fish 336 introduction to aquaculture - uaf school of fisheries and
TRANSCRIPT
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Mollusc Aquaculture
Phylum Mollusca ~85,000 extant species
Well Represented in Fossil Record
10 classes: 3 Important in Aquaculture
Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Gastropoda
Most Important are the Bivalves: Scallops
Oysters, Clams, Mussels etc.
Some Life Cycles have been Closed, Most
Have Not, Must Fish Young from Wild.
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Mollusc Aquaculture
A Roman Form of Marine Aquaculture
Many Sessile Filter Feeders
Often Open Water Natural Habitats
with Young (Sprat) Collected Locally
Polyculture advantageous Tilapia, Shrimp
35% of Total Aquaculture Production
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Scaphopods
Tusk or Tooth Shells
Native American Money
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Mollusc Aquaculture
Culturing Pearls: Both FW and Marine Pearls
Oyster, Abalone, Mussel & Black Pearls
Bivalves: Oysters, Mussels, Scallops, Clams
Gastropods: Marine, FW and Terrestrial
Abalone – Valuable Dried Seafood Hong Kong
Chile has Cage Culture of California Red
Abalone (Haliotis rufescens)
Cephalopods – Thailand - Culture Squid and
Cuttlefish? Young Fished from Wild Pop’ns
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Bivalve Aquaculture
Oysters Number 1 Aquacultured Bivalve
China leads world: Japan, Korea & France.
Crassostrea gigas – More Abundant
Ostrea – More Valuable – Eaten Raw
Most Grown at Higher Temperatures
Contamination with Pathogenic Bacteria
Filter Feeders – Concentrate Pathogens
Vibrio spp., Toxic Algae – PSP, etc
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Bivalve Aquaculture
Simplest Culture is on the Bottom
Sow Bivalve Shell (Cultch) Larva will settle on it.
Best off Bottom: Avoid Predators, Oyster Drill Snail
Starfish – Upogebia - Burrowing Ghost Shrimp
Can Suffocate Oysters
Depurate – to Cleanse, Purify or Purge
Bivalves: Feeding Concentrates Toxins & Pathogens
Hold Harvest in Running Water Until Gut Emptied
Cornmeal - Unlikely to Remove PSP.
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Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP)
Toxins from Marine Dinoflagellates
(Algae) in the Genus Alexandrium.
Accumulates in Filter Feeder Tissues
Can Remain for Months or Years
Most Common PSP is Saxitoxin. Acts on
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
Can be Fatal –Numbness, Paralysis,
Respiratory Failure
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Oyster Aquaculture
Oysters Tolerate Fluctuating Water Quality
Alaska has Significant Oyster Farming
Cold Waters Improve Texture & Taste
PSP Rigorously Monitored (FDA)
Oysters are Generally Protandrous Animals
Juveniles Develop into Males,
Later These Become Females
Life Cycle with Feeding Larva – The Veliger
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Modes of Oyster Culture
Provide Con-Specific Shell on Bottom
Cultch - for Spat to Settle on.
Off Bottom Systems Provide Protection
from Predators and Fouling – Can Use
Stakes & Racks
Suspended Systems – Ropes or Trays
Suspended from Long Lines or Floats
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Culture of Other Bivalves
Mussel Culture often on Rafts – up to 700
ropes from each raft – 60 mt per year per raft
Scallops (China Leads the World) Drill Holes
Adjacent to Hinge, Thread Through, Tie up.
Clams: China Dominant – Malaysia, Taiwan,
Korea, Italy & US. Infaunal Culture
Geoducks: In PVC pipes – Growout takes 3 yrs.
Technology from Washington State
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Obtaining Spat
1. Monitor Local Waters & Harvest from Sea
Natural Settlement on Old Bivalve Shell
2. Purchase from Shellfish Hatchery
Seward Alaska – Alutiiq Pride Hatchery
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Oyster Bottom Culture
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Oyster Culture Sticks
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Oysters: China Oyster Racks
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African Oysters in Mesh Packs
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Eating Oysters
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Canadian Floating Oyster Farm
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Raft Mussel Culture - Galicia Spain
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Oyster Cultch ~ Hanging Scallop Shell
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Korean Hanging Oyster Culture
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Canadian Bag Oyster Harvest
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Cultured Pearls
Freshwater Pearls: Mussel Family Unionidae
Marine Pearls: Oysters in Sheltered Lagoons
Tahitian Pearls ~ 55% French Polynesia Exports
Mexican: Sea of Cortez – Rainbow Lipped Oyster
Cultured Pearls
Seed Inserted into Ovary Produces Round Pearl
Spherical Seed from Mississippi Pig Toe Clam Shell
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Pearl Culture
In 2009 China Overtook Japan as Leader
In Production of Cultured Pearls
2008 World Production of Pearls 1,500 mt
Value (2008) $1.5 Billion (US)
Considerable Religious References to Pearls
in both the Bible & the Koran
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Pearl Culture
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Pearl Oyster Farm
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Mexican Rainbow Lipped Pearl Oysters
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Freshwater Pearls
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Akoya Pearl Necklace
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Tahitian Black Pearls
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Mussel Culture
Freshwater Mussels for Pearl Culture China
China First in Production, Spain (Galicia) 2nd
Pole Culture being Supplanted by Raft Culture
Marine Mussels Cultured for Food
Blue Mussel – Mytilus edulis (Atlantic)
Important Fall Food in Belgium & Netherlands
New Zealand Green Lipped Mussel
Perna canaliculis
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Hanging Mussel Culture
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Floats at a Mussel Farm
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Mussel Culture
Cleaning Mussel Set Line
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Mussel Culture
Mytilus edulis
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Aquacultured Cockles
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Clam Harvest
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Pre-Settlement Larval Clams
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Growing Algae as Food for Clams
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Geoduck Farm
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Geoducks
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Scallop Hanging Culture: Floats & Baskets
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Molluscan Trochophore Larva
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Molluscan Veliger Larva
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Namibia Abalone Farm
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Abalone Shell Nacre
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Abalone Nacre Stiletto Handle
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Octopus vulgaris (Atlantic)
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Octopus Embryos I
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Octopus Embryos II
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Octopus Paralarvae
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Terrestrial Pulmonate Snails
French National Delicacy “Escargot”
Common in Cuisines around Mediterranean
In Medieval Britain called “Wall Fish”
Pulmonate Snails are Hermaphrodites
Acquire Calcium directly from Soils
Helix pomatia, H. aspersa are top species
US Snail imports 1990 $4.5 million
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Harvest at the Snail Farm
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Served as Escargot
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French Snail Farm
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Helix pomatia
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Marine Prosobranch Snails