fisher - the human right to mother tongue based schooling

8/2/2019 Fisher - The Human Right to Mother Tongue Based Schooling

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T Hu Rt t mt-uB c: w T

DaViD i. fisher*

1 tuctlck t-tu b c ct t zttu utc t t cty. t w, tt 124 p 15 bv ck bc k -, wt ttc.1 T utc t cp pptt tt ub.2 o t 2,000 pku, y 50 u t c u.3 T,t t u t T but t 70 u pk t cuty. oy but 50 % t cuty pput cc t c t t u.4 uct kw tT c utc t puc 50 % w

cvt t ubct cp t T-pk tut.5 myc utc t tu c t t cuty c ubct u ty t uy ut.

T utc t u up k t tb pp t ntwt; u c ptcuy vu-b up, v tt ty t t v t , wt tct c ck tptt, ct ut w tt-

* pc tk t d. K bu, tt P dputy dct, lw& dvpt Rc Ct, Fcuty lw, Cuk Uvty t u pc u t t Ct.1 ttt by , dct, UnCo Pcc R Buu uct. t n nw, H 25 p 2007.2 C. t- Cpt Pt mt u ltcy P,UnCo: ttp://pt.uc.3 K K, Ft lu-B mutu uct C Hp T xcu-

by lu, p. 3 UnCo Bkk 2009.4 Id., p. 55 Id., p. 6.


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c.6 T u t-tu b uct T K-pk ty b cpct by py t tvt T-Cb b t. cuty cc v bt py c u pcy v--v t Ptt my-pk- pput T t- dp ut. pu w-c t T u c t tt w vc t b Bu t k u cct, xt pvty u t bu; tt t t pty T-ub c yt pv ptcuy c t up. T- t ty pp w u t t, uc t C, wt t 500 pk.

T t b utc t t c t t

tu cb pct ty t, t t t uct tt t c. F pup t tc, utc t t up w t u t t tu t tty pput, wt tc t (u tw) t up u. mt-tu b c ttc py c c t t tu but t tc(t ubct t t t tu) tu t u t ttu.

Tt t u t t tu c pqut qutctc cvt b t by t Un pc Rpptu tRt t uct: [H]v u tt tt u c tv pct cvt, tt tt w cuty. Pcy pc p qu t-ut cb wt t pvt t tu.7 cc ttt c, bu uct, tt wt t c ttu, puc t bt ut.8 ctuy, tt t wt t tu t p t ttu but ctt t u by pv t

6 R tv, Bu tcutu Ctzp tu uct: ut ppc, up ju uct, . 43 (2008), pp. 165166 nt4kp: www.t4k.//pct/t-c-ct---tb-c7 Un Hu Rt Cuc, T t t uct t, u yu-

k: pt t pc Rpptu t Rt t uct, muz, Undc. /HRC/14/25, p. 44 (16 p 2010).8 C. K, supra, . 3, p. 11.


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Te Human Right to Mother-ongue Based Schooling: A View o Tailand

tut wt qut b u in general.9 Pkutbb-K ct c w tt t u ty c w-ttu pt v t w u t u tc, t btt ty bc t tu, pv, tt ty v tc t.10

But pt cb vc t bt t-tu bc, t ptt tv u t t v tpolcy, rcout by th Un spcl Rpportur o th Rht to eucto:

T u uct cttut qut bttu wt u-ct w pc []uct cutu t b v-w by t ptc t cc c u u tuct, t c pct, t v xp-

c pt t bt tt .11

tt pt tw t tu uct t uc by tppc t ty up , .., wt t vu t -t t up t t cutu t cty t c-z pt t uqu tu, cu t u.12 t t u tt w ty u c ctbut tvv wt cuty ct v u, c t ytu t u , .., t, u, tt t uty c bt. T ut wv wtut pc uppt. ,xpc pt-c tt w, wc v b t pt t-bu pcy t, ct ttt t c t t uc t ut-cutu,utu ct.13 mv, ct bv, c w ttu t c t tu ctuy c / ppct - t t u.

9 Ft lu Ft: Cuty-b ltcy P mty luCtxt , UnCo Bkk 2005, pp. 9091.10 v kutbb-K, T Rt t mt u mu uct T HtPtt Hu Rt tut, p. 2. mct tt ypu: up2004.11 Un C Hu Rt, u pt t pc Rpptu t tt uct, Kt vk, Un dc. /Cn.4/2001/52, p. 14 (11 j. 2001).12

C. R K. m. t, tt Hu Rt, 4t

., p. 333, ox 2010.13 tv, supra, . 6, p. 164. tp my, lu mty Rt:tcty, nt t Ptc lu, p. 195, nw Yk/l 2008.


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2 tt lw pctT ct w x t t t t-tu b c t vwpt tt u t w, cu ty t,

t t t uct t t t c.

2.1 Minority Rights Protection

tt ct ty t c but t W W t bu Ct t up tt w w t t tb quty btw t wy ty up th mjorty populto. T formr wrr stt h coclu r

tt t ptct t, cu t t t u t u.14

c b uc tty, b ut t b ty-u p-vt c tt pv t-tu u uct t tyu. T Pt Cut tt jutc u wv tt ty t t t t pv uc uct w t ctt wtt ty t tty qut. T Cut u t t ct tw p-cpl urly th vry cocpt of morty rht, mly, qul protcto

v--v t ty pput t xtc t cy t up t pv t ptcu ccttc.15 T c py ppt t tut w tt ut t deprive ty t c-y t pv t-tu u uct ct ty tpt t cb tv uty t tt t pv uctuct t pubc c yt , tt tt, t pv pvtc wt t u uc tuct.

t t c w W W , ty t ctubct ptct w uppt by ty t u t: u everyonet t t xp, , uct -ct w t upuu t pt ptct

ty t. t wu t b ut t -1970, wt t ty tc t tt Cvt Cv & Ptc Rt (CCPR),tt ty t uc wu pc t pt-1945 ut : CCPR tc 27 cz t t t, cu- utc t, t y t w cutu t u tw u:

14

my, id., p. 186.15 mty c b, PCj, vy op, /B n 64, p. 4852(1935) 17.


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t tt wc tc, u utc t xt, pb t uc t t b t t, cutywt t t b t up, t y t w cutu, t p pct t w , t u t w u.

wt t CCPR t t pv (v tc 1, ptct tt t -tt people), tc 27 ptct t t indi-vidualb ty up. lv wv tt tyup qua up t b t u tc 27, t vut v vc tgroupsuvv ctu vpt [t] cutu, u c tty by tt, pvt bc t v cty.16

nt tc 27 tt w pv y -

t ty. t, t ttu ptcu up ty t by bctv ct, cu tt pptty.17 mccty, t pt ptu tt ty up w c cutu, / u w cttut t 50 pct tt pput.18 Tt ty ctuy tty cy t qu t ty tt t ptct ( x-p T b t y pt Ptt-my pk t dp ut). tc 27 pp v t bc y ct

ty ttu by t tt, up b b ctz pty b t tt b t tc ty19 (tut up, cu tb ty pput, uc tBu T, cu).

tc 27 ptct t t t (ty) culture. tu t tc t cutu, t b t u tt u tttrbut of cultur, ct vhcl of prrv morty roup tty

prptuto group. T joymt of cutur rght pruppo

ptv u b cutu t t ptcpt ptcpc ct t cutu.20

16 Un Hu Rt Ctt g Ct n. 23 (50), (tc 27), ct 9.pt by t U.n. Hu Rt Ctt 6 p 1994. Un dc. CCPR/C/21/Rv.1/.5 (1994), ct 13.1 & 9.17 g Ct n. 23 (50), supra, . 16, ct 5.2, Ptck Tby, TUn dct t Rt P B t nt tc, Ru lutc mt: Bcku, y, obvt Upt . Pp &

. R (.), Uv mty Rt, p. 22, b 1995.18

my, supra, . 13, p. 188. p .19 g Ct n. 23 (50) supra, . 16, ct 5.12.20 C. id., ct 7.


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pp bv, tc 27 b tt Pt not to denyt tyup b t t t t w cutu, u. Tbt xt tuut tt Pty uct21 tu cuu t t c v, uc c tct. tt t utynot t t t wy t pt ty upb t xc t cutu, u, t Hu RtCtt vw tc 27 cy positiveuty t up tyt:

tu t t ptct u tc 27 vu t, typ tu t bty t ty up t t t cutu,u . ccy, ptv u by tt y bcy t ptct t tty ty t t t b

t y vp t cutu u t pct t , cuty wt t t b t up.22

Wt , uty t tk tv ct t up t t, cu- uty t ct cy uc, c b v t bt u t CCPR t t t t ctv.23 Tmeansby wc t t ctv wu wv t b tt t ct t vu tt Pt.24

k pt, t ( uc -b) Un dct t Rt P b t nt tc, Ru lutc mt(1992) tt tt t tk pppt u tt, wherever possible,p b t t yhave adequate opportunitiest tt tu t have instruction t t tu (t. 4.3).25 T

w tu v t t t ct tt t tk u ptty t tu uct wv pb. t v p ttt t c btw pv pptut t t t tu uch or to prov tructo through th mothr togu. dpt th

op- lu, Torbrry for o th rfrc to hv qutopportut hv tructo uggtg tht thr for

tt t k pv uc.26

21 C. id., ct 6.1.22 Id., ct 6.2.23 Tby, supra, . 17, pp. 2425. my, supra, . 13, p. 188.24 C. Xb zz, T ntu lu Rt, ju tptc & mty

u up, u 2, 2007, p. 9.25 p .26 Tby, supra, . 17, p. 49.


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t t v tty w, t t t uct t t-t Cvt cc, c Cutu Rt (CC)

t Cvt t Rt t C.

27

Trough iCesC artc 13, stt rcogz th rght of everyone to

uct tt cv t u zt tt t t, interalia, tht prmry ucto b compuory fr. T artc o ot

pcy t by wc t t t uct t b pt, tuv t t ct tt t c tv,pcy c u.28 T t t uct tc 13, vw t wt t t vy t tk pt cutu tc 15,ut uty t pv cutuy pppt py c uct.

Ct t ctxt t pc c u tc 15,th Un Commtt o ecoomc, soc Cutur Rght vw tht

artcl rqur stt to clu uctol prormm tht r tv

t t utc t t, cu u t utt ty c cv tuct tu t w u:

uct p tt pt u pct t cutu pcc-t t tc, utc u t cp-t t p t ty, kw tc, w

t c, cc cutu vu pt. tt ptu pt u p t t u tt uct p- t u up cuct on orin theirown language, tk t ct t w xp by cut t tt u t t t .29

T Cvt t Rt t C tput tt uct bct t t vpt pct t c cutu tty, -

27 ot tt cz t t t uct (but t wc T t pty) t Cvt t dct uct lo Cvt . 169 cc- u b Pp pt Cut. t w uc cu tUv dct Hu Rt (t. 26); t ngo ct, Uv dc-t lutc Rt (ct ), Bc 1996 t W dct uc-t , dk 2000. cv uv py uct u t m-u dvpt g (g 2) Un mu dct, Ung R. 55/2 (2000).28 F C, uct Wk d mck et al (.), ttHu Rt lw, p. 290, ox 2010.29

g Ct n. 21, Rt vy t tk pt cutu (t. 15,p. 1 (), t tt Cvt cc, c Cutu Rt), Undc. /C.12/gC/21, p. 27 (21 dc. 2009). p .


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u vu (t. 29). tt Pt utk t ptct t t c utc t t u t w u (t. 30). Tbt butt by t Cvt pcp bct t b , inter alia, t c u, x, t (t. 2) by t uty t v py ct t tbt tt t c (t. 3).

i g whthr chr r rcvg ucto coformg to

t t t uct, u ct t by t Un pc Rpptu tRt t uct t pp: vbty, ccbty, ccptbty ptbty.30 pt t 4- c, t pc Rpptu tk u t , b t t t uct t, t t tt t t tpc t , cu ty t, t t t cutu

th rht of th chl. T 4-a chm rlvc to mothr-tou bc T c bw.

3 T tut T

3.1 Availability

p tu availability t tt bt t k t vttcy t c yt t cct c- c.31 T

T Cttut y t ut u t vbty cpttu 49, wc b t tt t pv ct- quty uc-t t 12 y. T cuty tt t yt 6 yof prmry choo (prathom) 6 yr of cory choo (matthayom).

T cottuto gurt of cot-fr ucto hrmoz w wth

t qut CC tc 13 tt py uct b .Tl vt comprtvly lr um pr prmry tut (20 % of gdP

p cpt 2005, t b 14.6 %)32 py c t b u vtuy vy T v. dpt tt, u-b cchr w oft b bt u to fmy frmg obgto, wth

crt choo mpy cog urg pro of ptg hrvtg.33

30 T 4- c pp CCR, g Ct 13, p. 6, Un dc./C.12/1999/10 (8 dc. 1999).31 Py Rpt t pc Rpptu t t t uct, m. Kt- vk, ubtt ccc wt C Hu Rt ut1998/33, Un dc. /Cn.4/1999/49 p. 51 (13 j. 1999).32 ly t ut F: vtt py uct, p. 3, UnCo

ttut tttc, dc. 2007.33 uct T, Uttt Rbt Uvty, Fcuty Hut & ccc, 2008 ttp://u.uu.c.t/Ttu


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gv t typcy u cu t ubtc-v c utcty , t vbty py c t up w a

priorib t t t pput w.

3.2 AccessibilityAccessibility t t bt tt t ut cc t pubcc -cty b.34 cc t t Un pc Rp-ptu uct:

T ck cc t py c y c t t ttypbt u ct w t xcu c t tu, b t x, u, . yu-k uc y b cut t c, but y b xcu bcu t

t t uct c t ctz.35

W y c t pbt tc 2 t Cvt tRt t C t ct t b t c x,u, t ttu w t ty tpcp qu ptct v--v t ty pput. g - pcy t v p, u cut, v qutc ttc t by. b t utc t,ck cc t (quty) c t t tu ctbut t

t t t tty, utt, tc.36T pvuy ct 49 t T Cttut ut t equal

t t uct, tu u ut y tct t b tpbt tt w u x, u, ctzpttu.37 ntwtt t cttut ut, c bt utc t t up y c pb cc, pt by t T gvt:

mt t c w cc t c w v t

u , c p , c v u, c v tt v diferent language and culture, c tc -t uc -tb c c.38

34 Un dc. /Cn.4/1999/49, supra, . 31, p. 57.35 Id., p. 58.36 C. tv, supra, . 6, p. 167 ( t ctxt u ).37 T qu t w ct t pvu Ctut 1997.38

t pt T u t Cvt t Rt t C, Un dc.CRC/C/11/. 13, p. 50, 6970 & 342, qut Kt vk, mu Rt-B uct, p. 24, UnCo Bkk 2004. p .


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lck of T ctzhp mght o cumbr cc to ucto. i th

pt, y T t w tt t c, wc xcu t yy u t c, uc t Bu, but b T-bor gou poputo, uch th h trb pop.39 T

T gvt ut t v uc btc t t qu t t uc-t tu t 2005 pt Cbt ut, u t tt uct u b T.40 tu wc tut, t Un Ctt t Rt t C xp tcc tt qu cc t t xtt ck t c- tt t b ctu t pv u ty c

wt qu cc t quty uct, wc pct t tct cutuptt u c u ty u.41

ptcu pb cc t py c T cby c t Bu p. uttv xp t tu-t t T b tw m t, t tt 100,000Bu t u. v tu T pubc c by t , t ct cct wt ttc uc cu, uc tptt by t t Bu- .42 nt b b t w T-b tuct pt.43 T c Bu cuty ut t cty t tu-

t de acto -cc by tb pt t c. Tmty uct y b upptv t c, tt tu t t t ctt c v t t c tT c, yt y t t c tu t pv qutyc ck uct u.44

39 R. tv, supra, . 6, p. 166.40 Putp Kcctt t, dvpt Ccpt ntty t t t Ruc tt T, 25 Ru uvy Quty 40 t 51(2006).41 Un dc. CRC/C/H/Co/2 17, p. 6263 (17 mc 2006).42 F t P Cuty T tut Bu mt C m t, T, p. 54, T C Ptct Rc Pct t Ctt tPtct Pt C Rt (Bu) 2009.43

Id., p. 55.44 Id., pp. 5960 tvw wt U u Ht, g cty, Bu lwyCuc, m t, T (1 p 2011).


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3.3 Acceptability

Acceptability t vt cutuy pppt uct quty.45 T ucto prov hou b ccptb to both pup

pt.

46

o ct wt b ccptbty u, .., t u-g tught prt ubjct but o th gug through whch othrubjct r tught.47 T ccptb gug gv rg cotxt

cu b c, t b but cu cu b cbt t. ctuy, t qut wt cttut ccptb uct,cu t pppt u, cy k t uct quty w tu utty v t b w by pup, pt uct.it woul howvr m to follow mmum rqurmt of th prcpl of

t bt tt t c tt t tt b t v pt

t c , uc u tuct wc / ub tw.48

Uk vu t t, t Cttut w T t pcb t t u (t T) t u tuct.49 yt pctc, t T pp cy t uc uct:

tu t mty uct v pbt t u cu, t ct tt c u v uy ut

bc ppu. T u c u c, w t m-ty cy pt t u t T. T mty u v, T c t b cptt t T, pt t cct u.50

t pt c u b t adaptability uct, w w tu t tt ubct ct 3.4, bw.

45 CCR g Ct 13, supra, . 30, p. 6.46 /Cn.4/1999/49, supra, . 31, p. 62.47 Id., p. 64.48 C. K. vk, supra, . 38, p. 29.49 Id., p. 35.50 Bub Ppp, lu Pcy Pctc Pubc c T,

K K & Ct Yu (.), mt u B lu tuc-t: Pc & xpc utt , p. 105, utt mt uc-t ozt, Bkk 2009.


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3.4 Adaptability

T adaptability uct t b t ptt t p-v pup wt t kw ty w t uct ut c,

t b ctxt. ut pt tuct pc, t w wv t b t btw, t , c t t cutuy vt uct tu t t tu , t t, t t vt pp tut t utc t bcty.51 tu u t tut, pvuy , uppt t t t-tu uct, ty t t t xcu uct t u. Tu, tt t pv buuct (t tu + t u) utu uct

(t tu + t u + b u). Utty, wt t uct quty pt t t utc tyc w p t t t-tu b c tt v t uct w pcy.52

T T Cttut pv t t uct bt c t kw.53 tt uct pcy t pt w- c w but t tt cutu ( 80). Pb t c tt cut v t t t cv

t t cut [] c kw ( 66). lc vt t t uty t pv uct wy tt cv ccutu kw, bt ctt wt t t u-ct t yt ( 289). T c t c kw/

w t bv Cttut pv wu uby cu tu c u c.

T nt uct ct (1999) , t Cttut,t kw t cuty, t w cuty (23.1) but

xpct t t Cttut t ubct u kw:(4) Kw k u, wt p pp u tT u;

P Pt , w cuct c t t tK u nt-t T c, vw t bv-ct p-v p t u T u cbt wt -

51

C. R. tv, supra, . 6, p. 161.52 C. F C, supra, . 28, p. 287.53 Cttut t K T (2007).


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t 7 t t p T tty ct de acto pty t T: T u tuct c T ub-

ct, cu , c tk c tt pccy tc Tu. T kp wt t T uct ct t T t t u.54

T c c u wv b pty t by m-ty uct t c 2005 uppt pt pct

wc u c u t T.55 c tuct t uct 2002, 30 % t cucuu vtt -t u tuy t c ctt.56 o t w,T pp t b w ptt t cut ut-t , wby t-tu b c tt t t ttv

t c cuty ngo, w by t vt cpt c u tuct t t uct yt ppv ut ct u pcy t t t v.57

4 CcuT c utc t T, t c yt utu ct, t t cv c ut w bw tt

t pput. ptt ctbut ct t -ty u pup cuty w tuct b t tu, .., u t t / t tu. ttpc c uppt t t tt cu t t tu c t y ctt , t t t u t t t tu, includingt t u. t xtt tt kw t t u ctbut t t tt t uty, t-tu c tu pp tpt ptt tp tw t .

54 Pt , T K vb mty: lu, tcty CutuPtc nt-t T, 8 tcty 111 (2007) t p. 126. pp.123124. xp pvty tt t t pt K u - T t u lu uct Pct: ttp://t.cb./2008/04/k-t-c.t.55 Bub Ppp, supra, . 50, p. 107.56 W t, uc Ptcu & Cu, Bu ltcy t

Pw K Cuty ok dtct, C Pvc: C tuy T-, mt u B lu tuct, supra, . 50, p. 173.57 Ft lu Ft, supra, . 9, p. 7.


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T pt-WW tb tt w pcp qu ptct utc t, b tt t depriveu-tc t t t t pv t tu c. pt t pt-1945 uv u t, CCPR tc 27 pbt- ct t utc t t yt t -u cutu. Tt pv t tv uty t tk ptvu t ptct t t utc t t y vpt u cutu. T pcc by wc t cv wv t t t ct tt Pt.

T CC t t uct cb wt t t t tk pt cu-turl lf (art. 13 & 15, rpctvly) tl rht for morty chlr to

uct tu t t tu. muc ttu wv v

t tt c t tv, pcy c u t pt t t. t pp vt t w t pcp t bt tt t c tt tuct b pv u ttth chl bl to urt (Covto o th Rht of th Chl, art. 3).

xt t-tu c T t vw-pt t 4- t-t-uct c v t w. TT Cttut z w wt t tt w quttt uct b availablet c. o t t , u-

tc t, w t t b u-b t v t , w pctc v bt t t t pput w. Ttt t t accesspubc c -cty b c t T Cttut yt c wt ty u cutu v pctc xpc pb cc, c ptb t c t Bu p. c tu tt tu pct t acceptability uct. tu tT Cttut t pcb T t c u, t u c u b c. T c c u p c t adaptability, ct qu tt uct cp tt pup c, t b ctxt. tu t TCttut uct ct t t ucctxt, pctc t t b pty t T. Hwv,t pvuy ct T u tuy tuc 2002 y b t wy t bt t pt t-tu c, bt c wt t .

fisher - the human right to mother tongue based schooling

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