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First Farmers: The Revolution of Agriculture Assignment 3 By: Alexis Apgar

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Agriculture Revolution

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Page 1: First farmers

First Farmers: The Revolution of Agriculture

Assignment 3

By: Alexis Apgar

Page 2: First farmers

The Last Ice Age70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

The Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age.

At the end of the last Ice Age human migration across the earth began.

Page 3: First farmers

The Neolithic Age10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE

“Neolithic” “New Stone” Age

• Gradual shift from:• Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle.• Hunting/Gathering agricultural production and

domestication of animals.• Transition to agriculture: 11,000 – 8,500 B.C.E.• Extinction of some large animals due to hunting and

climate change led to scarce food.• Warmer, wetter weather allowed more plants to grow.• Gathering and hunting peoples started to establish

more permanent homes in resource-rich areas. • Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the

support of larger populations.

Page 4: First farmers

The Agricultural Revolution8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE

Agriculture developed independently In different parts of the world.

Rise of settledVillages parallelsOrigin of agriculture.

Page 5: First farmers

The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent was the first region to have a full Agricultural Revolution.

Domestication: figs, wheat, barley, rye, peas, lentils, sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle.

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Eastern Sahara

In Africa animals wereDomesticated first unlike Elsewhere where plants Were domesticated first.

Africa had scattered Farming practices. In the East was the grainSorghum. In the highlandsOf Ethiopia was the highlyNutritious grain teff. InWest Africa yams, oil palmTrees, okra, and the kolaNut.

This scattered form ofFarming was a less Productive way of farmingThen in the regionOf the Fertile Crescent.

Page 7: First farmers

In the Americas there was an absence of animals that could be domesticated So the peoples of America relied heavily on hunting and fishing. Furthermore, they lacked the rich cereal grains like in

Afro-Eurasia instead they had maize.

Page 8: First farmers

Advantages & Costs of Agriculture

• Advantages– Steady food supplies– Greater populations– Leads to organized societies

• Costs– Heavily dependent on certain food crops

(failure=starvation)– Disease from close contact with animals, humans, and

waste– Population growth prevents return to the hunting and

gathering life.

Page 9: First farmers

New Technology

• Explosion of new technology– Pots, vases, and dishes– Textiles – MetallurgyA new set of technological changes- New uses for domesticated animals milking,

riding, hitching them to plows and carts.

Page 10: First farmers

Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture

• Pastoral Societies– In Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara, and in parts of eastern

and southern Africa people depended heavily on their animals and became herders, pastoralists, or nomads.

• Agricultural Village Societies– Settled village based farms maintenance of equality and freedom: no kings,

chiefs, bureaucrats, and aristocrats.– Organized by kinship, group, or lineage performed the functions of its

government.

• Chiefdoms– Chiefs, unlike kings rely on generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern,

not force.– Locations include Mesopotamia, Pacific Islands, and North America.