fish passage barriers
TRANSCRIPT
WDFW Fish Passage Summary:Barrier Assessment and Prioritization
WDFW Fish Passage
Overview
50/50 Class and FieldThis training will cover: Site Information Barrier Criteria Culvert Assessment Protocols Level A Level B
Dams Fishways
WDFW’s Fish Passage Inventory, Assessment, and Prioritization Manual
Introduction (Ch. 1) Site Identification (Ch. 2) Culvert Crossings (Ch. 3) Non-Culvert Crossings (Ch. 4) Dams (Ch. 5) Misc. Obstructions (Ch. 6) Natural Barriers (Ch. 7) Fishways (Ch. 8) Surface Water Diversions (Ch. 9) Habitat Assessment (Ch. 10) Habitat Data Entry (Ch. 11) Prioritization (Ch. 12)
https://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/02061
Broad Overview
Site Information - Feature Inventory Feature (Culvert, Dam, Fishway, etc.) - Data
Collection & Assessment Photos
Site Information
Location Info Lat/Long, Creek Name, Ownership, etc.
Site Comments Potential Fish Use
Fish Use POTENTIAL*: Yes, No, or Unknown
Fish Use Criteria (hierarchy):
Biological – salmonids (trout or salmon) observed during site visit
Mapped – fish-bearing on SalmonScape, DNR water type maps, PHS, etc.
Physical – next slide Other – explain in comments; Ex.
recent study documented fish use in this stream
*”Potential” includes spawning, rearing, and refuge habitat
POTENTIAL Fish Use – Physical CriteriaScour Line Width
>0.6 meters (2’) in Western WA >0.9 meters (3’) in Eastern WA
Gradient < 20%
Scour Line WidthThe horizontal distance between scour marks onboth banks - includes everything within the activechannel where stream flow would be expectedduring regular seasonal high flows.
Scour LineWidth
Bankfull Width
Scour Line WidthEmergent
vegetation, slope changeMoss, line of
debris
Scour marks are produced as a result of water action thatoccurs with enough frequency to leave a distinct mark upon thesoil or vegetation.
Look for indicators such as a line left by debris, pollen, silt, ormarks made by erosion or destruction of terrestrial vegetation.
Scour Line Width
Measuring Scour Line Width• Measure perpendicular to flow outside of the area
where normal stream function is influenced by aninstream feature.
• Take several SLW measurements within representativechannel segments to calculate an average.
Culvert Influence
Measure scour line width outside of culvert influence.
Culvert Influence:• Below high velocity scour or plunge pools at
downstream end• Above impounded sediment at upstream end
Non Fish-Bearing
NFB Records:
• Record physical measurements, if present.
• Provide a description of the channel, or describe the absence of channel.
Fish Passage Barrier Conditions
Shallow Water DepthHigh Velocity
Excessive Water Surface Drop
Based on salmonid swimming abilities
Velocity and Water Surface Drop criteria for 6” trout
Depth for adult Chinook
WDFW Basis of Barrier Criteria
High Fish Passage Flows[Qfphigh]- 10% Exceedance Velocity
Low Fish Passage Flows[Qfplow]- 95% Exceedance Depth
10% Nope
5% Nope
Fish
Pas
sage
Flo
ws
Fish passage should be provided at all flows between Qfplow and Qfphigh
Adult Fish Passage Requirements
Velocity limits should not be exceeded at any flow ≤ Qfphigh
Velocity criterion varies with the length of the culvert: < 30 m (100‘) long, max velocity is 1.2 mps (4.0 fps) 30 m – 60 m (100-200‘) long, max velocity is 0.9 mps (3.0 fps) > 60 m (200‘) long, max velocity is 0.6 mps (2.0 fps)
Adult Fish Passage RequirementsWater depth at any location within a culvert without a natural bed must be ≥ 0.30 m (1’) at any flow ≥ Qfplow
Adult Fish Passage RequirementsWater surface drops at the inlet, outlet, or interior of the culvert may not exceed 0.24 m (0.8')*
*between high and low fish passage flow
What is “Passability”?
0% - feature is a total barrier to some adult salmonids during a period within the range of fish passage flows. 33% - feature is a severe partial barrier to some adult
salmonids during a period within the range of fish passage flows. 67% - feature is a less severe partial barrier to some
adult salmonids during a period within the range of fish passage flows. 100% - no adult salmonids should be impeded when
attempting to pass through the feature during a period within the range of fish passage flows.
Culvert Assessment Overview
Barrier Status Unknown
Barrier
Not a Barrier
Not a Barrier or Unknown
Barrier
Prioritize Barrier for Correction
Culvert Encountered
Record Location Information
Conduct Level A Barrier Assessment
Conduct Level B Barrier Assessment
Conduct Habitat Assessment
Level A
To identify the most obviousbarriers and non-barriers.
Measures the culvert and nearby channel.
Culvert Number• Sequencer - Identifies culverts at multiple culvert stream
crossings. • Format X.Y, where X = specific culvert number and Y = total
number of culverts at crossing.• Number from left bank to right bank (looking
downstream)
Single culvertSequencer = 1.1
Double culvertSequencers = 1.2 & 2.2
Triple culvertSequencers = 1.3, 2.3, & 3.3
Multiple and Overflow Culverts
Comments: “0.61 m RND CST overflow pipe on RB”
Must also be within Bankfull
Culvert Number 1.2
Culvert Number 2.2
Overflow culvertDetermine at UPSTREAM end
Note: Do not include "highwater overflow" culverts in the sequencer and do not evaluate for fish passage; describe in comments section.
downstream
upstream
Materials - Concrete
Pre-Cast Concrete (PCC)
Cast-in-Place Concrete (CPC)
• Look for sign of forms
Steel (CST)• Rusts• Magnetic
Aluminum (CAL)
Materials – Corrugated Metal
Steel (SST)
Plastic (PVC)• Any plastics
Materials – Smooth
Steel (SPS)
Aluminum (SPA)
Materials – Structural Plate
Materials – Others
Timber (TMB)
Masonry (MRY)
Span and Rise Jargon
Invert
Soffit
Crown
Direction of Flow
Skewed Culvert
Span
Span and Rise – Cont.
Rise
Span
Rise
Span
Water depth is measured about 6” in from the culvert outlet at invert
Water Depth in Culvert
Culvert Shapes
Round (RND)
Squash(SQSH)
ARCH ARCH
BOX
Culvert Shapes
Ellipse(ELL)
The drop is measured from water surface to water surface.
Water Surface Drop
Infall dropInterior slope break
Outfall drop
Log or debris jam
Measure all water surface drops present,whenever safely possible. Record max drop online 10 and 11; describe others in Comments.
Rip-rap or debris at outlet: Measure water surface drop from culvert outlet to the launching pool.
Location: None, US, DS, or Both
Aprons
Length (without aprons)
Length (with aprons)
Length
Downstream InvertElevation (DSIE)
Upstream InvertElevation (USIE)
Culvert Slope
% Slope = Rise / ‘Run’ * 100aka
% Slope = [(USIE - DSIE) / Length] * 100
Road Fill Depth(to nearest whole meter)
Bed material ≥ 20% of culvert rise at outlet invert and present throughout entire length.
Countersunk: Yes/No
Assume embedment depth at outlet ≥ 20% of culvert rise. Is the culvert countersunk?
Yes
Yes
No
No
Backwatered: Yes/No
Backwatered - A culvert is considered backwatered if either of the following conditions apply: average velocity through the entire length of the culvert is
visibly slower than the average velocity in the adjacent channel, or
very little or no visible flow throughout entire culvert length
Is the culvert backwatered?
Outlet Inlet
Observe at both ends of culvert
Gate
Tide gates, floodgates, etc. – Yes/No, but…What is the intention?
• Impounding Water = Dam• Preventing Upstream Flow = Culvert
Gate
• Preventing Upstream Flow = Culvert= BARRIER*
*Still Collect Level A Data
Rack
• Trash Racks• Fences• Etc.
Streambed
Measure horizontal and vertical gaps• If Chinook Present: <0.30 m = Barrier• Chinook Not Present: <0.24 m = Barrier
Rack
Any man-made structure that facilitates the passage of fish through, over, or around a barrier.
Fishway
Bankfull Width
Scour Line WidthEmergent
vegetation, slope changeMoss, line of
debris
Indicators: topographic breaks along banks; change to uplandvegetation; stage where water just begins to overflow intoactive floodplain.
Bankfull Width
BANKFULL
Scour Line Width
Bankfull Width vs. Scour Line Width
Bankfull width can be measured upstream or downstream ofthe culvert, outside of the area of culvert influence. If feasible,take multiple measurements and record the average.
• Measure horizontally andperpendicular to flowfrom a point on the bankwhere water begins tooverflow into the activefloodplain.
• To a point at the same elevation on the opposite bank.
• Bankfull typically has a recurrence interval between 1 and 2 years.
Bankfull Width Indicators
Change in slopeor soil type.Change in Vegetation
Stains or Lichens
• Overtops bank into floodplain.
• Deposition of materials.• Measure from lower terrace.
Not so good place to measure BFW😟😟
Plunge PoolLength
Max Depth Downstream Control
Width
Good Photo
• In Landscape Context• Unobscured• 4:3 Ratio
Not Good
😟😟
No
Barrier Analysis – Level A
Collect Level A data
Is there a water surface drop ≥ 0.24m?
Is the culvert at least 20% countersunk?
Yes
Barrier
No
Is the culvert backwatered?Yes
Proceed to Level B
Proceed to Level B
Is the slope ≥ 1%Yes
BarrierNo
Yes
Is the culvert span ≥ 75% of BFW
Yes
Passable
No
No
Assigning passability to Level A barriers
When more than one parameter applies, use the more restrictive passability value.
Multiple-Culvert Crossings
• Collect Level A data for all culverts.• Barrier status and passability based on
the most passable culvert in the series.
Level A training video -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_78X9nn3hWE&feature=youtu.be
Rod
Heig
ht (R
H)
Datum (aka Benchmark). Usually the inlet invert. Arbitrarily set to 100 m.
Instrument Height (IH)
Back Shot
RH
Fore Shot
Elevation (ELEV)
Lvl B Prologue: Basic Surveying – Rotating Laser Level
Stadia Rod (RH)
StandardX
Metric
Setting a Datum
Select a reference point to assign an elevation of 100.00 meters – usually inlet invert
Find a good spot for your survey equipment and calculate instrument height relative to reference point
Calculating Instrument Height (IH)
Basic Surveying
Datum – Reference point from which all of the other elevations are calculated (100 m elevation).
Rod Height (RH) – The difference in elevation from the instrument height to the point you are trying to measure (back shots or fore shots).
Instrument Height (IH) – The height of the instrument. Calculated by taking a back shot from the instrument to a known elevation (usually the datum). IH = Datum Elevation + RH
Elevation (ELEV) – The calculated elevations based on a fore shot from the instrument height. ELEV = IH – RH
Vertical Distance (VD+/-) – For laser range finders
Level B
A more advanced hydraulic analysis used to calculate Velocity at High Fish Passage Design Flow (Qfphigh) Depth at Low Fish Passage Design Flow (Qfplow)
The Level B Analysis uses longitudinal and cross sectional profiles of the stream channel
Longitudinal Profile of Stream
Elevations are measured at the: • US end of culvert (invert and bed)• DS end of culvert (invert and bed)• DS control cross section• DS water surface 15m below control
Culvert Elevations
Collect this data for each culvert inmultiple culvert crossings.
100.002.00102.00102.00102.00102.00
1.00 101.003.00 99.002.50 99.50X
Backshot: IH = ELEV + RHForeshot: ELEV = IH - RH
Corrugation
Depth x Width (inches)• Most will be 0.5 x 2.66, 1 x 3, and 2 x 6 • If different specify using the same format
Width - Peak to Peak
Depth - Peakto Valley
Downstream Control X-Section
Collect this data once for the whole crossing.
Downstream Control = the point in the channel cross-section that controls the elevation of your outlet pool downstream of the culvertor controls the depth and velocity of water in the culvert.
Downstream Control
Downstream Control X-Section
Stretch cross-section from top of left bank to the top of right bank
measuring tape = STATION
0.00 1.05 1.35 2.40 3.50 3.90 4.65
DS control cross section profile elevations
Substrate F FF C B FC
Water Depth 0 00.01 0.05 0 0.080.1
RHIH
TopLB
ToeLB
ToeRB
TopRB
Bed1
Bed2
Bed3
RH
RH RH
RH RH
RH
Downstream Control X-Section
Foreshot: ELEV = IH - RH
102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00
3.00 99.001.33 4.50 97.50 0.00
FC
1.50 4.75 97.25 0.15 C1.98 4.25 97.75 0.00 B2.35 4.80 97.20 0.21 C2.81 5.00 97.00 0.39 F3.15 2.50 99.50 F
Downstream Control X-Section
102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00102.00
3.00 99.001.33 4.50 97.50 0.00
FC
1.50 4.75 97.25 0.15 C1.98 4.25 97.75 0.00 B2.35 4.80 97.20 0.21 C2.81 5.00 97.00 0.39 F3.15 2.50 99.50 F
Water Surface Elevation (WSE) = ELEV + DEPCalculate Average WSE using only stations with DEP > 0
X97.40
X97.4197.39
97.40
WSE measurements should be within 0.05 m
Water Surface Elevation -Downstream of Control
15 m (Typically)102.00 6.00 X 96.00
Downstream WSE < X-Section Avg WSE
Precipitation (App. H) - Regional Mean Annual or 2-Year/24-Hour
Basin Area (mi2) ArcGIS USGS StreamStats Program Other mapping software
This information is needed to calculate the range of flows that will occur at the culvert site.
Other information needed for Level B analysis
Office Work
Hydraulic Analysis SoftwareFree: USFS’s Fish X-ing FHWA’s HY-8 USACE’s HEC-RAS
Not Free: CulvertMaster XPCulvert
Assigning passability to Level B barriers
When more than one parameter applies, use the more restrictive passability value.
Multiple-Culvert Crossings
• Assess every culvert in the crossing.• Barrier status and passability based on
the most passable culvert in the series.
When can you not do a Level B? Tidally influenced – protocol in development Internal grade break Confluence – culvert discharges immediately into another system Tributaries entering between outlet and control
Downstream control is inaccessible
Other Fish Passage Features
• Non-Culvert Crossings
• Dams• Miscellaneous• Fishways
• Fords• Puncheons• Abandoned/Washout• Bridges (motorized)• Footbridges
Non-Culvert Crossings
If span is > BFW, it is a bridge Use Non-Culvert Crossing Form (and Site ID form) Measure Span Record BFW Take Photos
Arch Culvert vs Bridge
“Bridgelvert”
DamsA manmade instream structure that results in an abrupt change in water surface..
..with the of impounding water
intent
WAC definition: built across a watercourse to control the flow or level of water
See back of form for the meaning of abbreviations
Dam Type Concrete [CN] Earth Fill [EF] Masonry [MS] Metal [MT] Rock Fill [RF] Timber [TB] Other [OT]
Material Type
• Irrigation• Navigation• Stock or Farm Pond• Fish Propagation• Hydroelectric• Wildlife Habitat• Water Supply• Flood Control• Water Quality• Tailings• Recreation
Primary Purpose
*Impounds storm water for sediment removal
i.e., Outlet Control Structure•Spillway•Standpipe•Flashboard Riser•Culvert
Outlet Type
*
Culverts vs. Dams
Inlet to underground storm water
NOT A DAM
Span• Full• Partial
Timing• Year-round or
SeasonalLength• Of entire
structure impounding water
Dams
Height • Of structure
Water Surface Difference• Measure if water is
flowing over crest of dam
Plunge Pool Depth• Maximum pool depth
below dam – to nearest 0.01 meters
Dams
Dam PassabilityDetermined by WS Drop – the difference in the water
surface elevation above and below the dam
Reminder – Gates on Culverts
Tide gates, floodgates, etc. – Yes/No, but…What is the intention?
• Impounding Water = Dam• Preventing Upstream Flow = Culvert
Assessing Gates – Culverts, etc.
• If fully or partially open, use Level A analysis (if possible).
• If barrier using Level A, dam is a barrier.
• If not a barrier, or not attached to culvert, barrier status is unknown.
If closed = barrier & passability % unknown
Stop Logs/ Flashboard Risers
If boards are in place and water surface drop > 0.24 m, then dam is a barrier
If boards not in place:• If attached to a culvert,
perform Level A. • Otherwise, barrier status
and passability of dam is unknown.
Temporary / Natural Dams
• Beaver and debris dams, landslides, etc.
• Not evaluated for fish passage.
Associated with a natural or man-made feature.
Fishway
Must be attached to another feature.
• Entire site evaluated together.
Data collection depends on fishway type
WSDrop used to determine barrier status for almost all fishways
Important notes about fishwaysFishways must be attached to another instream feature• Entire site is evaluated together Water Surface drop only criterion applied by field crews for most fishways (except streambed controls)
Do not report a streambed control as a fishway unless it functions to pass fish above, through, or around a barrier• Report it as a miscellaneous obstruction if it creates
a barrier condition [WS Drop ≥ 0.24m]
Entire site is evaluated together
Important notes about fishways
• Fishways require complex hydraulic analysis.
• Evaluation guidance in the Manual is intended to assist inventory crews with identifying common fishway types and obvious fishway design or maintenance issues that may cause fish passage delay or barrier conditions
Baffled Culverts (BC) or Baffled Flumes (BF)
Number of BafflesBaffle Type
• Concrete• Rock• Metal• Plastic• Wood• Other
WSDrop
Baffle Data Collection
“Standard” Fishways
Pool Chute
Weir Pool
Vertical Slot Steep Pass
Number of Pools• Count all pools associated with fishway, incl. pool
below the most downstream weir/control
Entrance Pool Depth
Weir Pool, Pool Chute, Vertical Slot, and Steep Pass Only
Fishway Data Collection
Maximum Water Surface Drop• Measure every water surface drop associated
with the fishway and record the maximum water surface elevation difference
Number of WeirsWeir Type
• Concrete• Rock• Metal• Plastic• Wood • Other
Streambed Control
Installed to influence flow, gradient, sediment, bed elevation, and/or improve passage.
Non Fishway Streambed Controls
Not associated with a another fish passage structure
Report as ‘Miscellaneous Barrier’ if WS Drop ≥ 0.24 m
• Grade Control Location None, Upstream, Downstream, Both
• Control Type Concrete, Gabion, Log, Plank, Saccrete, Rock
• # of Controls• Max WSDrop
Streambed Control Data Collection
Natural Barrier Stream Feature Types
Gradientsteep slope, chute, or cascading drop (cascade) > 20% for 160+ meters
Waterfallnear vertical drop > 3.7 meters vertical height
Subsurface flowpermanent or persistent interruption of surface flow
Chutes or Cascadesrequiring burst swimming, vertical and horizontal leaps
How do fish get upstream?
Fish attempt to migrate upstream of natural barriers by:
• Leaping• Burst Swimming• Sustained Swimming
Salmonid species have different swimming and leaping abilities
Jumping ability is affected by both horizontal and vertical distances
Subsurface Flow
No defined stream channel or evidence of overland flow at any time of the year
Look for scour andVegetation changes
Do not assign a Site ID
A sustained gradient over 20% for a distance greater than or equal to 160 meters
Upper limit for most adult salmonids
Gradient Barrier
Sustained gradient > 20% for ≥ 160 meters
Gradient Barrier
≥ 3.7 m near vertical drop with no steps = barrier
Waterfall
Step pool should have a depth > length of adult species present
Measure All Vertical Drops
step pool
Landing conditions
Launching Conditions
Mud Cr x Dry Cr, Walla Walla R
Compound Drops
Lower water surface drop = 3.4 m
gradient 18% for 12 meters without plunge pool
Upper water surface drop = 1.8 m
Cascade/ChuteRequires burst swimming and/or the fish to jump vertically and horizontally.
Are there steps? barrierNO
Plunge pools free ofobstructions and have adepth > the body length ofthe adult species present?
YES
barrier
YES
Adequate landing site, free of obstructions, without excessive
velocity or turbulence upstream of the step?
NO
barrier NO YES
Might be passable!
Where to measure?
Single 3.7 m drop originally measured by field crew
Series of smaller drops and lower gradient side-channel
• water velocity• depth of pool• fish’s orientation• fish’s ability to swim and
maneuver through intermediate steps
• distance to the nearest pool or velocity refuge
• obstructions (such as overhanging rock) upon landing
Success depends on both the LAUNCHING and LANDING conditions, influenced by:
Sometimes Pro Judgement is Warranted
• “Compound Barrier” = combo of more than one natural barrier feature exists, e.g., falls with steep gradient, bedrock cascade, or chute upstream
• Horizontal distances seem too great for fish to leap over vertical drop
• Waterfall > 3.7 m in vertical height, but there are steps or a side channel that could facilitate passage around the falls
Evaluate or visualize at various flowsSalmon and steelhead will wait for the optimum flow to navigate a barrier
May wait in plunge pool, or farther downstream, for extended periods and then move all at once during a 12-hour flood
At bankfull and high flows, fish may be able to:• swim around the edges• use smaller drops/steps• take advantage of deeper pools and landing areas
Note date, time, and flow conditions during assessment
Water levels, turbulence, drop heights, and pool depths will differ at various flows
Powers (2008)
Still unsure?
Document everything (safely):• Take very detailed notes and
photos; include it in FPDSI.• Measure Everything!• Estimate water height at
bankfull flows• Note the flow conditions• So are we!