First Experiences with Polish Optical InternetA. Binczewski, N. Meyer, J. Nabrzyski, S. Starzak, M. Stroiński, J. Węglarz

Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center, Poland

Abstract. The paper describes the new development program ofthe Polish Information Infrastructure. The program, called in PolishPIONIER: (ang. PIONEER) Polish Optical Internet, AdvancedApplications, Services and Technologies for the InformationSociety, has been proposed to the Polish State Committee forScientific Research and accepted. The idea of the program relies onforming an advanced infrastructure together with tools, servicesand applications available for the entire scientific community andeventually to government and local administrations as well as thesociety in general. Services and applications are expected to appearas selected pilot realizations by which the verification of deployedtechnologies will be possible. Some pilot realizations and testbedsare also presented in the paper.

1. IntroductionAvailability of modern telecommunication and information technologies has a directinfluence on the evolution of the information society in all its aspects. The need of scienceand research community in Poland were a reason for establishing a dedicated program for theinformation infrastructure development in Poland some years ago. A program called „TheDevelopment of the Information Infrastructure for the Scientific Community in Poland” wasprepared and realized by the State Committee for Scientific Research together with the Polishscientific community. As a result of this program the following infrastructure has been built:

- 5 HPC centres in Warsaw, Cracow, Poznan, Gdansk and Wroclaw,- local area networks in most scientific and academic centers,- 22 metropolitan area networks (MAN) based on their own fiber cables with the

ATM technology up to 622 Mbps.- two operating national networks – the Scientific and Academic Network (NASK)

and broadband research and education network POL-34 operated by PoznanSupercomputing and Networking Centre [1],

- connection of the Polish research and education networks to the EuropeanNetwork TEN-155.

Rapid and universal Internet advent in technically and economically advanced countriesformed new technological and economic possibilities for the evolution of society. Therefore itseemed inevitable to prepare a new program of realizing the idea of “ the information society”in Poland. The idea of the program relies on forming an advanced infrastructure together withtools, services and applications available for the entire scientific community and eventually togovernment and local administrations as well as the society in general. Services andapplications are expected to appear as selected pilot realizations by which the verification ofdeployed technologies will be possible. This is the main trend of a program entitled“PIONIER: Polish Optical Internet – Advanced Applications, Services and Technologies forthe Information Society” [2]. The State Committee for Scientific Research accepted theprogram on 27.06.2000 [3]. The program will simply be called PIONIER in this paper.

2. PIONIER ProgramThe program conception assumes the realization of the following three essential targets:

1. Developing the information infrastructure for the scientific community in Polandup to the level, which will allow research concerning the challenges of modernscience, technology, services and applications.

2. Developing and testing pilot services and applications for the information society,which will be considered as the framework for deployment in such domains asscience, education, government and local administration, industry and service-oriented business.

3. Joining the competition in software development towards new applications in theinformation society.

2.1. Program structureThe fundamental principle of the development of the information infrastructure for the Polishscientific community is to achieve the above-mentioned targets by building selected advancednetwork applications, which use advanced network services. Then the services are realized inthe advanced structure of computer networks, which are connected with hardware andsoftware resources constituting an advanced specialized network infrastructure (Fig. 1a). Thisinfrastructure ought to ensure suitable links for international co-operation.

Fig. 1a. The structure of the PIONIER program

Advanced network applicationsThe advanced network infrastructure and service usefulness for the information society shouldbe verified through pilot deployments or advanced applications. Taking the Polish specificsinto consideration we assume the realization of the following example applications in thescope of the program:

Internet Access

Aided Learning

Com

munication

Application

Geographical

information

applications

Environment

Managem

entA

pplication

Distance

LearningA

pplication

Internet Access

Aided LearningA

pplication

Com

putationalScience

Application

Advanced Network Services(Middleware)

Advanced Network Infrastructure

Advanced Research Specialized Infrastructure

Advanced (GRID-enabled) applications

- interpersonal communication application,- computational sciences application,- application for Internet access aided global education,- distance learning application,- geographical information application,- environmental resources management application,- telemedicine application,- collaborative work application.

Advanced network servicesThe realization of the advanced applications requires accessibility to the advanced networkservices of a common character or specialized for a particular application. The network needsto be enhanced through the development or deployment of tools to enable the environmentdefinition for the application execution. The tools form a layer called middleware.

The realization of the network services ought to fulfil the following assumptions:- optimised demands regarding network bandwidth,- network-system platform transparency,- maximum usage of the available products from both commercial and research

sectors,- openness for other world-wide solutions,- leading to attempts to develop functional and API standards.

Advanced network infrastructureAdvanced applications and advanced network services required by the applications may berealized only in a new generation network infrastructure environment, or advanced networkinfrastructure. The infrastructure will meet the requirements for the realization of theadvanced network service systems in a dynamically defined network structure down to thephysical network level, give the possibility of scalable transmission of universally generatedbroadband traffic and decrease the unit price for information unit exchange.Meeting the above-mentioned requirements is possible through building an optical networkbased on the DWDM technology. The optical network will integrate many transmissiontechnologies including ATM, POS, Gigabit Ethernet and others.

The structure of the network will comprise of the backbone between all 22 MANs. Itrequires building own fiber cables for these connections. The regional access networks shouldbe connected to MANs.

This development must be accompanied with building advanced local access networksin the scientific institutions participating in the realization of the program. The local networksshould also ensure broadband Internet connectivity for all employees and students accordingto the prevailing regulations. Researchers and scientists should have access to its via variousaccess networks, such as xDSL, CATV, radio (LMDS) and mobile networks.

Advanced specialised infrastructure development conception.In order to realize the required advanced network services and advanced applications theadvanced network infrastructure must be additionally equipped with a specialisedinfrastructure such as:

- HPC systems,- archives,- multimedia database servers (e.g. digital libraries),- communication servers,- distance learning studios,

- distance learning rooms.

International co-operationThe PIONIER Program realization requires a wide co-operation with teams realizing theInternet2 program in the USA, building the optical network CA*net3 in Canada and workingon the GEANT program in Europe.Independently of this program we propose to link the Polish optical network to the Germanacademic optical network. This link could particularly be used for co-operation in the scope ofthe European grid testbeds led by the European Grid Forum [4]. The example of such atestbed is presented at Supercomputing 2000 Conference demo.

2.2 Paradigms of PIONIER realizationThe PIONIER Program is expected to be realized in 2001-2005. This is why the establishedsolutions for the realization of the program should take into account the newest developmentaltrends to assure modernity of the infrastructure still after 2005. The experiments, studies andresearch have been started in 2000 in order to define the paradigms of the PIONIERrealization. Today, from the perspective of the New Generation Internet developmental trendsand the experiments realized so far, we can define three such paradigms:

• The national and metropolitan network infrastructure should form the OpticalIntelligent Network (OIN) encompassing national DWDM systems andmetropolitan-based CWDM systems connected by optical crossconnects with theprotocols which would enable to create the “optical paths” between the usersystems (e.g. HPC systems, servers, points of presence (PoPs)). PoPs should makeit possible to connect them to a broad range of access networks characterized bydynamically created virtual networks for grid-enabled applications.

• The network services which will constitute the basis for access of the applicationsto the network and services will create the specialised application grids withdedicated tools and middleware.

• The access to the applications and services will be possible via portals (Fig. 1b) .

Fig. 1b: Paradigms of the PIONIER realization

IntelligentOpticalNetwork

SRV

HPC HPC

PoPPoP

PoP

3. Polish Optical Internet TestbedThe wide-open discussion of the PIONIER program in the first quarter of 2000 has given theidea of building a model of the future Polish Optical Internet and a set of pilot applications torun within this environment. This model has been realized in the form of a testbed firstpresented in Poznań during the ISThmus 2000 and EUNIS 2000 conferences in April 2000.The development and research on the testbed is still being continued.

3.1 Testbed networkThe testbed network is built out of the following connections (Fig. 2)• Poznań-Wrocław span (180 km) – based on the DWDM technology delivered by

ALCATEL, with a bandwidth of 12,5 Gb/s on five lambdas (5x2,5 Gb/s). Three of theselambdas are used for the ATM transmission (2,4 Gb/s delivered by Fore/Marconi), POStransmission (155/2,5 Gb/s delivered by ALCATEL) and Gigabit Ethernet (1/2,5 Gb/sdelivered by 3Com) respectively. The next two lambdas have been used for backupconnections. The span has been built on dark fibers delivered by the Polish RailwayTelecommunication Company (PKP). The DWDM systems have been installed inWrocław and Poznań. One optical signal regenerator has been installed half way of theconnection.

• Poznań-Gdańsk span (300 km) – based on the ATM technology (Fore/Marconi andCISCO switches) with a bandwidth of 622 Mb/s. The span has been built on dark fibersdelivered by PKP and encased with optical signal regenerators delivered by RAD.

• Poznań-Łódź span (210 km) – based on the ATM technology (Fore/Marconi switches)with a bandwidth of 155 Mb/s. The span has been built on a 155 Mb/s SDH channeldelivered by TEL-ENERGO Company.

• Poznań (PSNC)-Poznań (ISThmus 2000 Exhibition) span (10 km) – based on the ATMtechnology (Fore/Marconi switches) with a bandwidth 622 Mb/s. The span has been builton dark fibers delivered by PSNC.

The testbed was connected to POL-34/155 national research network and to the FAIRnet - thenetwork operating within the conference exhibition area built in the GigabitEthernet,FastEthernet and Ethernet technologies with switches delivered by 3Com, ALCATEL,Ericsson and Fore/Marconi. The FAIRnet network gave the exhibitors access to the Internetand offered Voice over the IP services (equipment provided by Siemens). The local wirelessnetwork of the conference was also connected to the FAIRnet. This wireless network (withdevices delivered by Lucent) has been used for conference Internet broadcasting as well as forInternet access for the conference attendees.The above described configuration worked between April and August 2000. In the testbed theinteroperability and compatibility between various vendor technologies and devices have beentested. Moreover, some pilot applications have been developed and run across the testbed.The applications will be described in the section 3.2.Starting from August 2000, Gdańsk and Łódź have been disconnected from the testbed. Mostof the devices, which were previously used in the FAIRnet were moved to PSNC, where theywere connected to the testbed and to POL-34. For this phase two long-distance connectionswere used:

• Poznań-Wrocław span (180 km) – based on the DWDM technology delivered byALCATEL, with a bandwidth of 12,5 Gb/s (5x2,5 Gb/s) with five lambdas. Two of themare used for POS transmission (155/2,5 Gb/s delivered by ALCATEL) and GigabitEthernet (1/2,5 Gb/s delivered by 3Com and Cisco).

• Wrocław-Opole span (80 km) – using Gigabit Ethernet on dark fibers delivered by thePKP. Gigabit Ethernet switches from Cisco Systems (Catalyst 3512) equipped withGigabit Ethernet ZX interfaces (e.g. long-distance interfaces) were used on both ends ofthe connection. No regenerators are used between the switches.

Both Gigabit Ethernet segments (between Poznań and Wrocław and between Wrocław andOpole) were connected to one switch in Wrocław forming one logical segment, which was260 km long (Fig. 3). Five virtual LANs (VLANs) were configured in the Gigabit Ethernetsegment:• Internet data transmission between metropolitan area networks,• PKP intranet,• PKP Internet access,• HPC applications,• network management.

All the VLANs were configured with IEEE 802.1Q standard, which was supported by all theGigabit Ethernet switches used.

In Wrocław 3Com CoreBuilder 3500 was replaced with Cisco Catalyst 3512 with GigabitEthernet ZX interface, which was used for the Wrocław-Opole connection. Another GigabitEthernet interface (short-distance) of the switch was connected to the DWDM systembetween Wrocław and Poznań. The switch, as well as Catalyst 3512 in Opole, was alsoequipped with 12 Fast Ethernet interfaces, which were used for access to the above VLANs.

Router GSR 12016 from Cisco Systems was connected to the testbed in Poznań in order tocheck the traffic efficiency of the router and test its usefulness. During the experiments ATM,Fast Ethernet and Pocket over Sonet interfaces were used for connection between the routerand the testbed.

3.2 Testbed applicationsTo demonstrate the potential behind the testbed in the area of advanced services the followingpilot applications have been developed (Fig. 4):• National Computing Grid,• Distributed Data Archiving,• Live Video Transmission,• Distributed Three-Dimensional Life Simulation,• Gilgamesh Digital Library Book.

Fig. 4 Polish optical testbed applications

The applications are based on the IP protocol on different transmission protocols: ATM,ATM/DWDM, ATM/SDH, POS/DWDM, GbE/DWDM. On the level of ATM technology theservices like Management Bandwidth Services (MBS) are being used. MBS is also used forthe real time TV transmission using MPEG2 and MPEG1.In the next sections we will describe the devices and applications of POIT.

National Computing GridSince 1999 some supercomputing centres in Poland have been connected into the NationalComputing Grid (NCG, Fig. 5). The NCG structure uses the national ATM network POL-34/155 with dedicated PVC channels 10 Mb/s. On the job management level NCG uses LSFMulticluster queuing system allowing managing batch and interactive tasks. The main idea ofbuilding a national heterogeneous cluster was to optimise the usage of supercomputingsystems in Poland as well as to create dedicated application servers, allowing to run specialapplications on computer systems well tuned for this purpose. The NCG system is used bythe whole scientific community in Poland to fit their requirements concerning resources largerthan those available even in the biggest center in Poland.

Fig. 5. National Computing Grid

While connecting distributed, geographically aware systems belonging to different institutions(centers) with their own users management policy, we are faced with the problem ofmanaging user accounts of the whole structure, nation or world wide. The problems are dueto policies, which are different in each center regarding the handling of user account databasescoherency. Therefore, additional functionality was developed – the Virtual Users AccountSystem [N1]. This system, layered above a queuing system (i.e. LSF) simplifies themanagement of user accounts, which are using the NCG.The NCG built on the Polish Optical Internet Testbed will use dedicated PVC channels 155Mb/s.

As an example of a distributed application running on the NCG, PSNC presented a solver ofgraphs searching at the ISThmus 2000 conference. To solve a problem of finding simple,undirected, connected and integral graphs in a group of 500 million graphs, a distributedalgorithm was applied. The computational results are presented on-line visually andnumerically as well.

Distributed Three-Dimensional Life SimulationThe distributed three-dimensional life simulation application (Fig. 6) allows to optimise andautomate a design of active, autonomous agents and to study open-ended, spontaneousevolutionary processes. This application was using a homogenous cluster of SGI Onyx2systems from different Polish computing centers during the ISThmus 2000 conference. Asynchronization between the processes localized on the Onyx2 computers (Poznań, Gdańskand Wrocław) were done via the Polish Optical Internet Testbed network. Additionally adedicated PVC connection 100 Mb/s. was define between Gdansk and Poznan for checkingthe results of computations on a remote Onyx2 console.

Distributed Data ArchivingA part of the National Computing Grid will concern the management of large geographicallydistributed scientific data. Regarding these purposes a distributed data archiving system waspresented at the ISThmus 2000 conference (Fig. 7). The archiving system used archives fromPoznan and Wroclaw supercomputing centers. This system allows to exchange data betweenarchives and to specify the destination place of the backup data. A dedicated PVC connection155 Mb/s was established between the mentioned centers. The described distributed archivesystem allows to optimise the usage of memory, to decrease the response time and to increasethe security of the stored data.

Live Video TransmissionSeveral video and audio on-line transmissions were defined between the ISThmus conferencein Poznan and other places. All plenary sessions were sent via the Polish Optical InternetTestbed to Wroclaw. A dedicated video transmission channel PVC 50 Mb/s was definedbetween Fore AVA 300 coder (Poznań, ISThmus conference) and Fore ATV 300 decoder(Wroclaw centre) systems. The 50 Mb/s channel was divided into 3 subchannels for sendingmanagement, video and audio data.

Gilgamesh The Digital Library BookThe book was conceived in mid 1999 with the intention of combining different forms ofmedia to present a more direct version of a book for editors, publishers and educators. Thisalso included the development of a tool which would be able to process, deliver and handlethe content of such a project. dLibra was developed as a result of the initial concept.Gilgamesh represents an example of the potential of digitizing printed materials such as booksand magazines. The content includes still graphics, short animations, music, sound,interactivity and obviously text. The following options are available through the Gilgameshinterface:• reading with or without music or sound,• having the book narrated to you,• reading along with the narrator,• viewing animations with full audio,• chapter selection.Gilgamesh is just a starting point for the possibilities available to editors and publishers whomay want to exploit the enormous power of Internet technologies in a creative andeducational way.

4. Grid concept in the PIONIER programRecent advances in wide area distributed computing make it feasible to develop applicationsthat may execute on geographically distributed resources, taking advantage of differentspecialized system architectures and scientific instruments. An application may require avirtual computer consisting of several supercomputers, clusters of workstations, networkconnectivity between them, access to remote datasets and various scientific devices such asmicroscopes and telescopes. Such emerging infrastructure is called computational grid, byanalogy to the electric power grid. Computational grids are expected to offer dependable,consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end resources irrespectively of theirphysical location and the location of access points. A number of grid projects worldwide areactively exploring the development of grid computing technology. These projects includeLegion [5], NASA Information Power Grid [6], AppLes [7], Unicore [8], Poznan GridComputing [9], MOL [10] and Globus [11]. All these systems have been presented anddiscussed in [12] and [13].In our opinion the Grid concept is the only one acceptable for the future applications whichwill use the underlying infrastructure in a seamless, transparent way. Thus, we have alreadystarted the research and development activities targeting such technical challenges of gridcomputing, as communication, scheduling, security, information, data access, usermanagement and fault detection. As examples we can give the following grid-related researchprojects:

• the National Computing Grid [19],• Resource and job management in Grid computing [9], [15], [16]• Grid security mechanisms [17],• QoS brokerage,• Tools for Grid computing [18],• Grid user management and accounting [4].

PIONIER research and development will be focused on the specialized middleware toolkit, aset of services to support innovative high-performance applications in wide area, multi-institutional environments. Within the PIONIER deployment activities the production of theGrid infrastructure will be created, using a combination of different middleware technologies.

5. The international co-operation within the frame of the PIONIER ProgramThe international co-operation is planned to play a crucial role in the PIONIER development.There are many reasons for that, the main are the following:

- Poland is going to participate in the EC within the next few years, so it has to be anactive member in those of the European initiatives, which speed up its accommodationto the EC standards, in academic and research networking,

- the current state of art of the Polish R&D networking requires a co-operative approachto stay in touch with the current level of the European and worldwide trends in thisarea,

- to reach the main goals and to ensure the success of the PIONIER any form of closeco-operation with international R&D community has to be stimulated and stronglyencouraged.

The long term strategy of the PIONIER assumes close co-operation with the internationalbodies and organizations in the EC and worldwide. The perspective of the next five yearsshould be based on the idea of extending and enhancing current activities of POL-34/155 andPolish R&D community, i.e.:

- taking part in the development of the GEANT Pan-European R&D network,- active participation in TERENA initiatives,- supporting academic initiatives to take part in the Framework Programs,

- looking for new ways of financial support for academic and R&D projects in theinformation infrastructure development.

The future plans assume:- setting up a GEANT backbone node on the area of Poland,- connecting this node to at least 2 other GEANT nodes,- making consecutive upgrades of the bandwidth to GEANT as follows

o up to 155 Mbps, as soon as financially acceptable,o up to 2,5 Gbps, as soon as technically available, and financially reasonable,

- having additional cross-connections to the neighboring countries, to stimulate localinter-university co-operation,

- creating an access node to the East European academic communities,- playing an active role in many of x-Grid initiatives to enable the Polish academic

community access to many of the European R&D oriented services and projects,- co-operating with research groups of Interent2 and Abilene in US and CA*net3 in

Canada.Special attention will be paid to the international co-operation “over borders”. The idea of

e-Region [20] as the testbed for e-Europe will be an inspiration. The eRegion idea calls forbuilding the strong co-operation between close-to-borders regions of different countries. Forthis co-operation the specialized infrastructure, consisting of so called RegioNet networks andapplication and middleware services will be created. The PIONIER program takes intoconsideration the necessity of such co-operation between Poland and its neighboringcountries.

Local communities are already co-operating over border, being focused on the real needsthat arise from the environment problems (industrial pollution, floods), human resourcessharing or unemployment reduction. Local governments are expecting universities to help insolving these problems together. We considers these actions to be good testbeds for e-Europeand IST programs. Some activity in this area has already been started over the Odra river(Poland-Germany border).

It is obvious that such co-operation requires a very advanced networking infastructure inthe regions, and further, in the whole Europe. Our opinion on such a network has beenexpressed in [21]. The starting point for specifying the topology of this network should be theassumption that every country will have direct connections with all its neighbors. Theconnections should be planned between the pointed (by a particular country) cities - points ofpresence of the service on the level of a fiber network and all the networks above it (SDH,ATM, IP, etc). We will call these points the λ-PoP (λ Point-of-Presence). Every country canpoint several λ-PoPs and hence we will have a distributed λ-PoP. In such a case theappropriate number of dedicated λ for λ-PoPs forming a distributed λ-PoP should be ensured.

6. Final remarksIn the paper the new development program of the Polish Information Infrastructure has beendescribed. The program, called in Polish: PIONIER: (Eng. PIONEER) Polish OpticalInternet, Advanced Applications, Services and Technologies for the Information Society andsome first testbeds aiming at preparing the research community to run the program have beenpresented.The Program assumes using the highest-end technologies on all the infrastructure levels,beginning from the application level, through the middleware and specialized equipment up tothe level of the network.The Program starts in January 2001 and further experiences with building the Polish OpticalInternet will be described in the future papers. Consortia consisting of both scientific

institutions and commercial companies are being appointed in order to perform the realizationof the individual projects. The research part of the projects will be financed by the StateCommittee for Scientific Research (KBN).

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