First-and Second-Order Adaptation to Salinity and Water Logging: Case of Coastal Embankment in

Satkhira District of Bangladesh

Md. Hafiz Iqbal PhD Researcher, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

E-mail: vaskoriqbal@gmail.com

Session 11: RESILIENT LIVELIHOOD

9 January 2018 Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)

1

2

2

Coping

Impact

Change

Adaptation

Corresponds with

Corresponds with

Immediate;

related to hazard impacts

during the disaster or crisis

Directly related to the hazard:

damage and losses;

immediate consequences

Medium and long-term

reorganization;

adjustment, changes in

institutions required

Turning point-different development path than before

Source: Adapted from Birkman(2011), Birkman et al.(2010a) and (2009)

Introduction

3

Introduction

Comprehensive adaptive programs are essential to protect climate and human induced hazards

Natural hazards

First order adaptation (Coastal embankment project since 1960s)

Water logging and accumulation of salinity

Second order adaptation for restoration & resilience of livelihood

4

Introduction

Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) & first order adaptation

o 1566 km long 37 polders and 282 sluice gates were constructed in Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore districts in 1966. o It aimed to solve the flood problem of the coastal areas(IFI Watch Bangladesh 2006). o Its purpose was to convert the seasonally flooded coastal wetlands into reclaimed land for permanent agricultural production. o It also aimed to protect human settlements from the cyclone, tidal surge and associated floods, saline water intrusion etc.

What lacked in CEP ?

o No consideration of spatial geo-physical set up of coastal region. o Denaturing the nature without considering the ‘Anthropology of climate change’. o No consideration of local perception and natural indigenous adaptation practices.

5

Introduction

These pictures speak a lot

6

Introduction

The aftermath of CEP as first order adaptation

The cumulative effects of the first order adaptation sparked the second order impacts

Rivers sited up and failed to maintain natural courses

Internal drainage congestion and heavy external siltation aggravated water logging

chronic water logging led to environmental ,social and economic degradation

Salinity intrusion degraded the agricultural productivity and livelihood patterns

Second order adaptive measures are highly required for restoration of the normal livelihood, building resilience and enhance coping capacities

7

Objectives

RO1: To access the cost-benefits analysis under the second order adaptation

with respect to Net Return Analysis & Benefit Cost Ration Analysis

RO4: To development of approach of management strategy guided by second order adaptation.

8

Study Area (Satkhira District)

0

0 0

22 15 22 25

89 00 89 15

oN to N Altitudes

E to E Longitudes

9 9

Study Area (Satkhira District)

(Source: Calculated by the Author based on the data from Khulna SRDI, 2012)

9

7 8.6

16

19.6

26

31.3

13.3

9 8

10 10.2

15

17

10.5

7 6.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

January February March April May June July August

( )

( )

Water salinity ECw

Soil salinity ECe

Wa

ter

& s

oil

sa

lin

it y

(d

S/m

)

Month

Figure : Levels of salinity under the polder area Satkhira district for different month of 2012.

10

Methodology

1

( )..........................................( )

( ).............................................( )

,

........................( )

...................( )

n

qi i

i

GM GR TVC i

NR GR TC ii

Whwer

GR P Q iii

TC TFC TVC iv

Net Return Analysis

Benefit Cost Ratio

................................( )TR

BCR vTC

The farm is treated as a profitable farm if the value of BCR>1

11

Methodology

Data Collection

Secondary source

In-depth interview

FGD

12

Result & Discussion Floating garden

Indian Spinach Red Spinach Coriander Leaves Tomato Plant

Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 5,000Kg 1,000 Kg 250Kg 50,000 PCs

Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00

Income/0.16 acre Tk.25,000.00 Tk.20,000.00 Tk.30,000.00 Tk.35,000.00

Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.14,500.00 Tk.9,500.00 Tk.19,500.00 Tk.24,500.00

BCR 2.38>1 1.90>1 2.86>1 3.33>1 Note. Rate of exchange (ROE) at 28 August, 2017: US$ 1= Tk. 80.69. Tk.: Stands for Taka (Bangladeshi currency).

(Source: Author’s calculation)

Table: Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of 2nd order adaptation

13

Case aquaculture

Result & Discussion

Shrimp cultivation based on the cage system

Production/ha 283 Kg

Cost/ha Tk. 43,731.00

Income/ha Tk. 69,530.00

Profit/ha Tk. 25,799.00

BCR 1.58>1

(Source: Author’s calculation)

Table : Economic benefit of shrimp cultivation based on the cage system for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation

14

Seed variety

Result & Discussion

Rain fed variety (Aman rice) Wheat Cotton

Yield (kg)/acre 956 Kg 944 Kg 360 Kg

Cost (Kg)/acre Tk.14703.00 Tk.10179.00 Tk.31860.00

Income(kg)/acre Tk.16650.00 Tk.23600.00 Tk.54000.00

Profit (Tk.)/acre Tk.1947.00 Tk.13421.00 Tk.22140.00

BCR 1.13>1 2.32>1 1.69>0

Table : Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation

(Source: Author’s calculation)

15

Result & Discussion

Pit system gardening

Sweet Gourd Bottle Gourd Wax Gourd Hyacinth Been

Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 90 Kg (App.) 77 Kg (App.) 30Kg (App.) 30 Kg (App.)

Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00

Income/0.16 acre Tk.1700.00 Tk.1500.00 Tk.1400.00 Tk.2200.00

Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.700.00 Tk.500.00 Tk.400.00 Tk.1200.00

BCR 1.7>1 1.5>1 1.4>1 2.2>0

(Source: Author’s calculation)

Table : Economic benefits of growing selected vegetables in pit system gardening under the provision of second-order adaptation

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Conclusions

o Community should give more importance on indigenous and traditional knowledge based adaptation

approach .

o Government should give more incentive and subsidy on indigenous adaptation based

farming system or project.

o Role of NGOs, R & D based strategies and training activities play an important role to formulate

good and ideal adaptive measure.

o Knowledge sharing, relevant information and resource flows are vital inputs to make good

adaptive measure under different hazardous conditions.

o First-order adaptive measure should be taken into consideration of the spatial geo-physical set up .

oSecond-order adaptive measure should focus on diversified and new opportunity generated

activities so that affected people can easily adapt themselves with the unexpected hazards or disasters.

Adaptation measures are very important for survival. It should closely be allied to flexible, resilient, effective, environmentally friendly, sustain and stable

Final Words

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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.

Indigenous knowledge based adaptation and wise use of resource can improve the livelihood conditions