FISHES OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOONAND ADJACENT WATERS, FLORIDA

byR. Grant Gilmore, Jr.

Christopher J. DonohoeDouglas W. Cooke

Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.RR 1, Box 196

Fort Pierce, Florida 33450and

David J. Herrema

Applied Biology, Inc.641 DeKalb Industrial Way

Decatur, Georgia 30033

Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.Technical Report No. 41

September 1981

Funding was provided by the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.and Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida

FISHES OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON

AND ADJACENT WATERS, FLORIDA

R. Grant Gilmore, Jr.

Christopher Donohoe

Dougl as Cooke

Davi d Herrema

INTRODUCTION

It is the intent of this presentation to briefly describe regional

fish habitats and to list the fishes associated with these habitats in

the Indian River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries and the adjacent

continental shelf to a depth of 200 m. A brief historical review of

other regional ichthyological studies is also given. Data presented

here revises the first regional description and checklist of fishes in

east central Florida (Gilmore, 1977).

The Indian River is a narrow estuarine lagoon system extending from

Ponce de Leon Inlet in Vol usia County south to Jupiter Inlet in Palm

Beach County (Fig. 1). It lies within the zone of overlap between two

well known faunal regimes (i.e. the warm temperate Carolinian and the

tropical Caribbean). To the north of the region, Hildebrand and

Schroeder (1928), Fowler (1945), Struhsaker (1969), Dahlberg (1971), and

others have made major icthyofaunal reviews of the coastal waters of the

southeastern United States. McLane (1955) and Tagatz (1967) have made

extensive surveys of the fishes of the St. Johns River, including the

estuarine portions. Southeast of the Indian River region, Bohlke and

iN

Tllu."lUe.;:. '."c;.

FIGURE 1. The Indian River lagoon and associated waters. '

2.

Chaplin (1968) surveyed the fishes of the Bahamas. The tropical fish

fauna south of the Indian River lagoon has been thoroughly reported on

by Herrema (1974), Starck (1968), and Longley and Hildebrand (1941).

These workers made extensive fish surveys in Palm Beach and Broward

counties, the Florida Keys, and Dry Tortugas, respectively.

The first major study of the fishes in the Indian River lagoon was

conducted by Evermann and Bean (1897). They listed 106 species found in

the Indian River lagoon and its inlets, but their report concentrated

on species of commercial value and they procured most of their records

in local fish houses where precise locality data are frequently lacking.

Not until 1957-1959 was another ichthyological study made within

the Indian River lagoon. During this time V.G. Springer (1960) made

several collections in the St. Lucie Inlet area (Fig. 1). His report

contains a list of 62 species as well as temperature and salinity data.

Gunter and Hall (1963) also made fish collections in the St. Lucie

River estuary during the same time period, primarily to assess the

effect of freshwater release from the St. Lucie Canal on the local fish

fauna. They took seasonal temperature and salinity data with the 83

fish species they collected. From 1960 to 1965 Christensen (1965) made

a qualitative seasonal survey of the fishes found in the Jupiter Inlet

area and associated freshwater tributaries at the extreme southern end

of the Indian River (Fig. 1). This was the most extensive survey to

date in the Indian River region and presents data on 276 species, a

number of which are tropical fishes not previously recorded as far north

as Jupiter.

3.

All of the Indian River region collections above combine to give a

total of 286 species for the lagoon system.

From 1933 to 1935 the trawler R/V LAUNCH 58 made offshore collections

on the continental shelf adjacent to the Indian River lagoon (Anderson

and Gehringer 1965). Their less than 94 trawling hours produced

quantitative trawl data on 64 species. From 1956 to 1957 and 1961 to

1964 the R/V SILVER BAY, R/V COMBAT, and R/V PELICAN made 421 trawl

stations in this region. The 105 species these three vessels collected

were compiled in a publication by Bullis and Thompson (1965). Anderson

and Gehringer (1965) published a report covering 134 species in both the

offshore and inshore fishery in the Cape Canaveral area and reviewed the

previous continental shelf collections made by the aforementioned

research vessels. Stewart Springer (1963) published an account of sharks

from data taken in an offshore shark fishery based in Salerno, near

Stuart, Martin County (17 species). Regional inshore shark populations

have also been studied by Dodrill (1977) and Snelson and Williams (1981).

Futch and Dwinell (1977) recently completed a nearshore ichthyofauna

survey off Hutchinson Island including seasonality notes for 75 fish

species.

All of the continental shelf collections recorded approximately 210

fish species for the area.

The combined total of fishes reported in the literature from the

Indian River lagoon and adjacent continental shelf is 454 species.

Although Briggs (1958) did not collect here, he lists some 453 species

that should range through the region. The 453 species Briggs reported

is coincidental and are not necessarily the same reported by previous

authors.

4.

The first comprehensive checklist of the fishes of the Indian River

lagoon, its freshwater tributaries and the adjacent continental shelf

was published recently (Gilmore, 1977). This latter publication

presented the baseline for our current checklist and listed a total of

609 species for this region of Florida.

Since the publication of the 1977 regional checklist, many more

recent collections of fishes have been made both by the personnel at the

Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., and at Applied Biology, Inc., of Atlanta,

Georgia. Collections made by Applied Biology were made as part of

environmental assessment studies for the Florida Power and Light

Corporation at their power plant facility on Hutchinson Island. In addi­

tion several published accounts of new species or regional records have

been made (Hastings, 1978; Dodrill and Gilmore, 1979; Gilmore, 1979;

Snelson, 1981; Snelson and Williams, 1981; Gilmore et al . (In press).

These new records have been listed by Gilmore et al. (In press) and

bring the total regional coastal ichthyofauna to 682 species.

Acknowledgments

Specimens and information regarding valuable range extensions or

documentation of regional fishes was provided by Robert Harrington,

LaVergne Williams, George Kulczycki, Wayne Magley, Philip Hastings,

Michael Clark, Robert Avent, Jon Dodrill, William Minuth, Wayne Mullinix,

George Hogan, Frank Holley, Kenneth Moore, George Giannikopoulas, Allen

Menton and Bruce Peery. Numerous other commercial and sport fishermen

have aided considerably by taking the additional effort to present us

with both unusual and invaluable fish specimens. Due to the efforts of

these fishermen, our regional checklist is more comprehensive than it

5.

could otherwise have been. Robert Jones and Frank Stanton made

invaluable observations and collections during lockout dives from the

JOHNSON-SEA LINK submersible.

Carter Gilbert, Richard Robins, Stephen Ross, Victor Springer,

William Smith-Vaniz, C.E. Dawson, Andrew Leslie, Walter Courtenay,

Hector Harima, Mark Leiby and Labbish Chao verified fish identifications

in their respective areas of interest.

Robert Jones painstakingly reviewed the manuscript in its entirety

and made helpful suggestions. Rose Neville, Jackie McKay, Carole Walker,

and Pennie Carey spent considerable effort in assuring the manuscript

was typed as accurately as possible.

6.

Materials and Methods

In November 1971 fish collections began in the Indian River lagoon

for the Harbor Branch Foundation as part of a field study program to

assess qual itatively the estuarine and marine fauna. By the end of April

1981 over 5,000 collections had been made at over 2,000 stations in the

Indian River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries, and nearshore Atlantic

reefs along 157 coastal miles extending from New Smyrna Beach to Jupiter

In1et.

During the fall of 1973 offshore trawl stations, using the R/V

GOSNOLD, were established as part of the Indian River study. Beginning

in April 1974 fishes were also taken by a Florida State Department of

Natural Resources vessel, the R/V HERNAN CORTEZ, operating in the

Atlantic off Cape Canaveral. The DNR kindly made these specimens

available to the Indian River study. The two vessels together accounted

for 129 offshore stations.

As collecting techniques centered around juvenile fish populations

in shallow water grass flats and mangrove habitats, small mesh (3 to 6.4

mm) beach seines 3 to 67 m in length were used extensively. We also

used 2-m cast nets, drop nets (Gilmore, et. a1. 1978), crab traps, wire

fish traps, heart traps, SCUBA gear, Fyke nets, trammel nets, dip nets,

185-m gill nets, 3' and 7' otter trawls, and fish toxicants. Large

collections were also made after periods of hypothermal mortality

(Gil mo r e , et. a1., 1978) .

Fishes collected on the continental shelf reef formations, inlet,

jetties, and lagoon rock reef formations were all collected with the aid

of diving gear, dip nets, spear guns, and quinaldine, rotenone, or

Chemfish~ Submersible collections were made via a rotenone ejection

7.

systems and lockout dives. BenthosR 35 mm Ektachrome photos and video

tape recordings made from hand held and mounted television cameras were

also used to document fishes seen from submersibles.

The sharks were co11 ected both from the surf zone or waters 1ess

than 600 m from the beach with either a surface or bottom set longline

or conventional fishing gear and with commercial swordfish 10nglines

drift set along the edge of the Florida Current between Palm Beach and

Brevard counties. Because of the relatively large hook size employed,

the longline was selective for larger species of sharks. Most of the

smaller specimens were taken with conventional fishing gear.

Offshore surface collections of pelagic bony fish species were

made with dip nets and conventional fishing gear. Several unusual

specimens were landed on commercial swordfish longlines, 8 to 20 km in

length and allowed to drift with the current in neritic or pelagic

waters.

Salinities were recorded with a temperate compensated Goldberg

refractometer that can be read to 0.5 ppt. Bottom type (dominant

vegetation, etc.), shore type, tidal state, weather conditions, water

visibility, and sea state were also noted at each station.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON AND VICINITY

GEOGRAPHY.--As Evermann and Bean (1897) noted, the term "r iver " is

a misnomer. The Indian River region encompasses a shallow estuarine

lagoon extending for 253 km (157 mil from latitude 29°05 1 N to 26°58 I N.

The northern terminus for this transitional region is at Ponce de Leon

Inlet in Volusia County and the southern at Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach

County (Fig. 1). There is much regional, hydrological and biological

discontinuity due to the transitional climatic character of east central

8.

Florida. However the geological character is relatively homogenous

along the central east coast (e.g., the Pamlico and Anastasia formations,

Cook, 1945). North of Volusia County the inshore ichthyofauna is

principally a Carolinian fauna while south of Palm Beach County the

inshore ichthyofauna is principally Caribbean (Herrema, 1974; Briggs, 1970).

The width of the lagoon varies from a few meters at the Jupiter

Narrows and the south bridge at New Smyrna Beach to 8.9 km (5.5 mi) north

of Titusville. The narrow strip of land east of the lagoon is a barrier

island cut by five artificial inlets of varying size and depth, all

maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers: Ponce de Leon (previously

known as Mosquito Inlet), Sebastian, Fort Pierce, St. Lucie, and

Jupiter. The land on the east bank at Cape Canaveral is the most

extensive with a large peninsula, Merritt Island, dividing the Indian

River lagoon on the west from the Banana River lagoon to the east

(Fig. 1). The average depth is approximately 1.5 mwith the maximum

occurring in dredged channels and harbors. The Intracoastal Waterway

is dredged to an average depth of 3.7 m north of Ft. Pierce and to 3.1 m

from Ft. Pierce south to Jupiter. This dredged channel has an average

width of 30 m. A ship lock at Cape Canaveral connects the Banana River

lagoon with the Atlantic Ocean, but the locks opening depends on daily

boat traffic.

The Indian River lagoon north of Titusville is separated on the

east bank from the Mosquito Lagoon by a narrow strip of land that is

dissected by an open canal (i.e. the Haulover Canal). The northern end

of the Banana River is separated from the Mosquito Lagoon only by a

shallow marsh with waters coming within 0.8 km of a direct connection

between the two.

9.

Along the west bank of the Indian River lagoon a system of relict

sand dunes rises up to 24 m in height. Beyond these dunes, coastal

lowlands and ~~rshes extend up to 96.7 km inland.

DRAINAGE--A number of small, low-gradient rivers, creeks, and canals

flow into the Indian River lagoon (Fig. 1). The most extensive proximate

watershed is the St. Johns marsh 11 to 16 km west of the lagoon. The

surface waters of this marsh flow north into the St. Johns River rather

than into the Indian River lagoon. The St. Lucie River drains 1165 sq km

(450 sq mi) in St. Lucie and Martin Counties (Gunter and Hall 1963).

This river and associated canal system discharge freshwater overflow from

Lake Okeechobee and marshes between the lake and the coast to St. Lucie

Inlet. According to Christensen (1965) the extensive marshes east of

Lake Okeechobee feed into the Loxahatchee River (draining 855 sq km or

330 sq mi) which opens at Jupiter Inlet. Sebastian Creek in Indian

River and Brevard Counties has a natural flow but may also receive major

discharges from the St. Johns marsh through the C-54 canal. The rivers

and freshwater canals all have locks that are opened or closed depending

on climatic conditions and associated water levels farther inland. The

times of opening and amounts of fresh water released from these canals

vary but generally occur during or just after the wet season, May-October.

GEOLOGY.--The barrier island on the east bank and the lowlands and

marshes of the west bank for several kilometers inland are of Pleistocene

age, primarily the Anastasia Formation, which consists of coquina shell

marl with varying amounts of quartz sand (Cook 1945). The formation

was deposited by multiple marine invasions over the St. Johns drainage

basin west of the Indian River region. Farther south and out of the

10.

study area. the Anastasia Formation intergrades into the more calcareous

Miami Oolite Formation.

The lithified Anastasia coquina forms rock bluffs at the river's

edge at Melbourne, Eau Gallie, and at the south end of Merritt Island on

both sides of the Indian River lagoon in Brevard County. These same

rock formations occur in the intertidal zone on the Atlantic side at

various locations from Palm Beach County northward to central Brevard

County. Extensive submerged Atlantic reef formations run from north of

Sebastian Inlet south to Jupiter Inlet, both near shore and out to the

110 m isobath. The deeper reef ledges may have reliefs as high as 10 m.

but are more cOlT1TIonly in the 0.5 to 1.5 m range, at least on the inshore

reefs. In the lagoon itself. either by dredging or by natural erosion,

the coquina rock in the Intracoastal Waterway in northern St. Lucie

County has been undercut along the edge of the waterway to form a small,

.05 to 1.0 m high ledge that shelters numerous invertebrate and fish

speci es.

SALINITY.--The sal inity of the Indian River lagoon, because of its

estuarine nature, varies up and down the coast, depending on rainfall,

freshwater drainage systems (i.e. how often canal locks are opened),

evaporation, and access to the Atlantic Ocean.

The natural system of fresh and marine water exchange within the

northern half of the Indian River has undergone many recent changes.

The canal connecting Mosquito Lagoon and the Indian River lagoon north

of Titusville, the Canaveral Locks (completed 1965), Sebastian Inlet

(dredged in 1921). Ft. Pierce Inlet (dredged in 1921), numerous

mosquito impoundments (see mosquito impoundment section below), 19

bridges and causeways, and many artificial freshwater flood canals

11.

draining marshes and agricultural land west of the lagoon have caused

major changes in the lagoon hydrography and fish distribution. Prior

to these changes in the northern section of the lagoon, the only inlet

south of Ponce de Leon was a small shallow ephemeral in1 et (Indian River

Inlet) 3.5 km north of the present Ft. Pierce Inlet. Because of its

shallow depths (Evermann and Bean 1897) the water exchange that did

take place must have been localized. This inlet was 154 km south of

the northern end of the lagoon (Sebastian Inlet is now 111 km south).

Even after inlets were dug, Ponce de Leon, Sebastian, Ft. Pierce,

St. Lucie, and Jupiter inlets were not dredged regularly, and all were

frequently closed by sand deposition from parallel (southerly) inshore

ocean currents. Christensen (1965) notes that from 1942 to 1947 Jupiter

Inlet was closed and the Indian River lagoon in this area became fresh.

During this same period Sebastian Inlet also closed. By comparison the

salinity range in Jupiter Inlet from 1960 to 1965 was 16.5 to 37.5 0/00

with a mean of 31.8 0/00. Thus when the inlets were closed little

estuarine discharge was possible. When this occurs salinities can change

considerably depending on the weather. Turbulent fall and winter storms

that send ocean waters across the barrier islands forming small temporary

inlets often counter this situation. It may therefore be presumed that

these changing conditions led to extremes of salinity range that, when

combined with a greater variation in temperate in the northern section

of the lagoon, might have a profound influence on faunal diversity, at

least seasonally.

12.

In comparison the regular maintenance of seven inlets and locks and

the active control of freshwater runoff today has allowed tidal influence

to moderate the annual salinity range of the Indian River in the vicinity

of the inlets. The average mean annual salinity for the entire river

(Fig. 2) is 25.6 0/00 (Gilmore, 1977). This value is relatively high

but is not surprising. North of Sebastian Inlet evaporation and

freshwater runoff begin to affect salinity to a greater degree with

wind-driven water movements becoming more predominant. Major freshwater

influence occurs locally near the mouths of the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee

rivers. The mean annual salinity for much of the river, excluding the

two major river mouths, should be closer to 27 0/00. The recorded annual

salinity range is least at the Haulover Canal and in the lagoon at

Ft. Pierce Inlet where higher salinities are normally found. The mean

annual salinity range for all stations combined is 20.9 0/00 (19.6 0/00

excluding the mouths of the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee Rivers).

Hypersaline conditions (to 40 ppt) frequently occur in open lagoon waters

during the dry season and are a common phenomena in local high marshes

and mosquito impoundments (salinities over 200 ppt have been recorded).

Major freshwater sources may lower wet season (May-October) lagoon

salinities considerably at Wabasso, Vero Beach, North Bridge at

Ft. Pierce, and at St. Lucie Inlet. At Stuart in Martin County, the

St. Lucie River and the St. Lucie Flood Control Canal empty into the

Atlantic through St. Lucie Inlet. Here, especially when the locks of the

St. Lucie Canal are opened, salinity may drop markedly, for example

from 23.0 to 0.2 0/00 in less that 24 hours (seasonal range of 0.15 to

32.8 0/00; Gunter and Hall 1963, V. Springer 1960).

35

30 I7

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1U 20 10"'" ...." ..... "" •• 0/ ....11{\J~ ~1~ ~~a. - - - ':?i.l ~11E 1 •••••••••, A1"{! 2 •.••• 1, /·1

15 f ~~102 ff;i2

1- -82-

10 ' 1-b7

5

oo 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Salinity (%01

flGllRE Z. Hydroclimograph depicting the mean monthly temperature andsalinity for east central Florida fish habitats. Months indicated bysmall numbers on graph: mosquito impoundments • surf zonereefs--o----. freshwater tributaries and canals • • deepreefs--o-._.-. Jndian Ri ver .

13.

TEMPERATURE.--Because of the shallow average depth of the Indian

River lagoon, air temperature variations appear to be most effective

in controlling water temperature and, therefore, the fish distribution

within the lagoon. The mean annual air temperature at New Smyrna Beach

is 1.6°C lower than at Jupiter (Thomas 1970). The range in annual air

temperatures is greater in the New Smyrna Beach Ponce de Leon Inlet

area than at Cape Canaveral and so on as one proceeds farther south,

although summer air temperatures (June-August) are relatively homogeneous

for the entire lagoon. The fish fauna must therefore adjust its

distribution according to the resultant river water temperatures.

The lowest water temperature recorded for this region was 6.0°C

from the lagoon in northern Brevard County, (Snelson, 1978) whereas

Christensen (1965) never recorded a water tem~rature below 20.0°C in

the lagoon at Jupiter Narrows. Occasional periods of very low air

temperatures (e.g. January to February, 1957-1958) to O.O°C as far south

as Stuart bring water temperatures down to a lethal low (below 14.0°C)

for fishes of tropical and subtropical affinities (Gunter and Hall 1963;

Snelson, 1977; Gilmore et al., 1978).

Generally Atlantic Ocean surface and bottom water temperatures

taken adjacent to the coast over the 3 to 10 m isobaths show a trend

similar to the air temperatures. The low winter temperatures ranged

lower in the northern section increasing the annual temperature range

substantially over that for the Jupiter Inlet area.

Taylor and Stewart (1958) described an interesting temperature

phenomenon caused by upwellings in this part of Florida. During the

summer months, July and August specifically, an annual inshore decrease

in water temperatures often occurs along the east coast from Fernandina

14.

Beach to West Palm Beach, with the most dramatic drop occurring around

Daytona Beach and Cape Canaveral. Readings made in the Canova Beach

area, Brevard County, 34 km north of Sebastian In1 et, during 1946-57

showed a temperature drop that persisted through July and August, from

26.7° in June to 22.3°C in July, well below the average surface

temperatures taken there in 1956. Sumner upwellings are also common in

the St. Lucie area (S. Springer 1963). Harbor Branch personnel have

observed annual minimum low bottom water temperatures of 8.0°C on 90-100 m

shelf edge reef formation in April and maximum bottom seawater temperatures

of 24°C in November through January.

The seaward influence of these cold water upwellings is uncertain,

but a decline in the fishi~g associated with this phenomenon has been

reported by comnercial and sport fishermen. The associated decline in

fishing has been observed out to a depth of 40 m (6.4 to 33.6 km offshore)

and has been blamed for fish kills (S. Springer 1963).

Studies have not yet been conducted to see what effect this

upwell ing of cold water might have on the inshore reef fish fauna,

which has definite tropical affinities (see Atlantic reef habitat

section below). Christensen (1965) noted this cold water upwelling in

June and August at Jupiter and saw i ndf cet ions of "temporary distress in

some shore fishes," but he did not see "winter kill" as Gunter and Hall

(1963) noted for low winter temperatures in the St. Lucie area.

REGIONAL HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED FISHES

FRESHWATER TRIBUTARIES AND CANALS .--The major freshwater rivers,

streams, and canals that feed into the Indian River lagoon fall into

this habitat (Fig. 3). Where stream vegetation has not been disturbed by

man, such plants as Panicum, folygonum and Typha form a dense shore cover.

A

c D

FIGURE 3. A. South Relief Canal; B. Fellsmere Canal spillway;C. mouth of Sebastian Creek; D. south fork of Sebastian Creek

15.

A variable quantity of submerged plants such as Najas guadalupensis,

Elodea densa and Hydrilla verticillata and a surface cover of Eichhornia

crassipes, Pistia straitioites or Lemna minor also occur. The dominant

plant depends on stream flow. substratum, herbicide treatment and other

physical variables.

Fresh water levels in tributaries to the Indian River lagoon are

carefully managed by several methods. Spillways and floodgates are

often used on smaller tributaries and canals (Fig. 3). These act as

barriers to upstream migration of all euryhaline marine invaders except

iln~:uilla roe t.re t.e , Of the 73 species found in the north fork of

Sebastian Creek. 44 (60%) do not occur above the spillway. Locks have

been constructed on the south fork of the St. Lucie River, but these

do not completely block inland migration of fishes. Some species

(e.g. Mugil cephalus) have been observed to migrate through the locks

when they are opened.

All streams in this part of Florida have shallow gradients and

currents are generally moderate to sluggish « 1.0 m/sec). depending on

rainfall or floodgate manipulation. The water level and flow rate may

increase when a floodgate or lock holding back significant amounts of

stored water is opened.

Table 1 shows that 118 fish species have been collected from this

habitat. Of these fishes 65 (56%) are euryhaline and are also found in

brackish to marine waters either in the Indian River lagoon or in the

Atlantic Ocean (e.g. gerreids. cyprinodontids. poeciliids. and

centropomids). Therefore primary freshwater fishes form a minority of

the freshwater fauna. Kushlan and Lodge (1974) found this to be the

predominate characteristic of the South Florida freshwater icthyofauna.

16.

Several less common euryhaline tropical forms have also been collected

in this habitat (e.g. Gobiomorus dormitor, Gobionellus pseudofasciatus,

Awaous tajasica, Oostethus lineatus, and Pomadasys crocro) .

CANAL AND RIVER MOUTHS.--This habitat is characterized by a wide

salinity range (0.0-33.0 0/00; mean salinity 15.0 0/00) relative to

adjacent marine and fresh-water habitats (Fig. 3). The predominant

bottom type is sand-mud. Halophilic species are lacking) and where

natural shore vegetation has not been destroyed) Rhizophora and Spartina

are gradually replaced by Taxodium and Typha. The water quality varies

considerably with tide cycles) but is generally turbid with organic

detrital material, tannin, and suspended sediments.

These waters are truly estuarine and the fish fauna consists of a

euryhaline species group (111 species) with marine affinities (Table 1).

Local commercial and sport fishing interests claim that a large

drop in salinity within a short period of time, such as occurs periodically

when locks are opened in the St. Lucie Estuary, may limit the number of

marine invaders into the estuary and reduce their fish catches.

Contrary to the opinion of local sport fishermen, Gunter and Hall (1963)

stated that the "St , Luc i e Estuary is characteri zed as an area of hi gh

production of a wide variety of sport and food fishes, a condition

which has developed and been enhanced by periodic discharges of fresh

water and nutrient materials" (from the St. Lucie Canal). They found

that the largest collections of Mugil, Brevoortia, Micropogonias, Menidia,

and Anchoa mitchilli occurred during or after freshwater releases from

the St. Lucie canal. On the other hand, they noted that Trachinotus anr'

small lutjanids left the estuary when very low salinities were prevalent.

Stenohaline marine fishes would be those most likely to be affected by

freshwater discharge. In the sport fishing category this would include

17.

most of the lutjanids, serranids, and scombrids; the latter two are

predominantly fished on the continental shelf. Many of the inshore

sport and game fishes (i.e. centropomids, elopids, sparids, and

sciaenids) in this area are euryhaline and would theoretically be little

affected by salinity changes.

MOSQUITO IMPOUNDMENTS.--The mangroves Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia

germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Conocarpus erectus are the most

dominant and conspicuous shoreline vegetation throughout the Indian

River lagoon. A recent development in this region that has greatly

affected the mangrove co~nunity is the extensive impoundment of many

acres of tidal mangrove stands (Provost 1959,1967). Dikes were built

around high marsh vegetation to stop tidal movement of water from the

lagoon to the intertidal zone (Fig. 4). This prevented the salt marsh

mosquitos (i.e. Aedes sollicitans and A. taeniorhynchus) from laying

their eggs in the intertidal sediments. In most instances an effort

was made to impound only high marsh vegetation (i.e. Avicennia, Salicornia

and Batis rather than Rhizophora). Tidal movement of detrital material

from the impounded vegetation to lagoon waters has been precluded over

thousands of acres throughout the Indian River region. In some cases

water levels in the impoundments covered the pneumatophores of Avicennia

germinans and the prop root lenticles of Rhizophora mangle, thus killing

many acres of mature trees in St. Lucie and Indian River counties. The

ecological value of the mangrove community to an estuary has been the

subject of many recent studies. Odum and Heald (1972) have shown

mangroves contribute significantly to the primary productivity of the

estuary. Remnant and recent mangrove growth can be found on the lagoon

side of the impoundments, but their contribution to the lagoon ecosystem

is undetennined.

18.

In general. the closed impoundment ichthyofauna consists of only

26 species. but large numbers of individuals. This response is

considered typical of ecosystems such as the impoundments that are

under stress. The salinity regime (Fig. 2) and the amount and type of

vegetati ve growth in each impoundment can be very di fferent t and the

capacity to support a diverse fish fauna will depend on such variables.

In some impoundments sal tni ty varies considerably (2-200 0/00) depending

on rainfall, evaporation t ground water, artesian flooding t and the

salinity of the water pumped into the impoundment from the lagoon. The

fishes found consistently in these areas are generally euryhaline and

capable of living on the food resources available (e.g. Mosquito fish

Gambusia affinis, Sail fin molly Poecilia latipinna, and Sheepshead

minnow Cyprinodon variegatus). The Sheepshead minnow has been found to

survive salinities of 166 ppt and temperatures of 43°C in a local

impoundment (Gilmore, Cooke and Donohoe, ~ preparation).

The recent study of a mosquito impoundment that had been reopened

to tidal water exchange with the Indian River lagoon demonstrates a

reinvasion of the marsh by estuarine species (Gilmore, Cooke and

Donohoe, In press). Forty fish species were found to occur in the

reopened impoundment.

Although the total ecological effect of impounding is unknown,

the current fish faunas of both the impoundments and the Indian River

lagoon can be compared (Table 1). All the 40 species collected from

mosquito impoundments also occur in the Indian River lagoon, but this is

only 10% of the 400 species recorded from the unimpounded waters of the

Indian River lagoon (Table 1).

B

FIGURE i. A. Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and Buttonwood(Conocarpus erectus); B. Mosquito impoundment; C. Turtle grass(Thalassia testudinum); D. Sebastian Inlet

19.

Harrington and Harrington (1961) gave an account of the feeding

habits of 16 larvivorous fish species in the salt marsh-mangrove

community before impoundment in St. Lucie and Indian River counties. Of

these species 12 still occur in the impoundments while 4 have been found

only in the lagoon. Provost (1967), in referring to unpublished data

taken by Harrington, and a recent publication by Harrington and

Harrington (In press), note a decrease after impounding in fish species

that prior to impounding lived in the magrove community but spawned

elsewhere (e.g. Tarpon, Centropomus, Eucinostomus, and Diapterus). A

similar decrease was noted in herbivorous fishes. Nonlarvivorous species

were reduced from 34% of the total mangrove fish community to 5% after

impoundment, while predators on mosquito larvae comprised the remaining

95%.

OPEN SAND BOTTOM.--Most of the lagoon bottom is fine sand-shell

mixture. Generally a fine anaerobic mud ooze lies next to the inshore

mangroves and a very fine silt layer over the exposed bottom in the

Intracoastal Waterway. The salinities over these sand flats away from

freshwater tributaries range between 18.0 and 37.0 0/00.

On or over this bottom type 134 fishes commonly occur. Of these

the bothids, triglids, dactyloscopids, and synodontids have been found

here consistently. The other fishes recorded here make feeding forays

or migrations that bring them out over an open bottom from a more

sheltered lagoon habitat (i.e. lagoon reefs and grass flats).

MANGROVE MARSH.--Where mangroves have not been impounded (see above)

or where recent intertidal mangrove growth has occurred, a prominennt

vegetative shore cover has formed (Fig. 4). The prop root system of

Rhizophora and adjacent waters have been observed to have an associate

20.

fish fauna. Of the 88 species recorded from this habitat, many species

appear to be resident (e.g. Blennius nicholsi, Gobiesox strumosus, and

Bathygobius soporator) while others seek refuge among the prop roots as

larvae and juveniles (e.g. Centropristes philadelphica and Epinephelus

i. tajara) .

SPERMATOPHYTE GRASS FLATS.--Lagoon flats (depths of less than 2 m)

near shore support heavy to moderate growths of the marine spermatophytes

Syringodium filiforme, Halodule wrightii, Ruppia maritima, and Thalassia

testudinum (Fig. 4). The Thalassia beds are generally isolated and are

apparently not found north of Melbourne. Syringodium is dominant in the

lagoon as far north as Mosquito Lagoon. Halodule is found throughout the

lagoon and is the next most abundant grass. Ruppia is relatively

uncommon in the lagoon compared to the other seagrasses, but it has been

found at Sebastian Inlet and the mouth of the St. Lucie River near St.

Lucie Inlet. It has also been noted in several freshwater lakes in the

vicinity and as far north as the Haulover Canal. Halophila baillonis is

found in the lagoon but is rare and associates with the more common

spermatophyte species (Halodule and Thalassia).

During late summer and fall large amounts of fleshy algae (e.g.

Gracilaria foliifera and Acanthophora spicifera) accumulate in the grass

beds. During this period filamentous epiphytic algal growth on the

spermatophyte grasses can be considerable. The actual contribution of

algae to the primary productivity of this habitat is undetermined.

Salinities here are identical to those discussed in the previous

open sand bottom habitat (Fig. 2).

21.

In the grass flats 214 fish species have been collected (Table 1).

This habitat harbors the richest fish fauna in the Indian River lagoon.

Of these species, 187 (87%) are found here primarily as juveniles (e.g.

serranids, lutjanids, sciaenids, and pomadasyids). The prominent role

the grass flat habitat plays as a nursery for the local fishes is obvious.

LAGOON REEFS.--This habitat may consist of artificial (wrecks,

pilings) or natural relief above the lagoon bottom. The submerged rock

ledges cut in the Intracoastal Waterway (depths 3 to 5 m) show a relief

up to 1.5 m and support a gorgonian coral growth.

In this habitat, 92 fishes have been collected, of which 53 (58%)

are considered primary reef fishes (e.g. chaetodontids, pomacentrids,

pomadasyids) .

INLETS.--All five inlets and Port Canaveral have granite rock

jetties extending seaward (Fig. 4). The inlets are kept open to boat

traffic by periodic maintenance dredging. Prior to dredging, the inlets

were ephemeral and when open were very shallow. All typically have a shallow

(2-4.5 m depth) sand bottom. Tidal currents are generally swift with a

3.1 kt average ebb tide velocity recorded from midstream in Ft. Pierce

Inlet. The salinity range in the inlets is generally not so great as

that further up or down the river or in the back estuary. This obviously

depends on the amount of freshwater input from the hinterland plus the

fact that those inlets associated with substantial river systems such as

St. Lucie and Jupiter inlets have the larger salinity ranges.

Of the 280 fish species recorded from the inlets (Table 1) 134 (8%)

are normally associated with the inshore Atlantic reefs and occur arounr

inlet jetties from Sebastian Inlet south. Those fishes that make

periodic migrations from the lagoon to the Atlantic or vice versa are

22.

also occasionally found associated with the jetties. These fishes are

either maturing and leaving the lagoon nursery grounds for adult feeding

grounds offshore (e.g. serranids) or are making temporary offshore

spawning migrations (e.g. sciaenids). Many larval and juvenile fishes

enter the lagoon through these inlets.

CONTINENTAL SHELF

SURF-ZONE-SAND/SHELL BOTTOM.--This habitat is characterized by a

sand shell bottom and is continuously under the influence of wave

turbulence. The shallow sub-littoral (less than 2 m depth) and littoral

zones are included in this region. Besides the surf, a major limiting

factor is the lack of cover over the sand substratum. This becomes

apparent when the surf zone reef fauna is compared with this open sand

bottom fauna (see below). Little or no macroscopic attached vegetation

grows here, but many burrowing invertebrates do occur (e.g. Emertia,

Donax) •

Because of the 1imiting nature of this habitat only 91 fish species

have been found here to date (Table 1). Although roving carnivores

(jacks, mackerels, ladyfish, bluefish) and planktivores (herrings,

anchovies) may occur in the surf zone, the dominant fishes are bottom

feeding carnivores (catfishes, lizardfishes, croakers, threadfins, and

pompanos) that feed on the burrowing invertebrate fauna.

SURF ZONE REEF.--Coquina rock forms a protective littoral and sub­

littoral surf zone reef at the various localities given in the regional

physical description section of this paper. This rock structure may

support the growth of sabellariid worm colonies and the protection

afforded may result in an increase in fish species in the surf zone.

Although some of these inshore rock ledges just south of Cape Canaveral

B

' ~'''~~7'.,~ ,. ."., . ~-+ ~

( ..-- ~', ~-

~ ::~"./

..-,'

!.':l

~I!'..iI

~

./

o

[::l

FIGURE~. A. Grouper aggregation on deep Oaulina reef. B. Sabellaridsurf-zone reef. C. Roughtail stingrays (Dasyatis centroura) over open sandbottom. D. Greater amberjacks (Seriola dumerili) - typical inhabitant ofneritic zone.

23.

disappear from year to year with the shifting of sand masses along the

surf zone, the larger reefs appear to be permanent.

The predominant sabellariid reef builder in this area is Phragmatopoma

lapidosa, which may settle on old worm colonies, pier pilings, and other

manmade structures, or on the coquina rock formations. All of these

reefs are exposed to some extent at low tide and all give a to 2.5 m

relief above the bottom, providing cover for fishes (Fig. 5).

The surf zone reef fish fauna is dominated by individuals capable

of thriving in this turbulent high energy zone (Table 1). Although 107

fish species have been found to associate with these reefs, they are

numerically dominated by two demersal species, Labrisomus nuchipinnis

and Blennius cristatus and three semi-demersal species, Diplodus holbrooki,

Anisotremus virginicus, and Haemulon parrai. Most of the other fi shes

that occasionally occur on the surf zone reef are primary reef fishes that

are commoner on the deeper (over 2 m) coquina reefs offshore.

OFFSHORE REEFS.--Extensive lithified coquina and other types of

organic reefs parallel the shore beginning on the average 100 to 300 m

out. These shallow reef formations run north of Sebastian Inlet for at

least 48 km and south beyond Jupiter Inlet. The shallow water reefs show

a relief from 0.5 to 3 m above the bottom and are in 2 to 7 m of water.

Similar formations occur in 10-13 m, 20-23 m, 33-40 m, 60-80 m, and

100-110 m depths. A maximum relief of 10 to 20 m has been recorded on

the deeper reefs. The inshore reefs have a definite seaward slope to the

reef top with the low end seaward, and they may have multiple ledges

running parallel to shore. The reef ledges are eroded extensively to

elaborate interconnecting caves. This provides abundant shelter for

many primary reef fishes (i.e., pomadasyids, chaetodontids, pomacentrids,

serranids, labrids) and supports a popular and highly productive

24.

commercial/sports fishery (Moe 1963) for snappers (mostly Lutjanus

campechanus and Rhomboplites aurorubens) and groupers (mostly Epinephelus

moria and Mycteroperca microlepis).

Very little coral grows on these shallow reefs, except for small

coralla of Oculina and isolated spots of siderastraeid and montastraeid

corals. Deeper reefs in depths of 60 to 110 m have a more proliferous

growth of OCulina corals (Fig. 5). The shallow reefs south of Sebastian

Inlet support an abundant algal growth (Sargassum, etc.) throughout the

year. Many of the juvenile fishes associate with the reef school or

hide amid this prolific algal growth (e.g. Bairdiella sanctaeluciae

and many pomadasyid juveniles). Gorgonians, sponges, and ascidians

also live amid the algae.

The water clarity in summer gives 5 to 6 m visibility on a good day.

The rest of the year periodic northeast or southeast strong winds (10-25

kts) keep the water over the reefs turbid and turbulent, and observations

or collections are difficult. Nearshore water turbidity decreases farther

south as the continental shelf narrows, water depths increase, and the

axis of the Florida Current comes closer to the coast. During calm

weather the water visibility in Jupiter Inlet at flood tide is between

5 and 10 m.

From the nearshore reefs (3 to 7 m depth; Table 1) 255 fish species

have been recorded, of which 223 (87%) are Caribbean reef fishes.

Because of collecting difficulties, this reef fauna has not been

assessed completely and is probably richer than indicated.

The seasonality of the tropical representatives of this nearshore

reef fish fauna is speculative. Several dives made on the Pepper Park

reef (3.2 km north of Ft. Pierce Inlet) in January and February indicated

that at least 46 of these tropical fishes may remain on the reef throughout

25.

the year. Farther north the tropicals might well make a seaward migration

to reefs at depths of 20 to 60 m where the seasonal temperature change is

not so dramatic (Miller, 1979) but the offshore reef fish fauna (depths

over 10 m) has not been investigated on a seasonal basis.

Deep Oculina coral reef formations (60-110 m depths) have an

associated ichthyofauna of 75 to 80 species. Nineteen (24%) of these

species are in the sea bass family Serranidae which numerically dominate

the reef fish fauna. Schools of the planktiforous red barbiers, Hemanthias

vivanus and roughtongue bass, Holanthias martinicensis hover over the reef

during the day. The small wrasse bass, Liopropoma eukrines and apricot

bass, Plectranthias garrupellus dart among coral heads while the much

larger top carnivores such as scamp, Mycteroperca phenax and gag,

Mycteroperca microlepis may be found scattered over the reef or in

schools. Other fishes that are indicative of these deep reef formations

are the bardrum, Pareques sp. nov., bank butterfly fish, Chaetodon aya,

greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili and the little tunny, Euthynnus

alletteratus.

BENTHIC-OPEN SHELF.--This habitat is an open plain of sand and shell

extending several meters or kilometers between reef lines. The pre­

dominance of shell or sand varies. Dredges have occasionally brought up

large bottom samples consisting of the scallop Aquipecten irradians. In

certain locations the clam Chione also made up a large portion of the

shell hash bottom. Near the seaward edge of the shelf (to depths of

200 m) a fine sand-mud bottom predominates. The current patterns are

basically unknown for this shelf zone, but apparently variable eddies

leaving the Florida Current may change with season and wind direction.

26.

The fish fauna of the open shelf collected to date consists of 194

species (Table 1). Pleuronectiform fishes, ophidids. and triglids

dominate this habitat. Other species adapted to an open bottom existence

such as ogcocephalids and rajiids are commonly found here (Fig. 5).

Several groups appear on the open shelf in seasonal spawning aggregations

(e.g. sciaenids). Some families characteristic of the reef environment

have representatives on the open bottom as well (i.e. Hemipteronotus

novacula, Labridae; Diplectrum formosum, D. radiale, Centropristis

ocyurus, Serranidae).

NERITIC lONE.--This habitat consists of the open waters above the

benthic habitats. The Florida Current plays an important role in

determining the physical character of this habitat. Occasional weed

lines of floating Sargassum sp. may be seen at the interface between

the Florida Current and coastal waters. Many fishes (e.g. coryphaenids

and carangids) associate with this weed line and other floating debris

that may afford food and shelter.

Of the 200 species that occur here the sharks, mackerels, tunas,

jacks, billfishes, herrings, and anchovies dominate this habitat (Fig. 5).

Large north-south seasonal migrations of dolphin (Coryphaena), mackerels

(scomberomorous), tunas (Euthynnus), and billfishes occur in the neritic

shelf region adjacent to the Indian River lagoon. A population of

sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, overwinters annually off Jupiter

Island from St. Lucie Inlet south. Mugil cephalus, M. curema, Brevoortia

smithi, B. tyrannus, and numerous sciaenids make seasonal migrations from

the lagoon out into neritic waters to spawn.

Many juvenile fishes are transported by the Florida Current into

the neritic zone of this region from South Florida and the Caribbean.

This is a continual source of recruitment for the local representatives

of the tropical fish fauna.

27.

Discussion

Briggs (1958) estimates that the total fish population of Florida

consists of 1,120 species, including those found at depths below 200 m.

Of these, 453 are considered to range over the Indian River region

{continental shelf and estuary}. Harbor Branch Foundation collections

and the combined records of other collections from the Indian River region

have established that at least 682 species of fishes occur in the Indian

River lagoon, its freshwater tributaries, and the adjacent continental

shelf at depths less than 200 m. Of these 96 were not previously

recorded from this region by Gilmore (1977).

The richness of this fauna appears to be directly affected by water

temperature moderation and recruitment via the Florida Current, moderate

inshore salinities, and the transitional zoogeographic setting of the

study area. The Indian River region encompasses several habitats, all

of which affect the distribution and composition of the local fish fauna.

The study area is broad (latitude 27°00'-29°QQ'N) and includes nearly all

of the aquatic fish communities in east central Florida (lacustrine

habitats were omitted). The fish distribution is further complicated by

its transitional nature, as the warm-temperate Carolinian and the

tropical Caribbean fish faunas overlap considerably in this region.

Nine fishes (1.8%) are endemic to Florida and 13 (2%) are exotic freshwater

tropicals introduced and breeding here.

Tropical Caribbean fishes on inshore reefs are apparently not found

throughout the year north of Sebastian Inlet, yet observations indicate

a permanent population from Sebastian south. All 39 tropical species

that Christensen (1965:248) lists as new to the Jupiter area are found

28.

throughout the year on shallow nearshore reefs (depths under 10 m) or in

the Indian River lagoon at least as far north as Sebastian Inlet, 109.7 km

north of Jupiter Inlet. A total of 216 tropical fishes (32% of the

total fauna) range at least to latitude 28°00'N and apparently have a

permanent population within this region either on shallow reefs or farther

out on the continental shelf and in the Indian River lagoon. This extends

the northern limit of permanent shallow water tropical fish populations

northward 100 km from Jupiter Inlet.

The current continental shelf and the lagoon collections show that

water depth has much to do with northerly distribution of permanent

tropical fish populations. North of Sebastian this wann water fish fauna

is found farther out on the shelf in deeper waters. At depths between 20

and 70 m the bottom temperature range is narrow (less than 8.0°C). The

Florida Current apparently has much to do with this temperature moderation

and the rock reefs in these areas should act as a haven for tropical and

eurythermic tropical fish faunas. The open shelf fauna within this

depth range was sampled during this survey and is heterogenous in its

faunal affinities, but eurythermic tropica1s and tropical fishes (i.e.

Gymnothorax nigromarginatus, Centropristis philadelphicus, Syacium

papillosum, Otophidium omostigmum, and Lepophidium jeannae) are common

in these samples. The reef fish fauna in these deeper waters needs to

be investigated.

Many benthic. Carolinian. continental shelf species penetrate into

the Indian River region. and a few Carolinian estuarine species are

found at New Smyrna Beach and occasionally stray to the southern reache~

of the lagoon (i.e. Acipenser oxyrhynchus, Morone saxatilis, Alosa

sapidissima and Brevoortia tyrannus). The success fu1 penetra ti on of

29.

either Carol inian or Caribbean species may depend on recruitment occurring

during successive or alternating cold and warm winters. The transitional

character of the lagoon fish fauna is obvious as fishes found in grass

beds adjacent to St. Lucie Inlet are never qualitatively or quantitatively

representative of a similar grass bed (both dominated by Syringodium)

over 160 km north in Mosquito Lagoon or the Indian River lagoon.

Of the 118 fishes recorded from freshwater tributaries, 65 (56%)

were euryhaline, secondary freshwater species or marine invaders from

tropical families or genera; 53 (44%) primary freshwater species were

mostly warm-temperate fishes that have migrated down the peninsula

(Kush1an and Lodge 1974).

It may be concluded that the fish fauna of the Indian River region

is a diverse assemblage dominated by tropica1s and eurythermic tropica1s.

These fishes originated in the Caribbean faunal province and apparently

came into the region via the Florida Current. Warm-temperate Carolinian

fishes are more commonly found in the open bottom continental shelf

habitat and in the primary freshwater fish families. Distribution of

the Carolinian species must be explained by adult migration, with some

aid from larval fishes transported via southbound counter-currents of

the Florida Current and other inshore water mass movements.

30.

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Relyea, K. 1975. The distribution of the oviparous kil1ifishes of

Florida. Sci. Biol. Jour., 1(2): 49-52.

Snelson. F.F., Jr. 1978. Mortality of fishes due to cold on the east

coast of Florida, January, 1977. Fla. ScL, 19(1): 1-12.

35.

Snelson, F.F., Jr. 1981. New records of marine fishes in the Indian River

lagoon system, Florida. Fla. Sci. 44(1): 61-63.

and S. E. Wi 11 i ams. 1981. Notes on the occurrence, di stri bu-----

tion, and biology of elasmobranch fishes in the Indian River lagoon

system, Florida. Est., 4(2): 110-120.

Schroeder, E.H. 1966. Average surface temperatures of the western

North Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci., 19(2): 302-323.

Springer, S. 1960. Natural history of the sandbar shark (Eulamia

mi Lbertz i t , Fish. Bull., U.S., 61(178): 38 pp .

. 1963. Field observations on large sharkes of the Florida----

Caribbean region. pp. 95-113. In P.W. Gilbert (ed.) Sharks and

survival. D.C. Heath and Co., Boston, 578 p.

. 1966. A review of western Atlantic cat sharks, Scyliorhinidae,----

with descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Fish. Bull.

65(3): 581-624.

Springer, V.G. 1960. Ichthyological surveys of the lower St. Lucie and

Indian Rivers, Florida east coast. (Unpublished) Fla. St. Bd.

Conserv. Mar. Lab. Rept. No. 60-19: 1-20, Appendix 1.

Starck, W.A., II. 1968. A list of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida

with comments on the nature of the Florida reef fish fauna.

Undersea Biol., 1(1): 4-40.

Struhsaker, P. 1969. Demersal fish resources: composition, distribution

and commercial potential of the continental shelf stocks off

southeastern United States. Fish. Indust. Res., 4(7): 261-300.

Tagatz, M.E. 1967. Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Quart.

Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 30(1): 25-50.

36.

Taylor, C.B. and H.B. Stewart, Jr. 1958. Summer upwelling along the

east coast of Florida. Journ. Geophys. Res. 64(1): 33-40.

Thomas, T.M. 1970. A detailed analysis of climatological and hydrological

records of south Florida with reference to man's influence upon

ecosystem evolution. Tech. Rept. 70-2 to U.S. Natl. Park Servo Univ.

Miami Rosenstiel School Mar. Atmos. Sci., 89 p., 12 Tables, 32 figs.

Wilcox, J.R. and O. Mook. 1972-1973. Harbor Branch Foundation field

records.

Young. O.K. 1975. Harbor Branch Foundation field records. (Unpublished).

T.ble l.--Habitat Distribution of the Shallow Water Fish Fauna (Depths Less Than 200 m) from the Indian RiverLagoon and Adjacent Waters. Fish Records Based on Observations Only. and Those That Have Not BeenCollected nor Observed are Followed with 0, and NC Respectively. Questionable Records Are Followedby 7. C = Species of Commercial Fishery Value, Sold for Human Consumption. S· Species of SportFishery Value, Sought After by Anglers for the Enjoyment of Fishing and Not Necessarily forConsumption.Habitat Key: N= Neritic; B = Benthic-Open Shelf; R = Offshore Reefs; SR s Surf Zone Reefs;SS • Surf Zone-Sand/Shell Bottom; I = Inlets; GF· Grassflats; MAN· Mangroves; SB· Open SandBottom; LR· Lagoon Reefs; CRM = Canal and River Mouths; FTC· Freshwater Tributaries and Canals;HI • Mosquito Impoundments. Fish Abundance Categories (Starck 1968): U· Unknown; R· Rare;o • Occasional; F· Frequent; C· Common; A· Abundant.

~rt<WW~

SPECIES

Branch1ostomidle - lANCElETSBranchioetoma tJirgini<:N - lAHCELETB. sp,

N B

UU

R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR

o

CRM FTC HI

Orectolobidae - CARPET SHARKSGinglymostoma oirrotum - NURSE SHARK

Rhtncodont1dae - WHALE SHARKSRhincodon tllP"8 0 - WHALE SHARK

Odontlsptdtdle - SAND TIGERSOdorJtaeple tauru. - SAND TIGER

o

R

o

o F

o

o 0 R

o

R

Alopiidae - THRESHER SHARKSAlopias superciliosus - C - BIGEYE THRESHER 0

SPECIES

lamnidae - MACKEREL SHARKSCarcharodon oarchariae NC - S - WH HE SHARKIeurus oxyrinchus - C,S - SHORTFIN MAKOI. paucus - C.S - LONGFIN MAKO

Scyliorhinidae - CAT SHARKSGaleus arae NC - CAT SHARKScylior1zinus retifer - CHAIN DOGFISH

N

ooo

UU

B

UU

R 5R SS

RR

I

2.

GF MAN 5B LR CRM FTC MI

Carcharhinidae - REQUIEM SHARKSCarchal'hinus isodon - FINETOOTH SHARK 0 0C. acronotus - C,S - BLACKNOSE SHARK F 0 0C. altimus - C,S - BIGNOSE SHARK 0 0C. brevipinna - C.S - SPINNER SHARK 0 U 0C. falciformis - C,S - SILKY SHARK FC. leucas - C,S - BULL SHARK F U 0 U F F F F U F FC. limbatus - C,S - BLACKTIP SHARK C C 0 F C U U U U UC. maou - C,S - OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK FC. obscurus - C,S - DUSKY SHARK F U 0C. plumbeus - C,S - SANDBAR SHARK C U U F 0 RC. perezi - C,S - CARIBBEAN REEF SHARK U UC. signatus - C,S - NIGHT SHARK 0Galeocerda curvieri - C,S - TIGER SHARK F F 0Mustelus canis - C,S - SMOOTH DOGFISH 0 0 0 UM. norrisi NC - C.S - FLORIDA SMOOTHHOUND UNegaprion brevil'ostris - C,S - LEMON SHARK C 0 0 0 0 0~onace glauca - C,S - BLUE SHARK 0 RRhizoprionodon terl'aenovae - CAS - ATLANTI C F 0SH RPNOSE SHARK

Cetorhinidae - BASKING SHARKSCetorhinu8 ma:cimus 0 - BASKING SHARK 0

3.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Sphyrnidae - HAMMERHEAD SHARKSSphyrna leoini. - C,5 - SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD F 0 0 0S. mokarran - C,S - GREAT HAMMERHEAD F 0 0S. tiburo - BONNETHEAD 0 F F 0 0S. zygaena NC - C,S - SMOOTH HAMMERHEAD R R(?)

Squalidae - DOGFISH SHARKSSqualis acanthias - SPINY DOGFISH U 0S. sp. NC - DOGFISHES U

Pristidae - SAWFISHESPristis pectinata - SMALLTOOTH SAWFISHP. perotteti - LARGETOOTH SAWFISH

RR

RR

RR

~~Rhinobatidae - GUlTARFlSHES• .. Rhinobatos lentiginosus - ATLANTIC GUITARFISH R R R

©- Torpedinidae - ELECTRIC RAYSNarcine brasiliensis - LESSER ELECTRIC RAYTorpedo nobiliana NC - ATLANTIC TORPEDO

FU

C F

Rajidae - SKATES~~ Raja eglanteria - CLEARNOSE SKATE C 0

R. garmani NC - ROSETTE SKATE RR. texana - ROUNDEL SKATE U

Dasyatidae - STINGRAYSDasyati8 americana - SOUTHERN STINGRAY R 0D. sayi - BLUNTNOSE STINGRAY F FD. 8abina - ATLANTIC STINGRAY C C F C F FD. centroura - ROUGHTAIL STINGRAY F F (1)Gymnu~ micrura - SMOOTH BUTTERFLY RAY R R R

4.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF ~N SB ~R C~ ~C MI

Myliobatidae - EAGLE RAYS~etobatus narinari - SPOTTED EAGLE RAY 0 F F FMyliobatis freminvillei - BULLNOSE RAY R 0 URhinoptera bonasus - COWNOSE RAY U

Mobulidae - MANTASManta birostris 0 - ATLANTIC MANTA 0 0 0Mobula hypostoma - DEVIL RAY 0 0

~

~

Acipenseridae - STURGEONSAeipeneer breviroebrum NC -C - SHORTNOSE STURGEONA. oxyrhynchuB - C - ATLANTIC STURGEON

Lepisosteidae - GARSLepi80steus 08BeU8 - LONGNOSE GARL. platyphincu8 - FLORIDA GARL. spatula NC, ? -ALLIGATOR GAR

Amiidae - BOWFINSAmia cal.va - BOWFIN

o ou

o o

u

ocu

CAU

c

~~ Elapidae - LADYFISHES8tOP8 SaUl'UB - S - LADYFISH 0 0 0 F F F F 0 F

~~ Megalopida. - TARPONSF 0 0 0 F 0 F F CTarpon atlanticu8- S - TARPON

SPECIES N B R SR SS I

5.

GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC IH

~

r~<::,?~

Q'~

Albulidae - BONEFISHESAlbula vulpes - S - BONEFISH

Anguillidae - FRESHWATER EELSA,~illa postnata - C - AMERICAN EEL

Xenocongridae - FALSE MORAYSChlopsis bicolop - BIeOlOR EEL

u

u

o

o

o o o

o F

Muraenidae - MORAYSAnapchias yoshiae - PYGMY MORAYEnchelycope nigP7:cans - VIPER MORAYE. calychpOQ - CHESTNUT MORAYGyTTmotlzomx hubbei. - HUBB I S MORAYG. nigromar'IJinatus - BlACKEDGE MORAYLycodontis funebris - GREEN MORAYL. moringa - SPOTTED MORAYL. vicinu8 - PURPlEMOUTH MORAYMunaena miliapis - GOlDENTAIL MORAYM. Petifena - RETiCULATE MORAY

~ ~ Muraenesocidae - PIKE CONGERSHoplunnis macrurus - SILVER CONGER

o 0u U

U(1) (1)C

F FC CFo

o 0

o

FCoo

~~Congridae - CONGER EELS

AriosQma balearicum - BANOTOOTH CONGERHildebpandia flava - YELLOW CONGERParacongep oaudilimbatue - MARGINTAIL CONGER

uuu

u u

6.

SPECIES N B R SR S5 I GF MAN 5B LR CRM FTC MI

'O£~o; ~Ophichthidae - SNAKE EELS

Ahlia eJmontis - KEY WORM EEL U UG= Apterichtus kendalli - FINLESS EEL UBasnanichthys bascanium - SOOTY EEL U UB. Bcuticaris NC - WHIP EEL U U UCallechelys muraena - BLOTCHED SNAKE EEL Uc. springeri NC - THREAD EEL UIchthyapus ophioneus - SURF EEL ULetharchus velifer - SAILFIN EEL U UNYrichthys acuminatus - 5HARPTAIL EEL U U U UM. oculatus - GOLDS POTTED EEL 0 0M1rophis punctatus - SPECKLED WORM EEL 0 0 F F F F FMystriophis intertinctu6 - SPOTTED SPOON-NOSE EEL UOphichthus gomesi - SHRIMP EEL U U UO. ocellatu6 - PALESPOTTED EEL F

Clupeidae - HERRINGSAlo6a sapidissima NC,? - C,S - AMERICAN SHAD U U U U U UB~voortia smithi - C - YELLOWFIN MENHADEN, A A A A A 0 0BUNKER, POGY8. tyrrmnus - C - ATLANTIC MENHADEN, BUNKER, POGY 0 0 0 0 0 0B. smithi x B. ty~nnus - C - BUNKER, POGY 0 0 0 0 0 0Do1"osoma cepedianum - C - GIZZARD SHAD 0 0 CD. petenense - C - THREADFIN SHAD U UEtrumeus te~s - C - ROUND HERRING UHa~ngu74 clupeola - C - FALSE PILCHARD U U UH. humeralis - C - REDEAR SARDINE U U U UH..[aquana - C - SCALED SARDINE A A A A A A AJenkinsia sp. NC - DWARF HERRING U U UOpisthonema oglinum - C - ATLANTIC THREAD HERRING A A A A A A A

<!\~~Sardinella aurita - C - SPANISH SARDINE A A A A A A A

Engraulidae - ANCHOVIESAnahoa aubana - CUBAN ANCHOVY C C C C C C CA. hepsetus - STRIPED k~CHOVY A A A A A A A 0A. Lamprotaenia - BIGEYE ANCHOVY 0 0 0 0 0A. lyolepis - DUSKY ANCHOVY A A A A A AA. mitahilli - BAY ANCHOVY A A A A A A A 0 0AncJzoviella per[asciata - FLAT N~CHOVY UE. eurystole - SILVER ANCHOVY F F

7.----

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

~ ~Argentinidae - ARGENTINESo ? Argentina ei.lus NC, ? - ATLANTIC ARGENTINE U UA. stewarti - ATLANTIC ARGENTINE U UGlo8sanodon pygmaeus - PYGMY ARGENTINE U U

~~7 Esocidae - PIKESEsox americanus - REDFIN PICKEREL 0

/\~ Synodontidae - LIZARDFISHES~x Saur'ich brasiliensis - LARGESCALE LIZARDFISH 0\> s. caribbaea - SMALLSCALE LIZARDFISH 0S. nornlani - SHORTJAW LIZARDFISH USynodus intermedius - SAND DIVER 0S. foe tens - INSHORE LIZARDFISH C C C C C 0S. poeyi - OFFSHORE LIZARDFISH US. saurus - BLUESTRIPED LIZARDFISH US. synodus - RED LIZARDFISH 0

~T~chinocephalus myops - SNAKEFISH C 0 0

Chlorophthalmidae - GREENEYESChlorophthalmus agassizi - SHORTNOSE GREENEYE U

~ Cyprinidae - MINNOWS &CARPSNotemigonus crysoleucas - GOLDEN SHINER CNotropis maculatu8 - TAILLIGHT SHINER CN. petersoni - COASTAL SHINER 0

Catostomidae - SUCKERSEl~myzon 8ucetta - LAKE CHUBSUCKER C

GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MISPECIES

Ictaluridae - FRESHWATER CATFISHESIctalupus oatus - C,S - WHITE CATFISHI. natalis - C,S - YELLOW BULLHEADI. nebulosus - C,S - BROWN BULLHEADI. punctatus NC - C,S - CHANNEL CATFISHNotuPUG ~jPinus - TADPOLE MADTOM

Clariidae - AIR BREATHING CATFISHclaPias batrachus - WALKING CATFISH

Ariidae - SEA CATFISHESAriopsis felis - S - SEA CATFISHBagre maPinus - S - GAFFTOPSAIL CATFISH

Aphredoderidae - PIRATE PERCHESAphredoderue sayanus - PIRATE PERCH

N B

CC

R SR SS

cc

I

cc

cc

c cc

o

CC

8.

uUCUU

c

cc

o

Batrachoididae - TOADFISHESOpsanus pardus - LEOPARD TOADFISH CO. tau - OYSTER TOADFISH U C CPoPichthY8 plectrodon - ATLANTIC MIDSHIPMAN C

~ Gobiesocidae - CLINGFISHESGobie8ox strumoSU8 - SKILLETFISH C C C

~ Antennariidae - FROGFISHESAntennaPiu8 ocellatus - OCELLATED FROGFISH 0A. pauciradiatus - DWARF FROGFISH U UA. radioBus NC - SINGlESPOT FROGFISH UHistPio histPio - SARGASSUMFISH F 0 0Rhrynelox Beaber - SPLITLURE FROGFISH 0 0 0 0 0

~:sJ

SPECIES

Chaunacidae - CHAUNACIOSChaunax pictue NC

Ogcocephalidae - BATFISHESHalieutichthya acuteatus - PANCAKE BATFISHOgcocephalu8 nasutus - SHORTNOSE BATFISHo. parvus - ROUGHBACK BATFISHo. radiatue - POLKA-DOT BATFISH

1 o. ve8pe~tilio - LONGNOSE BATFISHo. sp. - BATFISHo. sp. - BATFISH

Btegmacerotidae - COOLETSBregmaaeroue attantiaus - ANTENNA COOLET

N

U

R

B

CFoFoCc

9.

R SR SS I GF MAN sa LR CRM FTC MI

Gadidae - CODFISHESPhyeiaulu8 fulvue - HAKELING 0Rhinonemue aimb~us - FOURBEARD ROCKLING UUrophycie j1o~danus - SOUTHERN HAKE 0U. reqiue - SPOTIED HAKE cU. tenuis - WHITE HAKE c

~ Brotulidae - BROTULAS1 Ogi 11Jia cayorurr - KEY BROTUlA C C C c

~ Ophidiidae - CUSK-EELSLepophidium ae~vinum - FAWN CUSK-EEL FL. jeannae - MOTTLED CUSK-EEL FL. sp. - CUSK-EEL UOPhidion holb~ooki - BANK CUSK-EEL Co. grayi - BLOTCHED CUSK-EEL Fo. marginatum - MARGINATE CUSK-EEL C R Ro. sp. nov. - CUSK-EEL Uo. eelenops - MOONEYE CUSK-EEL ROtophidium omGetigmum - POLKA-DOT CUSK-EEL cRarophidion echmidti He - DUSKY CUSK-EEL U

");2 ,..----- ~

-=-

SPECIES

Carapidae - PEARlFISHESCarapus bermudensis - PEARLFISH

N B

R

R SR SS I

10.

GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Exocoetidae - FlYINGFISHESCypselurus heterurus - ATLANTIC FLYINGFJSH C 0 0 0Parexocoetiue braahypterus - SAILFIN FLYINGFISH CProgniahthys gibbifrons NC - BLUNTNOSE FLYINGFISH 0

~ ~ Helniramphidae - HAlFBEAKSEuleptorhamphus ve lox - FLYING HALFBEAK 0E. viridis NC 1 - RIBBON HALFBEAK UHemiMnlphus braei.l.ienei« - C - BALLYHOO CH. balao NC - C - BALAO UHypol'hamphus tmifasaiatus - C - HALFBEAK C C C CH. sp. C C C CH. roberti - BOB'S HALFBEAK C C

<§lZ ~elonidae - NEEDLEFISHES~ Ablennes h~ans - FLAT NEEDLEFISH 0

Platybelone argalu8 - KEELTAIL NEEDLEFISH RStrongylul'a marina - ATLANTIC NEEDLEFISH 0 0 R R R RS. notata - REDFIN NEEDLEFISH A A A A A A AS. t1~uau - TlMUCU A A A A A ATylo8UPUS aaU8 - AGUJON 0 0 0 0 0T. aroaodilus - HOUNDFISH F F F F F

~ Cyprinodontidae - KILLJFISHESCyprinodon variegatus - SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 AFloridiahthys carpio - GOLDSPOTTED KILLIFISH C F F F RFundu lUB chrgeatue - GOLDEN TOPMINNOW UF. cinqul.atue - BANDED TOPHINNOW UF. confLuentiue - MARSH KILLIFISH 0 0 0 0F. -grondis - GULF KILLIFISH C C C C 0 0F. heteroclitus Ne - MUMMICHOG UF. l ineolatiue - LINED TOPMINNOW UF. seminolis Ne - SEMINOLE KILLIFISH UF. similis - LONGNOSE KILLIFISH 0 F C C C 0 FJordanella j10ridae - FLAGFISH R CLeptoluaania orrmata - PYGMY KILLIFISH ULuoania goodei - BLUEFIN KILLIFISH C

(Cyprinodontidae. continued)

1l.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Cyprinodontidae. continuedL. pOl"va - RAINHATER KILLIFISH C C C FOeRi.vul.us marmol"atus - RIVULUS R R R

~~ Poeciliidae - LIVEBEARERSGambuei.a affinis - t~OSQUITOFISH 0 0 C A AHetel"andria [ol"mosa - LEAST KILLIFISH CPoeci.l ia Lat ipi.nna - SAILFIN MOLLY C C C C A APoecilia (latipinna x velifer) NC UXiphophorus helleri - GREEN SWORDTAIL 0X. maculatu8 - SOUTHERN PLATYFISH UX. variatus NC - VARIABLE PLATYFISH UX. helleri x variatus NC UX. macul.atue x helleri HC UX. maculatu8 x variatu8 NC U

~e -;:;r Atherinidae _ SILVERS IDES~ Allanetta hartrinqtonene ie - REEF SILVERSIDE R RLabidesthes siaaulus - BROOK SILVERSIDE C~mbra8 martiniaa - ROUGH SILVERSIDE 0 0 0 FCC CMenidia beryllina - TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE 0 0 0 F CM. penineulae - PENN INSULA SIlVERSIDE 0 0 C C C ceo C

Polymixiidae - BEARDFISHESPolymixia lowei - BEARDFISH U

~9 ~ ~ Aulostomidae - TRUMPETFISHAuZo8tomuS maculatu8 - TRUMPETFISH

::~

Holocentridae - SQUIRRElFISHESCorniger spinosus - SPINYCHEEK SOLOIERFISHHoloaentrus aecensionis - C,S - SQUIRRElFISH

Fistu1arfidae - CORNETFISHFistutaria tabacaria - BLUESPOTTEO CORNETFISH U

oo

R

R

R R

~

SPECIES

Centriscidae - SNIPEFISHESMacpophamphosus scoLopax - LONGSPINE SNIPEFISH

N

U

a R SR SS I

12.

GF MAN sa lR CRM FTC MI

Syngnathidae - SEAHORSES &PIPEFISHESknphelict~pus dendriticus - PIPEHORSE RCorythoichthys albiPOstris - WHITENOSE PIPEFISH R RC. bpachycephalus - CRESTED PIPEFISH RHippocampus ePectu8 - LINED SEAHORSE C C C C CH. reidi - lONGSNOUT SEAHORSE R RH. z08tePae - DWARF SEAHORSE C 0Oostethus bpachyurus - OPOSSUM PIPEFISH 0 0Syngnathus dunckeri - PUGNOSE PIPEFISH R RS. elucens - SHORTFIN PIPEFISH RS. fLoridae - DUSKY PIPEFISH U 0 0S. fuscus - NORTHERN PIPEFISH U R RS. louisianae - CHAIN PIPEFISH F C C C CS. pelagicus - SARGASSUM PIPEFISH FS. scovelli - GULF PIPEFISH 0 0 C C C CS. springeri - BULL PIPEFISH 0

Scorpaenidae - SCORPIONFISHESNeomerinthe hemi~~ayi - SPINYCHEEK SCORPIONFISH RPontinus longispinis - LONGSPINE SCORPIONFISH UScorpaena agassizi - LONGFIN SCORPIONFISH FS. bPasiliensis - BARBFISH C C C 0 CS. calcapata - SMOOTHHEAO SCORPIONFISH CS. dispar - HUNCHBACK SCORPIONFISH RS. grwldicornis - PLUMED SCORPIONFISH F F F FS. isthmensis - OCELLATEO SCORPIONFISH 0 0S. plumieri - SPOTTED SCORPIONFISH C C C C CScorpaenodes tredecimspino8us - DEEPREEF SCORPIONFISH 0Setarches guentheri NC - GUNTER'S SCORPIONFISH U

13.

SPECIES N B R SR 5S I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Triglidae - SEAROBINS8eZZatar braahyahir - SHORTFIN SEAROBIN R R R R8. egretta - STREAMER SEAROBIN U8. miZitarie - HORNED SEAROBIN CPrionotus aZatue - SPINY SEAROBIN 0P. carolinus - NORTHERN SEAROBIN UP. evoZans - STRIPED SEAROBIN U U U UP. martia - BARRED SEAROBIN 0P. ophryas - BANDTAIL SEAROBIN 0P. roseus - BLUESPOTTED SEAROBIN CP. aaZmonicolor - BLACKWING SEAROBIN F U UP. scitulus - LEOPARD SEAROBIN C C C UP. tribulus - BIGHEAD SEAROBIN C C C U

~ ::::r Per1stediidae - ARMORED SEAR08INSU~ Peristedion miniatum - ARMORED SEAROBIN

P. sp. - SEAROBIN U

~ Dactylopterfd.e - GURNARDSUDactylopterus volitans - FLYING GURNARD

~~ Centropomtdae - SNOOKSU 0Centropomus paral.le lue - S - FAT SNOOK

C. pectinatu8 - S - TARPON SNOOK 0 0 C CC. undecimaZis - S - SNOOK 0 0 C C C C C C C C

Percichthyidae - TEMPERATE BASSESMorone saxatilis - S - STRIPED BASS R R

14.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 lR CRM FTC HI

Serranidae - SEA BASSES &GROUPERSAnthias nicholsi - NICHOLS BASSLET UAnthias sp. NC UCentpoppisti8 oayurus - BANK SEA BASS C C 0C. philadelphiaa - ROCK SEA BASS C C 0 0 0C. stpiata - BLACK SEA BASS C C C 0Cephalopholi8 cruentata - C.S - GRASBY RC. fulva - C,S - CONEY U UDiplectrwn bivittatunl - DWARF SAND PERCH 0 0 RD. formosum - SAND PERCH C C 0 0 0 0EPinephelu8 ad8censioni8 - C.S - ROCK HIND RE. drummondhayi - C.S - SPECKELED HIND UE. flavolimbatu8 NC - C,S - YELLOWEDGE GROUPER UE. guttatu8 - C,S - REO HIND UE. itajaPa - C.S - JEWFISH C C C C F CE. moPio - C,S - REO GROUPER C C C C F CE. nigPitu8 - C,S - WARSAW GROUPER C 0 0E. niveatu8 - C,S - SNOWY GROUPER CE. 8tPiatu8 - C.S - NASSAU GROUPER F 0 0Hemanthia8 vivanus - RED BARBIER A AH. sp. NC UHo~thia8 martinicen8i8 - ROUGHTONGUE BASS AHypoplectru8 gemma - BLUE HAMLET 0H. nigPican8 - BLACK HAMLET 0H. puella - BARRED HAMLET 0H. unicolop - BUTTER HAMLET 0 0 0 0Iriopropoma eukrinee - WRASSE BASS CMYctepopepca bonaci - C,S - BLACK GROUPER C 0 0 0M. intepstitialis - C,S - YELLOWMOUTH GROUPER UM. micpolepis - C,S - GAG, GREY GROUPER C C C C 0 CM. phenax - C,S - SCAMP C 0 0 0Pikea mexicana - YELLOWTAIL BASS RPleatPanthias garrupellu8 - ORANGE BASSLET UPronotog~8 aUPeorubens - STREAMER BASS USahultzea beta - SCHOOL BASS USePPaniculu8 pumilio NC - PYGMY SEA BASS U USerPanU8 baldWini - LANTERN BASS U U US. noto8pilu8 - SADDLE BASS U US. phoebe - TAntER C CS. eubligaPius - BELTED SANDFISH C C 0 0 CSynagrop8 beLLa U

15.

SPECIES N B R SR 55 I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC HI

Grammistidae - SOAPFISHES~dpticus bietrispinue - FRECKLED SOAPFISH C CR. ~ac~latus - WHITESPOTTED SOAPFISH C C 0 0R. saponaceus - GREATER SOAPFISH 0 UR. subbif~e~tus - SPOTTED SOAPFISH F

~

Centrarchidae - SUNFISHESElassoma evergladei- EVERGLADES PYGMY SUNFISHEnneacanthUG gloriosus - BLUESPOTTED SUNFISHE. obesus NC,? - BANDED SUNFISHIepomi.e gulO8US • S - W.l1,flMOUTHL. macroahirus - S - BLUEGILLL. marginatus - S - DOLLAR SUNFISHL. microlophue - S - REDE.l\R SUNFISH, SHELL-CRACKERL. punctatus - S - SPOTTED SUNFISH. STUMP KNOCKERMiaropterus salmoides - S - LARGEMOUTH BASSPomaris niqromaeulatue - S - BLACK CRAPPIE

Percidae - PERCHESEtheostoma j'u8iforme - SWAMP DARTER

Priacanthidae - BIGEYESPriacanthus arenatus - C,S - BIGEYE CP. cruentatus - C,S - GLASSEYE SNAPPER UPristigenys altus - SHORT BIGEYE 0

Apogonidae - CARDINALFISHESApogon binotatus - BARRED CARDINALFISH 0 0 0 0A. maaulatus - FLAMEFISH C C C 0A. planifrons - PALE CARDINALFISH 0A. pseudomaculatus - TWOSPOT CARDINALFISH C C C 0Astl'opogon al.utue - BRONZE CARDINALFISH UA. punaticulatua - BLACKFIN CARDINALFISH CA. stellatus - CONCHFISH 0 CPhacoptyx aonklini - FRECKLED CARDINAlFISH C 0P. pigmentaria ~C - DUSKY CARDINALFISH U UP. xenus - SPONGE CARDINALFISH U

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16.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC HI

Branchiostegidae - TILEFISHESCaulolatilus cyanops - C.S - BLACKLINE TILEFISH CC. microps - C,S - GREY TILEFISH ULopholatilus chamaeleonticep8 - C,S - TILEFISH C

Pomatomidae - BLUEFISHESPomatomu8 8altator - C,S - BLUEFISH C C C 0 0 0

~ Rachycentr1dae - CDBIASRachucentron oanadum - C,S - COBIA F

~ ~Echeneidae - REMORAS

Echeneis naucrates - SHARKSUCKER C C C RE. neucratoides - WHITEFIN SHARKSUCKER C C C RPhthe i.ri.ehihue l.ineat.ue - SLENDER SUCKERFISH URemora brachyptera - SPEARFISH REMORA RR. osteochir - MARLIN SUCKER RR. ~mora - REMORA 0Remorina albescens - WHITE SUCKERFISH R

Carangidae - JACKS &POMPANOSAlectis ciliaris - S - AFRICAN POMPANO 0 0Caranx bartholomaei - S - YELLOW JACK C C C C CC. crysos - S - BLUE RUNNER C C C C CC. hippos - S - CREVALLE JACK C C C C C C C C C C FC. latus - HORSE-EYE JACK C C C C C 0 0 0 0 UC. PUller - S - BAR JACK C C C C F R R RChloroscombru8 Ch~j8Uru8 - ATLANTIC BUMPER C C C C C C C CDecapterus punctatus - C - ROUND SCAD C CElagatis bipinnul.atue - S - RAINBOW RUNNER ROligoplite8 sauru8 - S - LEATHERJACKET C C C C C C C C C CSel.ar crumenopt.halmue - BIGEYE SCAD U USelene setapinni8 - S - ATLANTIC MOONFISH F F F F F F F F FS. vomer - S - LOOKDOWN C C C C C C C C CSeriola dumerili - C S - GREATER AMBERJACK C 0S. rivoliana - C,S - 'LESSER AMBERJACK US. aonata - S - BANDED RUDDERFISH U

(Carangidae continued)

17.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Carangidae, ContinuedTrnchinotus carolinlls - C,S - FLORIDA POMPANO C C 0 RT. falcatus - C,S - PERMIT C C C C C 0T. goodei - C,S - PALOMETA FTrachurue lathami - ROUGH SCAD UUraspis secunda - COTTONMOUTH JACK U

Coryphaenidae - DOLPHINSCoryphaena equiselis - C,S - POMPANO DOLPHIN RC. hiprupus - C,S - DOLPHIN C C 0 0 R

lutjanidae - SNAPPERSLutjanus anal.ie - C,S - MUTTON SNAPPER C C C C C CL. apodus - C,S - SCHOOLMASTER C C C C C CL. campechanus - C,S - RED SNAPPER F CL. cyonopterus - C,S - CUBERA SNAPPER F F FL. griseus - C,S - GRAY SNAPPER C C C C C C C C FL. jocu - C,S - DOG SNAPPER C C C C C CL. mnhogoni - C,S - MOHOGANY SNAPPER F F FL. synagris - C,S - LANE SNAPPER C C C C 0 COcyupus chrysuru8 - C,S - YELLOWTAIL SNAPPER C C F F CPristipomoides a~~ilonari8 - C,S - WENCHMAN URhomboplites aurorubens - C,S - VERMILION SNAPPER, C C CB-LINER

lobotidae - TRIPLETALES£abates surinamensis - S - TRIPLETAlE 0 0 0 0 0

Gerreidae - MOJARRASDi.aptierue aumtu8 - C,S - IRISH POMPANO, SAND PERCH 0 A C A A A CEuqer-re e pl.umier-i. - C,S - STRIPED MOJARRA, GOATFISH F F C F F F FEucinostomus apgenteu8 - SPOTFIN MOJARRA C C C C C C A C A A C CE. gula - SILVER JENNY C C C C C C A C A A C 0E. havana - BIGEYE MOJARRA U U UE. janesii - SLENDER MOJARRA UE. melanoptierue - FLAGFIN MOJARRA C 0Gerree einereus - C,S - YELLOWFIN MOJARRA C C C C C C 0 0 0 CUlaema lefroyi - MOTILED MOJARRA U U

18.

SPECIESN B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC HI

P~r.adasyidae - GRUNTSAnisctr'emus uur'inamensir. - C,S - BLACK MARGATE A A CA. ui.rqi.ni.cus - S - PORKFISH A A C F FHaemulon albwn - C,S - MARGATE 0H. aurolineatum - C.S - TOMTATE C C C F FH. carbonarium - S - CAESAR GRUNT 0 0 0H. chMJsargyreum - S - S~lALLMOUTH GRUNT C C R RH. flavolineatum - S - FRENCH GRUNT 0 0 R RH. macrostomum - S - SPANISH GRUNT C RH. melanurum - S - COTTONWICK R R RH. parrai - C.S - SAILORS CHOICE C C C C CH. plumieri - C,S - WHITE GRUNT C C C C 0 0H. sciurus - S - BLUESTRIPEO GRUNT 0 0 0Orthopristis chryso~tera - C.S - PIGFISH C C C C 0Pomadaeqe crocra - URRO GRUNT R

Sparidae - PORGIES

CArchosargus probatocephalus - C,S - SHEEPSHEAD C C C C C 0 C C C CA. rhomboidalis - C,S - SEA BREAM 0 0 0Calamus arctifrons - S - GRASS PORGY 0 0 0C. bajonado - S - JOLTHEAD PORGY C C CC. leucosteus - S - WHITEBONE PORGY UC. penna - S - SHEEPSHEAD PORGY UDiplodu8 ar~enteus - S - SILVER PORGY 0 0 0D. holbrooki - S - SPOTTAIL PINFISH C A A 0 0 0Laqodon rhomboides - S - PINFJSH. SAILORS CHOICE 0 0 C A 0 A A C F RPagrus pagrus - C,S - RED PORGY C CStenotomus ch~fSOPS - C,S - SCUP 0 0 0 0 0

Sciaenidae - DRUMSBai rriie l la chrgeoura - S - SILVER PERCH, YELLOWTAIL 0 C 0 C 0 0 RR. sanctaeluciae - S - STRIPED CROAKER CClJnoseion nebul.osue - C.S - SPOTTED SEATROUT R 0 C 0 CC. nothus - C.S - SILVER SEATROUT 0 0 0 0C. regalis - C.S - WEAKFISH, YELLOWMOUTH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Equetus lanceolatus - JACKKNIFE FISH ULarir,~s fasciatus - S - BANDED DRUM ULeiostomus xanthurus - C,S - SPOT F F 0 F 0 0 RNent.i.ci.rrhue americanu8 - C,S - SOUTHERN KINGFISH C C 0 0M. littoralis - C,S - GULF KINGFIS~ C C 0 0H. saxatilis - C.S - NORTHERN KINGFISH C C 0 0Hicrapogonias undul.abue - C.S - ATLANTIC CROAKER 0 0 0 R 0 ROdontoscion dentex - S - REEF CROAKER C C(Sciaenidae continued)

19.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Sciaenidae, ContinuedPareques acuminatus - HIGH HAT C C C 0P. umbrosus - CUBBYU C C 0P. sp. nov. - BAR DRUM CPogoniaB cromis - C,S - BLACK DRUM 0 0 F F a 0 0 0 RSciaenopB oceZZata - C,S - RED DRUM, CHANNEL C F F F F F F F RBASS, REDFISHSteZZifer ZanceoZatus - S - STAR DRUM R R R R RUmbrina coroides - C,S - SAND DRUM F F F

Mu11idae - GOATFISHESMUllua QUratu8 - REO GOATFISH C UPseudupeneus macuLatua - SPOTTED GOATFISH C 0 0 0 0

Pempheridae - SWEEPERSPempheris schomburgki - GLASSY SWEEPER

Kyphosidae - SEA CHUBSKyphosus inci80r - S - YELLOW CHUBK. sectatrix - S - BERMUDA CHUB

Ephippidae - SPADEFISHESChaetodipteru8 faber - C,S - ATLANTIC SPADEFISH

Chaetodontidae - BUTTERFLYFISHESChaetodon aya - BANK BUTTERFLYFISHc. capistratu8 - FOUREYE BUTTERFLYFISHc. ocelLatua - SPOTFIN BUTTERFLYFISHc. sedentariua - REEF BUTTERFLYFISH

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20.

SPECIES N B R SR 5S I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Pomacanthidae - ANGElFISHESHolacantr~s isabelita - S - BLUE ANGELFISH C C C 0H. ciliaris - S - QUEEN ANGELFISH F F 0H. t r-ico l or - ROCK BEAliTY R RPomacant.hus rH'ctwtU3 - S - GRAY ANGELFISH C C C 0P. paru - S - FRENCH ANGEL FISH C C 0

Cichlidae (all introduced) - CICHLIDSCichlasona cctcfasciatum - JACK DEMPSEY FHemi.chromi e bimacul.abue NC - JEI~EL FISH UTilapia mariae - SPOTTED TILAPIA UT. melanopleura NC - C,S - CONGO TILAPIA UT. melanotheron - C,S - BLACKCHIN MOUTHBROOOER U U U UT. mossamoica NC - C,S - MOZAMBIQUE MOUTHBROODER U

Pomacentridae - DMISELFISHESAbudefduf saxatilis - SERGEANT MAJOR F C C FA. taurus - NIGHT SERGEANT a F FChromis enchrueurue - YELLO\oITAIL REEFFISH 0 AC. insolatuB - SUNSHINE FISH CC. scotti - PURPLE REEFFISH CMicrospathodon chrysurus - YELLOHTAIl DAMSELFISH RPOrMcentr'US doreopunicano - DUSKY DAMSELFISH C F C 0P. leucostictus - BENIGREGORY 0 0 0P. part.i tue - BICOlOR DAMSELFISH C 0 0

~"dJP. variabilis - COCOA DAMSELFISH A C C C

labridae - WRASSESBodianue rufus - SPANISH HOGFISH a 0 0Doratonotus megalepis - DWARF WRASSE 0 0 0 0 0Halichoeres bathyphilus - GREENSAND WRASSE U8. bivittata - SLIPPERY DICK A C C 0 F8. caudalis - PAINTED WRASSE 0H. maoul.ip inna - CLOlm HRASSE C C C 0 0H. poeyi - BLACKEAR WRASSE F F F8. radiatus - PUDDINGWIFE F F FHemipte~notus novaauZa - PEARLY RAZORFISH C 0 RH. Bplendens - GREEN RAZORFISH U U ULachnoZaimus maximus - S - HOGFISH, HOG SNAPPER 0 C 0 0 0ThaZa880ma bifa8ciatum - BLUEHEAD C C 0

21.---_.- --.

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NSPECIES

Scaridae - PARROTFISHESC'PUT,t(lf:0rtT7m rDceus - BLUELIP PARROTFISHNi.chol.c ina ust:a - EI>IERALD PARROTFISIISCaT~S ~oelestinus - MIDNIGHT PARROTFISHS. coe rul.eue - BLUE PARROTFISHS. croicensis - STRIPED PARROTFISHS. quacamai.a - RAINBOW PARROTFISHS. ta~niopterus - PRINCESS PARROTFISHSpaPis()m(l atomariu.m - GREENBLOTCH PARROTFISH,'J. ch rqeoptierum - REDTAIL PARROTFISHS. radians - BUCKTOOTH PARROTFISHs. rubripinne - REDFIN PARROTFISHS. viPide 0 - STOPLIGHT PARROTFISH

Polynemidae - THREADFINSPolYdactylus octonemus - S - ATLANTIC THREADFINP. oligodon - S - LITTLE SCALE THREADFIHP. virginicu8 - S - BARBU

Opistognathidae - JAWFISHcpistognathu8 aurifI'on8 - YELLOWHEAD JAWFISHo. macrognathu8 - SPOTFIN JAWFISHO. whitehUI'sti - DUSKY JAWFISHo. sp. Nov. - SPOTFIN JAWFISH

Percophididae - FLATHEADSBemb~ps anatiI'OstI'is - DUCKBILL FLATHEADB. gobioides - GOBY FLATHEAD

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Hugilidae - MULLETSAgonoBtomua monticoLa - MOUNTAIN MULLETMugiL cephal.us - C,S - STRIPED If./LLET • BLACK MULLETM. curema - C,S - WHITE HULLETM. gaimardianuB - C,S - REDEYE MULLET

ilA ~ N. auruidene - C,S

./ J::::::;7 Sphyraen idae - BARRACUDAS~,~ Sphyroena barracuda - S - GREAT BARRACUDAs. borealis - NORTHERN SENNETS. guachancho - S - GUAGUANCHE

~

22.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB lR CRM FTC MI

~~ ~ Dactyloscopidae - SAND STARGAZERS~ Dact.u Loscopue e""sso tUG - BI GE VESTARGAZER F F F UD. tridigitatus - SAND STARGAZER F FD. sp. - BANDED STARGAZER UD. sp. - SPOTTED STARGAZER Uccueuu« greyae - ARROW STARGAZER F U UG. sp. - PSEUDQSADDLE STARGAZER U U

~ ...~ Platygillellus rubroci.ncbue - SADDLE STARGAZER F U U

-/ Uranoscopidae - STARGAZERS~ Astroscopus y-graecum - SOUTHERN STARGAZER 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kathetostoma albigutta - LANCER STARGAZER 0

~~.J. :::> Clinidae - CLINIDSChaenope ie l imbauqh i. - YHLm'F~CE PIKEBLENNY U U£)nblemrwia pandioni.e - SAILFIN BLENNY U ULahrisomus gobio - PALEHEAD BLENNY 0 0 RL. haitiensis - LONGFIN BLENNY UL. nuch ipi.nni:e - HAl RY BLENNY C A ARCMalacoctenus macropus - ROSY BLENNY 0 0 0 CM. t.ri-mqulat.us - SADDLE BLENNY COO 0 0Parael.i.nue [asci.at ue - BANDED BLENNY R R RP. nigripinnis - BLACKFIN BLENNY R RStarksia ocellata - CHECKERED BLENNY 0 C 0Stathmonotus hemphilli - BLACKBELLY BLENNY U

Tripterygiidae - TRIPLEFIN BLENNIESEnnearzectes altivelis - LOFTY TRIPLEFIN 0

, E. pectorali8 - REDEYE TRIPLEFIN 0

~~O' Blenni idae - COMBTOOTH BLENNIESChaemodee boequianue - STR IPED BLENNY 0 0C. saburrae - FLORIDA BLENNY 0 0 0Enbormerodue ni.qr-i cane - PEARL BLENNY R R R RHypleul'Ochilu8 aequipinnis - OYSTER BLENNY 0 0 0H. be tmudens ie - BARRED BL ENNY 0 0H. geminatus - CRESTED BLENNY 0 UH. springeri - ORANGESPOTTED BLENNY UHypsoblenniu8 hentzi - FEATHERED BLENNY U(Blenniidae continued)

SPECIES N B R SR 55 GF MAN 58 LR

23.

CRM FTC MI

Blenniidae, ContinuedLupinoblennius nicholsi - HIGHFIN BLENNY

~ Parabl.enni.us "",,",oreus - SEAWEED BLENNYScartella cristata - MOLLY MILLER

~CalliOnymidae - DRAGONETSCallionymus pauci.radi.atue NC - SPOTIED DRAGOOETC. bairdi - LANCER DRAGONET

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Eleotridae - SLEEPERSDormitator maculatus - FAT SLEEPER C CEleotris piBonis - SPINY CHEEK SLEEPER 0 0 0 0 0 FErotelis Bmaragdu8 - EMERALD SLEEPER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RGobiomorus dormi.tor - BIGMOUTH SLEEPER F

Gobiidae - GOBlESAwaos t~iasica - RIVER GOBY RBathygobius curacao - NOTCHTONGUE GOBY 0 0B. Boporator - FRILLFIN GOBY C C C C C 0Coryphopterus dicrus - COLON GOBY 0C. glaucofraenum - BRIDLED GOBY C 0C. personatus - MASKED GOBY FC. punctipectophorus - SPOTTED GOBY UElacatinuB macrodon - TIGER GOBY 0 U UE. oceanops - NEON GOBY CEvermannichthys spongicola - SPONGE GOBY REvorthom~s lyricus - LYRE GOBY U U U U FCnatholepis thompsoni - GOLDSPOT GOBY UCobioides broussoneti - VIOLET GOBY U U U UCobionellus boleosoma - DARTER GOBY C 0 C 0C. graeillimus NC - SLIM GOBY U U UG. hastatus - SHARPTAIL GOBY U U U UG. oceanicus - HIGHFIN GOBY F F FG. saeperallenB - DASH GOBY UG. schufeldti - FRESHWATER GOBY UG. smaragdu8 - EMERALD GOBY C F CG. stigmaturus - SPOTFIN GOBY FGobionelluB pseudofasciatus - SLASHCHEEK GOBY FGobiosoma bosei - NAKED GOBY R C F FG. ginsburgi - SEABOARD GOBY F U UG. robustum - CODE GOBY A F 0 0 0(Gobiidae continued)

24.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN sa lR CRM FTC MI

Gobiidae. ContinuedIoglo~6US calliurus - BLUE GOBY RLophogobiu8 cyprinoides - CRESTED GOBY F F 0 0 F F CLythrypnus nesiotes - ISLAND GOBY FL. spilus - BlUEGOlD GOBY FNicrogobius carri - SEMINOLE GOBY UM. quloeus - CLOWN GOBY C 0 C C C F RM. microlepie NC? - BANNER GOBY UM. thaLassinus - GREEN GOaY 0Nes longus - ORANGES POTTED GOBY UPsilotPis sp, ? URisor ruber - TUSKED GOBY UVaricus mari lynae - ORANGEBEllY GOBY U

~M. ~ Microdesmidae - WORMFISHESC.rdale [loridana - PUGJAW WORHfISH U'-

Acanthurfdae - SURGEONFISHESAcanthurus bahianus - S - OCEAN SURGEON C C F 0A. chirurgus - 5 - DOCTORFISH C C F 0A. ooerul.eue - S - BLUE TANG 0 0 F

~~ Gempylidae - SNAKE MACKERELSUGempylus serpens - SNAKE MACKEREL

Lepidoeybium jlavob1"U1Vteum - ESCOLAR 0Fromethichthys prometheus - BLACK SNAKE MACKEREK URuvettus pretlo8us - OIlFISH 0

..L

~~>-:J Trichiurfdae - CUTLASSFISHES

TrichlW'UB leptwous - S - ATLANTIC CUTlASSFISH 0 0 0 0 F C F C C F

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Stromateidae - BUTTERFISHESPeprilus paru - NORTHERN HARVESTFISHP. tir-iacanthue - BUTTERFISH

25.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Scombridae - MACKERELS &TUNASAcanthocybium solanderi - C.S - WAHOO 0Auris thazard - C.S - BULLET MACKEREL 0Euthynnus al let t erabus - C.S - lITTLE TUNNY. BONITO C C F FKatSmoOI1US pelamis - C.S - SKIPJACK TUNA 0Sarda sarda - C.S - ATLANTIC BONITO 0S. japonicus - C,S - CHUB MACKEREL UScomberomorus cavalla - C,S - KING MACKEREL C F F 0S. maculatu8 - C,S - SPANISH MACKEREL C F F F F F 0S. regalis - C.S - CERO 0 R R~unnu8 albacares - C.S - ALBACORE 0T. atlanticus - C.S - BLACKFIN TUNA 0

Xiphiidae - SWORDFISHXiphias qladius - C.S - SWORDFISH 0

~ Istlophorlda. - BILLFISHESFIetiiophorue albi.cane - S - SAILFISH

Mbkaira nigrical1s - C,S - BLUE MARLIN RTetrapterus albidus - C,S - WHITE MARLIN RT. pfleugeri - C.S - LONGBILL SPEARFISH R

Nomeidae - DRIFTFISHESNomeus gronovii - MAN-OF-WAR FISH C CPsenes cyanophrys - FRECKLED DRIFTFISH 0

26.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR C~'" FTC MI

Bothidae - LEFTEYE FLOUNDERSAnclopsetta quadrocellata NC - OCELLATED FLOUNDER UBathus oce l.Latue - EYED FLOUNDER C 0 0B. robinsi - ROBINS FLOUNDER C 0 0Cithal'ichthys arct i f'rone - GULF STREAM FLOUNDER 0 R RC. arenaceus - SAND WHIFF UC. coronutus - HORNED WHIFF UC. gymnorhinus - UNICORN WHIFF Uc. macrops - SPOTTED WHIFF C 0 0 0C. epi. Loptierue - BAY WH IFF C C 0 0cyclopsetta chittendeni NC - MEXICAN FLOUNDER Uc. fimbriata - SPOTFIN FLOUNDER 0Engyophrys senta - SPINY FLOUNDER UEtropu8 cro8S0tUS - FRINGED FLOUNDER C 0 0

? E. microetomue - SMALLMOUTH FLOUNDER UE. rimosus - GRAY FLOUNDER FHippoglo8sina oblonga NC U~nolene antillarum - SLIM FLOUNDER 0N. se88ilicauda - DEEPWATER FLOUNDER 0Faralichthys albigutta - C,S - GULF FLOUNDER C C C C CP. aentatus - C.S - SUMMER FLOUNDER F F F F FP. lethostigma - C,S - SOUTHERN FLOUNDER F F F F FP. 8quamilentu8 - C.S - BROAD FLOUNDER F F F F FScophthalmue aquo8US NC - WINDOW PANE USyacium gunteri - SHOAL FLOUNDER 0S. micrurum NC - CHANNEL FLOUNDER 0 U US. papilZosum - DUSKY FLOUNDER A

Pleuronectidae - RIGHTEYE FLOUNDERSFbeciZopsetta beani - STRIPEDFIN FLOUNDER 0

Soleidae - SOLESAchirus lineatus - LINED SOLEoymnachirus meLas - NAKED SOLETrinectes maoulatus - HOGCHOKER

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SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN S8 LR CRM FTC MI

Cynoglossidae - TONGUEFISHESSymphurus civitatwn - OFFSHORE TONGUEFISH 0S. diomedianus - SPOTTEDFIN TONGUEFISH CS. minor - LARGESCALE TONGUEFISH 0S. plagiusa - BLACKCHEEK TONGUEFISH C C C CS. urospilus - SPOTTAIL TONGUE FISH 0

Balistidae - TRIGGERFISHBalistes caprism{s - GRAY TRIGGERFISH F F 0B. vetula - QUEEN TRIGGERFISH 0Canthidermis mam{latus - ROUGH TRIGGERFISH 0C. sUfflamen - OCEAN TRIGGERFISH 0 R

Monacanthidae - FILEFISHESAluterus heudeloti - DOTTEREL FILEFISH U UA. monocer08 - UNICORN FILEFISH UA. schoepfi - ORANGE FILEFISH 0 0 0A. scripta - SCRAWLED FILEFISH R R R RCantherhines pullus - ORANGESPOTTED FILEFISH RMonacanthuB ciliatu$ - FRINGED FILEFISH F F F F FM. tuckeri - SLENDER FILEFISH RStephanolepi8 hispidu8 - PLANEHEAD FILEFISH C C F C C C CS. setifer - PYGMY FILEFISH 0

Ostraciidae - BOXFISHESAcanthostracion quadricornis - SCRAWLED COWFISH R R R RL. trigonu8 - TRUNKFISH 0 0 0 0Rhinesomus triqueter - SMOOTH TRUNKFISH C 0 C C C

~. c::::J Tetraodontidae - PUFFERSCanthigaster r08trata - SHARPNOSE PUFFER RLagocephaluB laevigatu8 - SMOOTH PUFFER R R RSphoeroides dorsalis - MARBLED PUFFER CS. mam~latu8 NC - NORTHERN PUFFER U U U U US. nephelus - SOUTHERN PUFFER 0 0 C C 0 C CS. 8pengleri - BANDTAIl PUFFER 0 0 C C 0 C CS. te8tudineus - CHECKERED PUFFER C C C C C

28.

SPECIES N B R SR SS I GF MAN 58 LR CRM FTC MI

Diodontidae - PORCUPINEFISHESazilomycterus antennatus 0 - BRIDLED BURRFISH U Uc. echoepf'L - STRIPED BURRFISH C C C C C CDiodon histrix 0 - PORCUPINEFISH F 0D.holacanthus - BALLOONFISH U U

Molidae - MOLASMota mota - OCEAN SUNFISH 0 0 R R R R RM. tanceotata - SHARPTAIL SUNFISH R

TOTAL SPECIES

Total Continental Shelf

Total Indian River Lagoonand Tributaries

Combined Species

New Records

559

400

682

96

200 194 255 107 91 282 214 88 134 92 111 118 40