““Fingerprint Fingerprint Recognition based on Recognition based on

Silicon Chips”Silicon Chips”

IntroductionIntroduction

The Fingerprint Recognition The Fingerprint Recognition system is a new part of biomatrics.system is a new part of biomatrics.

It provides an exciting look into It provides an exciting look into the future.the future.

Basically devided into two types-Basically devided into two types-

Enrollment Enrollment

RecognitionRecognition

EnrollmentEnrollment Enrollment can be further organized Enrollment can be further organized

into three steps-into three steps- Image CaptureImage Capture Signature ExtractionSignature Extraction StorageStorage

Image captureImage capture

Image capture consists of obtaining Image capture consists of obtaining an image of the fingerprint.an image of the fingerprint.

Typically, resolution is 500 dpi Typically, resolution is 500 dpi which corresponds to a pitch of 50 which corresponds to a pitch of 50 microns. microns.

In the real world, there are some In the real world, there are some systems that use only one bit per systems that use only one bit per pixel or binary fingerprint images.pixel or binary fingerprint images.

Signature ExtractionSignature Extraction Storing of images consumes much Storing of images consumes much

memory.memory. So the fingerprint image is processed in So the fingerprint image is processed in

order to obtain a signature or template.order to obtain a signature or template. A template is a compressed version of A template is a compressed version of

fingerprint image,with losses.fingerprint image,with losses. After passing the image through several After passing the image through several

filters only the relative coordinates of filters only the relative coordinates of minutiae are stored which are very small minutiae are stored which are very small in size.in size.

30 to 40 minutiae cost around 256 bytes.30 to 40 minutiae cost around 256 bytes.

A less compact A less compact technique from technique from storage point of storage point of view is direrct view is direrct optical optical correlation.correlation.

StorageStorage

Once the template is Once the template is obtained,it is obtained,it is stored for further stored for further recognition.recognition.

RecognitionRecognition The Recognition Process follows the The Recognition Process follows the

same steps as Enrollment with the same steps as Enrollment with the addition of other.addition of other.

The process includesThe process includes Image CaptureImage Capture Signature ExtractionSignature Extraction MatchingMatching

MatchingMatching The Matching can be devided into The Matching can be devided into

two typestwo types One to one(Verification)One to one(Verification) One to many(Identification)One to many(Identification) One to one may be a kind of one to One to one may be a kind of one to

few.few. Verification takes less computing Verification takes less computing

time than Identification hence vastly time than Identification hence vastly used in commercial application. used in commercial application.

Fingerprint sensing Fingerprint sensing TechniquesTechniques There are different techniques for There are different techniques for

sensing the fingureprints such assensing the fingureprints such as OpticalOptical UltrasoundUltrasound Silicon chipSilicon chip

Optical ScannersOptical Scanners

Silicon sensors compared with othersSilicon sensors compared with others

Silicon:size does matterSilicon:size does matter Cost is very important factor when Cost is very important factor when

considering biometric technology.considering biometric technology. As far as Si is concerned lower the As far as Si is concerned lower the

area lower is the price.area lower is the price. Moreover lower the area lesser is the Moreover lower the area lesser is the

probability of defect. probability of defect.

Sweeping techniqueSweeping technique Unfortunately fingerprint imaging is Unfortunately fingerprint imaging is

very difficult for small Si chips.very difficult for small Si chips. Hence the Sweeping technique has Hence the Sweeping technique has

been devloped.been devloped. Here the user have to sweep his/her Here the user have to sweep his/her

finger over a thermal rectangular array.finger over a thermal rectangular array. This method uses several lines per slice This method uses several lines per slice

and search identical pixels between and search identical pixels between each slice.each slice.

SecuritySecurity

The security may be devided into The security may be devided into two partstwo parts

Living security Living security Electronic securityElectronic security

The system on a chipThe system on a chip The sensor ,processor,associated The sensor ,processor,associated

memory and reference storage may memory and reference storage may be planted on a single chip.be planted on a single chip.

But the limitation is the cost.But the limitation is the cost. We can implement ciphering We can implement ciphering

techniques on the sensors as in techniques on the sensors as in smart-cards.smart-cards.

But it may effect the security.But it may effect the security.

AuthenticationAuthentication We may use a smart card with the We may use a smart card with the

fingerprint signature reference and a fingerprint signature reference and a device able to extract the signature.device able to extract the signature.

But the processor that performs But the processor that performs matching may be corrupted.matching may be corrupted.

Hence the matching software must be Hence the matching software must be written on the smart-card which written on the smart-card which results uncorrupted matching.results uncorrupted matching.

AuthenticationAuthentication

This kind of smart card may be This kind of smart card may be quite universal and unusable if quite universal and unusable if stolen.stolen.

But the only limitation will be the But the only limitation will be the standardization of the software.standardization of the software.

It must be able to work with any It must be able to work with any fingerprint reader and variety of fingerprint reader and variety of signature extraction softwares.signature extraction softwares.

AuthenticationAuthentication A better system is a smart-card which A better system is a smart-card which

performs the whole process i.e. image performs the whole process i.e. image capture,signature extraction,matching with capture,signature extraction,matching with a single chip. a single chip.

It may overcome the standardization process It may overcome the standardization process but it has some limitations.but it has some limitations.

Required CPU power.Required CPU power. Cost of the card.Cost of the card. Technical difficulties related to thickness of Technical difficulties related to thickness of

cardcard Size of the silicon chip. Size of the silicon chip.

ConclusionConclusion

Fingerprint sensing silicon chips are the Fingerprint sensing silicon chips are the future of inexpensive fingerprint imaging future of inexpensive fingerprint imaging and help to increase security and efficiency.and help to increase security and efficiency.

Use of CMOS components enables further Use of CMOS components enables further system integration and hence greater system integration and hence greater security.security.

High initial costs may slow the integration High initial costs may slow the integration process but we can expect cost reductions process but we can expect cost reductions and new possibilities with microelectronics.and new possibilities with microelectronics.

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