
e.Spineandneckextensors
Figure20-9
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10.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-10.
a.Armhorizontalabductors
b.Shoulderadductors
c.Elbowflexors
d.Wristextensors
e.Armexternalrotators
Figure20-10
11.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-11.
a.Legabductors,kneeextensors
b.Hipadductors,kneeflexors
c.Hipabductors,andlegadductors
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d.Hipabductors
e.Spineextensors
Figure20-11
12.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-12(pull-u).
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
Figure20-12
13.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-13fortheupwardmovement.
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a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
Figure20-13
14.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-13forthedownwardmovement.
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
15.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-14.
a.Hipadductors
b.Legabductors
c.Kneeextensors
d.Trunklateralflexors
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e.Hipflexors
Figure20-14
16.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-15forthesitting-upmovement.
a.Hipflexors
b.Hipextensors
c.Hipflexors,spineflexors
d.Hipflexors,kneeflexors
e.Spineflexors,neckflexors
Figure20-15
17.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-15forthecurling-downmovement.
a.Hipflexors
b.Hipextensor
c.Hipflexors,spineflexors
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d.Hipflexors,kneeflexors
e.Spineflexors,neckflexors
18.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-16fortheupmovement.
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
Figure20-16
19.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-16forthedownwardmovement.
a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors
b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors
d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors
e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors
20.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-17fortheoutwardmovement.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
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b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
Figure20-17
21.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-17fortheinwardmovement.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
22.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-18forthedownwardmovement.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
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d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
Figure20-18
23.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-19.
a.Kneeextensors
b.Kneeflexors
c.Hipflexors
d.Hipextensors
e.Dorsiflexors
Figure20-19
24.Nametheprimemoversusedduringtheupwardstepwhenstanding
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andsteppingupontoabench.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
25.Nametheprimemoversusedduringthedownwardstepwhenstandingonabenchandsteppingdownbackwards.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
26.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-20fortheswimmersracingdive.
a.Knee extensors, hip extensors, plantar flexors, shoulder flexors b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors,dorsiflexors,shoulderflexionc.Kneeextensors,hipflexors,plantarflexors,shoulderflexorsd.Kneeflexors,hipextensors,plantarflexors,shoulder flexors e. Knee extensors, plantar flexors, shoulder extensors, hipextensorsFigure20-20
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27.Inrecreationalcycling,theprimemoversforthelegdown-strokeare:a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
28.Inracingcycling(usingtoeclips),theprimemoversforthelegup-strokeare:a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
29.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-21forthelowerextremity.
a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors
b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors
c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors
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d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors
e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors
Figure20-21
30.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-22forthebutterflypulloftheupperextremity.
a.Shoulderextensors
b.Shoulderflexors
c.Armflexors
d.Elbowflexors
e.Headextensors
Figure20-22
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31.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-23forthevolleyballserveoftheupperextremity.
a. Shoulder extensors and elbow extensors b. Shoulder flexors and elbowflexors
c.Armflexors
d.Elbowflexors
e.Headextensors
Figure20-23
32.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-24forthekayakpaddlefortheleftarm.
a. Shoulder extensors and elbow extensors b. Shoulder flexors and elbowflexors
c.Armflexorsandelbowflexors
d. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors e. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexorsFigure20-24
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33.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-25fortheunderhandsoftballpitchofthepitchingarm.
a.Shoulderextensors
b.Shoulderflexors
c.Armextensors
d.Elbowflexors
e.Elbowextensors
Figure20-25
34.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-26fortheforwardpassinfootballofthethrowingarm.
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a. Shoulder extensors and elbow extensors b. Shoulder flexors and elbowflexors
c.Armflexorsandelbowflexors
d. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors e. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexorsFigure20-26
35.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-27forthebasketballfreethrowofthearms.
a.shoulderextensors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsb.shoulderflexors,elbow flexors, and wrist flexors c. Arm flexors, elbow flexors, and wristextensors d. Elbow flexors, shoulder extensors, and wrist flexors e. Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors,andwristflexorsFigure20-27
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36.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-28.
a. Hip extensors, spine flexors, and neck extensors b. Hip flexors, spineflexors,andneckflexorsc.Hipextensors,spineextensors,andneckextensorsd.Hipextensors,spineextensors,andneckflexorse.Hipflexors,spineextensors,andneckextensorsFigure20-28
37.Inthetracksprintingstart(fromblocks),theprimemoversare:a.Hipextensors,spineextensorsandneckextensorsb.Hipflexors,kneeflexorsanddorsiflexorsc.Hipextensors,kneeextensorsandplantarflexorsd.Hipextensors,kneeextensorsanddorsiflexorse.Hipflexors,kneeflexorsandplantarflexors38.Indownhillskiing,theprimemoversinthelowerextremityare:a.Eccentricandconcentriccontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsb.Concentriccontractionofthehipandkneeflexorsc.Staticcontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsandthedorsiflexorsd.Eccentric
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contractionofthehipandkneeflexorsandtheplantarflexorse.Staticcontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsandtheplantaranddorsiflexors39.Inthefootballpuntkick,theprimemoversofthekickinglegare:a.Hipextensors,kneeextensors,anddorsiflexorsb.Hipflexors,kneeflexors,anddorsiflexorsc.Hipextensors,kneeextensors,andplantarflexorsd.Hipflexors,kneeextensors,andplantarflexorse.Hipflexors,kneeflexors,andplantarflexors40.Inthebasketballdouble-handchestpass,theprimemoversoftheupperextremityare:a.Shoulderextensors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsb.Shoulderflexors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsc.Armflexors,elbowflexors,andwristextensorsd.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors,andwristflexorse.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensors,andwristextensors41.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-29.
a.Supinators
b.Wristflexors
c.Pronators
d.Wristextensors
e.Wristhyperextensors
Figure20-29
42.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-30.
a.Legadductors
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b.Hiplateralflexors
c.Kneeabductors
d.Hipadductors
e.Hipabductors
Figure20-30
43.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-31.
a.Shoulderflexors
b.Armextensors
c.Elbowextensors
d.Spineextensors
e.Wristflexors
Figure20-31
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44.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-32.
a.Wristflexors
b.Supinators
c.Radialflexors
d.Pronators
e.Ulnaflexors
Figure20-32
45.NamethePrimeMoversinFigure20-33.
a.Neckflexors
b.Headlateralflexors
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c.Neckextensors
d.Headprotraction
e.Headhyperextensors
Figure20-33
46.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-34.
a.Shoulderflexors
b.Armextensors
c.Elbowextensors
d.Shoulderabductors
e.Wristflexors
Figure20-34
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47.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-35ofthejavelin-throwingarm.
a. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors b. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexors c. Elbow extensors and shoulder extensors d. Shoulder extensors andelbowflexorse.Elbowextensorsandarmflexors
Figure20-35
48.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-36oftheshotputtingarm.
a.Elbowflexorsandtrunkrotators
b. Elbow extensors, shoulder flexors, and spine flexors c. Elbow flexors,shoulderextensors,andtrunkrotatorsd.Elbowflexors,armextensors,andtrunkrotatorse.Elbowextensorsandtrunkrotators
Figure20-36
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Quiz20Answers
Quiz1-PlanesandActions
1b,2b,3a,4d,5a,6a,7a,8e,9d,10b,11b,12d,13b,14b,15a,16c,17c,18d,19a,20eQuiz2-TheSkull
1a, 2d, 3c, 4e, 5c, 6e, 7c, 8e, 9d, 10a, 11b, 12a, 13c,14e, 15c Quiz 3 - TheScapula
1e, 2c, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6a, 7c, 8a, 9c, 10e, 11a, 12d, 13c,14d, 15c Quiz 4 - TheHumerus
1e,2a,3c,4b,5d,6e,7b,8a,9c,10d,11e,12c,13d,14a,15b,16dQuiz5-TheRadiusandUlna1a,2b,3c,4d,5e,6c,7a,8b,9d,10eQuiz6-TheHand
1a,2b,3c,4d,5e,6a,7c,8b,9d,10eQuiz7-TheVertebra
1c,2a,3d,4e,5b,6c,7d,8a,9b,10e,11c,12d,13b,14c,15a,16b,17e,18a,19d,20c,21d,22c,23b,24e,25aQuiz8-TheInnominateBone1c,2d,3b,4e,5a,6c,7b,8d,9e,10a,11b,12e,13c,14d,15a,16c,17b,18d,19a,20eQuiz9 -TheFemur
1c,2a,3d,4e,5b,6d,7b,8a,9e,10c,11a,12b,13c,14d,15eQuiz10-TheTibiaandFibula1d,2e,3b,4c,5a,6c,7a,8d,9e,10dQuiz11-TheFoot
1c,2a,3d,4b,5e,6e,7d,8c,9a,10bQuiz12-MusclesandMovers1e,2a,3c,4e,5a,6a,7b,8d,9b,10aQuiz13-Insertions,Origins,andActions1d,2d,3c,4d,5d,6d,7e,8b,9d,10e,11d,12e,13a,14a,15d,16c,17e,18a,19d,20b,21a,22a, 23c, 24e,25c, 26c, 27a, 28b, 29b, 30b, 31c, 32e, 33d, 34d, 35a,36c, 37e,38b,39c,40a,41b,42b,43b,44e,45b,46b,47e,48b,49e,50a,51a,52b,53b,54a,55b,56d,57e,58b,59a,60c,61d,62e,63c,64d,65b,66b,67eQuiz14 -
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Scapula Attachments 1d, 2e, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7c, 8b Quiz 15 - HumerusAttachments1d,2a,3b,4e,5a
Quiz16-ForearmAttachments1d,2b,3b,4a,5d,6c,7d,8b,9c,10a,11c,12a,13c,14b,15a,16a,17cQuiz17-InnominateAttachments1c,2e,3a,4b,5a,6d,7e,8b,9e,10e,11d,12e,13bQuiz18-FemurAttachments
1e, 2c, 3b, 4d, 5a, 6a, 7b, 8c, 9e, 10c, 11b Quiz 19 - Tibia and FibulaAttachments 1b, 2c, 3a, 4c, 5a, 6b, 7d, 8eQuiz 20 - Exercise and ActivityAnalysis1c,2b,3e,4a,5a,6d,7e,8b,9c,10a,11d,12e,13a,14a,15b,16e,17e,18a, 19a, 20a, 21a, 22a, 23b, 24a,25a, 26a, 27a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33b,34a,35a,36c,37c,38a,39d,40b,41a,42e,43b,44c,45a,46d,47c,48e
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APPENDIXB•BLANKDRAWINGS
This appendix includes blank skeletal sketches so that muscles and bonymarkings can be drawn on them. On the skeleton, the muscle can be drawnclearlyshowingtheoriginandinsertion.Suchadrawingcouldbedoneusingareferencecolor,e.g.,greenorigin(O)andblueinsertion(I),andthenthemusclecouldbeoutlinedinred.Thereasonseveralskeletaldrawingsareincludedissothatadrawingofonemusclewillnotoverlapothermuscles,therebyhidingtheoriginorinsertionofanothermuscle.Therefore,thetotalmusclecanbeseenandreviewedat aglance.Whilemostmuscle charts that appear in anatomybooksshow the surfacemuscles, the origin and insertion of thesemuscles is usuallyhiddenbyothermuscles.Bydrawingthemuscles,auniquereferenceforallthemuscles is provided that can be seen by just looking at the drawing. In otherwords,thesedrawingsshouldbethoughtofasasortof“musclecoloringbook.”
The individual bone drawings can be used to identify where a muscleattaches to that bone (either origin or insertion).Again, these reference pointscouldbecolor-coded.As such, thesedrawingswill tell theuserexactlywhereeachmuscle attaches to the bone. The belly of the muscle is not drawn, justwhereitattaches.Thisapproachprovidesausefulmethodofidentifyingwhetherthe individual doing the drawings knows the exact origin or insertion of aparticularmuscle.
Theindividualbonedrawingscanalsobeusedtoshowthelocationof thevariousbonymarkings.Rememberthatthebonymarkingareusuallytheoriginorinsertionofamuscle.Therefore,byknowingthebonymarkings,youarealsolearningtheoriginsandinsertions.
ThedrawingsinthisappendixcanalsobeprintedfromthecompanionCD
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softwarethataccompaniesthisbook.Keepinmindthatoneoftheeasiestwaysoflearningthemusclesistodrawthemonablankdrawing.
Anotherlearningbenefitthatcanbegainedbyeffectivelyutilizingtheblankdrawings presented in this appendix involves muscle actions. Instead of rotememorizationoftheactionofeachspecificmuscle,youshouldbeabletofigureoutaparticularmuscle’sactionfromwhereitstartsandwhereitgoes.Imagineamusclebeingastretchedrubberband,stretchingfromtheorigintotheinsertion.If theoriginwasheldstableandtherubberbandwasallowedtoshorten,whatwouldhappentotheinsertion?Thatwouldbetheactionofthatmuscle.
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ANTERIORUPPERSKELETON
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POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON
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POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON
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POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON(NOSCAPULA)
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POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON(NOSCAPULA)
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LATERALUPPERSKELETON
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ANTERIORLOWERSKELETON
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POSTERIORLOWERSKELETON
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LATERALLOWERSKELETON
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ANTERIOR,POSTERIORFOREARM
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HUMERUS
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SCAPULA
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RADIUSANDULNA
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HAND
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INNOMINATE
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FEMUR
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TIBIAANDFIBULA
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FEET
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VERTEBRA
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SKULL
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APPENDIXC•COMPANIONCD-ROMINSTALLATION
INSTRUCTIONS
The companion CD-ROM provides a Special Edition of Exercise Explorermade for this book.ExerciseExplorer includes completemuscle anatomy thatmirrorsthecontentinthetext,anditanalyzesthebook’sexercisesandactivitiesindetail.Inaddition,thereviewquestionsattheendofeachchapterinthebookcanbe taken as an electronicquiz inExerciseExplorer, and skeletal drawingscan be printed. The Exercise Explorer software must be installed on yourcomputerbeforeitcanbeused.
SystemRequirements
The software is designed to run in aWindows environment only. About 250megabytesofharddiskspaceareneeded,andspeakerswillallowyoutoheartheinformative videos and muscle name pronunciations. Most Windowsenvironmentswillworkwellwiththesoftware.
Installation
The installation of the companion software requires that several system
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components are installed as well as the Exercise Explorer software. Thecomponents needed include Microsoft Data Access Objects (DAO) and theQuickTime®videoviewerapplication.Theinstallationprocedureisautomated,andshouldstartautomaticallywhentheCDisinsertedinthedrive.PleasewaitafewsecondsafterinsertingtheCDfortheinstallertoinitialize.
If the installer does not start automatically, then the installation can bestartedmanuallybyrunningtheSetupprogramontheinstallCD.TorunSetup,click on the Windows Start button, select Run…, and enter “D:\setup.exe”(where“D”isthedriveletteroftheCD-ROMdrive),thenclickOK.Or,youcanopenMyComputer;rightclickontheCDdrivethathastheExerciseExplorerCD in it, andselectOpen.Thecontentsof theCDwillbedisplayed.Find theSetup.exeapplicationanddoubleclickonittoinstallthesoftware.
1.Whentheinstallerstarts,theWelcomeScreenisdisplayed.ClicktheViewProfessionalDemobuttontoreviewademooftheProfessionalEditionofExercise Explorer, or click Next to continue and install the AcademicEditionofthesoftware.
2.TheEndUserLicenseAgreementscreenisdisplayed.Readtheagreement
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and check the “I accept the license agreement” radio button, then clickNexttocontinue.
3.TheUser Information screen is displayed.Enter yourname, company ifappropriate, and installation serial number.This serial number is locatedinsidethebackcoverofthebook.Theserialnumbermustbevalid.Makesureitisenteredcorrectly.ClickNexttocontinue.
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4.TheDestinationFolderscreenisdisplayed.Thedefaultlocationtoinstallthesoftwareisdisplayed.Youmaychangethedefaultlocation;however,it is recommended that you keep the default setting. Click the Browsebutton to change the folder. If security issues are a problem, choosing apublicfoldertoinstalltomaybeasolution.ClickNexttocontinue.
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5.TheQuickTimeinstallationscreenisdisplayed.Select the“QuickTime4or higher already installed” radio button to skip the QuickTimeinstallation. If you do notalready have QuickTime installed on yourcomputer, it is recommended that you install the latest version from theApplewebsiteaftertheExerciseExplorerinstallationiscomplete.Ifyouprefer to install QuickTime from the CD-ROM, select the “InstallQuickTime 4” radio button. The installer will start after the ExerciseExplorer files have been installed. Click Next to continue. Refer to theInstallingQuickTime section in this appendix formoredetails about theQuickTimeinstallation.
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6.TheReadytoInstallscreenisdisplayed.Thesoftwareisreadytoinstall.Click theNextbutton tobegin installationandcopyingof files,orpresstheBackbuttontomakeanychanges.
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7. The Updating System screen displays the files being copied and theestimated time remaining until complete. This operation can take a fewminutes.
8. After the files are copied, the QuickTime installation will be started ifselected,andwhencomplete,thefinishedscreenwillbedisplayed.Itmaytake an additional minute for the final screento be displayed, so pleasewaitalittlewhile.ClickFinishandtheinstallerwillclose.
AniconnamedExerciseExplorerAcademicshouldappearonyourdesktop.Thisiconisashortcuttotheprogram.Theeasiestwaytorunthesoftwareistodouble click the icon on the desktop. Exercise Explorer can also be run byclicking on the Windows Start button, selecting Programs…E2 Systems, andselecting Exercise Explorer Academic. Use the Windows Add/RemovePrograms application in the Windows Control Panel to uninstall ExerciseExplorer.
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InstallingQuickTimefromtheCD-ROM
Note:ItisrecommendedthatyouvisittheApplewebsitetodownloadandinstallthe latest version of QuickTime, instead of installing it from the CD-ROM,especiallyifyouarehavinganytroubleplayingvideos.
The QuickTime installation is a product of Apple Computer and isdistributed under license. You are not required to register or enter anyinformation.
Eight screens will be displayedwhen installingQuickTime from the CD-ROM.Onthefirstscreen,clickNext tocontinue.Select thedefaultbuttonsasNext,Agree,thenNextuntilthefilesinstall.NoinformationneedstobeenteredtoinstallQuickTime.ItisrecommendedthatyouinstallQuickTimewithallthedefaultsettings.
After clicking through the screens,QuickTime fileswill install.When theinstallationiscomplete,youwillbeaskedtopreviewthereadmefileandplayasamplemovie.UncheckbothboxesandclickNext.
The QuickTime installer will exit, and the folder for QuickTime will bedisplayed. This window can be closed to return to the Exercise ExplorerInstallationscreen.
QuickTimeVideoSettings
ThevideosinthesoftwareareformattedtoplaywiththeQuickTimeplayer.Onsomesystems,thevideosmaynotplayproperlyorcouldcausetheprogramtostop.Changing the followingsetting for theQuickTimeplayerwillusually fixthese problems (Note: Depending on the version of QuickTime installed, thisprocessmaybeslightlydifferentthandescribed):
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•Exitthesoftware,ifrunning.•OpentheWindowsControlPanel.•FindtheQuickTimeitem,andopenit.ThisitemissometimesintheOtherControlPanelOptionsarea.SwitchingtoClassicViewmakesiteasiertofind.
•Selecttheoption“Safemode(GDIonly).”ThisoptionisusuallyfoundontheAdvancedtabintheVideosection,orrelatedtotheVideoDisplay.
•PresstheOKbutton,andclosetheControlPanel.
Whentheprogramstartsagain,problemswiththevideosshouldberesolved.Ifnot, recheck theQuickTimesetting in theControlPanel, andpossiblymakeotherchangesinsettingsparticulartoyoursystem.
DisplayProblems
TheWindowsdefaultfontDPImustbesetto96DPIfortheprogramscreenstodisplaycorrectly.96DPI is standard inallWindows systems. If thedisplay isjumbled,thencheckthissettingintheWindowsControlPanel.ChooseDisplayProperties, Settings tab,Advanced button. TheGeneral tab should display theDPIsettingas:Normalsize(96DPI).Changingthesettingwillfixthisdisplayproblem.TheDisplayPropertiesAppearancetabalsohasfontsizesettingsthatmayaffectthesoftwarescreens.
ExerciseExplorerSoftwareUpdates
TocheckforanddownloadupdatestotheExerciseExplorersoftware,itneedstobeinstalled,running,anddisplayingtheMainscreen,andyourcomputerneedsto be connected to the Internet. In Exercise Explorer, press the SystemMenubutton (the left most of the four small buttons at the top right corner of thescreen)andselectCheckForUpdatestogotothewebsiteupgradepage.
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INDEX
Activityexamples:
archery.................................184
baseballbatting.....................184,185
baseballthrowing....................186,187
basketballshooting...................187,188
footballkicking...........................188
gardening...............................189
golfdrive............................189,190
paintingwalls............................190
racquetballforehand.................190,191
shoveling—snoworsand..............191,192
swimmingfreestyle...................192,193
tennisserve..........................193,194
Alimentarysystem............................7
Amphiarthrosisjoints.........................27
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Anatomicalterminology:
anatomicalposition........................9
bonymarkings............................13
descriptiveterms..........................11
direction.................................10
planesandaxes...........................9
regions...................................11
Angiology....................................7
Arthrology................................7,27
classificationofjoints.......................27
Bodyactions.........................28-34,177
bodypartsthatadductandabduct......28,32
bodypartsthatflexandextend.............28
bodypartsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend.......................28,30
bodypartsthatlaterallyflex................28
bodypartsthatrotate..................28,33
miscellaneousbodyactions..............28,34
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scapulaactions........................28,31
Bodyplanes.................................10
Bones:
functions.................................13
markings...............................13-26
types:
flat...................................13
long..................................13
short..................................13
Bonymarkings..........................8,13-26
bonesofthearm..........................15
bonesofthechest,thorax,anduppertrunk...14
bonesofthehead.........................14
bonesoftheleg...........................15
Cardiorespiratorysystem......................7
Centralnervoussystem(CNS).................7
Circulatorysystem............................7
CompanionCD-ROM...........8,28,177,253-255
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Diarthrosis
joints..........................27-28
ballandsocketjoint.......................28
condyloidjoint............................28
glidingjoint...............................27
hingejoint................................27
pivotjoint................................27
saddlejoint...............................28
Endocrinesystem.............................7
Exerciseexamples:
benchpress(barbell).....................178
bentoverlateralraise—reversefly(dumbbells)...........................179
bentoverrow(barbell)....................180
bicephammercurl(dumbbells)............179
deadlift(barbell).........................180
dumbbellfly(supineonbench)............177
lateralraise(dumbbells)...................181
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lunge(dumbbells)........................178
pull-up..................................183
push-up,full.............................182
sideplank(hipraise)......................181
squat...................................182
uprightrow(barbell)......................183
Integumentarysystem.........................7
Jointactions.................................8
referalsotobodyactions..................28
illustrations.............................30-34
types....................................29
Lymphaticsystem.............................7
Movementanalysis......................172-194
activityexamples.....................184-194
exerciseexamples....................177-183
musclesforeachbodyaction..........172-177
abdomencompressors................172
ankledorsiflexors......................173
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ankleeverters........................173
ankleinverters........................173
ankleplantarflexors...................173
armabductors........................173
armadductors........................173
armextensors.....................172,173
armflexors........................172-173
armhorizontalabductors...............173
armhorizontaladductors...............173
armhyperextensors....................173
arminternalrotators...................173
armexternalrotators..................173
elbowextensors...................172,173
elbowflexors................8,36,172,173
fingerabductors......................173
fingeradductors......................173
fingerextensors.......................174
fingerflexors..........................174
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fingerhyperextensors..................174
forearmpronators.....................174
forearmsupinators................172,174
headextensors.......................174
headflexors..........................174
headhyperextensors..................174
headlateralflexors....................174
headrotators.........................174
hip-legabductors.....................174
hip-legadductors.....................174
hip-legextensors....................8,174
hip-legflexors.....................172,174
hip-leghyperextensors.................175
hip-leginternalrotators................175
hip-legexternalrotators................175
kneeextensors......................8,175
kneeflexors..........................175
ribdepressors........................175
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ribelevators..........................175
scapulaabductors....................175
scapulaadductors....................175
scapuladepressors....................175
scapulaelevators.....................175
scapuladownwardrotators............175
scapulaupwardrotators...............175
spineextensors........................175
spineflexors......................172,175
spinehyperextensors...................176
spinelateralflexors....................176
spinerotators.........................176
thumbabductors.....................176
thumbadductors.....................176
thumbextensors......................176
thumbflexors.........................176
thumb-fingeropposers.................176
toeabductors........................176
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toeadductors........................176
toeextensors.........................176
toeflexors............................176
toehyperextensors....................176
wristextensors........................176
wristflexors...........................176
wristhyperextensors...................177
wristradialflexors......................177
wristulnarflexors......................177
roleofmusclesinmovement...............172
Muscleanatomy:
muscleclassification.......................35
muscledetailsandillustrations...........39-171
muscleproperties.........................36
musclesinthehumanbody:
abdominal.........................40-45
ankleandtoes(anterior).............46-49
ankleandtoes(lateral)...............50-51
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ankleandtoes(posterior).............52-57
elbowandradioulnar................58-65
foot................................66-76
hand..............................77-86
hip................................87-97
hipandknee.......................98-99
hiprotator........................100-105
knee................................106
knee-hamstrings...................107-109
knee-quadriceps..................110-113
neck(anterior)....................114-115
neck(lateral).....................116-117
neck(posterior)...................118-119
shoulder..........................120-130
shouldergirdle....................131-136
spine(deep)......................137-141
spine(superficial)..................142-150
thorax............................151-156
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wristandfingers(deepextensors)....157-160
wristandfingers(deepflexors)......161-162
wristandfingers(superficialextensors)..163-167
wristandfingers(superficialflexors)..168-171
typesofcontraction.......................36
Muscleclassifications:
cardiac...............................35-36
involuntary...............................36
skeletal................................35-36
smooth................................35-36
striated................................35-36
syncytium(branchstriated)..............35-36
visceral................................35-36
voluntary..............................35-36
voluntary/involuntary......................36
Muscledetailsandillustrations:
abductordigitiminimi......................77
abductordigitiminimi(quinti)...............66
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abductorhallucis..........................67
abductorpollicisbrevis.....................78
abductorpollicislongus...................157
adductorbrevis...........................87
adductorhallucis..........................68
adductorlongus..........................88
adductormagnus.........................89
adductorpollicis..........................79
anconeus................................58
bicepsbrachii....................7,8,59,172
bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)................107
brachialis...............................8,60
brachioradialis..........................8,61
coracobrachialis.....................120,177
deltoid(anterior).....................121,177
deltoid(middle)........................8,122
deltoid(posterior)........................123
dorsalinterossei(foot)......................69
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dorsalinterossei(hand).....................80
extensorcarpiradialisbrevis...............163
extensorcarpiradialislongus...............164
extensorcarpiulnaris......................165
extensordigitiminimi......................166
extensordigitorum........................167
extensordigitorumbrevis...................70
extensordigitorumlongus...................46
extensorhallucislongus....................47
extensorindicis...........................158
extensorpollicisbrevis.....................159
extensorpollicislongus....................160
externalintercostals.......................151
externalobliqueabdominal................40
flexorcarpiradialis........................168
flexorcarpiulnaris........................169
flexordigitiminimibrevis....................81
flexordigitiminimi(quinti)brevis.............71
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flexordigitorumbrevis......................72
flexordigitorumlongus.....................52
flexordigitorumprofundus.................161
flexordigitorumsuperficialis................170
flexorhallucisbrevis........................73
flexorhallucislongus.......................53
flexorpollicisbrevis........................82
flexorpollicislongus.......................162
gastrocnemius............................54
gemellusinferior..........................100
gemellussuperior.........................101
gluteusmaximus..........................90
gluteusmedius............................91
gluteusminimus...........................92
gracilis...................................98
iliacus....................................93
iliocostaliscervicis........................142
iliocostalislumborum......................143
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iliocostalisthoracis........................144
infraspinatus.............................124
internalintercostals.......................151
internalobliqueabdominal.................41
interspinalis..............................137
intertransversarii..........................137
latissimusdorsi.......................125,177
levatorcostarum.........................152
levatorscapulae.........................131
longissimuscapitis........................145
longissimuscervicis.......................146
longissimusthoracis.......................147
longuscapitus...........................114
longuscolli(inferioroblique)...............138
longuscolli(superioroblique)..............138
longuscolli(vertical)......................139
lumbricals(foot)...........................74
lumbricals(hand)..........................83
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multifidus................................139
obliquuscapitisinferior....................117
obliquuscapitissuperior...................117
obturatorexternus........................102
obturatorinternus........................103
opponensdigitiminimi.....................84
opponenspollicis..........................85
palmarinterossei..........................86
palmarislongus..........................171
pectineus................................94
pectoralismajor......................126,177
pectoralisminor..........................132
peroneusbrevis...........................50
peroneuslongus...........................51
peroneustertius...........................48
piriformis................................104
plantarinterossei..........................75
plantaris..................................55
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popliteus................................106
pronatorquadratus........................62
pronatorteres...........................8,63
psoasmajor..............................95
psoasminor..............................96
pyramidalis...............................42
quadratusfemoris........................105
quadratuslumborum.......................43
quadratusplantae........................76
rectusabdominis..........................44
rectuscapitisanterior.....................114
rectuscapitislateralis.....................115
rectuscapitisposterior(major).............118
rectuscapitisposterior(minor)..............118
rectusfemoris(quads)....................110
rhomboidmajorandminor................133
rotatores................................140
sartorius..................................99
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scalenusanterior.........................152
scalenusmedius..........................153
scalenusposterior........................153
semimembranosus(hamstrings).............108
semispinaliscervicis.......................140
semispinalisthoracis.......................141
semitendinosus(hamstrings)................109
serratusanterior..........................134
serratusposterior(inferior)..................154
serratusposterior(superior).................155
soleus....................................56
spinaliscapitis............................148
spinaliscervicis...........................149
spinalisthoracis..........................150
spleniuscapitis...........................119
spleniuscervicis..........................119
sternocleidomastoid......................116
subclavius...............................135
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subcostales..............................156
subscapularis............................127
supinator...............................8,64
supraspinatus............................128
tensorfasciaelatae.......................97
teresmajor..............................129
teresminor..............................130
tibialisanterior............................49
tibialisposterior............................57
transversusabdominis......................45
transversusthoracis.......................156
trapezius................................136
tricepsbrachii.............................65
vastusintermedius(quads).................111
vastuslateralis(quads)....................112
vastusmedialis(quads)....................113
Muscleproperties:
contractibility.............................36
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elasticity.................................36
extensibility...............................36
tonicity...................................36
Muscularcontraction,typesof:
concentric.................36-37,172,177-194
eccentric......................36-37,177-194
isometric...................36-37,172,177-194
isotonic................................36-37
static..................................36-37
Myology.....................................7
Nautilus......................................7
Neurology....................................7
Neutralizers(muscle).......................172
Osteology....................................7
Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)...............7
Primemovers(muscle)......................172
Stabilizers(muscle).........................172
Synarthrosisjoints...........................27
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Urogenitalsystem.............................7
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ABOUTTHEAUTHORS
LawrenceA.Golding,Ph.D.,FACSM,hasbeenaprofessionalinthefieldofkinesiology and physical education for the past 50 years. He has been acontinuousmember of theAmericanAlliance for Health, Physical Education,Recreation,andDance(AAHPERD)since1955,andoftheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinesince1961.HeisaFellowofbothorganizationsandholdsthehighest certifications from the ACSM — Program Director and Health andFitness Director. Currently, Dr. Golding is a Distinguished Professor at theUniversityofNevada,LasVegas—a rankheldbyonly sixother faculty.Dr.GoldingisthechairoftheplanningcommitteefortheACSMHealthandFitnessSummit and Exposition, and was the Southwest Regional Chapter ACSMExecutiveDirectorfor8years.In1996,hewasappointedEditor-in-ChiefforthenewACSMHealth&FitnessJournal.Dr.Goldingwas,for4years,thechairoftheMedicalCommitteeoftheIFBB(InternationalFederationofBodybuilders)and attended theMr.Universe contest held throughout theworld during thoseyears.In1993,Dr.Goldingreceivedthe“HealthyAmericanAward”,anawardthe President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports bestowed on 10individualswhohaddonethemostforthehealthofthenation.Hehasconductedadult fitness classes, workshops, and certifications for the last 40 years, hascertifiedover6,000YMCAPhysicalFitnessSpecialists,andcurrentlyconsultsatsixfitnessspecialistworkshopseachyear.
ScottM.Golding,MS, hasbeen aprofessional in the software and computertechnology industry for the past 25 years. He has been vice president ofengineering and technology with several companies that develop specializedproductionequipment and software. In2000,he foundedE2Systems, Inc., an
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organizationthatfocusesonthedevelopmentofexercise-relatedsoftware.
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