fingerprinting. history of fingerprinting a very long time ago, about 1750 years before the birth of...
TRANSCRIPT
Fingerprinting
History of fingerprinting
• A very long time ago, about 1750 years before the birth of Christ, people in Babylon used fingerprints to sign their identity on clay tablets.
• The first time ink prints were used was in China around the year 220. And then fingerprints became a forgotten item
• 1823 - J.E. Purkynje discovered that fingerprints could be classified.
• 1858 - Sir William Herschel in India demanded laborers to sign contracts with fingerprints.
• 1877 - Sir William Herschel advised to take fingerprints from prisoners.
• 1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds published in "Nature" in England for the use of fingerprints in crime scenes.
• 1882 - Gilbert Thompson used thumbprints in the USA on checks to avoid fraud.First known use of fingerprints in USA.
• 1892 – Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification.
• 1892 - Sir Francis Galton published that fingerprints are unique and invariable in his book Finger Prints. This was the basic for our modern fingerprinting science.
• 1897 - Sir Edward Henry introduced the famous Galton-Henry classification system.
• 1905 - U.S. Army begins using finger prints• 1924 - In America the Identification Division
from the FBI started
Types of fingerprints
Arch = wave type pattern in middle of print.
Tent arch: Like the Arch but with a rising stick in the middle.
Loop: The lines coming from one site returning in the middle to the same side
Double loop: Like the loop but with two loops
inside, one standing one hanging
Pocked loop: Like the loop but with a small circle in the turning point
Whorl: The lines are making circles
Mixed figure: Composed with different figures
Whorl
Arch
Fingerprint Patterns
• Loops – Between 60 and 70 percent encountered are loops.
• Whorls – Between 25 and 35 percent encountered are whorls
• Arches – About 5 percent encountered are arches
Level Two
Level two prints are bigger details / differences in a print.
Level two details
• Dot, it exists as only one isle with a pore.
• Line-fragment. 2 or more line-units.
Level two details
• A beginning or ending line.
Level two details
• Fork, a splitting line.
Level two details
• Enclosure, two lines splitting and meeting each other shortly after that.
Level two details
• Hook, a short splitting line
Level two details
Level Three Details
Level three details are smaller details between the lines or on the lines.
Level Three DetailsPores, details in number, shape and size
Level Three Details
Line shape, the lines vary width
Level Three Details
Scars, the lines can not recover anymore
Level Three Details
Incipient ridges, between the main lines.
Level Three Details
Creases – Permanent
Level Three Details
Warts – Not permanent but typical
Level Three Details
Temporary damages , Cuts
Level Three Details Deformation, the lines deform and fall apart.
Lifting Techniques
• Hinge Lifters – Hinged box for collecting prints
• Rubber Lifters – Rubber roller used to lift prints in reverse
• Cellophane Lifters – Tape used to lift print
Other Body Prints
• Footprints
• Hand Prints
• Bite Marks
• Retina Prints
Other Body Prints
• Footprints / Shoe Prints– Shoeprints can be lifted or developed in order to
compare worn edges or differences in the bottom of the shoe. The way a person walks causes the shoe to be worn in a certain pattern and there will be breaks or small rock indentations. Feet also have unique prints like fingers that can be used to identify with a suspect print. When dealing with shoeprints of footprints, there is a larger surface so the characteristics are spread out and harder to mistake so fewer points of comparison are needed for a positive identification than for fingerprints.
http://intranet.bps.lism.catholic.edu.au/Learning%20Objects/Science/Forensic%20science%20footprints-/footprint_collect.html
• Hand Prints– Just like fingerprints, handprints have their
own unique ridges. The ridges of the fingertips continue down to the palm and can also be used for identification.
Other Body Prints
• Bite Marks– Each of the thirty-two teeth in humans is unique due
to age and wear. Bites can tell how quickly the offender subdued the victim. Bites can often be matched to dental records.
– Forensic dentists assist in crime solving by studying teeth and teeth impressions. Dental records are often used to identify people. Because teeth are one of the hardest substances in the human body, they are frequently well preserved. Dental x-rays or records showing fillings, position of teeth, etc. can help forensic dentists find a match of teeth to the individual. Eighty percent of the time teeth impressions are used to identify unknown victims.
Other Body Prints
Ted Bundy’s teeth marks
Fresh bite mark
Ten day old mark of new bite mark
• Retina Scans– The retina is located inside and at the rear of
the eye. A retinal scan works on the principle of retina pattern uniqueness. A retina scanner is used to illuminate a region of the retina. It records the reflected vasculature contrast information and maps the capillary pattern of the retina. This type of scanning is considered exceptionally accurate. Retina scanning works for user identification and verification.
Other Body Prints
What do you find in a clean nose???
Lots of fingerprints HAHAHA
Have fun getting dirty
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/takingfps.html
Fingerprint website