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INTRODUTION TO COMPUTERSCOMPUTER A computer is an electronic device designed to accept and store data, process them andproduce output results.CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES OF COMPUTERS

1. SPEED: Computers work at very high speed and are much faster than human beings.

Computer can perform billions of operations in one second.2. ACCURACY: In addition to being very fast, computer is also very accurate device. Itgives accurate output (result) provided that the correct input data and set of instructions aregiven to the computer.

3. Arithmetica a!" #$%ica O&erati$!': A computer can perform arithmetical andlogical operations. In arithmetic operations, it performs the addition, subtraction,multiplication and division on the numeric data. In logical operation it compares thenumerical data as well as alphabetical data.

(. DE#E)ENCE: Unlike a human being a computer is emotionless and does not sufferfrom tiredness, boredom, lack of concentration etc. while working after hours of work itperforms the operations with the same speed as well as accuracy as the first one.

*. +ERSATI#ITY: ersatile means fle!ible. "odern computer can perform different kindof tasks simultaneously. At one moment you are playing game on computer, the ne!tmoment you are composing and sending emails etc.

a, STORA)E: A computer has internal storage (memory) as well as e!ternal orsecondary storage. In secondary storage, a large amount of data and programs can bestored for future use.

-, AUTOMATION: A computer can automatically perform operations without interferingthe user during the operations. It controls automatically different devices attached with thecomputer. It e!ecutes automatically the program instructions one by one.

c, C$mm!icati$!': #oday computer is mostly used to e!change messages or datathrough computer networks all over the world. $or e!ample the information can be receivedor send through the internet with the help of computer.

", N$ Feei!%': Computer is an electronic machine. It has no feelings. It detects ob%ectson the basis of instructions given to it.

e, COST: Computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort. #his in turn,reduces cost.#IMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS1. N$ I..: A computer can only perform tasks with unthinkable speed and accuracy. Itpossesses no intelligence of its own. Its I.&. is 'ero. It has to be told what to do and in whatseuence. A computer cannot take its own decision in this regard.2. N$ Creati0it a computer has any creativity on its own.3. N$ P$rta-e: Certain types of programmers are not suitable for using on the othertype of computers. #he operating system does not support for it.4. I!itia c$'t: #he cost of installation and maintenance of computers is most e!pensive.*mall firms cannot afford.5. +ir' Pr$-em': Computers are liable to get viruses. #he viruses are created bycomputer hackers in order to infect the computers. #hese viruses are highly dangerous tocomputers.E#EMENTS PARTS OF A COMPUTER

+asically a computer consists of CU, a monitor, a mouse and a keyboard. *ome computersmay also contain additional accessories like speakers, a microphone, a hand phone etc.Ce!tra Pr$ce''i!% U!it: #he central processing unit (CU) of computer is usually locatedin a tower-shaped cabinet. #he CU consists of different smaller components like the motherboard, hard disk, A", floppy disk drive, // drive, sound card, etc.

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M$!it$r: "onitor is television-like euipment which displays the output of a computer."onitors can be monochrome (+lack and 0hite), 1C/ (1iuid Crystal /isplay), 2A or *2A.MOUSE: #he mouse is an input device and is used to position the pointer (arrow) that isused to select te!t, access menus and interact with programs, files or data that appear onthe screen.e-$ar": #he 3eyboard is input device used for entering te!t and numbers.

• INPUT: #he input unit transmits data and instructions (program) into the computer

system.

• CENTRA# PROCESSIN) UNIT: #he CU is the brain of the computer. It receives data

instructions, stores them temporarily and then processes the data as per the instructions.#his part contains the following three units

a) "emory unit b) Arithmetic and logic unit c) Control unit.a) Mem$r !it: #he memory unit stores all data, instructions, and results temporarily.b) Arithmetic a!" $%ic !it A#U,: #his unit is used to perform all the arithmetic andlogic operations, such as addition, multiplication, comparison, etc.c) C$!tr$ !it: #his unit co-ordinates the activities of all other units in the system.

• OUTPUT: #he processed data stored in the memory is sent to an output unit. #heoutput unit transforms the internal representation of data into a form, which can be read bypeople.

INPUT DE+ICESAn input device presents data to the processing unit in "achine-readable form.

Although the keyboard is a common input device for a small computer, a system may alsosupport one or more of the input devices. #he following are input devices.4. EY 4OARD: #he 3eyboard is primary input device for entering te!t and numbers. Astandard 3eyboard includes about 456 keys, arranged in four groups.

Alphanumeric keys

7umeric keys$unction keysCursor movement keys

8. MOUSE: #he mouse is an input device and is used to position the pointer (arrow) thatis used to select te!t, access menus and interact with programs, files or data that appear onthe screen.ariants of the "ousea. TRAC4A#: A #rackball works like a mouse. 9ou rest your thumb on the ball and yourfingers on the buttons. #o move the pointer around the screen, you roll the ball with yourthumb.b. TRACPAD: #he #rack pad (or touchpad) is a pointing device. #he movement of a

finger across a small touch surface is translated into pointer movement on the computerscreen. The touch-sensitive surface may he only 1.5 or 2 inches square.

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c. 5OYSTIC P$i!ter' i! the 6e-$ar",: #he :oystick is positioned at the middle of the keyboard, typically between the 2 and ; keys. #he :oystick is controlled with eitherforefinger. #wo buttons that perform the same function as mouse buttons are %ust beneaththe spacebar and pressed with the thumb.A#TERNATI+E METHODS OF INPUTPENS: en-based systems use a sinput for playing a game. #he two primary types of game controllers are %oysticks and gamepads.OPTICA# INPUT DE+ICES4AR CODE READERS: /ata coded in the form of light and dark line or bars are known asbar codes. They are used in retail trade for labeling goods and public libraries for numbering 6ooks.+ar code readers can read bar codes, translate them into numbers, and input the numbers

into a computer system.IMA)E SCANNERS a!" OPTICA# CHARACTER RECO)NITION OCR,: Image scannersconvert printed images into electronic (digiti'ed) formats that can be stored andmanipulated in computers.If you have scanned a te!t document, you might want to use ?ptical Character ecognition(?C) software to translate the image into te!t that you can edit.MA)NETIC IN CHARACTER RECO)NISER MICR,: An "IC can identify charactersprinted with a special ink that contain particles of magnetic material. "IC is used mainly inthe banking industry to read cheues.MAR SENSE READER: #his device can recogni'e marks made in pencil or ink on aspecially designed card or form. In this method special pre-printed forms are designed with bo!es or

circles which can he marked with a dark pencil or ink such document is read +y a document readerwhich transcribes the marks into electrical pulses which are transmitted to the computers.AUDIO+ISUA# INPUT DE+ISESMICROPHONES a!" SPEECH RECO)NITION: 9ou can use a microphone to record yourvoice, thus creating files on disk. 9ou can embed these files in documents, use them in webpages, or e- mail them to other people.*poken words can also be translated into te!t. #his capability is known as *@@C;@C?27I#I?7 (or ?IC@ @C?27I#I?7). 0ith speech recognition you can dictate to thecomputer instead of typing and you can control the computer with simple commands, suchas

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SOUND SYSTEMS: "ultimedia C>s generally come with sound systems, which include asound card, speakers, a C/-?" or // drive, and a video controller. #he sound cardtranslates digital signals into analog signals that drive the speakers.PRINTERS:rinter enables us to get computer output on paper (Usually called hard copy). rinters canbe classified into two categories impact and non impact.

Impact printers create an image on paper by using a device to strike an inked ribbon. 7onimpact printers use various methods to place ink (or another colored substance) on thepage. arious impact and non impact printers most popularly used are stated belowDOT MATRI7 PRINTERS: /ot matri! printer is an e!ample of impact printer. /ot matri!printer prints one character at a time and the character is produced by printing theappropriate dot combination of particular character.IN5ET PRINTERS:

An ink%et printer is an e!ample of non impact printer. It creates an image by sprayingink through tiny no''les.#ASER PRINTERS: Using a combination of electronics, laser and copper technology theseprinters print information page by page. #heir print uality is higher, and most are faster.

SNAPSHOT PRINTERS: *napshot printers are speciali'ed, small-format printers used toprint small color photographs. #hese printers are popular among users who own digitalcameras.OTHER HI)H UA#ITY PRINTERS: T;@"A1-0A, /9@-*U+1I"A#I?7, $I@9, A7/ II*printers are used primarily by print shops and publishers to create high uality color images.P#OTTERS: lotters create large-format images, usually for architectural or engineeringpurposes.A##8IN8ONE PERIPHERA#S: #hese devices combine printing capabilities with scanning,photo copying and fa!ing capabilities.MEMORY STORA)E#he memory unit stores all data, instructions (programs), and results. "emory storage is

two types 4) rimary storage 8) *econdary storage1, Primar 't$ra%e / i!ter!a 't$ra%e:#he memory unit which is in the CU is known as primary storage. #he types of primarystorage

a, RAM Ra!"$m Acce'' Mem$r,: It is for temporary memory storage. 0e can writedata into A" and read data from A". am chips can store information only while yourcomputer is turned on. As soon as you turned off A" forgets all the data stored in it. ;enceit is called volatile memory.

-, ROM Rea" O! Mem$r,: It is used as permanent memory storage. Information isburnt into ?" chips at manufacturing time. It cannot be altered and fresh informationcannot be written into ?". R! contains instructions to get the commuter started "hen

s"itched on. #t includes holding the instructions and data that control the various peripheral units of the computer.

c, PROM Pr$%ramma-e Rea" O! Mem$r,: A ?" is a memory chip on whichyou can store a program using prom programmer. ?nce the chip has been programmed,prom becomes ?" and the stored information can only be Bread>. It cannot be altered orerased.

", EPROM Era'a-e Pr$%ramma-e Rea" O! Mem$r,: In this type of memory,the information recorded using prom programmer can be erased and new information can berecorded. @rasure is achieved by e!posing the chip to ultraviolet light.

e, F#ASH MEMORY: $lash memory, stores data even when the power is turned off. ?"is a form of flash memory used in Cs. ?ther machines that use flash memory are digital

cameras.

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9, CACHE MEMORY: "oving data between A" and processor is most time consumingoperation. A particular solution to this problem is to include a cache memory. Cache memoryis #emporary memory. Cache memory (ronounced cash) memory is similar to A"$irst time processor read the data from A" and it copy to cache memory. 7e!t processorneeds same data it read from cache memory.2, Sec$!"ar St$ra%e/Eter!a 't$ra%e:

#he purpose of e!ternal storage is to hold data - even when the computer is turned off.*econdary storage devises are two typesa) "agnetic storage b) ?ptical storage

a) Ma%!etic St$ra%e De0ice':#he surface of magnetic storage devices are coated with magnetic material

4. F#OPPY DISS: $loppy disk is random access device. Information can be recorded orread by inserting it into a disk drive connected to the computer. In floppy we can transferthe data from one place to another place.$loppy disks are available in 3 standard si'es, (a) ; Inch (b) *< Inch (c) $1 % Inch.?n the basis of capacity, two types of floppies are available (a) ;igh density diskette (b)1ow density diskette

8. HARD DISS: ;ard disk>s a random access storage device. In hard disk we can storelarge amount of data. +ut we can>t transfer the data from one computer to another.

. MA)NETIC TAPES: #ape drives read and write data to the surface of a tape the sameway an audio cassette. #he difference is that a computer tape drive writes digital data ratherthan analog data.

-, O&tica 't$ra%e "e0ice':

1, CD8 ROM: (compact disk - read only memory) Audio compact disk is a popularmedium for storing music. #hese are recorded by the supplier and cannot be erased andfilled with new data. #he main feature of C/-?" is their speed.

2, D+D8ROM: (/igital video disk) //-?" is a high-enormity premium capable of storing a full-length movie on a single disk. //-?" drives can ordinary C/-?" disks.

3, CD8re=rita-e: C/-0 drives user can write and over write data onto compact disk.c, Other 't$ra%e "e0ice'US4 F#ASH DRI+E: A U*+ flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage deviceintegrated with a U*+ (Universal *erial +us) U*+ flash drives are typically removable andrewritable, and physically much smaller.

HARD>ARE ? SOFT>AREHARD >ARE

#he parts of the computer which can be seen and touched are called ;ardware. Inother words the physical parts of the computer are referred to as hardware. E%: ID? devices,system cabinet, storage, processing and control device are hard ware. 0hen the hard, ware islinked together to form an effective working unit we have a computer installation.

SOFT>AREComputers need clear-cut instructions to tell what to do, how to do and when to do. A

set of instructions to carry out their functions is called a program. A group of such programsis called the software.S$9t=are i' ca''i9ie" i!t$ t=$ -r$a" cate%$rie'.

4) S'tem S$9t=are:*ystem *oftware is a set of one or more programs which are developed to

control the operation of the computer system. In general, system software support therunning of other softwareE communicate with peripheral devices (printers, card readers, diskF tape devices, etc.)E support the development of other types of softwareE and monitor theuse of various hard ware resources (memory, peripherals, CU etc.)

8) A&&icati$! S$9t=are:

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It is set of one or more programs which are developed to do a specific %ob. $ore.g., a payroll package produces pay slips as the ma%or output and a package for processinge!amination results produces marks sheets as the ma%or output. *imilarly a program writtenby a scientist to solve his particular research problem is also application software.

Computer ;ardware and *oftware each depend on each other. 0ithout software,hardware is useless and without hardware software is useless. #hey are like two sides of a

coin.

IT ENA4#ED SER+ICES 4PO 4USINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCIN),:

+? is the contracting of a specific business task to a third-party service provider. +?gets fees for the services rendered by them. Usually, +? is implemented as a cost-savingmeasure for tasks. #he services of +? include

ntersayroll outsourcing/ata entry operations.Accounting*etting up of bank accountrovides technical supportrovides email support to its customer

PO NO>#ED)E PROCESS OUTSOURCIN),:3? is a form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and information-related work

is carried out by workers of a different company. 3? typically involves high-value workcarried out by highly skilled staff. 3? undertakes the following services

a. "arketing, production and finance, insurance and telecom service.-. Analytical F /.c. ortfolio management of property and patents.

". romotional e!pertisee. Category D brand performance analysis.CA## CENTERS:A call centre is a centrali'ed office Used for the ob%ective of receiving and transmitting alarge volume of reuests by telephone. It is normally operated by a company regarding theenuires of customers. It normally undertakes the following services

1. #elemarketing.2. /ebt collection3. @nuiry(. Client*. "ail order

@. *ales support catalogue firms.A call center normally operates through the agents keeping a telephone set connected

to corporate computer network.MODERN COMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATIONCommunication is the process of transmitting the information from one person to

another. #he success of any person or institution depends on the effective communication. Inthe present modern world, many communication methods came into e!istence.#he communication methods have been broadly classified into two categories.

4. I!"i0i"a C$mm!icati$!' 0here two persons interact like @-mail, honeConversation, it is called individual communications.

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8. )r$& C$mm!icati$!: 0hen we communicate with large number of person who feelthemselves that they are only talking to other persons at the same time. #he Chatting and@-commerce are the e!amples of modern group communications.I!"i0i"a C$mm!icati$!'TE#EPHONE: #elephone is the most popular method of communication. 7ow-a- days, thetelephone technology is increasing at a fast rate in the form of cell phones, digital phones

etc. #hese cell phones are wireless and can be operated at anywhere in country.FA7 FASIMI#E TRANSMISSION,: 0hen a copy is inserted into a fa! machine, a duplicatecopy of the same comes out from another machine at the other end.E#ECTRONIC E8 MAI#,: #hrough e-mail one can send the data and information to othersthrough computer having an internet connection. #he message is stored in the computer of the receiver. 0henever he is free or on online, he can open and read the e-mails sent by thereceiver. In order to send messages, the users must have an address and password whichare freely offered by many free web sites.+OICE MAI#: 0hile the e-mail sends te!t, the voice mail transmits oral communicationthrough the computer.

oice mail is a form of communication in which a person sends the message in voice

form. :ust like e-mail, we can open voice mail and hear the voice message.)r$& C$mm!icati$!'TE#E CONFERENCIN):

In teal conferencing, two or more people participate to discuss some issues ontelephone. 0hen two or more members want to engage on phone, this teleconferencingfacility is used.+IDEO CONFERENCIN): A group of people at different places will interact without beingpresent at the same place through video conferencing. The people at different place "ithcome to a room where video cameras are fi!ed. A television link is established among them.#he views are e!hibited in the # screens and the people can participate actively on seeingone another on #.

INTERNET RE#AY CHAT IRC,: *imply called Chatting. In chatting we can talk to other persons in real time. #he

information that a person types appears instantly on the screen of another person.M$"em:

#he "odem is a hardware device that enables a computer to send and receiveinformation over telephone lines by converting the digital data used by your computer intoan analog signal used on phone lines and then converting it back once received on the otherend.Creati$! $9 e8mai i"

In order to sendDreceive e-mails, we need I/ (identification) and assword.#here are many websites offering free e-mails. In order to get free e-mail, first we have to

obtain our own I/. $or getting own I/ we have to register with any of websites which areoffering free e-mails."ost famous e-mail sites offering free e-mail are given below.

www.gmail.comwww.vohoo.comwww.rediffmail.comwww.hotmail.comwww.lu!mail.com

0e can go to any of the above e-mails providing sites$or e.g. we shall create e-mail id in yahoo.com

$irst open www.yahoo.com

Click on Create @mail Account (which appears on the right side of the top of the sight) 9ou will given a form in which you have to fill-up your own information

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http://www.gmail.com/http://www.vohoo.com/http://www.rediffmail.com/http://www.hotmail.com/http://www.luxmail.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.vohoo.com/http://www.rediffmail.com/http://www.hotmail.com/http://www.luxmail.com/http://www.yahoo.com/http://www.gmail.com/

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After filling the information you have to enter a code, given in that form

7e!t you have to accept the yahoo terms of service and yahoo privacy policy by

clicking on the suare bo! appears beside /o you agreeG

7e!t click on Create "y Account button

9ahoo creates an e-mail Id and a conformation message is displayed.?nce you get an e-mail id you can receive and give e-mails fromDto your friends, relativesand other official persons.CRYPTO#O)YCryptology is the process of encoding and decoding the te!t so that the te!t cannot be readby anyone without a key. Cryptology is the practice and study of encryption and decryption.@ncryption is the process of converting ordinary information into intelligible te!t whereasdecryption will convert the unintelligible te!t into ordinary information. In cryptology asecret key and public keys are often used to encrypt and decrypt.In computer the cryptology is used in $a!, #elevision, A#" cards, Computer passwords andonline trading to protect the security of customers.COMPUTER NET>ORS

A network is a number of computers connected together to share information andhardware. #he computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radiowaves, satellites, or infrared light beams.TYPES OF NET>ORS#he computer networks can be broadly classified into the following categories.

1. #$ca Area Net=$r6 #AN,: A local area network is a network that connects computers and devices in a

limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, orclosely positioned group of buildings. @ach computer or device on the network is a node.1A7 configuration consists of A file server - stores all of the software that controls the network

A workstation - computers connected to the file server

Cables - used to connect the network interface cards in each computer.

2. Metr$&$ita! area !et=$r6 MAN,:A metropolitan area network is a large computer network that usually spans a

city. A "A7 usually interconnects a number of local area networks (1A7s) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services towide area networks and the Internet.

3. >AN: 8A wide area network is large, with many computers linked between towns or countries.

(. INTERNET #he internet is a network of networks that circles the globe. #he internetcan be defined as a global system of networked computers together with their users and

data. #he internet is millions of computers around the world connected to each other. #he0eb, email, Chat and 7ews groups are things you can do on the internet.Dia8& acce''

/ial-up access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the publicswitched telephone network (*#7) to establish a dialed connection to an Internet serviceprovider (I*) via telephone lines.NET>OR TOPO#O)IES

In computer networking, topology refers to the shape of the network and the layout of cabling.7etwork topologies are categori'ed into the following basic types

+us ing

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*tar

#ree

"esh

4' T$&$$%:+us topology uses a common backbone to connect all the network devices in a

linear shape. All the devices on the network attached with a single cable with an interfaceconnector. #he device, which wants to communicate send the broadcast message to all thedevices attached with the shared cable but only the intended recipient actually accepts andprocess that message. If the +ackbone cable fails then all network becomes useless.

Ri!% T$&$$%:In a ring topology, every node in the network is connected to two other nodes

and the first and the last nodes are connected to each other. #he data that are transmittedover the network pass through each of the nodes in the ring until they reach the destinationnode. Any damage of the cable or device can result in the breakdown of the whole network.

Star T$&$$%:#he most commonly used topology in the networking world is the star topology.

All the computers in the star topologies are connected to central devices like hub, switch orrouter. Computers usually connect to the hub with Unshielded #wisted air (U#) @thernet.

#he failure of any node or cable in a star network, wonHt take down the entire network butthe failure of the central hub results in total network inoperability.

Tree T$&$$%:#ree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its

simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions asthe root of a tree of devices.

Me'h T$&$$%:In a full mesh network, each network node is connected to every other node in

the network. In a partially connected mesh network, only some of the network nodes areconnected to more than one node. In "esh topology, message sent to the destination cantake any possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination.

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OPERATIN) SYSTEMAn ?perating system (?*) is a set of system programs that control and co-ordinate the

operation of a computer system.?perating system goals rovide an environment in which a user may e!ecute programs.

"ake the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATIN) SYSTEM#oday most operating systems perform the following functions

1, Pr$ce''$r ma!a%eme!t, that is, assignment of processor to different tasks being

performed by the computer system.2, Mem$r ma!a%eme!t that is, allocation of main memory and other storage areas tothe system programs as well as user programs and data.

3, I!&t/$t&t ma!a%eme!t, that is, co-ordination and assignment of the differentoutput and input devices while one or more programs are being e!ecuted.

(, Fie ma!a%eme!t that is the storage of files on various storage devices and transfersthese files from one storage device to another.

*, Interpretation of commands and instructions.@, Coordination and assignment of compilers, assemblers, utility programs, and othersoftware to the various users of the computer system.

B, @stablishment of data security and integrity. #hat is, it keeps different programs anddata in such a manner that they do not interfere with each other. It also protects itself frombeing destroyed by any user.

;, roduction of dumps, traces, error messages and other debugging and error detectingaids.

, "aintenance of internal time clock and log of system usage for all users.1, $acilitates easy communication between the computer system and the computeroperator.

T&e' $9 O&erati!% S'tem'4atch O&erati!% S'tem:

In a batch processing operating system. /ata and programs that need to be processedare bundled and collected as a Bbatch> and e!ecuted together.Si!%e U'er O&erati!% S'tem:

A single user ?* is designed for one user to use a computer at a time.Mti8'er O&erati!% S'tem:

A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to use the same computer at thesame time. 1inu!, U7I and 0indows 8555 are e!amples of multi-user operating systems.Mti&r$ce''i!% O&erati!% S'tem:

An operating system capable of supporting and utili'ing more than one computerprocessor. @!amples of multiprocessing operating systems are 1inu!, U7I and 0indows8555.Mti8Ta'6i!% O&erati!% S'tem:In this type of ?* several applications may be

simultaneously loaded and e!ecuted. #his type of operating system is seen everywheretoday and is the most common type of ?*. $or e!ample the 0indows operating system.

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Rea8time $&erati!% ''tem RTOS) Jeal-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and

industrial systems.)UI )ra&hica U'er i!ter9ace,:

A 2UI ?perating *ystem contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated byusing a computer mouse. @!amples of 2UI ?perating *ystems

*ystem 6.!, 0indows.Di'tri-te" O&erati!% S'tem:

In a distributed system, software and data maybe distributed around the system,programs and files maybe stored on different storage devices which are located in differentgeographical locations and maybe accessed from different computer terminals.Mtithrea"i!% O&erati!% S'tem:

?perating systems that allow different parts of software program to run concurrently.?perating systems that would fall into this category are 1inu!, U7I, and 0indows 85554OOTIN)

#he process of transferring (loading) ?perating *ystem into the computer>s memory iscalled +ooting. 7ow a day>s ail computers are having hard disks and when you switch on the

computer, the operating system in the hard disk automatically loads into the computer>smemory.M S DOS

Any computer consists of ;ard disk, 3eyboard, "onitor, rinter etc. for each of thesecomponents to integrate and function together as a computer systemE we must have amaster control program called an ?perating *ystem (?*).

?ne of the popular and most widely used operating system is "* /?*. #his operatingsystem was developed by "icro *oft Corporation.Starti!% MS DOSIf you are working in windows Click *tart menu C1IC3 start menu

*elect rograms (?r) select runK *elect Accessories #ype Command

*elect Command prompt click on ok

DOS Pr$m&t

After starting /?* the system displays /?* prompt as H C : G to indicate that it isready to receive commands. Commands are e!ecuted at the system prompt by typing thecommand and ressing the enter key.FI#E: In computer terminology, a file is a collection of te!t or data stored on a storagedevice, (e.g. ;ard disk or C/D//)Fie Name: @very file is given a file name so that it can be referred later. In /?* the filename has two parts - rimary name and @!tension name.

Re' 9$r a 9ie !ame:1, #he rimary name can have L alphanumeric characters.2, #he e!tension name can be up to characters.3, #he rimary name and @!tension name must be separated by a period (.)(, #he rimary name should not start or end with any special character.DOS COMMANDS#here are two types of /?* commands(4) Internal Commands (8) @!ternal Commands.INTERNA# COMMANDSInternal commands are read into the memory at the time of booting and stay in the memoryuntil the power is switched off.

Click *tart menu *elect un... #ype Command Click on ?3#he various internal commands are

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1, #he DATE command.#his command is used to set a new date.*ynta! F @.g. CMN/A#@ OPI

2, #he TIME command.#his command is used to set a new time.*ynta! F @.g. CMN#I"@ OPi

3, #he C#S command.#his command is used to clear the screen.*ynta! F @.g. CMNC1* OPi

(, #o change the default drive.*ynta! CMN O/rive nameN .QPI @.g. C MN @ :#his command changes the default drive to @

*, #he C?9 C?7 Command#his command is used to create a data file.*ynta! CMNC?9 C?7 Ofile nameN @.g. C MN C?9 C?7 *#U/@7#./A#

After giving the command *#U/@7#./A#, the /?* creates a file with the name

*#U/@7#./A# and the cursor will stay at the ne!t position. #hen you can enter your data.After entering the data press O@7#@N and press A' to save the file. #hen you can return tocommand prompt.@!ample Creating a data file.CMN C?9 C?7 7A"@*./A#*UI9AA7I*0A#; A A

CMN

@, #he TYPE Command

#his command is used to see the contents of a file on the screen.*ynta! CMN#9@ Ofile nameN@g. CMN #9@ 7A"@*. /A#

B, #he PRN Command#his command is used to print the output (contents) of a file.*ynta! CMN#9@ Ofile nameN N 7@g. CMN #9@ 7A"@*./A# N 7

;, #he REN Command#his command is used to rename a file.*ynta! CMN@7 Ocld file nameN Onew file nameN 4?r

CMN@7A"@ Oold file nameN Onew file nameN@g. CMN @7 7A"@*./A# *#U/@7#./A#

, #he COPY Command#he copy command is used to copy one or more files on the same disk or to another disk.#he copy command can

a, copy a file from one disk to another.-, "ake a duplicate file of an individual file with a different name on the same disk.c, Copy groups of files on to a different disk making of the wild cards.*ynta! CMNC?9 Osource driveN O file nameN Otarget driveN R 4?rCMN /A7I @

1, #he DE# Command#his command is used to erase (delete or remove) unnecessary files.

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*ynta! CMN/@1 Ofile nameN@g. CMN /@1 7A"@*./A#

11, #he ERASE Command#his command can also be used to erase (delete or remove) unnecessary files.*ynta! CMN @A*@ Ofile nameN@g. CMN @A*@ 7A"@*./A#

12, #he EDIT Command#his is command starts "*-/?* screen editor, which is used to create and edit files. *ynta!CMN@/I# Ofile nameN@g. CMN @/I# 7A"@*./A#

13, #he +ER command#his command displays /?* version.*ynta! CMN @

1(, #he DIR command#he /I command is used to display a listing of files on a floppy disk D hard disk.*ynta! CMN /I?ther formats of /I command

*ynta! CMN /I @1ists the files on the disk on $ drive though the present working drive is C *ynta! CMN/IDp#his command displays directory of default disk page by page.*ynta! CMN /IDw#his command displays directory widely.>i" car"':?ne of the important features of /?* is the use of the (asterisk) and S> in place of a filename (rimary name or @!tension

name) we cab refer to a particular group of files by specifying a directory listing of filescontaining common primary name or e!tension name.@g CMN /I S./A#/isplays a listing of all files which have different primary names but having /A# e!tensionname only.@g CMN /I CS.S#his command displays directory of all files which start the first letter of the primary namewith C.@g CMN /I A".S#his command displays the directory of all files having file name A" with any e!tension.

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*ynta! CMN "3/I O/irectory nameN?r*ynta! CMN"/ O/irectory nameN@g CMN"/ *uresh iT$ m$0e $r cha!%e i!t$ a '-"irect$r #he C;/I or C/ command is used to changefrom one directory to another directory.

*ynta! C MN C;/I O/irectory nameN?r*ynta! CMNC/ O/irectory nameN@g CMNC/ *uresh#his e!ample, changes the current directory to *ureshT$ Rem$0e a '-"irect$r the "/I or / command is used to remove a subdirectoryfrom a particular directory.*ynta! CMN "/I O/irectory nameN?r*ynta! CMN / O/irectory nameN@g CMN / *uresh

#his e!ample deletes Dremoves the subdirectory *uresh.NOTE: If you wish to remove a subdirectory you must erase (delete) all the files from itfirst.9ou can delete all the files in a subdirectory at a time using the following command./@1 S.S (or) /@1T$ retr! -ac6 9r$m a '-"irect$r : #he C/..?r C/ M command is used to return backfrom a subdirectory.*ynta! CMsureshN C/ ..?r*ynta! CMsureshN C/ M CMNC/

NOTE: If you wish to remove a subdirectory you must return back from that directory first.4) #he E7IT command#his command is used to e!it /?*.*ynta! C MN @I#E7TERNA# COMMANDS

1. #he CHDS Command #his command checks the disk in a drive and presents astatus report about bytes position and disk space in a drive.*ynta! CMN C;3/*3 O/rive nameN@g. CMN C;3/*3 @

2. #he FORMAT Command #his command makes a new floppy ready to use. #he systemchecks all the tracks and sectors of the floppy. If a used floppy is formatted all the e!isting

files on it are erased.*ynta! CMN $?"A# O/rive nameN

@g. CMN $?"A# AAnother format of $?"A# command

a, FORMAT A:/+: #his command allows you to give the new floppy a name or a volumelabel.

-, FORMAT A:/S: #his command allows you to make the new floppy in drive A bootable,i.e. it also transfers the system files into the new floppy.

3. #he DIS COPY command #his command copies entire data from one disk to anotherdisk*ynta! CMN /I*3 C?9 O*ource /riveN O#arget /riveN

0A7I72 0hen this command is used any files in the target drive will automaticallyoverwritten

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@g. CMN /I*3 C?9 A /#his command copies the entire files in drive A to drive / and the files in / drive areoverwritten.

(. #he TREE Command #his command shows all directories and subdirectories in treeform.*ynta! CMN #@@

*. #he MORE Command #his command is used to display on screen output of anycommand page by page. 9ou can use "?@ on the output of #9@, /I etc,@g. CMN /I V "?@CMN #9@ AU#?@@C.+A# V "?@

@. ATTRI4 Command ;idden files are those files that are not listed with /I Command.9ou can use the A##I+ command to hide files or change hidden files to normal files.@g. CMN A##I+ W; *U@*;#his command makes suresh file hidden@g. CMN A##I+ -; *U@*;#his command converts suresh file to normal file.

>INDO>S0indows is a popular operating system developed by "icrosoft Corporation. 0indows has anew look that is designed for easy and convenient use.Saie!t Featre' $9 >i!"$=' @asier to use

$aster

"ore eliable

0eb integration

Starti!% >i!"$='THE DESTOP?nce you start 0indows, the first thing you see is the desktop. /esktop is the area on thescreen where you work.THE ICON

*everal Icons are located on the left side of your desktop. Icons are the pictorialrepresentation of the e!ecutable files, that can be run on 0indows. 9ou can run applicationsby double-clicking the icons.TAS4AR #he rectangular bar that runs hori'ontally across the bottom of your screen is called taskbar.It includes *tart button, current time and when you start working you will see other itemslisted on the taskbar. #his item shows you the name of the windows currently open on yourdesktop. 9ou can easily switch to a different window by clicking on the taskbar button.

START 4UTTON*tart button appears on the right side of taskbar. *tart button is used to navigate

through windows. Using your start button you can start programs, open documents,customi'e your system, get help, search for items etc. *ome commands on the start menuhave a right facing arrow, which means additional choices are available on a secondarymenu. 0hen you move your mouse pointer on the item with an arrow, another menuappears.

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#o use start menu

B. Click the start button, the *tart menu appears;. Click on the item you want to openCONTRO# PANE#Control anel is full of speciali'ed tools that are used to change the way 0indows looks andbehaves.

STARTIN) CONTRO# PANE#Ch$$'e 'tart L► 'etti!%' L► C$!tr$ &a!e

#he control panel window contains the following optionsA&&eara!ce a!" Theme': Change the appearance of desktop items, apply a theme orscreen saver to your computer, or customi'e the *tart menu and taskbar.Net=$r6 a!" I!ter!et C$!!ecti$!': Connect to the Internet, create a home or smalloffice network, and configure network settings to work from home, or change modem,phone and internet settings.A"" $r Rem$0e Pr$%ram' a!" >i!"$=' C$m&$!e!t' Install or remove programs and0indows components.S$!"' S&eech a!" A"i$ De0ice' Change the entire sound scheme or individual sound

made by your computer, or configure the settings for your speakers and recording devices.Per9$rma!ce a!" Mai!te!a!ce: *chedule regular maintenance Checks, increase space onyour hard disk, or configure energy-saving settings.

Pri!ter a!" Other Har"=are:

Change the settings for your printer, 3eyboard, mouse, camera and other hardware.U'er Acc$!t':

Change user account settings, passwords and ictures./ate, #ime 1anguage andegional ?ptions Change the date, time and time 'one for your computer, the language touse, and the way numbers, currencies, dates, and times are displayed.Acce''i-iit O&ti$!':

Ad%ust your computer settings for vision, hearing and mobility.Secrit Ce!ter:

iew Current security status and access important settings to help protect your C.ACCESSORIES

0indows includes several useful applications to help you to manage various tasks.#hese application, called accessories were installed into the Accessories menu when youinstall windows.>ORDPAD:

9ou can use 0ordad to create documents of any si'e from short notes to elaboratememos and reports. #hese documents can use other formatting features such as indents,centered lines, italic, double-spacing and tab stops.

#o *tart 0ordad Click *tart button P► rogram P► Accessories P► 0ord padPAINT:

aint is a colorful and capable application. 9ou can create original artwork and move itinto many other 0indows applications. 9ou can also use paint to resi'e and edit art copiedfrom other documents and sources.*tarting aintClick *tart P► rogram P► Accessories P► aintCA#CUCATOR: 9ou can use calculator to solve mathematical problems.Click *tart P► rogram P► Accessories P► CalculatorNOTEPAD: 9ou can use notepads to review and edit short te!t files, such as memos or

notes. A te!t file contains only letter numbers, and other characters on the keyboards. It

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does not contain special characters or formatting codes that are normally used in 0ordprocessors.*tarting 7otepadClick *tart P► rograms P► Accessories P► 7otepad>INDO>S E7P#ORER:

0indows @!plorer displays your files in a hierarchical structure. #he left side of the

window displays the list of drives and folders, the right side displays the contents of aselected folder. 9ou can use e!plorer to move or copy files, print documents and maintaindisks. #o *tart 0indows @!plorer

Click *tart button P► rograms P► Accessories P► 0indows @!plorerTHE MA)NIFIER:

#he "agnifier is a display utility that makes the computer screen more readable bypeople who have low vision by creating a separate window that displays a magnified portionof the screen.THE NARRATOR:

#he 7arrator is a te!t-to-speech utility for people who are blind or have low vision.7arrator reads what is displayed on the screenPthe contents of the active window, menu

options, or te!t that has been typed.Note: #he 7arrator is designed to work with 7otepad, H0ordad ControlH panel programs, Internet@!plorer, the 0indows desktop, and some parts of 0indows *etup. 7arrator may not read wordsaloud correctly in other programs. 7arrator has a number of options that that allow you to customi'ethe way screen e Cements are read.THE ON8SCREEN EY4OARD:

?n-*creen 3eyboard is a utility that displays a virtual keyboard on the computerscreen that allows people with mobility impairments to type data by using a pointing deviceor %oystick.

4ACUP :

#he +ackup accessory in the 0indows Accessories menu makes it easy to backup allyour important files.THE DIS DEFRA)MENTER: #he /isk /efragmenter sorts out the files on your drive(s) tooptimi'e the space you are using. /efragmenting you drive(s) periodically is a good tool foroptimi'ing your computers performance.MY COMPUTER

"y computer is used to view the contents of a single folder or drive. /ouble click "yComputer on your desktop to display the drives available on your computer. 0hen youdouble click a drive icon a window displays the folders available on that drive. /ouble click afolder to see the files within the folders.COMPUTER +IRUS

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computerwithout the permission or knowledge of the owner. A virus can spread from one computer toanother through removable medium such as a floppy disk, C/, //, or U*+ drive.i!"' T&e', $9 +ir'e':

1. Macr$ +ir'e': "acro viruses are the first viruses to infect data files rather thane!ecutable files. "acro viruses infect files in the form of macro or ?1@ ob%ects.

2. 4$$t Sect$r +ir'e': A +oot sector virus infects the boot record of a hard disk orfloppy disk. #he virus moves the boot sectors data to a different part of disk.

3. TSR 9ie 0ir'e': A less popular kind of virus is the #erminate and *tay esident fileirus. As the name suggests, these viruses usually infects C?" and @@ files.

(. N$! TSR 9ie 0ir'e': #hese types of viruses can infect all types of files.

*. O0er=riti!% +ir'e': An overwriting virus simply overwrites each file, it infects withitself.

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@. Mti&artite 0ir': #hese iruses infect multiple ob%ects. 0hen you run and @@infected with a multipartite.#here are some more kinds of virus which infect the differentparts of the Computer.

Pr$-em' $9 0ir'e':#he problems of viruses can be categori'ed into different types as follows

a, Tri0ia Dama%e:#his is the most insignificant damage done by a virus, for e!ample, it will simple make

a speaker beep.

-, Mi!$r Dama%e:"inor damage means the damage rate is very less. @.g. #erusalem virus, which deletes

any program that try to run after some time data is deleted.

c, M$"erate Dama%e: "oderate damage is done when a virus formats the hard disk.", Ma$r Dama%e:

"a%or damage is done when a virus infects your backups as well as your hard disk.

e, Se0ere "ama%e: when a virus makes gradual, progressive changes so much so thatbackups are also corrupted but the changes are not obvious so.

MS OFFICE"icrosoft ?ffice is a product of "icrosoft Corporation. It is a collection of programs thatcan help you accomplish various tasks. #hese tasks help you toH keep your office runningsmoothly.M.S. O99ice c$!'i't' $9te! &art':1. Micr$'$9t >$r" : A =$r" &r$ce''i!% &r$%ram2. Micr$'$9t Ece : A '&rea" 'heet $r =$r6'heet &r$%ram3. Micr$'$9t P$=erP$i!t : A &re'e!tati$! &r$%ram(. Micr$'$9t Acce'' : A "ata-a'e ma!a%eme!t ''tem*. Micr$'$9t Fr$!t&a%e : A =e- 'et creati$! a!" ma!a%eme!t &r$%ram@. Micr$'$9t Ot$$6 : A! e8mai a!" c$!tact ma!a%eme!t &r$%ram

B. Micr$'$9t Ph$t$Dra= : A &h$t$ e"iti!% &r$%ram;. Micr$'$9t P-i'her : A "e'6t$& &-i'hi!% &r$%ram. I!ter!et E&$rer : A =e- -r$='er1. Sma 4'i!e'' T$$' : Acc$!ti!% '$9t=are>e 'h$" "ea =ith 9$$=i!% 9$r &art' =hich are c$mm$! 'e" - m$'t $9 the&e$&e

1, Micr$'$9t >$r"2, Micr$'$9t Ece3, Micr$'$9t P$=erP$i!t(, Micr$'$9t Acce''

Micr$'$9t >$r">ORD PROCESSIN)

0ord processing software is an application that provides e!tensive tools for creating allkinds of te!t-based documents. 0ord processors also enable you to add images todocuments and design documents that look like products of a professional print shop.

A word processor can enhance documentsE you can embed sounds, video clips, andanimations into them. 9ou can link different documents together for e!ample, link a chartfrom a spreadsheet into a word processing report. 0ord processors can even createdocuments for publishing on the 0orld 0ide 0eb.P$&ar =i!"$=' -a'e" =$r" &r$ce''i!% &ac6a%e' are:

"*-0ord 0ord0ord perfect0ord pro

?ther word processing packages are0ord star

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erfect writerrofessional write

"icrosoft word is very popular word processor in the market today.FEATURES/ AD+ANTA)ES OF >ORD PROCESSIN)#he current word processors are very powerful and rich in features. *ome of the featuresare

>$r" =ra&&i!%:0hen you are typing a document, you did>t need to press the enter key at the end of

line. 0ord processor automatically, moves to ne!t line. #he te!t also rearrange accordingly.A""i!% $r "eeti!% te't:

?mitted or additional te!t can be easily inserted into the document.Seecti!% 4$c6' $9 Tet:

0ord processor allows you to copy or move te!t from one place to another. +eforecopying or moving the te!t you have to select it.C$&i!% tet:

Copying te!t from one place to another within the document or from one document toanother could be easily done with the help of a word processor.

M$0i!% tet:"oving performs two functions J Copying the te!t to a new place and also removing it

from its original place.#i!e '&aci!%:

0ord processor permits you to print the desired number of blank lines in between thelines of te!t. Mar%i! 'etti!%' a!" C$m!':

"argins, the distance between the te!t and edges of the paper, can be ad%usted. *omeword processors have the ability to split te!t into two or more columns.Searchi!% a!" Re&aci!%:

9ou can use a word processor to search through the entire document and replace the

incorrect word with the correct one.Character F$rmatti!% a!" Ste:

#he design, style or si'e of the letters can be changed easily by a word processor.Using different fonts, you can make the headings and important te!t attractive andnoticeable.5'ti9icati$! $9 tet:#he te!t that you type in the document can be left %ustified, right %ustified, centered or fully %ustified. #he ad%ustment can be made before or after typing thedocument.Chec6i!% the "$cme!t:

Checking and improving a document is a very useful feature of a word processor. Inincorporates the following features.

S&e chec6: word processor checks the spellings of word used in the documents.)rammar chec6: grammatical errors checking is taken care of.The'ar': this facility can help you to use an alternate word in place of any word typed inthe document.Setti!% ta-' : this helps you to make up columns in the document, you can add, delete ormove tabs, as you desire.STARTIN) >ORD :• Click start button>

• oint to programs

• oint to "icrosoft office

• Click "icrosoft word

(?r)If you have "* 0ord icon on the desktop, double click over the icon to start word.

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Part' $9 >$r" >i!"$=:>he! $ 'tart =$r" $ 'ee the $&e!i!% 'cree! $r =$r" a' 9$$='.

Tite 4ar: It lists the name of currently open document. #he control buttons ("inimi'e,"a!imi'eDestore, and close buttons) appear in the right side of title bar.Me! 4ar: #he ne!t line displayed below the title bar is called the menu bar. #he menu barcontains several menu items such as $ile, @dit, iew and so on.T$$ 4ar': :ust under the menu bar are two rows of icons (little pictures) are called thestandard tool bar and formatting tool bars.Tet Area: #his is the area in which you can type te!t.Scr$ 4ar': #he hori'ontal and vertical scroll bars let you bring different parts of adocument into view.+ie= 4tt$!': 9ou can use these buttons to switch views.

Stat' -ar: *tatus bar is located at the bottom of your screen. #he status bar tells youabout the current status of the cursor and other items like current page number and thetotal number of pages, whether some special features are turned on.SA+IN) A DOCUMENT1. "ove the mouse pointer over the Fie menu.2. And click the left mouse button. A pull-down menu appears.3. 7ow move the mouse pointer over the Save option.4. Click the left mouse button.

Or,Click the *ave tool on the *tandard toolbar.

Or,

ress CtrlW*, the keyboard shortcut keys.C#OSIN) THE DOCUMENT

After you complete your work, it is advisable to close the current document before youstart with some other work.#o close a document1. "ove the mouse pointer over the File menu.2. And click the left mouse button once. Immediately a pull-down menu displayed.3. "ove the mouse pointer over the Close option4. #hen click the left mouse button.

Or,

Click the Close button in the "enu bar of the 0indow.

CREATIN) A NE> DOCUMENT

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After you have created and saved a document, sometimes you may like to createanother document. #o create a new documentClick the New button on the Standard toolbar.

Or,ress Ctrl+N , the shortcut keys.If you use any one of these two methods, 0ord immediately creates a new document and

assign it a temporary name, such as /ocument 4, /ocument8, etc.Or,

1. Click on the File menu. It displays pull-down menu. Click on New option.2. 7ew dialog bo! is displayed.3. Click the icon Blank Docuent.DE#ETIN) DOCUMENTS

9ou can delete files in either Sa0e As or O&e! dialog bo!. /isplay either dialog bo!,and delete the file by using one of these methods.■ *elect the file you want to delete and *trike the /elete key.■ ight-Click the file you want to remove and click /elete in the conte!t menu.■ *elect the file and click the /elete toolbar button at the top of the dialog bo!.

#he confirm $ile /elete message bo! appears to ask whether you want to send thedocument to the ecycle +in, click the 9es button.OPENIN) AND C#OSIN) TOO#4ARS

+y default, 0ord displays only two toolbars on your screen. 0ord contains 4X toolbars./epending on your reuirements, you can open the desired toolbar.O&e!i!% a!" C$'i!% T$$-ar'1. ight-click anywhere on any toolbar.

?r, click +ie= and then point to T$$-ar'.2. #o open a new toolbar, click the corresponding toolbar name.*imilarly if you want to close any open toolbar, click the corresponding toolbar nameE7ITIN) >ORD

#o e!it from "icrosoft 0ord, erform the following steps1. "ove the mouse pointer over the Fie menu and click. A pull-down menu appears.2. "ove the mouse pointer over the Eit.3. Click the left mouse button over it.Immediately you will return to the 0indows screen.

(?r)Click the Close button in the title bar.

(?r)ress AltW$T

EDITIN) THE DOCUMENTOPENIN) AN E7ISTIN) DOCUMENT

1. "ove the mouse pointer over the Fie menu and click the left mouse button. A pull-down menu displays.2. 7ow move the mouse pointer over the O&e! option and click.

(?r)Click the O&e! button on the *tandard toolbar.

(?r)ress CtrO #he shortcut key#he ?pen dialog bo! appears, select the file and click on ?pen button.ic6 O&e!i!% Rece!t 'e" Fie'

0ord can help you to uickly open any of the last four files that you haveopenedDcreated, directly from the Fie menu. "ove the mouse pointer over the Fie me!

and click. A pull down menu appears.

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At the bottom of the menu, there is a list of files that you have worked with recently.;ighlight-the desired file name and press E!ter 6e.E"iti!% the "$cme!t

0hen you create a document you may make some errors and want to current them.*ome time you like to make changes in the document. "aking such modification in adocument is turned as editing.

@diting can be made as follows.M$0i!% the cr'$r

#he cursorDinsertion point is the flashing small straight vertical line. It shows where the te!twill be inserted.

0hile editing the document you need to place the cursor at various places.9ou can move the cursor using arrow keys on the keyboard.9ou can also place the cursor by using the mouse. #he I-+eam is the mouse pointer.

#hat appears when you move the mouse over te!t when you want to move the cursor to aparticular location place the I-+eam to the location and click left mouse button.• 9ou can move the cursor one word using ctrlWleft and right arrows.• ress @nd to move the cursor to the end of the line.

• CtrlW@nd move the cursor to the end of the document.• ress ;ome to move the cursor to the beginning of the line.• CtrlW;ome move the cursor to the beginning of the document.• age up moves to the previous page.• age down moves to the ne!t page.A""i!% "eeti!% tet

9ou can easily add or delete te!t without retyping the entire document,lace the cursor where you have to add te!t and type your te!t. #he surrounding

words automatically move to make room for the new te!t.If you want to delete te!t place the cursor before that te!t and press delete key

alternatively select the te!t you have to delete and press delete key.

Deeti!% character'9ou can delete characters using delete or back space key. #he delete key deletes

characters to the right of the cursor and back space key deletes the characters to the left of the cursor.O0ert&i!%

+y default word operates in insert mode (i.e. if you type characters between a wordthe remaining letters move to make room) press Ins key or double click on the letters ?in the states bar. 0ord now select over type mode. If you type te!t it will over write e!istingte!t.

If you want to return to insert mode press insert key or double click on ?.After making changes save the document again.

Seecti!% tet9ou have to select te!t before deleting, cutting and pasting, copying or moving,

formatting.9ou can select te!t using mouse or key board.!sin" ouse

osition the I-+eam at the beginning of the te!t, press and hold down the left mousebutton, drag across the te!t, and then release the left mouse button. #he selected te!tbecomes a black bag round.

#o deselect the te!t, move the mouse pointer somewhere else on the screen and clickleft mouse button once.!sin" ke# board

lace the cursor before the te!t you want to select press and hold the shift key andpress arrow keys to select te!t.

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#o deselect te!t release the shift key and pres any arrow.Ctti!% a!" Pa'ti!% tet

#he term cutting and pasting refers to moving and copying te!t. 0hen you move te!t,you remove (cut) it from one place in your document and paste it in another place.#o cut and paste te!t• *elect the te!t

• Click on edit menu• *elect the cut option#he selected te!t will be cut• lace the cursor where you want to paste the te!t.• Click on edit menu.• Click on paste option.#he selected te!t will be pasted here.

9ou can also cut the te!t by using cut button on the stranded toolbar (or) you can alsopress ctrlW!, the shortcut key.

9ou can also paste the te!t by using paste button on the stranded toolbar (or) pressctrlW, the shortcut key.

C$& a!" Pa'te0hen you copy te!t, you leave the te!t in its original place and paste a duplicate of it

in another place.C$&i!% tet• *elect the te!t to be copied.• Click on edit menu and choose copy option

(?r)Click on copy button on stranded toolbar

(or)Click CtrlWC, the shortcut key.Pa'ti!% tet

• lace the cursor where you have to paste the te!t.• Click on edit menu and choose paste option

(?r)Click on past button on stranded toolbar (or)ress CtrlWv, the shortcut key.U!"$i!% Or Re"$i!% Cha!%e'

If you delete any te!t accidentally you can restore it using word>s undo facture.#o undo the most recent action, click on edit menu and choose undo option or click the

undo button on the stranded toolbar (or) press CtrlW'.#o undo one of the previous actions click the down arrow to the right of the undo

button on stranded toolbar, scroll down the displayed list and click the action that you want

to undo.0ord also supports the redo command that enables you to redo changes that you have

undone. #o redo the action, click on edit menu and choose redo (or) click on redo button onstranded toolbar or press CtrlWy.

F$rmatti!% tet a!" Para%ra&h'FORMATTIN)

$ormatting the te!t means to offer a nice looking form to te!t. In order to format thete!t we can use the following facilities in word.1. Using the various fonts and font si'es.2. "aking the te!t bold, italics, under line, subscripted and super scripted.

3. #o align to te!t to left, to right or at center.

4. Using the facilities of bulleting and numbering.

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5. Using the various paragraph formatting option such as left and right margines, spacingbetween lines etc...Character 9$rmatti!%

Character formatting is the process of changing how a character looks. #hroughcharacter formatting you can make a word bold, Italic, under line and..... you can changethe si'e of the te!t style by choosing a different font.

A&&i!% -$" itaic a!" !"er i!e:#o apply bold, italic or under line to the te!t, we need to perform the following steps.1. *elect the te!t to be formatted.

2. Click on the appropriate toolbar button for bold, ■F for italic or a%y for under line.3. Alternatively you can also press ctrlW+ for bold, ctrlWl for italic, ctrlWU for under line

Or,9ou can also choose this from format menu.$ormat P► $ont P► $ont styleAfter applying bold or italic or under line click anywhere else for deselect the te!t.#o remove a font style, select the te!t and then click the same font style button again.9ou can also a remove any formatting by pressing ctrlWspace bar.

*elect the te!t and press CtrlW space bar.Cha!%i!% $r 9$!t:

#he font refers to the shape and style of character and each particular shape and styleof the character set is given a font name such as Arial, bookman old style, times new romanetc....$or changing the font follows steps.1. *elect the te!t you want to change.2. Click the arrow ne!t to the font drop down list.

A list of available fonts will appear3. Click on the font you want.0ord applies the font to the selected te!t.

Click once to deselect the te!t.Alternatively you can change the font using format menu.$ormat P► $ont P► $ontCha!%i!% 9$!t 'ie:

9ou can make your te!t appear and print larger or smaller by changing the si'e. +ydefault all characters are at 48 point si'e.#o change the font si'e follows these steps.1. *elect the te!t2. Click the arrow ne!t to the font si'e bo! on formatting toolbar. 0ord displays alist of available si'es.3. Click the si'e that you want to use

#he new si'e will be applied to your te!t click to deselect.7ote- If you want to use a si'e that not appears in the list, click in the font si'e bo! andtype over it with the si'e you want and press enter key.9ou can also change the font si'e using format menu.$ormat menu P► $ont P► *i'eU!"er i!e 'te':0ord provides many types of under lining option these options are available in format menu.#o get different types of under lines• *elect the te!t.• Click format menu.

• *elect font

• In the underline style list, click the style you want.• In the underline color list click the color you want.

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• Click ok.A""iti$!a 9$rmatti!% t$$':89ou can format the te!t in several other styles, such as strike through sub script, superscript allCaps etc.All these are available in font dialog bo!. 9ou cannot apply these through formatting toolbar.

#o use these options follow the below processa) *elect the te!t.

b) $ormat the te!t.c) /eselect the te!t

Stri6ethr$%h: /raws a lion through the selected te!tD$-e 'tri6e thr$%h: /raws double line through the selected te!tS&&er 'cri&t: *lightly raises characters above the line of te!t. #his is used to type power.

@g 8

S- 'cri&t: *lightly lowers characters below the line of te!t. #hese can be used to type basevalues.

@! - T8

Sha"$=: Adds a shadow behind the selected te!tOt i!e: /isplays inner and outer boarder of each charactersEm-$'': "akes selected te!t appears as if it is raised of the pageE!%ra0e:"akes selected te!t appear to be imprinted or pressed in to the pageSma ca&': $ormats selected lower case te!t as capital letters and reduces their si'eA ca&': $ormats selected lower case te!t as capital letters.Hi""e!: revents selected te!t from being displayed or printedA"'ti!% character '&aci!%

0ord enables you to ad%ust the amount of space between characters.#o ad%ust characters spacing follows these steps.1. *elect the te!t

2. Choose format P► font, font dialog bo! is displayed3. Click the character spacing tab4. *elect the desired options and click okA""i!% A!imati$! t$ tet:0ord comes in si! animation effects.#o animate follow these steps.1. *elect the te!t2. Choose format P► font, the fc-it dialog bo! displayed.

3. Click te!t effects (tab)4. Click on the desired animation in the animation list bo!

5. Click ok

Cha!%i!% the ca'e $9 etter':If you need to change the case of the some te!t from lower case to upper case or vice versayou do not have to retype the te!t %ust follow these steps.1. *elect the te!t.

2. Click format.3. Click the change case option, change case dialog bo! appears.

4. Choose the option you want and click ok 7ote-1ower case Y *mall lettersUpper case Y Capital letters

Para%ra&h 9$rmatti!%:

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If a smallest unit to which you can apply formatting is paragraph. #hen that formattingis called a paragraph formatting. #he tools style, align left, centre, align right, %ustify,numbering, bullets, increase indent and decrease indent, line spacing are paragraphformatting.

Ali"nin" $ara"ra%hs:Alignment refers to the way the right and left edges of a paragraph line up. 0ord supports

four types of paragraph alignment left, centered, right and %ustified.#e9t Ai%!me!t: tea by default word uses left alignment, which produces a straight leftedge and ragged right edge.Ce!ter Ai%!me!t: Tet is centered between the left and right edge. 9ou use this othershort lines of te!t.Ri%ht Ai%!me!t: ight aligned te!t has a straight right edge and a ragged left edge youcan use this alignment to place the date at the right margin.5'ti9icati$!:.It makes both the left and right edges of a paragraph straight.#o change the alignment, follow these steps.1. *elect the paragraphDs which you want to change the alignment.2. Choose appropriate alignment button on the formatting tool bar.

9ou can also change the alignment through format menu.$ormat menu P► aragraph P► Indents and spacing & Alignment#he key board short cut for alignment te!t or1eft ctrlW1 Centre ctrlW@ight ctrlW :ustified ctrlW:Cha!%i!% i!e '&aci!%:

1ine spacing is the amount of space between the lines of te!t in a document. +ydefault lines in word 8555 document are single spaced. 9ou can increase the distancebetween the lines in your document to make the te!t easier to read. #his can be done beforeare after you type in your te!t. #o change the line spacing, follow these steps.1. *elect the te!t you want to change.

2. Choose format, paragraph to display the paragraph dialog bo!.3. Click the line spacing drop down arrow.4. Click the desired line spacing you want.

5. Click ok.

#he key board short cuts for the line spacing are*ingle line spacing - ctrlW44. line spacing - ctrlW4./ouble line spacing - ctrlW8U'i!% ta-':

#abs helps you line up columns of information or indent te!t with in a line or paragraphyou can add remove or move tabs as you desire. ;owever, if you move a tab the te!t set to

the tab position moves along with it.#abs are basically used for aligning your paragraph and also used to create a multi

column table.0hen you start word it automatically sets tab stops every half-inch. #he tab each time

you press the tab key your cursor moves to the ne!t default tab stop.#ab markers 1eft tabCenter tabight tab/ecimal tab+ar tab#o change the type of tab click tab selection button

I!'erti!% ta- 't$&':9ou can insert the tab stops by clicking the desired location on the ruler.

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9ou can insert tabs using the tabs dialog bo!.#o insert tabs using the dialog bo! follow these steps.• Choose format, tabs to display the tabs dialog bo!.• Click the clear all button to wear all e!isting tabs.

• #ype the number ware you have to set the tab in the stop position te!t bo!.• #o select tab type click the corresponding the radio button in the alignment bo!.

• Click the set button to define the tab.• Click ok.

M$0i!% the ta- 't$&':#o move tab stop follow these steps• *elect the te!t you want to move.• oint to the tab on the rulerE drag it to the new position.Deeti!% the ta- 't$&':• oint the tab on the ruler and drag it out of ruler4et' a!" !m-eri!%:9ou can use bullets and numbers to make list in your document attractive and easy to read.$ollow these steps to create bullets or numbers

1. lace the cursor where you want start bullets or numbers.2. Click the bullets or numbering button on the formatting tool bar or choose format,bullets and numbering and select which type you like.3. 0ord inserts a bullet or number continues typing items.4. After typing the last item press enter twice to turn of bullets or press back space keyto delete bullets.9ou can also create bullets after typing the te!t.• *elect the also create bullets as you like.

• 0ord inserts bullets.• /e-select the te!t.

Fi!" a!" Re&ace

Fi!":#he word>s find feature is a real time saver word Z8555[ lets you to search for specific

information in the current document. Also you can search for te!t formatting.#o search for specific information, follow these steps.1. Click E"it on menu bar. A pull down menu appears.2. Click on $ind command. #he find and replace dialog bo! displayed.

3. #ype the information you want to search in the find what bo!. #o search for te!t that isin a particular format, click format.4. Click find ne!t word will take you to the first occurrence of the specified word and

highlights the first match.5. Clicks find ne!t again word will take you to the ne!t occurrence.

• Click find ne!t to continue the search• Click cancel button or @sc to discontinue search6. 0hen word informs you that it has found all matches, click ok. #he message bo! will

close.

Re&ace:8#he replace feature searches your entire document for a particular word or words and

replaces them with a specified te!t. #o search for te!t that is in a particular format, clickformat button.#o search and replace for a specific word, follow these steps.1. ?n the menu, click replaces. #he find and replace dialog bo! appears.

2. In the find what bo!, enter the te!t that you want to search replace.3. Click replace with bo! (or press tab key). #ype the te!t you want to replace.

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4. Click find ne!t word will highlight the first occurrence.5. #o replace the te!t, click replace click find ne!t to move to ne!t occurrence.

6. If you want to replace all words at a time, click replace all.7. #o stop the searching click cancel.

8. Click on ok. #he message bo! will close.

I!'erti$! $9 $-ect'I!'erti!% "ate a!" time:8

#he first step in writing a letter is to place the date at the right of letter. Instead of typing the entire data you can insert it.$ollow these steps to insert date and time1. Click align right tool bar button.

2. Choose insert, date and time to display the data and time dialog bo!.3. In the list bo! available formats, click the desired format.4. Click ok, the dialog bo! disappears and the data is known inserted at the cursor.#o insert time follow these steps1. lace the cursor where you want to insert the time.2. Choose insert, data and time. #he date and time dialog bo! appears.3. In the available formats, click the desired time format.

4. Click ok, the dialog bo! disappears.#he time is now inserted at the cursor.A""i!% hea"er ? F$$ter:8

;eader is a special te!t written in the top margin of a page. A header contains kooktitle or chapter heading or page numbers.

$ooter is a te!t written at the bottom of the page. A footer contains foot notes or pagenumbers. #he advantage of using headers and footers is that, you have to create them onlyonce and they automatically appear on each page.Creati!% a hea"er a!"/$r 9$$ter:8#o add a header andDor footer to your document follow these steps1. Click view menu.2. Click header and footer word activates the header area and displaces the header andfooter toolbar.3. #ype the te!t for header(in the header area defend b dotted line)4. If you want to center the te!t, click the center tool button on formatting tool bar. If you want to create footer, click switch between header and footer tool ?n the headerand footer tool bar

#he edit bo! pops up to footer.6. #ype the te!t for pops up to footer defined by the dotted line.7. Click close tool on the header and footer toolbar.#he toolbar and edit bo! disappears, saving the header and footer changes.

I!'erti!% Pa%e Nm-er':8$ollow these steps to add page numbers to your document.1. Click on insert menu.

2. Choose page number, the page number dialog bo! displays.3. Click the position drop-down button and click desired position at top or bottom of a

page.4. Click the alignment drop- down button and click desired position to left or center or

right side of the page.5. #o start page numbering at a number other than one, click format button and choose

the number format.

6. Click the start at bo! and type the beginning page number.7. Click ok.

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At$ c$rrect#he auto correct feature in word automatically corrects many common typing errors

you will not even reali'e that you made any error.The at$ c$rrect "ia$% -$:8

Choose tools, auto correct, and word displays auto correct dialog bo!. #his dialog bo!consists five check bo!es as follows.0 Correct two Initial Capitals.0 Capitali'e first letter of sentences.

0 Capitali'e names of days.0 Correct accidental usage of CA*1?C3 key.

0 eplace test as you type.S&ei!% a!" %rammar chec6i!%:89ou must have observed the red and green wavy lines under some words as you type in thete!t area. #his tells you that the red wavy under lines are either misspelled or they do note!ist in word>s dictionary. #he green wavy under lines or the grammar errors. 9ou can makeit go away by correcting the spelling and grammar mistakes.C$rrecti!% '&ei!% mi'ta6e':8

#o correct the incorrect word, perform the following steps.1. ight click the misspelled word

2. A contest menu appears with a list of possible spellings. Click the correct spelling fromthe list.3. 0ord makes the correction for you

4. If you do not want to make changes to the word click ignore allAter!ati0e:8$ollow the following steps to correct spelling and grammar mistakes.1. ress CtrlW;ome to place the cursor at the beginning of the document.

2. Click tools menu and click spelling and grammar.

(?r)

Click the spelling and grammar button on the stranded tool bar.#he spelling and grammar dialog bo! displays.

3. #he first misspelled word will appear in the not in dictionary te!t bo!.

9ou can loop one of the following.• Click the correctly spelled word in the suggestions list and click change.• Click the correctly spelled word in suggestions list and click change all to correct all

identical misspellings in the entire document.• Click the correctly spelled word in the suggestions list and click auto correct toautomatically correct the identical miss spelling.• Click ignores to leave word.

• Click ignores all to ignore the word in rest of the document.

• Clicks add to add the word to a dictionary file for feature spell check.4. epeat step three until all words are checked.5. Click ok to close the message bo!.)rammar Chec6er':8

2rammar checkers report grammatical errors and suggest ways to correct then youcan correct grammar mistakes in the same way you correct the spelling mistakes.

)ra&hic'2raphics means elements of pictures. 0ord allows drawing, placing, resi'ing and

repositioning the graphics.I!'ert ci& Art:8

lace the cursor where you want to insert clip-art. Click on insert menu, chooseicture, Clip- Art. Click the category and click the image.Im&$rt a &ictre:8

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"ove the cursor where you want to insert the picture. Click insert menu, select picture,a sub menu will appear

Click form file, locate the file that contains the picture you want to insert. Click thepicture you want to insert. \>$r"' "ra=i!% 9eatre':8

0ord includes a set of drawing tools in drawing tools in drawing tool bar.

#i!e: 8 A line can be drawn by drawing from starting point to end point.Arr$=: 8 #his inserts as arrow on to a page.Recta!%e: 8 #his draw a rectangle or suare pressing shift key while dragging produces asuare.O0a: 8 /raw an oval or circle. ressing shift key while dragging produce a circleFi c$$r: 8 Change the fill color.#i!e c$$r: 8 Change the line colour.#i!e 'te: 8 Change the line style such as thick ness, double lines etc.Arr$= 'te: 8 Change an arrow style to a selected line.

Ta-e'A table is the information arranged in rows and columns.

Dra= ta-e:8♦ *elect draw table command in table menu.♦ #ables and borders dialog bo! will appear and pointer changes to a pencil.♦ #o define the outer table boundaries, drag from one corner to the diagonal comer of the table.♦ /raw column and row lines.♦ #o erase a line, click eraser and drag over the line.I!'ert ta-e:8

*elect insert table command in table menu to create a table.Insert table dialog bo! will appear and select number of rows and columns.

E!teri!% tet: lace the cursor to cell where you want to insert a te!t, and then enter

information.E"iti!% tet: lace the cursor that you want to edit the te!t and apply delete or back spacekey to edit the te!t.Seecti!% ta-e: *elect table command in table menu is used to select entire table.Seecti!% r$=: *elect row command in table menu is used to select the entire row in whichthe cursor is located.Seect c$m!: *elect column command in table menu is used to select the enter column inwhich the cursor is located.I!'ert r$=: 0e can add new rows by selecting the insert row command in table menu.I!'ert c$m! 0e can addDinsert new column by selecting a insert column command intable menu.

Cha!%i!% c$m! =i"th a!" r$= hei%ht: 9ou can change the width of any column androw height either by using the mouse or by using the table menu.

4 'i!% m$'e: "ove the mouse on the grid line between columnsDrows and clickleft mouse button and then drag the mouse to change the column width or row height.

4 ta-e me!: *elect cell height and width command in table menu, cell height andwidth dialog bo! will appear. #ype width or height and click ok button. "* wordautomatically changes the row height depending on the te!t.Deete r$='/c$m!': #his is used to delete the selected row or column or cell from table.

Tem&ate'#emplates are predefined documents. In a business environment, most of the

correspondence is repetitive in nature. 0hen we create a new document based on a

template, word automatically puts all te!t and other definitions stored in the templates inthe document it creates.

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U'i!% tem&ate'-♦ *elect new command in the file menu.♦ 7ew dialog bo! appear. +y default word selects blank document.

♦ *elect templates.♦ *elect any one predefined templates.

Creati!% tem&ate'-

#o create a template, use on e!iting document that contains the te!t and formattingwe want to store in the templates. ?nce we have finali'ed the te!t and formatting fortemplate, select save command in file menu.

0ord displays the save as dialog bo!. #ype file name in file name te!t bo!. *electdocument template as the file type in file type list bo!.

0ord automatically selects the templates directory and stores in it.

F$rmat Pai!ter#his allows you to copy (font) formatting from one part of your document to another.$ollow these steps1) *elect the te!t containing the formatting you want to copy.2) Click the format painter button on the standard tool bar.

3) A paint brush is now attached to the I +ean mouse pointer. /rag over the te!t to whichyou want to apply the formatting. elease the mouse button.#he formatting is applied to the selected te!t.

Mai mer%e"ail merge is a feature that enables us to send the letters of almost the same contents

to several persons. $or instance, you may send a letter whishing your friends

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