First AidFirst Aid First Aid-”help given first”- medical First Aid-”help given first”- medical

help given immediately in an help given immediately in an emergencyemergency

Dispatcher- a person who answers Dispatcher- a person who answers the “911” callsthe “911” calls

Emergency Medical Service-A team of Emergency Medical Service-A team of people who are trained to respond in people who are trained to respond in emergencies (Advanced Life Support)emergencies (Advanced Life Support)

AED- Automated External DefibrillatorAED- Automated External Defibrillator– A semiautomatic device that recognizes A semiautomatic device that recognizes

a heart rhythm that requires a shock a heart rhythm that requires a shock and prompts the rescuer to deliver a and prompts the rescuer to deliver a shockshock

Good Samaritan LawGood Samaritan Law

(so people will act)(so people will act) Law that protects people for acting in Law that protects people for acting in

an emergency situation if they act as an emergency situation if they act as a reasonable and prudent person a reasonable and prudent person would under the same conditions.would under the same conditions.

Two forms of Consent (actual and implied)Two forms of Consent (actual and implied)

Move a victim only if the victims life Move a victim only if the victims life was endangeredwas endangered

Ask a conscious victim for permission Ask a conscious victim for permission before giving carebefore giving care

Check for life threatening injuries Check for life threatening injuries before providing further carebefore providing further care

Call “911”Call “911” Continue to provide care until more Continue to provide care until more

highly trained personnel arrivehighly trained personnel arrive Do not exceed the scope of Do not exceed the scope of

individuals trainingindividuals training

Emergency Action PrinciplesEmergency Action Principles

3 C’s3 C’s– C-CheckC-Check– C-CallC-Call– C-CareC-Care

Checking for Life Threatening Checking for Life Threatening Injuries FirstInjuries First

A,B, C, SA,B, C, S– A=AirwayA=Airway– B=BreathingB=Breathing– C=CirculationC=Circulation– S=Severe BleedingS=Severe Bleeding

Checking a Conscious Adult Checking a Conscious Adult (12 or older)(12 or older)

1.1. State your name, experience, ask for State your name, experience, ask for permission and ask what happenedpermission and ask what happened

2.2. Check for life threatening conditions Check for life threatening conditions (from head to toe)(from head to toe)

3.3. Do not ask the victim to move and do Do not ask the victim to move and do not move the victim (do not touch not move the victim (do not touch painful areas)painful areas)

4.4. Look for a medical alert tagLook for a medical alert tag5.5. Call 911 or have someone call!!Call 911 or have someone call!!

Checking an Unconscious Adult Checking an Unconscious Adult (12 or older)(12 or older)

Step 1: Check the SceneStep 1: Check the Scene

Step 2: Tap and shoutStep 2: Tap and shoutIf No Response…..If No Response…..

Step 3: Call 911 get an AEDStep 3: Call 911 get an AED

IF in prone position, position the victim on IF in prone position, position the victim on back, while supporting head and neckback, while supporting head and neck

Step 4: Open airway…head tilt chin Step 4: Open airway…head tilt chin liftliftCheck for signs of lifeCheck for signs of life(movement and breathing)(movement and breathing)for no more than 10 secondsfor no more than 10 seconds

Step 5: No breathing; give 2 breaths Step 5: No breathing; give 2 breaths (check for bleeding and get in CPR (check for bleeding and get in CPR position)position)

Step 6: If breathing, place in Step 6: If breathing, place in recovery positionrecovery position

How to give a Rescue BreathHow to give a Rescue Breath

Step 1: head tilt, chin lift (open Step 1: head tilt, chin lift (open airway) and pinch noseairway) and pinch nose

Step 2: Take a breath with a Step 2: Take a breath with a complete sealcomplete seal

Step 3: watch the chest riseStep 3: watch the chest rise

(each breath 1 second)(each breath 1 second) Step 4: Check for signs of life Step 4: Check for signs of life

(look, listen, feel for breath)(look, listen, feel for breath)

Breathing TermsBreathing Terms Respiratory Emergency- a situation in Respiratory Emergency- a situation in

which breathing either stops or there is a which breathing either stops or there is a lack of normal breathinglack of normal breathing

Artificial Respiration – a technique (manual Artificial Respiration – a technique (manual or mechanical) that puts air into the victimor mechanical) that puts air into the victim

Respiratory Arrest – when breathing Respiratory Arrest – when breathing completely stopscompletely stops

Gastric Distention – putting air in stomach Gastric Distention – putting air in stomach - can be minimized by properly opening - can be minimized by properly opening the airway and limiting ventilation volumethe airway and limiting ventilation volume

Conscious Choking AdultConscious Choking Adult

Partial Airway Obstruction- If the Partial Airway Obstruction- If the victim can make noise (talk or cough)victim can make noise (talk or cough)

Tell them to cough forcefullyTell them to cough forcefully

Complete Airway Obstruction No Sound, Complete Airway Obstruction No Sound, no air movement (can’t talk or cough)no air movement (can’t talk or cough)

1.1. Give 5 back blows followed by 5 Give 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts if abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts if pregnantpregnant

2.2. Continue alternating until choking/ Continue alternating until choking/ breathing starts or victim becomes breathing starts or victim becomes unconsciousunconscious

• If victim becomes unconscious, carefully If victim becomes unconscious, carefully lower them to the ground, supporting their lower them to the ground, supporting their head and neck, and begin CPRhead and neck, and begin CPR

3.3. On Self On Self • Abdominal Thrust or objectAbdominal Thrust or object

Cardiac Arrest – when the heart stops beating; Cardiac Arrest – when the heart stops beating; the person will not be breathing, will not be the person will not be breathing, will not be conscious and will have no pulseconscious and will have no pulse

Heart AttackHeart AttackSignals of the heart attack-Signals of the heart attack-

1.1. Persistent chest pain or discomfortPersistent chest pain or discomfort2.2. Breathing difficultyBreathing difficulty3.3. Changes in pulse rateChanges in pulse rate4.4. Skin AppearanceSkin Appearance

Pale or bluishPale or bluish sweatingsweating

Signals of a Heart Attack and the Signals of a Heart Attack and the Cardiac Chain of SurvivalCardiac Chain of Survival

Care for a Heart AttackCare for a Heart Attack

1.1. Recognize the signalsRecognize the signals

2.2. Call “911”/ get AEDCall “911”/ get AED

3.3. Comfort the victimComfort the victim

4.4. Convince them to stop activity and restConvince them to stop activity and rest

5.5. Monitor vital signsMonitor vital signs

6.6. Try to obtain information on the victims Try to obtain information on the victims conditioncondition

7.7. Be prepared to give CPR if the victim’s Be prepared to give CPR if the victim’s heart stops beatingheart stops beating

Cardiac Chain of SurvivalCardiac Chain of Survival

1.1. Early RecognitionEarly Recognition

2.2. Early CPREarly CPR

3.3. Early DefibrillationEarly Defibrillation

4.4. Early Advanced Medical CareEarly Advanced Medical Care

CPR – is a combination of chest compressions and CPR – is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathingrescue breathing

CPRCPR*Place yourself midway between the head and *Place yourself midway between the head and chest (kneeling)chest (kneeling)*Hand positioning:*Hand positioning:

Find the center of the sternum. Place the Find the center of the sternum. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the sternum. heel of one hand on the center of the sternum. Place the other hand on top of itPlace the other hand on top of it

*Each compression should push the chest down *Each compression should push the chest down about 1 ½ to 2 inches.about 1 ½ to 2 inches.

CPR – AdultCPR – Adult

CPR StepsCPR Steps

1.1. Find hand positioning (fingers off chest)Find hand positioning (fingers off chest)

2.2. Position shoulders over handsPosition shoulders over hands

3.3. Compress the chest 30 times (20 sec) Compress the chest 30 times (20 sec) (rate of 100 per min) counting one and (rate of 100 per min) counting one and two and three and…two and three and…

Then give 2 slow breaths (5 sec)Then give 2 slow breaths (5 sec)

4.4. Once you begin CPR, you continue until Once you begin CPR, you continue until you see obvious signs of life, you are you see obvious signs of life, you are relieved by advanced personnel, or you relieved by advanced personnel, or you collapse due to exhaustioncollapse due to exhaustion

• Continue sets of 30 compressions and 2 Continue sets of 30 compressions and 2 breathsbreaths

**The brain and heart will start to die **The brain and heart will start to die within the first 4 to 6 minutes after both within the first 4 to 6 minutes after both breathing and circulation have stopped**breathing and circulation have stopped**

Clinical Death – up to 10 minsClinical Death – up to 10 mins

Biological Death – after 10 consecutive Biological Death – after 10 consecutive mins mins

*Revivable, but not survivable*Revivable, but not survivable

Unconscious Choking - AdultUnconscious Choking - Adult

1.1. If breaths do not go in…tilt further If breaths do not go in…tilt further and give 2 breaths againand give 2 breaths again

2.2. If breaths still do not go in…give 30 If breaths still do not go in…give 30 compressions compressions

3.3. Look in the mouth…if you see an Look in the mouth…if you see an object remove itobject remove it

4.4. Give 2 breathsGive 2 breaths

5.5. Continue to repeatContinue to repeat

Using an AED - AdultUsing an AED - Adult

Step 1: open AED and turn onStep 1: open AED and turn on

Step 2: position shock padsStep 2: position shock pads

Step 3: follow AED directionsStep 3: follow AED directions– 1 shock, then 5 cycles of CPR (2 minutes), check 1 shock, then 5 cycles of CPR (2 minutes), check

signs (breathing and circulation), repeat cycle signs (breathing and circulation), repeat cycle except if:except if:

AED is not updated with 1 shock directionsAED is not updated with 1 shock directions In this case, follow AED instructionsIn this case, follow AED instructions

Special SituationsSpecial Situations

I.I. Moving a Victim – danger, give Moving a Victim – danger, give care, to get to another victimcare, to get to another victim

1.1. Cloths DragCloths Drag-Neck/Back-Neck/Back

2.2. Walking assistWalking assist

3.3. 2 person seat carry2 person seat carry

4.4. Foot dragFoot drag

II.II. Breathing for a neck fractureBreathing for a neck fracture• Do not use head tilt chin lift Do not use head tilt chin lift

III.III. If aloneIf alone

-call-call

IV.IV. Universal PrecautionsUniversal Precautions

BleedingBleeding

***Use Non-Latex Gloves***Use Non-Latex Gloves

Types of Wounds-refer to p. 740-747Types of Wounds-refer to p. 740-747

1.1. Arterial – bright red (oxygenated)Arterial – bright red (oxygenated)– SpurtingSpurting

2.2. Venous – darker bloodVenous – darker blood

**Approximately 2 pints per 25 pounds****Approximately 2 pints per 25 pounds**

Controlling BleedingControlling Bleeding

1.1. Cover with a dressing and apply direct Cover with a dressing and apply direct pressurepressure

2.2. Cover dressing with non-stick roller Cover dressing with non-stick roller bandagebandage

(apply direct pressure on bandage) (apply direct pressure on bandage)

If bleeding does not stop…If bleeding does not stop…

3.3. Apply a Apply a Roller BandageRoller Bandage and more and more direct pressure on top of itdirect pressure on top of it

Signals of Traumatic ShockSignals of Traumatic Shock

When the circulatory system causes the body to When the circulatory system causes the body to reduce blood flow to the body’s tissues.reduce blood flow to the body’s tissues.

• Restlessness or irritabilityRestlessness or irritability• Altered consciousnessAltered consciousness• Pale, cool, moist skinPale, cool, moist skin• Looks DisorientedLooks Disoriented• Rapid BreathingRapid Breathing• Rapid PulseRapid Pulse• Dilated PupilsDilated Pupils

Caring for Shock:Caring for Shock:

1.1. Lie down and restLie down and rest

2.2. Control external bleedingControl external bleeding

3.3. Maintain Normal Body TemperatureMaintain Normal Body Temperature

4.4. Elevate legs *if injuries allowElevate legs *if injuries allow

5.5. No food or drinkNo food or drink

6.6. Call 911Call 911

Fracture – a break, chip, or crack in a Fracture – a break, chip, or crack in a bonebone

Types: a. open (compound)Types: a. open (compound)

b. closed (simple)b. closed (simple)

Dislocation – the movement of a bone Dislocation – the movement of a bone out of its position in the joint.out of its position in the joint.

Ligaments – strong, tough, soft tissue Ligaments – strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach bone to bonebands that attach bone to bone

Sprain – tearing of ligaments at a jointSprain – tearing of ligaments at a joint

Tendons – strong fibers that attach Tendons – strong fibers that attach muscle to bonemuscle to bone

Strain – a stretching or tearing of Strain – a stretching or tearing of muscles or tendonsmuscles or tendons

Care for Muscle, Bone, and Joint Care for Muscle, Bone, and Joint InjuriesInjuries

R – RestR – Rest

I – ImmobilizeI – Immobilize

C – Cold – Apply ice for 72 hoursC – Cold – Apply ice for 72 hours

***20 on 20 off ***20 on 20 off

E – ElevateE – Elevate

SplintsSplints Splinting for fractured bonesSplinting for fractured bones

– Splint the body part as you find itSplint the body part as you find it– Secure it to the body if possibleSecure it to the body if possible– Check for feeling, color, and warmth Check for feeling, color, and warmth

after splinting an injuryafter splinting an injury

Types of SplintsTypes of Splints– RigidRigid– SoftSoft– AnatomicalAnatomical– SlingSling