first aid by prem prakash dubey

8/14/2019 First Aid by Prem Prakash Dubey

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FIRST AIDFUGRO GEOTECH LIMITED

Leaders in Geotechnical Engineering and Survey on Land andover Water

PRESENTATION BY : Mr. Prem Prakash Dubey, Logistics Manager


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INDEX OF CONTENTS

IntroductionDos and DontsQualities of a First AiderResponsibilities of First Aider

Types of InjuriesType of CasualtiesCauses of Unconsciousness & First AidImmediate Actions & ResponsibilitiesVarious Emergencies and their First AidManagement


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First Aid

First Aid is the initial and fore most help and treatment given

to a casualty/ patient by anyone before a specialized doctor

or hospital is approached.

Purpose of First Aid

Preserve Life Prevent things from worsening Promote recovery and safe transportation

to a specialized doctor/ hospital.


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Never Forget

First Aider is not a doctor, he can save the life

but the doctor can do the wonders if life is

remaining in the patient. First aider is never

supposed to declare any casualty or patient as

DEAD. In no circumstances a first aider has to stop his

life-saving endeavor.

Any person who takes initial care of a patient isa FIRST AIDER.


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Qualities of a FIRST AIDER

Good Observer Able to act quickly

Calm and Collected

Able to lead and control the crowd and take the help of the on-

lookers.

Self confident and able to judge which injury needs to be

tackled first.

Able to reassure the apprehensive victim and his/ her anxious

or nervous relatives by demonstrating competence,expressing sympathy and providing reassurance


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Responsibilities of a FIRST AIDER

1. He should diagnose the cause of casualty by

LOOK, LISTEN, FEEL, SMELL.

Look at the casualtys skin tone- any blue grey or purple

coloured tone is the sign of an ill person.

Listen for the sound of the casualtys groaning,

coughing or spluttering, if not the person needs

immediate treatment.

Feel for the pulse of the casualty as well as watch forthe movement of the chest.

Smell for any gas or alcoholic cause of the casualty.


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1. Casualty is to be treated before taking him/ her to Doctor or hospital.Even during the time of transportation first aid is not to be stopped.

He can be suffering from following lacks:-

Lack of Breathing.

In this situation he can be given Artificial Breathing or Mouth to Mouth

Respiration. A normal healthy persons rate of breathing is 15- 20 breaths

per minute. Brain damages if deprived of Oxygen for 4-6 minutes.

For this casualty is to be treated as follows:-

(a) Airway (Mouth, Nose and Wind pipe) are to be cleared.

(b) Artificial breathing is to given for maintaining Artificial Breathing.

(c) Respiration (Inhalation and Exhalation) is to be maintained.



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(ii) Lack of Heart Beat.

In such situations heart needs to be compressed. Normally a healthypersons heart beats 60-80 times per minute. If breathing stops before

the cardiac arrest, a person can survive for few minutes because the

oxygen stored in the lungs helps him survive but if heart fails to

function before breathing, a casualty collapses immediately.

Hence cardiac arrest is to be treated first. Cardiac compressions are not only adequate for the oxygenation of the blood, so

artificial breathing is also required to be established during heart compressions.

The ratio of heart compressions and artificial breathing is as follows:-

Two Rescuer - 15:2 (Heart compression: Artificial Breathing)

Single Rescuer - 5:1 (Heart compression: Artificial Breathing)



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Disposal to Hospital/ Doctor.

The casualty is to be immediately transported

safely without worsening the situation by

arranging any stretcher or improvised one.


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Rescue & Transportation of Casualty

Cradle Method

Neck Drag MethodHuman Crutch

Method

Pick a back


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Firemans lift



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Two handed seat

Three handed seat

Four Handed Seat

Fore & Aft methods

Kitchen Chair Carry Method


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Injuries

Types of Injuries

Head Injury

Hand Injury

Eye Injury

Fire Burn

Acid Burn

Alkali Burn

Cold Burn

Heart Attack

Fracture

Back Injury

Choking Heart Stroke

Snake Bite

Drowning

Frost Bite

Earth Quake

Electric Shock

Poisonous Gas

Fainting

Epilepsy

Poisoning

Amputation


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Casualty

There are two types of casualties.

Conscious Casualty : Responsive to painful stimulus

Unconscious Casualty : Unresponsive to painful stimulus


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Causes of Unconsciousness

Brain Injury

Fits or Convulsions Lack of Cerebral Circulations Brain Tumor Exposure to extreme cold Exposure to extreme heat Severe Infections Severe Injuries Severe Burns Drug Reaction Electric Shock Failure of Liver and Kidney

Poisoning with Chemical gas or Alcohol Severe Heart Attack Drowning Diabetes or over dose of Insulin Severe Bleeding or Fluid Loss


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First Aid to Unconscious Casualty

Maintain airway and clear it. See that there is free supply of fresh air and the air passage is free. Take the casualty away from the harmful gases if any or if inside the

room open the doors and windows. Check whether any teeth is broken if yes remove it from mouth. If saliva, vomit or blood inside the mouth clear it with cotton cloth. Correct the tongue, it might have fallen back and obstructing the

pharynx. Keep the patient warm but ensure he is not over heated. Keep back the crowd. If breathing is stopped, put him on hard surface in supine position

(laying face upward) and start artificial respiration immediately. Listen to the heart beat sound and feel pulse at wrist (Radial Artery)

and neck (Carotid Artery). Check the pupils of the patient if they are dilated or constricted. When

the heart stops beating the pupils will stay dilated and will notrespond to light.


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Start heart compressions at once without wasting time.

Watch for continuously for any change in the condition ofpulse, respiration and levels of responsiveness.

If respiration and pulse are restored then place the personin recovery position, head on a pillow.

Dont leave the casualty until handed over to the doctor ormore specialized first aider.

Nothing should be given orally until consciousnessreturns.

Restore heart beat and breathing.

Control bleeding.

Remove poison.

Prevent any further injury to the patient.


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Vital Signs

Breathing - 15-20 breaths per minute

Pulse/ Heart BEAT - 60-80 beats per minute

Body Temp - 98.6 F or 37 C

Blood Pressure - 120/ 80

Blood in Body - 4-5 Ltrs.


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Immediate Action/ Responsibility in case of Casualty

Gain access to the patient in the easiest and fastest way.

Look to your own safety, dont become the next casualty. Observe the accident scene and assess the situation. If necessary remove the casualty from the danger or

danger from the casualty. If necessary direct others to direct traffic. Keep bystanders

at a safe distance. Make essential telephone calls, sendfor help.

Find out whether the casualty is unconscious, consciousalive or dead.

Identify the disease or condition from which casualty is

suffering. Give immediate, appropriate and adequate first aid

measures to a casualty. Give priority to casualty withsevere bleeding, absent pulse or breathing and loss ofconsciousness.


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Bear in mind that a casualty may have more than one injuryand that some injuries will require more urgent attentionthan others.

Dont enter an enclosed space until you are a trainedmember of rescue team.

If the casualty is evacuated to safer place, he is to be keptbeing given first aid during transportation.

Arrange without delay for shifting of the casualty to a doctoror to a hospital in such a manner as not to worsen the injuryin transit.

Keep a record of the patient, his condition, the incidenceand witnesses.

Once a first aider has started the care, he should not leavethe scene of the casualty or stop the care until a qualified orresponsible person relieves him.

Immediate Action/ Responsibility in case of Casualty


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Things to remember as a First Aider

First Aider should not open any wounds

which have already been bandaged bysome body.

He should not declare any casualty as

DEAD because as soon as patient isdeclared dead, all the actions to survive

him stop. Only a qualified doctor can do

that. Perform proper transportation techniques.


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CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)

A - Airway Clearance

B - Assist in Breathing C - Establish Circulation


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Bleeding

Effects of Bleeding

Loss of red blood cells causes a lack of oxygen supply to the body systems. A decrease in blood volume causes a decrease in blood pressure. The hearts pumping rate increases to compensate for reduced blood pressure. The force of the heart beat is reduced since there is less blood to pump.

Bleedings are of two types

1. External Bleeding.

Minor Bleeding - Clean wounds.

- Do dressing.

Major Bleeding - Apply direct Pressure.

- Elevate the injured part if possible.- Use pressure on the pressure points.

2. Internal Bleeding

- Carry out ABC.

- Treat shock.


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Burns and Scalds

Burns and Scalds are dangerous because not only

they cause death, but delayed effects like scarringand deformity which can be quite distressing.

Burns are the injuries that result from dry heat like;

Fire

Contact with hot metals

Chemicals (e.g. Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid,Ammonia, Caustic Soda)

Electricity & Radiation. Scalds are injuries caused by moist heat like boiling

water, steam (e.g. oil, hot tar and hot liquids)


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Burns and Scalds

The result of the burns and scalds are same.

Frost bite is a kind of cold burn. The common denomination in all these is TISSUE

LOSS.

Shock develops in shock because plasma leaks outof the circulatory system into the burnt area.

Infection is the main risk in case of burns becauseskin is damaged and there is no protection againstmicro organisms penetration into body. The majorfunction of our skin is to prevent these microorganisms entering into our body.


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Burns and Scalds

Severity of skin burn is assumed by two methods:-

1. Depth of skins involved.

Superficial - Reddish in colour and blisters.

Deep - Burnt areas look raw with whitish on black base.

2. Surface Area of skin involved.

Rule of 9s is used to estimate the surfacearea of skin involved.

Head : 9%

Left Hand : 9%

Right Hand : 9%

Chest and Abdomen : 18%

Back (including hips) : 18%Left Leg : 18%

Right Leg : 18%

Genital : 1%


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First Aid Management in case of burns

Put out the fire by pouring in water. Dont allow the person on fireto run about especially in fresh air.

If someones clothing is on fire, by far the best way to put the fireout is to use a dry powder fire extinguisher at once.

Immerse the burnt part into water into room temperature using abucket, a bowl, a kitchen sink or hold the effected area underrunning cold water. Keep the part in cold water for 15-20 minutes

or until pain disappears. If its not possible sock a clean cloth incold water and put it over the burnt area. It needs to be changedfrequently. Application of cold water removes residual heat fromthe tissues and prevents further damage.

Cover burnt area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered linen.Avoid exposure to air. In case of burns over face make the

dressing in the shape of mask with holes at the level of nose forbreathing.


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Remove rings, bracelets, shoes and any other light fitting

articles as swelling may develop later on making itdifficult to remove them.

Arrange for immediate transfer to hospital.

Give plenty of fluids to drink if patient can tolerate.

If large area is damaged pack ice in a clean towel andapply it to the burnt area during transfer to a hospital.

Dont put oil, lotions, ointment on burnt area.

Dont pull away burnt clothing stuck to the body.

Dont handle or touch the patient other than absolutely

necessary.



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In chemical burns, the damage continues

as long as the chemical remains in contactwith the skin.

Remove contaminated clothing carefully aftersoaking in water. Take care not to contaminateyourself.

Flood the affected area with water thoroughlyand systematically for 10-15 minutes. Sodabicarbonate solution can be used to wash acidburns and vinegar to wash alkali burns beforewashing with water.



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Drowning

In drowning water is filled up in the lungs

replacing the oxygen, deprivation of whichcan cause brain damage in few seconds.

The deprivation of oxygen in the body is

called Asphyxia.Artificial Respiration

Removal of water pressing at back

Sylvester Method


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First Aid Management for Drowning

Quickly remove any obstruction such as sea

weed, mud from the mouth and start artificialrespiration immediately. This is done to removethe water filled up in the lungs while drowning.

If within your depth use one arm to support the

casualtys body and use the other hand to supportthe head and seal the nose while you performmouth to mouth respiration.

If in deeper water, give the occasional breaths of

air while towing the casualty ashore. Turn the victims face down with head to one side

and arms stretched beyond his head.


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Use postural drainage to clear the aspirated water.

Raise the middle part of the body. Press chest andstomach to press the lungs and to remove waterfrom the lungs.

Check breathing and heart beat and continuerecitations if necessary.

As soon as breathing, keep the casualty in recoveryposition.

Remove the wet clothing , Keep the body warm,cover with blankets, give hot drinks (Coffee, tea,soup, milk), but not alcohol.

Shift him to hospital in recovery position.

First Aid Management for Drowning


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Checking Signs of Recovery

Look at the casualtys skin tone- blue, grey or purple

coloured tone should disappear as the skin regains ahealthy colour.

Listen for the sound of the casualty groaning, coughing orspluttering as spontaneous breathing recommences.

Feel for the pulse returning as well as movement and

resistance as you administer artificial respiration andspontaneous breathing recommences.

Once the casualty has resumed spontaneous breathingthe first aider can treat such serious life threatening

injuries as shock, major bleeding, burns etc. If the casualty is conscious, constantly reassure him whenthe emergency service arrives, you should tell them whattype of treatment you have administered.


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Shock

Shock is the state of inadequate tissue

perfusion. In other words it is a state in whichnot enough oxygen and nutrients are being

delivered to the cells to keep them alive.

Shock is the result of a decrease in the vitalfunctions of various organs of the body that

results from a decrease in effective

circulating oxygenated blood or fluid in thebody as a result of injury or illness.


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First Aid Management for Shock

Reassure and comfort the casualty if conscious.

Remove the cause of shock, this includescontrolling of bleeding, restoring breathing andrelieving severe pain.

Loosen the tight clothing to help circulation andassist breathing.

Keep the patient warm, but dont overheat. Check breathing rate, pulse rate and level of

consciousness.

Keep the patient in recovery position. If breathing and heart beat stops, clear andestablish airway, begin artificial respiration.


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Fractures

Femur fracture Upper Arm

Fracture

Mandible Fracture


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Positioning of casualty

Recovery Position Prone & Supine Positions

Fowlers Position Recumbent Position


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first aid by prem prakash dubey

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