fine defaulters in the western australian prison system
TRANSCRIPT
www.oics.wa.gov.au
Level 5, Albert Facey House, 469 Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia 6000Telephone: +61 8 6551 4200 Facsimile: +61 8 6551 4216
Fine defaulters in the Western Australian prison system
April 2016
7469 OICS Fine defaulters review V1.indd 1 13/4/16 8:50 AM
ISBN: 978-0-9942293-3-5
This report is available on the Office’s website and will be made available, upon request, in alternate formats.
The reviews undertaken as part of the Office of the Inspector of Custodial Services’Snapshot Series are designed to provide a brief summary of an issue or trend in theWestern Australian custodial environment. This review seeks to clarify the trendsaround the number of fine defaulters in prisons, as well as who these fine defaultprisoners are and the impact that they are having on the custodial estate.
The information examined is obtained through the Department of Corrective Services’ offender database, Total Offender Management Solution (TOMS), and other open source data. The Departments of Corrective Services and the Attorney General have reviewed this report and provided feedback which has been taken into consideration.
This report does not make any recommendations but does raise some important issues and presents key findings.
7469 OICS Fine defaulters review V1.indd 2 13/4/16 8:50 AM
Contents
1 Inspector’sOverview..............................................................................................................................i
2 Background................................................................................................................................................1
RecentMediaAttention........................................................................................................................2
ComparisonofJurisdictions................................................................................................................2
ScopeandLimitations...........................................................................................................................3
3 OverallTrendsforFineDefaulters...................................................................................................5
TrendsinReceptionNumbers...........................................................................................................5
LengthofPrisonStay.............................................................................................................................7
ReceptionsbyFacility.........................................................................................................................10
4 DemographicsofFineDefaulters..................................................................................................12
TrendsinReceptionNumbers........................................................................................................14
5 OffenceTypesRelatedtoFinesIssued........................................................................................16
6 FinancialCostofIncarceratingFineDefaulters......................................................................17
AppendixA:KeyFindings...........................................................................................................................19
AppendixB:Methodology...........................................................................................................................20
AppendixC:ReferenceList.........................................................................................................................23
AppendixD:Abbreviationsused..............................................................................................................25
i
1 Inspector’sOverview
ScopeofreportandkeypolicyquestionsTheimprisonmentoffinedefaultersinWesternAustralianprisonshasbeena
contentiousissueforsometime.Debateshavecentredaroundthenumberofdefaulters
inprison,theirimpactonanalready-crowdedprisonsystem,thecostofshorttermsof
imprisonmentforfinedefault,andwhetherthestateistooquicktoimprisonfine
defaultersratherthanusingalternatives.Verydifferentviewshavebeenputastothe
extentoftheproblemandthepotentialsolutions,andthematterhasgeneratedpolitical
division.
Someoftheissuesinvolvedinfinedefaultarebeyondourjurisdictionastheyinvolve
thepowersandpracticesofthecourts,thepolice,andthefineenforcementsectionsof
theDepartmentoftheAttorneyGeneral.Attimesduringthisreview,somepeoplein
somegovernmentdepartmentscomplainedthatweweregoingbeyondourjurisdiction
inundertakingthiswork.Thatisclearlynotso:Iamlegislativelymandatedtoprovide
independentoversightofmattersthatimpactonprisons.Thesenecessarilyextendto
matterssuchasthenumberoffinedefaulters;theirprofile(includingtheiroffending,
anddemographics);theirimpactontheprisonpopulationandtheoperationofprisons;
thecostsoftheirincarceration;andtheirwelfareandtreatmentinprison.Ihavea
legislativeresponsibilitytoreportindependentlytoParliamentonsuchissuesifI
believethistobenecessaryorappropriate.
ThereportfocusesprimarilyontheperiodfromJuly2006toJune2015.Themost
importantsinglefindingisthatwhilethenumberofpeoplereceivedintoprisoneach
yearforfinedefaulthasincreasedmarkedly,therearefewpeopleinprisonforfine
defaultatanygiventime.Thisisbecausefinedefaulterstendtoserveveryshort
periodsincustody:their‘turnover’ishighbuttheirstayisshort.
Thepolicyimplicationsofthisareclear.First,reducingthenumberoffinedefaultersin
prisonwillnotleadtoasignificantreductionineithertotalprisonernumbersorthe
extentofovercrowdingintheprisons.AsweandtheAuditorGeneralreportedin2015,
themain‘target’foranyoneseekingtoreducetheprisonpopulationshouldbethe
alarmingriseinthenumberofpeopleheldonpre-trialremand(OfficeoftheAuditor
ii
General[OAG]2015;OfficeoftheInspectorofCustodialServices[OICS]2015a).Atthe
timeofwriting,theremandpopulationcomprisesover29percentofthetotalprison
population,upfrom16percentadecadeago
Ontheotherhand,however,havingpeople‘churning’inandoutofcustodyforshort
periodsforfinedefaultisfinanciallycostly(severalmilliondollarseachyear),socially
undesirable,andriskyanddisruptiveforprisons.Itisthereforeincumbentonallagencies
toensurethateverythingpossibleisdonetoreducethischurn.
Significantly,thisreporthasalsorevealeddemographicdifferences,withAboriginal
womenbeingbyfarthemostlikelycohorttobeinprisonforfinedefault.Thedeathof
MsDhuinpolicecustodyliesoutsideourjurisdiction.However,thecurrentcoronial
inquestintoherdeathhasaddedpoignancyandurgencytoourfindings.
Whatarethenumbers?InthenineyearperiodbetweenJuly2006andJune2015anaverageof803people
enteredtheprisonsystemforunpaidfineseachyear.However,thepatternshavebeen
veryuneven.Thefollowingtableillustratestwokeypoints:
1. Thenumberoffinedefaultreceptionshasgrownmarkedly2. Thereceptionrateforfinedefaulthasgrownmuchfasterthantheoverall
receptionrate.FinedefaultreceptionsasaproportionoftotalprisonreceptionsfromJuly2006toJune
2015
Financialyear Finedefaultreceptions
Totalreceptions
Proportionoffinedefaultreceptions
2006/2007 177 6607 1.80%2007/2008 442 7201 6.10%2008/2009 396 7562 5.20%2009/2010 1018 7062 14.40%2010/2011 1480 7119 20.70%2011/2012 1081 7535 14.30%2012/2013 1304 8130 16%2013/2014 1127 8051 13.90%2014/2015 603 8364 7.20%
iii
2014/2015sawawelcomeandsharpdecreaseinthenumberoffinedefaultreceptions.
However,numbersstillremainwellabove2008/2009levels.Itistooearlytoknow
whethertheywillgobackupagain.
Whytheincreaseinreceptions?Thereasonsfortheincreaseinfinedefaultreceptionsarenotclearbutitislikelya
numberoflegislativeandpolicychangeshadanimpact.
First,anumberoflegislativeamendmentscameintoeffectinMarch2008.Themost
notableofthesewasthatpeoplewerenowableto‘cutout’multiplefinesconcurrently
ratherthancumulatively.Thismeantthatapersonwithmultiplefineswouldonlyhave
toservesufficienttimeinprisontopayoffthelargestfineattherateof$250perday.As
aresult,thenumberofdaysofimprisonmentrequiredtocutoutmultipleunpaidfines
reducedsignificantly.However,the2008amendmentsdidnotalterthewayfinescould
beworkedoffbyundertakingcommunitywork,stillrequiringthemtobeworkedoffon
acumulativebasis.Ithasbeenhypothesisedthatmorepeoplemaynow,ineffect,be
‘electing’togotoprisontoclearmultiplefinesratherthanundertakingapaymentplan
orcommunitywork.Itwasbeyondthescopeofthisreviewtotestthishypothesis.It
appearsplausibleinsomecasesbutiscertainlynotlikelytobeacompleteexplanation.
Andbetterevidence,notsuppositionoranecdote,isneeded.
Asecondchangewhichmayhaveimpactedonthenumberoffinedefaultreceptions
wasa2009policywherebyastricterapproachwastakentopeoplewhobreached
conditionsonWorkDevelopmentOrders(WDOs).Againwhilethisappearsplausiblein
somecases,itisunlikelytoaccountforall.And,again,hardevidenceisneededifthe
rightpolicyresponsesaretobemade.
Furtherlegislativeamendments,whichcameintoeffectin2012,enhancedthe
enforcementmeasuresavailableasanalternativetoimprisonment,includingwheel
clampingofvehicles,removalofnumberplatesandseizureofgoods.InNewSouth
Wales,QueenslandandVictoriatheintroductionofsuchmeasuresappearstohave
reducedthenumberoffinedefaultimprisonments.
iv
ShortstaysandlownumbersonanygivendayFromJuly2006toJune2015,therewere7462prisonreceptionsinWesternAustralia
solelyforfinedefault.Themajorityofthesewereforveryshortperiodsof
imprisonment.Theeffecthasbeenaveryhighchurnrateforreceivingprisonsbutlow
numbersoffinedefaultersinprisononanygivenday.
AnalysisofdailydataforNovember2015showedthatonaveragetherewereonly11
finedefaultersinprisononanygivenday.Therewasnothingtosuggestthiswasnota
reasonablyindicativefigureforalongertimeperiod.
Priortothe2008amendments,theaveragelengthofimprisonmentforfinedefaulters
was40days.Sincetheseamendmentsthefigurehasdroppedto4.5days.Thiswasan
acrosstheboardreductionandwasnotimpactedbyparticulardemographic
considerationssuchasgenderorAboriginality.Almost80percentoffinedefaulters
nowservelessthanaweekinprison,and22percentservelessthan48hours.
CostsItisfarmoreexpensiveperdaytohouseshortstayprisonersthanlongerterm
prisoners.TheDepartmentofCorrectiveServices(theDepartment)doesnothave
robustfiguresbuthastoldusandtheAuditorGeneralthatitestimatesthatshortstays
ofuptoaweekcostaround$770perday,morethandoubletheoverallaveragecostof
$332perprisonerperday.
InsimpletermsitseemsthatbetweenJuly2006andJune2014justunder$55million
worthofunpaidfineswasclearedby7462prisonreceptionsforfinedefault.Intotal,
7025peopleservedjustover54,800daysinprison.UsingtheDepartment’sestimated
figureforthecostofshorttermimprisonmentprisonersof$770perday,thecostwas
$42million.Thisfiguredoesnotincludeotherjusticesystemcosts,suchasthecosts
incurredbypolice,thecourtsandthetransportofpeopletoprison.Thesecostscanbe
verysubstantialintheregions.
Whoisinprison,wherearethey,andwhatweretheiroffences?ThetwomainmetropolitanreceptionprisonsareHakeaPrisonandBandyupWomen’s
Prison.Notsurprisingly,thesetwoprisonsaccountforthemajorityoffinedefault
receptions.Hakeaaccountsforalmosthalfofallfinedefaultreceptionsanddaysserved,
v
andBandyupforalmost15percent.Asaconsequenceofgrowingremandnumbers,
thesetwoprisonsarealreadyunderthegreateststressintermsofprisonernumbers
andoccupancyrates.Thepressurestheyfaceareexacerbatedbytheneedtoprocess
finedefaultersinandout.Medicalandreceptionservicesatsmallregionalprisonssuch
asBroomearealsounderseriousstress(OfficeoftheInspectorofCustodialServices
[OICS]2015b).
Thisreportalsoshowssometroublinggenderandracedifferences.Womenare
disproportionatelyrepresentedinthefinedefaultpopulation,particularlyAboriginal
women.Acrossthewholereviewperiod,Aboriginalwomencomprisedonly15percent
oftotalprisonerreceptionsbut22percentoffinedefaultreceptions.Furthermore,
Aboriginalpeoplecomprised64percentoffemalefinedefaultersandonly38percent
ofmalefinaldefaulters.
Peoplewhoareunemployedorinlowerpayingoccupationsmakeupahighproportion
oftotalfinedefaultreceptions.Almost24percentofthetotalfinedefaulterpopulation
werecategorisedasunemployedatthetimeoftheirreceptionintoprison.Therewas
alsoaremarkablecontrastinthedatabetweenmenandwomen.Atthetimeoftheir
receptionintoprisonover73percentoffemalefinedefaulterswereconsideredtobe
unemployed.Bycomparisononly10percentofmalefinedefaulterswereconsideredto
beunemployedatthattime.Additionally,ofthewomenwhowereconsideredtobe
unemployedpriortotheirentryintoprison,64percentwereAboriginal.
Basedonananalysisofavailabledata,themajorityofoffences(54%)forwhichpeople
werejailedfornon-paymentoffineswerefortrafficrelatedoffences,includingdrink
drivinganddrivingwithoutalicence.
LookingaheadReducingthenumberofpeopleinprisonforfinedefaultwillnotreducethestate’s
risingdailyimprisonmentratebecausefinedefaultersconstituteonlyonein500
prisoners.However,theflowofpeopleintocustodyforshortperiodsforfinedefault
hasincreasedmarkedlysince2008.
Inconsideringfutureoptions,itisimportanttoreflectonthejustificationfor
imprisonmentforfinedefault.Bydefinition,peoplewhohavebeenfinedforanoffence
vi
donotdeservetobeinprisonfortheiroffence.Infact,whenacourtfinessomeone,it
hasexplicitlyruledoutusingtougheroptionssuchasimmediateimprisonment,a
suspendedsentence,acommunitybasedorderoranintensivesupervisionorder.In
effect,imprisonmentforfinedefaultisimprisonmentfornon-compliancewithacourt
order.
Thereislittledoubtthatimprisonmentneedstoremainastheultimatedeterrentfor
peoplewhowilfullyrefusetopayortoengageinothermeasurestoworkofffines.
However,itisacostlywaytotackletheproblem,andonethatimposessignificant
burdensonouralreadyseverelystretchedprisons.Wealsoneedbetterinformationon
howmanyfinedefaultersreallyaretrulywilful(inotherwords,theyareabletopaybut
choosenotto)andhowmanyaregenuinelyunabletopayortocomplywithoptions
suchascommunitywork.Theevidencepresentedinthisreportislimitedbutgives
causeforconcern,asAboriginalwomen,andespeciallyunemployedAboriginalwomen,
arethemostlikelytobeimprisonedfordefault.
Inshort,thenumberofpeopleinprisonforfinedefaultatanygiventimeissmall.
However,itisincumbentonGovernment,workingwithrelevantDepartments,Agencies
andthenot-for-profitsector,toexamineinnovativewaystoreducetheflowofpeople
intoprisonforfinedefaultandtoreducethesocialandfinancialcostsofshortterm
incarceration.
Imprisonmentmustbetheoptionoflastresortandthelawshouldimpactequallyonall.
However,imprisonmentforfinedefaultiscurrentlyimpactingdisproportionatelyon
Aboriginalwomen,alreadyavulnerableanddisadvantagedgroup.Thecoronialinquest
intothetragicdeathincustodyofMsDhuhasaddedstarkrealitytothismessage.
NeilMorgan3April2016
1
2 Background
2.1 InWesternAustralia,whenapersonisunableorrefusestopayafineissuedby
thecourts,furtherpenaltiescanbeapplied.Thesepenaltiescaninclude:
suspensionofdriver’slicences,additionalenforcementcosts,immobilisationof
theperson’svehicle,seizureofownedgoods,andcommunityservice/workand
developmentorders.Ifthepersonfailstopayorclearafineeitherbymeansofa
paymentplanorthroughcompletingaworkanddevelopmentorder(WDO)they
maybesenttoprisonbymeansofawarrantofcommitmentissuedbythecourts
(DepartmentoftheAttorneyGeneral2015).
2.2 AmendmentbillstotheFines,PenaltiesandInfringementNoticesEnforcementAct
1994,theSentencingAct1995andtheSentencingAdministrationAct2003were
firstintroducedtoParliamentin2006andcameintoeffecton21March2008.
Theobjectivesoftheamendmentsweretoimprovethemanagementoffines
enforcementinWesternAustralia,withtheintentiontocreateafairerandmore
efficientfinesadministrationsystem.
2.3 Priortotheseamendments,peoplewhowereservedawarrantofcommitment
forfailingtopaytheirfinesand/orbreachingaWDOwererequiredto‘cutout’
theirfinescumulatively.The2008amendmentallowedpeopletoservemultiple
sentencesforfinedefaultconcurrently,effectivelyonlyservingthenumberof
daysequivalenttotheirlargestfine.Forexample;ifapersonhadtwofines,one
of$500andtheother$1,000,beforethe2008changestheywouldserveatotal
ofsixdays,twodaysforthe$500andfourdaysforthe$1,000.Afterthechanges,
however,thatsamepersonwouldonlyservefourdays,theperiodequivalentto
thelarger,$1,000fine.
2.4 Whilefinescannowbe‘cutout’byservingprisontimeconcurrently,community
workforfinesmustbeworkedoffcumulatively(thatisat$250perday).This
hascreatedasituationwherethelengthofimprisonmentislessthanthedays
requiredtoserveaWDO.
2.5 In2009policychangesledtostricterbreachconditionsforWDO’s,which
resultedinahighernumberofpeoplewithincompleteWDO’ssubsequently
2
beingissuedwarrantsofcommitment.Itisthesewarrantsthatleadto
imprisonmentforfinedefaults.
2.6 InformationtabledintheLegislativeAssemblyon16September2014showsa
dramaticincreaseinfinedefaultsfrom2008to2013(Francis2014).This
increasehasafinancialcostattachedtoit.Whilefinescanbe‘paid’atan
approximaterateof$250perday,aratereportedlyappealingtopeoplefromlow
incomehouseholds(WALaborParty2014),itcostsonaverageapproximately
$332perdaytoholdanadultinaprisonfacility(DepartmentofCorrective
Services2015).
2.7 FurtherlegislativeamendmentsweremadetotheFines,Penaltiesand
InfringementNoticesEnforcementAct1994in2012,whichcameintoeffectin
August2013.Thesereformsincludedenhancedfinesenforcementmeasuresthat
allowtheabilitytoplacewheelclampsonvehicles,removenumberplatesand
seizegoodsinrelationtoinfringementsandfines.
RecentMediaAttention
2.8 ThewidelypubliciseddeathofMissDhuwhopassedawayinAugust2014while
beingheldinaSouthHedlandpolicelock-uponceagainbroughttheissueoffine
defaultincarcerationtothepublic’sattention.MissDhuwasrequiredtospend
fourdaysincustodytopayoffherlargestfinewhichwas$1,000.Furthermedia
attentionwassparkedwhenanarticleinTheAustraliannewspaperinOctober
2014describedanalarmingriseinthenumberofpeoplespendingtimeinprison
solelyforthepurposesofpayingoffunpaidfines(Burrel&Laurie2014).
ComparisonofJurisdictions2.9 Duetothelackofpubliclyavailableinformationweareunabletomake
comparisonsoffinedefaultincarcerationacrossstates.However,inthecaseof
NewSouthWales,Victoria,andQueenslandwedididentifychangesinfine
defaulterimprisonmentnumbersasaresultofspecificinitiativesand/orpolicy
changes.
2.10 NewSouthWales,asthemostpopulousstate,andwiththehighestdailyaverage
prisonerpopulationinthecountry(ProductivityCommission2015)experiences
3
significantissueswithincarcerationoffinedefaulters.In2006apolicywas
introducedtoreferunpaidfinestotheStateDebtRecoveryOffice(SDRO).This
grantedtheSDROthepowertosuspendordisqualifydriverslicencesandasa
resultsawariseinimprisonmentratesforpeopledrivingwithsuspendedor
disqualifiedlicences(NewSouthWalesSentencingCouncil2006).Morerecently,
collaborativeeffortsbetweenLegalAidNSW,AboriginalLegalServices,State
DebtRecoveryandtheDepartmentofPoliceandJusticehaveseenthe
developmentoftheWorkandDevelopmentOrderService.Thisisafreelegal
servicethathelpspeopleinfinancialhardshipworkofftheiroutstandingdebts,
whichbylate2012hadseenmorethan$4millionoffinesdebtworkedoffby
peoplethroughnearly700NSWorganisations(LegalAidNSW2012).
2.11 Victoriahasacourtspecificallydesignatedtodealingwithunpaidinfringements;
thePenaltyEnforcementbyRegistrationofInfringementNoticeCourt.Thiscourt
hasassistedinclearingbetween$70millionto$80millionoffinedebteachyear
(DepartmentofJustice2002).
2.12 Queenslandhasexperiencedreductionsinfinedefaultimprisonmentsincethe
introductionoftheirStatePenaltyEnforcementRegistry(SPER)which
centralisesthecollectionoffineandinfringementdebt.Inadditiontothis,
QueenslandalsohadanamnestyperiodforfourmonthswhentheSPERopened.
BoththeintroductionoftheSPERandtheamnestyperiodassistedinthe
reductionofsentencereceptions,primarilyasaresultoftheSPERhaving
capacitytoofferappropriatealternativestoimprisonment(Departmentof
Justice2002).
ScopeandLimitations2.13 Thisreviewwillexaminethetrendsinthenumberoffinedefault-onlyreceptions
overthelastdecade.Theemphasiswillbeonhowrecentchangestopolicyand
legislationhaveaffectedthecustodialestate,thesocioeconomicdemographicsof
thoseimprisoned,andtheimpactonindividualprisonfacilitieswheretheyare
beingheld.
2.14 Itisimportanttonotethatthisreviewwillonlyfocusonpeoplewhohavebeen
incarceratedsolelyfordefaultingonfines.Thedataexamineddoesnotinclude
4
thosewhowereservingfinedefaultsentencesalongwithothercustodial
sentences.Thisreviewalsodoesnotincludetheundisclosednumberofpeople
whoareheldinpolicelock-upsfor‘payingoff’finesanddonotenterintothe
Department’scustody.
5
3 OverallTrendsforFineDefaulters
TrendsinReceptionNumbers3.1 BetweenJuly2010andJune2015,onaverage,1,102peoplehaveenteredprison
forunpaidfineseveryyear.Thiscomparestoonly396peoplewhoentered
prisonforunpaidfinesbetweenJuly2008andJune2009,anincreaseofover
150percent.Foravarietyofreasonstheimprisonmentoffinedefaultershas
receivedconsiderablemediaattentionoverthelast12months,withtheinterest
focussingonlegislativechangesthattookplacein2008.
3.2 Duetotheshortnatureofthesentencesservedbyfinedefaulters,andtherefore
theirhighturnover,theproportionoffinedefaultersmakinguptheWAprison
systemonanygivendayisrelativelylow.InNovember2015therewere,on
average,11finedefaultersonanygivenday.Duetolimitationsinthedata,an
averagecouldnotbecalculatedforalongertimeperiod.FromJuly2006to
March2015,onaverage,twopeopleenteredWAprisonseverydayfordefaulting
ontheirfines.
3.3 Intotal,7,026peoplewerereceivedintoprisonforfinedefaultsatotalof7,462
timesoverthistimeperiod.Figure1,illustratesanotablespikeinreceptions
wherenumbersjumpedfrom396inthe2008-09financialyearto1,018inthe
followingfinancialyear,agrowthof157percent.Thefollowingyearthese
numbersgrewbyafurther45percent,reachingapeakof1,480receptions.This
isdisproportionatetothecorrespondingincreasesinthetotalprisonpopulation
forthesametimeperiod.
6
Figure1.
Numberoffinedefault-onlyreceptionsbyfinancialyear1
3.4 Thefinancialyearof2014-15sawanotabledecreaseinthetrendoffinedefault-
onlyreceptions.Thisfigureisstillhigherthanthenumberofreceptionspriorto
2008-09whenthelegislativeandpolicychangeswereintroduced.Whileitcould
besuggestedthatthisdecreaseoccurredduetolegislativechangesin2012,itis
notpossibletoforecastwhetherthisdownwardtrendwillcontinue.
3.5 Figure2illustratesmorespecificallywherepolicyandlegislativechangesmay
haveimpactedonreceptionnumbers.Asmentionedpreviously,legislative
changesinMarch2008enabledfinedefaulterstopayoffoutstandingfines
concurrently,resultinginsomeindividualsservingshorterprisonsentences.In
addition,apolicychangethatcameintoeffectinearly2009resultedinstricter
breachconditionsforpeopleonWDO’s.Whiledefinitiveinformationtoshowthe
causeandeffectrelationshipbetweenthepolicyandlegislativechangesdoesnot
exist,thetimingofthenotableincreasedoessuggestthatthesechangesmay
haveinfluencedthetrend.Thegraphalsodemonstratesthatthelegislative
changeimplementedinMarch2008mayhavehadasomewhatdelayedeffecton
1Notethatthefigureprovidedfor2014/15isaDepartmentalfigureprovidedduringtheParliamentaryAnnualReportHearinginDecember2015,asrawdataforthisfullfinancialyearwasnotavailableattimeofwriting.
177
442
396
1018
1480
1081
1304
1127
603
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
No.ofreceptions
7
prisonreceptions,asthenumberoffinedefault-onlyreceptionsbegantorise
dramaticallyonly12monthsafterthosechanges
Figure2.
Numberoffinedefault-onlyreceptionsbyquarter,July2006toMarch2015.
LengthofPrisonStay3.6 BetweenJuly2006andMarch2015atotalof54,839dayshavebeenservedfor
finedefault-onlyreceptions.BeforethelegislativechangesinMarch2008that
allowedfinedefaulterstoservemultipletermsconcurrently,ratherthan
cumulatively,theaveragelengthofprisontermforfinedefaulterswas40days.
Thisdecreasedten-foldafterthechangestoanaveragestayof4.5days(Figure
3).ThisreceptionlengthshortenedirrespectiveofgenderorAboriginality,two
keydemographicfactors.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
No.ofreceptions
8
Figure3.
AveragelengthofstaybeforeandafterMarch2008legislativechangestoincarcerationbygenderandAboriginalstatus.
3.7 BetweenJuly2006andMarch2015,almost80percentofthefinedefaulter
populationservedsentencesoflessthanaweek,withapproximately22percent
ofthesepeoplebeingreceivedandsubsequentlyreleasedwithin48hours.
ExaminingthesereceptionsintermsoftotaldaysspentincarceratedsinceJuly
2006(Table1)wefoundthat37percentofthetotaldaysspentinprisonwere
bypeopleservingprisontermsoflessthanaweek.Thisisconcerninggiventhat
initialprocessingandassessmentofeachprisonerreceivedintoafacilityisa
time-consumingprocess,involvingextensiveinterviewing,healthandrisk
assessments,andstrip-searches.
41
32
38
43
4
5
5
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Aboriginal
NonAboriginal
Aboriginal
NonAboriginalFemale
Male
afterlegislativechange beforelegislativechange
9
Table1.
Totalnumberofreceptionsoflessthanaweekandnumberofincarcerationdaysbyfinancialyear
Financialyear
No.ofreceptions
Totalno.ofincarcerationdays
2006-07 27 592007-08 74 2382008-09 328 1,0292009-10 847 2,8422010-11 1,268 4,2482011-12 919 3,1432012-13 1,121 3,9732013-14 961 3,335GrandTotal 5,922 20,113
3.8 Themaximumsingleprisontermservedwasbyanelderlynon-Aboriginalman
sentencedtoserve749days(justover2years)forhislargestfine,whichwas
over$185,000.Atthetimeofdataextractionhehadserved257daysofhis
prisonterm.Thismanbeganhisprisontermafterthe2008legislativechanges;
hadheservedtimebeforethechangesforthesamesetoffineshewouldhave
beenincarceratedforalmostayearlonger.
3.9 Thebenefitforfinedefaultersservingtimeconcurrentlyformultiplefinesisthat
largeamountsofpenaltiesowedcanessentiallybepaidoffveryquickly.For
example,onewomanservedonlytwodaysin2010-forover100separatefines
totallingjustunder$29,000.Herlargestfinewas$844.Hadthiswomanbeen
receivedtoprisonforthesefinesbeforethelegislativechanges,shewould
probablyhaveservedover100daysinprison.
3.10 Thebriefanalysesabovesuggestthattheissuesforthecustodialestatearemore
abouttheturnoverrateofpeopleenteringtheprisonsystemforfinedefaults
ratherthanfinedefaultersmakingupalargenumberofthetotalprison
population.
10
ReceptionsbyFacility
3.11 HakeaPrisonisimpactedbyfinedefaultingimprisonmentmorethananyother
prison.Itrecordedalmosthalfofthereceptionsforfinedefaultsacrossthe
custodialestate,andalmosthalfthetotalnumberofdaysthatallfinedefaulters
spentinprison.Bandyup,thesecondmostaffectedfacility,recorded
approximately15percentofreceptionsandasimilarpercentageoftotal
incarcerationdays.Thisisnotsurprisinggiventhateachistheprimaryremand
facilityinthemetropolitanareaformalesandfemalesrespectively.An
examinationofthenumberofreceptionsateachcustodialfacilityisshown
below.
Table2.
Numberofreceptionsandtotalincarcerationdaysbyfacilityforfinedefault-onlyreceptionsfromJuly2006toMarch2015
FacilityNumberofreceptions
(%oftotalreceptions)
Totalincarceration
days
(%oftotalincarceration
days)Metropolitan Bandyup 1,126 15.1 7,837 14.3Casuarina 8 0.1 42 <.1Hakea 3,650 48.9 26,674 48.6Regional Albany 201 2.7 938 1.7Broome 656 8.8 5,789 10.6Bunbury 352 4.7 2,455 4.5EasternGoldfields 442
5.9
3,555
6.5
Greenough 580 7.7 3,971 7.2Roebourne 354 4.7 3,124 5.7WestKimberley 93
1.2
454
<.1
Total 7,462 54,839 Note:WestKimberleyRegionalPrison(WKRP)openedforoperationin2012.
11
3.12 Intheregionalprisonsthedispersaloffinedefaultersismoreevenlyspread.
Thislikelyatteststothenotionthatdecisionsregardingtheplacementoffine
defaultersarelargelymadeinlightoftheperson’splaceofresidenceorleastthe
placeinwhichawarrantofcommitmentwasissued.Thispossiblysuggeststhat
peoplearenotbeingunnecessarilytransferredoutofcountrytoservewhattend
tobeveryshortsentencesto‘pay-off’theirfines.
3.13 Figure4highlightsthegrowthinreceptionnumbersinthemostaffected
facilitiesfromJuly2006toJune2014.Whenexaminingchangesinnumberof
receptionsacrosstimeinHakeaandBandyup,thereappearstobeconsistent
fluctuationsintrendsacrossmalesandfemales2.
Figure4.
Patternoffinedefault-onlyreceptionstoBandyupandHakeabyfinancialyear
2Note:2014/15financialyearnotincludedasdatawasonlyavailableuptoMarch2015.
17 50 56
154243
141210 183
78
168235
554
795
503
612
498
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
No.ofreceptions
BANDYUPWOMENSPRISON HAKEAPRISON
12
4 DemographicsofFineDefaulters
4.1 Themajorityofpeopleadmittedforfinedefaultswerebetweentheagesof25to
44years3.Thelargestdemographicgroupwereyoung,non-Aboriginalmales
agedbetween25to34years.Thisgrouprepresentedjustover20percentofthe
finedefault-onlypopulation.Themedianageoffinedefaulterswas32years.
Table3.
Numberoffinedefault-onlyreceptionsbygenderandagegroupfromJuly2006toMarch2015
AgeGroup
Male FemaleTotal
Aboriginal Non-
AboriginalAboriginal Non-
Aboriginal 18-24 454 501 171 48 1,17425-34 899 1,590 442 235 3,16635-44 598 977 329 203 2,12745-54 225 386 112 100 82355-64 50 68 17 8 14365+ 4 23 0 2 29
Total2,230
(29.8%)3,565
(47.8%)1,071
(14.4%)596
(7.9%) 7,462
4.2 Femalesareoverrepresentedinthefinedefaulterspopulation.Femalesmakeup
approximately15percentofthetotalprisonpopulationyetconstitute22per
centofthefinedefaulterpopulation.Overall,womenhavebeenconsistently
over-representedinthefinedefaulterpopulationsincethe2006-07financial
year,withthisover-representationgrowingfrom16.1percentinthe2006-07
financialyearto25.3percentinthe2013-14financialyear(seeTable4).
3Peoplewithmultiplereceptionsacrossthetimeperiodwerecountedforeachoftheirreceptionsasthisallowsforthemostaccuraterepresentationofthefinedefaulterpopulationasawhole.
13
Table4.Percentageoffemalesinthefinedefaulterandtotalprisonpopulation
Year Total
Receptions4Percentageoffemalesintotal
FineDefault-onlyreceptions
Percentageoffemales
2006-07 6,607 13.8% 177 16.4%2007-08 7,201 12.8% 442 24.6%2008-09 7,562 12.7% 396 19.4%2009-10 7,062 14.2% 1018 20.5%2010-11 7,119 14.2% 1480 21.7%2011-12 7,535 14.5% 1081 19.9%2012-13 8,130 15.6% 1304 23.8%2013-14 8,051 16.1% 1127 25.3%
4.3 Figure5demonstratesthatoffemalefinedefaultersthemajorityareAboriginal
(64%).However,theinverseistrueformales,with62percentbeingnon-
Aboriginal.ThissupportsconcernsexpressedthatAboriginalfemalesappear
particularlyvulnerabletoresortingtoimprisonmenttopayofftheirfines.
Figure5.ProportionofAboriginalityformaleandfemalefinedefaultersfromJuly2006toMarch2015
4Departmentalfiguresfortotalnumberofreceptions(includingindividualswithmultiplereceptions)foreachfinancialyear.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Female Male
%ofWinedefaulterpopulation
NonAboriginal
Aboriginal
14
TrendsinReceptionNumbers
4.4 Peoplewithlower-payingornonprofessionaljobsandtheunemployedmakeup
ahighproportionofincarceratedfinedefaulters.Oftheemployedmalefine
defaulters,byfarthemostcommonlystatedoccupationswerethoserelatedto
labourandtradeswork,with46percentstating‘labourer’astheirtypeof
employmentuponreceptiontoprison.Employmentislessprevalentamong
femalefinedefaulters.Ofthoseworking,thewomenaremostlyemployedas
labourers(20%)andcleaners(11%).Thestatedoccupationsthatwouldbe
consideredprofessionalandrequiretertiaryeducationmakeuplessthantwo
percentofthetotalmaleandfemalefinedefaulterpopulation.
4.5 Ofthetotalfinedefaulterpopulation,24percentofallfinedefaulterscouldbe
categorisedasunemployedatthetimeoftheirreception.5Thosewhowere
homemakers,pensioners,orhaveneverworkedservedapproximately20per
centofthetotalnumberofdaysfinedefaultersspentincarcerated.
4.6 Thereisastarkcontrastacrossmalesandfemalesinthenumberofunemployed
inthefinedefaulterpopulation.6Anoverwhelming73percentoffemalefine
defaulterswereconsideredunemployed(withalmostallofthemcitinghome
dutiesastheiroccupation).Ofthemalefinedefaulters,only10percentwere
consideredunemployed.
4.7 Figure6illustratespercentagesofemploymentversusunemploymentby
Aboriginalstatusforbothmalesandfemalesrespectively.Fifty-twopercentof
theAboriginalunemployedfinedefaultersarefemale,while57percentofnon-
Aboriginalfinedefaulterswithemploymentaremale.Thisevidencesupportsthe
notionofAboriginalwomenhistoricallybeingthemostvulnerabletofinedefault
imprisonment(Spiers-Williams&Gilbert2011).
5Thesecategorieswere‘domestic/homeduties(1094)’,‘neverworked(341)’,‘pensioner(269)’,‘retiree(8)’and‘student(86)’.
6Ofthe7,462receptions,6,622providedtheiroccupationstatus.
15
Figure6.
Percentageof‘unemployed’versus‘employed’infinedefaultersbygenderandAboriginalstatusfromJuly2006toMarch2015
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
unemployed employed unemployed employed
Aboriginal NonAboriginal
%ofWinedefaulterpopulation
Female
Male
16
5 OffenceTypesRelatedtoFinesIssued
5.1 Thefrequenciesofeachmostseriousoffencetypewerefairlyconsistentacross
alldemographiccohorts.Overhalfofthetotalnumberofreceptionswererelated
tofinesfordrivingandtraffic-relatedoffences,withmorethan80percentof
thesefromfinesrelatedtodrinkdrivingordrivingwithoutalicence.Finesfor
offencesagainstgoodorder,suchasbreachesofbail,werethesecondmost
commontypeoffinespeoplewereimprisonedfor.Adescriptionoftheseoffence
categoriescanbefoundinAppendixB.
Table5.
Percentageofmostseriousoffencetypeforfinedefault-onlyreceptions
Offencecategory PercentageofreceptionsDriving,MotorVehicle,TrafficandRelatedOffences 54.1OffencesAgainstGoodOrder 22.1OffencesAgainstthePerson 9.7BreakandEnterandOtherOffencesInvolvingTheft 7.1DrugOffences 3.2PropertyDamageandEnvironmentalOffences 2.1OtherOffences 1.6Unknown Lessthan.1Total 100.00%
5.2 Itisimportanttonotethatmostfinedefaulterspayoffmultiplefinesinone
prisonterm;theaboveinformationonlystatesthecategoryofaperson’smost
seriousoffencethattheyreceivedafineandservedtimefor.Forexample,afine
defaultermayhaveaccumulated10fines,oneforpossessionofaweaponand
nineforminortrafficoffences.Iftheyserveaprisontermforall10fines,theyare
recordedas‘offencesagainstgoodorder’astheirmostseriousoffencecategory
wouldrelatetoweaponpossession.Themostseriousoffenceisoftenthatwhich
incurredthemostexpensivefineandisthereforereflectiveofthenumberof
daysrelatedtothatreception.
17
6 FinancialCostofIncarceratingFineDefaulters
6.1 ItcosttheDepartmentanestimated$2.26milliontohousefinedefaultersinthe
2013-14financialyear(seeTable6).Thecostsrangefrom$305forHakeainthe
metropolitanareato$1,450forBroomeRegionalPrison.Whilethetotalnumber
ofincarcerationdayswascomparativelylowerforsomefacilitiessuchas
BroomeRegionalPrison,thefinancialimpactfromusingthisfacilityismuch
higherduetothehigherthanaveragecostperprisonerperdayatthefacility.
6.2 Itisworthnotingthatthesecostsperfacilitydonotincludethehighercosts
associatedwithprisonstaysthatarelessthanaweek.Forexample,inthe2013-
14financialyear,theDepartmentestimatedtheaveragecostperprisonerper
dayacrosstheestateas$332;however,theDepartmentstatedthatitcouldcost
upto$770perprisonerperdayforshorterperiodstays(OfficeoftheAuditor
General[OAG]2015;OfficeoftheInspectorofCustodialServices[OICS]2015a).
Table6.
Estimatedcostsoffinedefaulterincarcerationbyfacilityfor2013-14financialyear
Facility
Totalincarcerationdays
DCScostperprisonerperdayestimates7
Totalestimatedcostoffinedefaulterincarceration
Metropolitan Hakea 2,280 $305 $695,400Bandyup 732 $378 $276,696Regional Albany 103 $358 $36,874Broome 442 $1,450 $640,900Bunbury 427 $327 $139,629EGRP 181 $660 $119,460Greenough 561 $351 $196,911Roebourne 145 $570 $82,650WKRP 130 $776 $100,880GrandTotal 5001
$2,289,400
7EconomicRegulationAuthority,InquiryintotheefficiencyandperformanceofWesternAustralianPrisons–FinalReport,ERA,Perth.
18
6.3 ThetotalnetcostofcustodialservicesfortheDepartmentin2013-14was$608
million(EconomicRegulationAuthority[ERA]2015).Whileitcouldbeargued
thatthe$2.29millionincostsfortheincarcerationoffinedefaultersisnota
substantialproportionoftheDepartment’stotalexpenditure,itisstillmoney
thatcouldpotentiallyberedirectedtofacilitatingWDOsallocatedtofine
defaultersincommunitycorrections.
6.4 TheOfficeisnotinapositiontoconductacomprehensivecostbenefitanalysis
giventhelimiteddataavailable.Table7illustratesthatthetotalamountoffines
beingpaidofffromJuly2006upuntiltheendofthe2013-14financialyearwas
justunder$55million.Forexample,thecostforthe2010-11financialyearforall
fineswas$11,670,979.8ThisismoneythattheGovernmentwasunableto
recover.
Table7.
Totalandaverageamounts(indollars)offinesbeing‘paidoff’byincarceration
Financialyear Totalnumberoffines Total$amountoffines
Average$perfine
2006/07 1,942 $949,728 $4892007/08 5,356 $3,036,780 $5672008/09 4,199 $2,789,0449 $6642009/10 12,584 $8,901,163 $7072010/11 18,137 $11,670,979 $6432011/12 11,397 $8,191,656 $7192012/13 14,609 $10,622,338 $7272013/14 11,867 $8,683,268 $732Total 84,272 $54,844,956
8Duetolimitationsofthedataextraction,analysiscannotbeundertakentodeterminedollaramountsoffinesbeingpaidbyincarcerationinrelationtodemographicinformation.Theseamountsofthefineswereobtainedseparatelyfromthefinedefaulterdemographicinformation.
9Intheoriginaldatatherewasonepersonwhohada$24millionfineforadrivingoffence(alikelyerrorinTOMS),thisrecordwasremovedfromthisanalysistopreventskewedresults.
19
AppendixA: KeyFindings
• Atotalof54,839dayswereservedby7,025peopleaspartoffinedefault-only
receptions;thesepeoplehadatotalof7,462prisonreceptionsbetweenthem.
• HakeaandBandyuparebyfarthemostheavilyburdenedbyfinedefault
receptions,withHakeareceptionsaccountingforalmosthalfofthetotalamount
ofdaysservedfordefaultingonfines.
• TheaveragelengthofstaybetweenJuly2006andMarch2015was7.5days.
Legislativechanges,however,hadadramaticimpactonaveragenumberofdays
served.Beforethechangesfinedefaultersservedanaverageof45days,
however,thisdecreasedten-foldafterMarch2008to4.5daysservedonaverage.
TheaveragelengthofstayforAboriginalwomenwasmostimpactedbythese
changes.
• Womenaredisproportionatelyrepresentedinthefinedefault-onlypopulation,
comprising15percentofthetotalprisonerpopulationbut22percentofthe
finedefaulterpopulation.
• Unemploymentisrifeinthefinedefaulterprisonpopulation,particularlyfor
Aboriginalwomen.Anoverwhelming73percentofthefemalefinedefaulters
areconsideredunemployed;64percentofthesewomenareAboriginal.
• Themajorityoffines(54percent)wererelatedtominortrafficoffences;for
drinkdrivingordrivingwithoutalicence.
• Inthe2013-14financialyear,thetotalcostoffinedefault-onlyreceptionswas
approximately$2.29million.
• SinceJuly2006tiltheendofthe2013-14financialyearjustunder$55million
worthofunpaidfineswereclearedbyincarceration.
20
AppendixB: MethodologyDatawasrequestedfromtheDepartmentwhichincludedallfinedefault-onlyreceptionsfrom1July2006to20March2015.Thefollowinginformationwasreceived:
• offendername• TOMSID• dateofbirth• gender• aboriginalstatus• prison• lastknownaddress(attimeofreception)• usualoccupation(attimeofreception)• receptiondate• dischargedate• mostseriousoffencecategory
Furtherinformationrelatingtothetypesoffineswasextractedforthesefinedefault-onlyreceptionsfromtheDepartment’sdatabase,TOMS,usingstandardquerylanguagedataextraction.Thefollowinginformationwasextracted:
• thespecifictypeofoffence/offencesthepersonwaspayingoffduringtheirprisonstay
• thesentencelengthforeachoffence• thefineamountindollarsforeachoffence
Finedefaultersincarceratedonagivenday
Toobtaintheaveragenumberoffinedefaultersincarceratedonagivenday,reportsweregeneratedthroughthereportsportalontheDepartment’sintranet.
Eachreportonlyreportsthenumberoffinedefaultersincarceratedforasingledate,somultiplereportswererequired.ThirtyreportsweregeneratedforeachdayofthemonthofNovemberfortheyears2006to2015(foratotalof300reports).Anaverage“numberoffinedefaultersperdayinprison”werecalculatedforeachmonth.
Notethatthefiguresreportedarethoseforfinedefaulterswithoutacurrentremandwarrant.
OffenceTypes
OffencesforwhichfineswereadministeredwhereclassifiedbytheDepartment’s‘MostSeriousOffence’categorysystemwhichusessevencategoriesnamely:
• BreakandEnterandOtherOffencesInvolvingTheft• Driving,MotorVehicle,TrafficandRelatedOffences• DrugOffences
21
• OffencesAgainstGoodOrder• OffencesAgainstthePerson• PropertyDamageandEnvironmentalOffences• OtherOffences
‘Unknown’wasalsousedasaneighthcategorywhenaperson’smostseriousoffencewasn’tspecified.
Examplesofthetypeofchargesincludedintheabovecategoriesare:
Offencetype ExamplesincludeBreakandEnterandOtherOffencesInvolvingTheft
• BreakandEnter(burglaryandunlawfulentry)–dwellings• Stealingfromtheperson• Unlawfulpossessionofstolengoods• Receiving• Misappropriation• Fraud,forgeryandfalsepretences• Othertheft
Driving,MotorVehicles,TrafficandRelatedOffences
• Dangerousandrecklessdriving• Drinkdrivingoffences• Drivingwhilelicencesuspendedorcancelled• Drivingwithoutalicence• Roadworthiness• Registrationoffences(includingThirdPartyinsurance)• Othermotorvehicle,trafficandrelatedoffences
DrugOffences • Possessand/orusecannabis,allforms• Possessand/orusedrugs,unspecified• Dealandtrafficincannabis,allforms• Dealandtrafficindrugs,unspecified• Import/exportdrugs,unspecified• Manufacture/growdrugs,unspecified• Otherdrugoffences
OffencesAgainstGoodOrder
• Breachofbail• Breachofotherprobation,paroleetc.orders• Contemptofcourt,other• Drunkenness• ImpersonatePublicOfficer• Resist/hinderpolice• Possessionand/oruseoffirearms• Prostitution
22
• Otheroffencesagainstgoodorder• Otheroffencesagainstjusticeprocedures
OffencesAgainstthePerson
• Assaultoccasioningactual/grievousbodilyharm• Ill-treatmentofchildren• Otherassault• Otheroffencesagainsttheperson
PropertyDamageandEnvironmentalOffences
• Arson(personnottherein)• Otherpropertydamage• Otherenvironmentaloffences
OtherOffences • Bankruptcy• Dogcontrol• Health,mentalhealth,quarantine,foodstandards,etc.• Secretcommissions,tradepractices,etc.• Security
23
AppendixC:ReferenceListAustralianAssociatedPress,2015,‘Expertsaysvulnerablehitbyfinespolicy’,SkyNews,
13January,viewed20February2015,http://www.skynews.com.au/news/local/perth/
Burrel,A&Laurie,V,2014,‘Hugeleapinfinedefaultersdoingjailtime’,TheAustralian,29October,viewed5January2015,http://www.theaustralian.com.au
DepartmentoftheAttorneyGeneral2015,Consequencesofnotpaying,DOTAG,viewed21February2015,http://www.courts.dotag.wa.gov.au/C/consequences_of_not_paying.aspx
DepartmentofCorrectiveServices,2015,AnnualReport2014-2015,DCS,Perth.DepartmentofJustice2002,InterimreportonthereviewofthefinessysteminWesternAustralia,preparedbytheCourtServicesDivision,Perth.
Emerson,D,2015,‘Finedefaultersfacemorejail’,TheWestAustralian,13January,viewedon16January2015,https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/
Francis2014.Detailsofincarcerationfiguresforfinedefaultersfortheyears2008to2013,Tabledpaperno.2027attachmenttoQuestiononNoticeNo.2746.LegislativeAssembly,ParliamentofWesternAustralia,Perth.
LegalAidNewSouthWales2012.MediaRelease:LegalServiceHelpsFineDefaulters.Retrievedfrom:http://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/for-lawyers/news/news-for-lawyers/2012/media-release-legal-service-helps-fine-defaulters
NewSouthWalesSentencingCouncil,2006.TheEffectivenessofFinesasaSentencingOption:Court-imposedFinesandPenaltyNotices.NSWSC,Sydney.OfficeoftheAuditorGeneral2015,Managementofadultsonbail,OAG,Perth.
OfficeoftheInspectorofCustodialServices2015a,WesternAustralia’srapidlyincreasingremandpopulation,OICS,Perth.
OfficeoftheInspectorofCustodialServices2015b,ReportofanannouncedinspectionofWestKimberleyandBroomeRegionalPrisons,Reportno.96,OICS,Perth.
ProductivityCommission,2015,‘AverageDailyPrisonerPopulation’,table,inReportonGovernmentServices–Chapter8CorrectiveServices,AustralianGovernment,Canberra.
Spiers-Williams,M&Gilbert,R,2011,Reducingtheunintendedimpactsoffines,AustralianGovernment,Canberra.
WALaborParty2014.LockinginPoverty:HowWesternAustraliadrivesthepoor,womenandAboriginalpeopletoprison.WALabor,Perth
24
AppendixD:Abbreviationsused
PERIN PenaltyEnforcementbyRegistrationofInfringementNotice
SPER StatePenaltyEnforcementRegistry
SDROStateDebtRecoveryOffice
TOMS TotalOffenderManagementSystem
WDO WorkandDevelopmentOrder
WKRP WestKimberleyRegionalPrison
www.oics.wa.gov.au
Level 5, Albert Facey House, 469 Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia 6000Telephone: +61 8 6551 4200 Facsimile: +61 8 6551 4216
Western Australia’s rapidlyincreasing remand population
October 2015