first amendment freedoms. 5 guarantees: rapps religion assembly petition press assembly
TRANSCRIPT
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First Amendment Freedoms
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5 guarantees: RAPPS
• Religion
• Assembly
• Petition
• Press
• Assembly
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Liberties, Freedoms, Rights and Privileges
• Civil Liberties Constitutionally protected freedoms of all persons against governmental restraint.
• Freedom of conscience, religion, expression with first amendment, along with fifth and fourteenth amendments.
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Civil rights
• Constitutional rights of all persons, not just citizens, to due process and the equal protection of the laws, no discriminations by government due to race, ethnic background, religion or gender.
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Privileges
• Legal privileges are granted by government and they may be subject to conditions/restrictions.
• Drivers license
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Rights in Constitution
• Writ of habeas corpus
• Ex post facto
• Bills of attainder
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Bill of Rights
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National v. State
• Bill of rights pertained only to the national government.
• The fourteenth amendment (1868) changed the outlook for this upon the states.
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Fourteenth amendment
• Due process clause
• No person shall be deprived bya state of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
• Limits state the same way Bill of Rights limits national government.
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Gitlow v. New York.
• Changed precedent of Supreme Court with due process clause.
“freedom of speech and of the press--which are among the fundamental personal rights and ‘liberties protected by the dur process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by States”
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Selective Incorporation
• Fourteenth Amendment is basically the “bill of rights” for the citizens v. states.
• Take out 2nd and 3rd amendments.• Take our indictment of grand jury by fifth
amendment. • 9th and tenth.• 17th right to trial by jury in civil cases.
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D.C. v. Heller/Chicago
• http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Supreme_Court/supreme-court-hears-chicago-gun-ban-case/story?id=9780703
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New Judicial Federalism
• U.S. Constitution should set a minimum but not maximum standards for protecting our rights.
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Religion
• Establishment Clause: Forbiddance of governmental support to any or all religions.
• Brings questions of how may governments legally/Constitutionally aid religion.
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Everson v. Board of Separation
• 1947
• “wall of separation”
• Supporting of religion/even if equally is prohibited, except in case of bussing with is a “child benefit.”
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Lemon v. Kurtzman
• 1971, three part test1) A law must have a secular legislative
purpose2) It must neither advance nor inhibit
religion3) It must avoid “excessive government
entanglement with religion.”
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Endorsement Test
• Sandra Day O’Connor
• Establishment clause forbids governmental practices that a reasonable observer would view as endorsing religion.
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Endorsement Test
• Sandra Day O’Connor
• Establishment clause forbids governmental practices that a reasonable observer would view as endorsing religion.
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Constitutionality
• Not unconstitutional to pray in school
• Unconstitutional for school to endorse or promote prayer.
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Schools
• Tax funds may be used at college level for buildings not directly related to religious teachings.
• Lower levels of schooling are tougher because curriculum is more interwoven.
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• Parents may get tax deductions for private/public schools.
• Vouchers…..
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Religious Free Restoration Act (1993)
• Overrode Employment Division v. Smith Decision.
• Congress felt decision was infringing on religious freedom guaranteed by First and Fourteenth amendments.
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Free Speech
• Belief, Speech and Action
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• Belief: government should not punish someone for what they believe.
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• Action: Belief is put into action, which could possibly be under government restraint.
• “The right to swing my fist ends where your nose begins.”
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• Speech stands where somehwere between belief and action. It is not an absolute right, like belief, but neither is it as exposed to government restraint as action.
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Tests
• Bad tendency: from English common law. Judges presumed it was reasonable to forbid speech that has a tendency to corrupt society or cause people to engage in illegal acts.
• abandoned
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Clear and Present Danger
• Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes• Schenck v. U.S. 1919.
• Does the speech present this “clear and present danger.”
• Will it incite a riot, destroy property, or corrupt and election.
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Schenck
• Schenck was secretary of the Socialist party.
• Arrested under Espionage Act of 1917.
• Printing leaflets encouraging draft-eligible men to avoid this and assert their rights.
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Preferred Position Doctrine
• Freedom of speech should rarely, if every be curtailed.
• Government should not punish citizens for what they say, only what they do.
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Non protected v. Protected Speech
• Libel: defamation of someone through print. Has become harder and harder to sue for this if on national spotlight.
• Seditious libel: Overthrowing of a government in writing.
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Smith Act
• 1940
• Red Scare
• Communism
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NYT v. Sullivan (1964)
• Seditious libel unconstituional
• Words not actions.
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Obscenity and Pornography
• Miller v. California (1973)
• Court agrees on term. 1)the average person, applying
contemporary standards of the particular community,find that the work, taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest of sex.
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Continued…
2)the work depicts or describes in a patently offensive way sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable law or authoritatively construed.
3) The work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
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Terms
• Prior restraint
• Void for vagueness
• Least drastic means
• Content and viewpoint neutrality
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Press
• The press claims to have rights to hold information, the Supreme Court thinks otherwise.
• Congress has granted “press shield laws” which allow for anononimty.
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Right to know.
• The press believes they have full access to many institutions to find out the “truth.”
• Sunshine laws, reuiqres govenrment agencies to open their meetings to the public and press.
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Freedom of Information Act
• 1996, opens up nonclassified government records to the public.
• Clinton gave executive order to automatically declassify almost all govnrment documents 25 years or older.
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Telecommunications:1996
• Tv stations, radio station and broadcaster may compete with one another.
• V-chip
• Supreme Court allows more regulation for broadcasters than radio/television
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Reno v. ACLU (1997)
• Internet not near as censored as the rest.
• Congress passes the Child Online Protection Act--better be 18.