findings on happiness & children: having (parental status) · psychological well-being in the...

Findings on Happiness & CHILDREN: HAVING (parental status)

World Database of Happiness

© on data collected: Ruut Veenhoven, Erasmus University RotterdamCorrelational Findings

Correlate Code: C 3

Appendix 1: Appendix 2:

Appendix 3:

Cite as:

Appendix 4:

Correlate Code Correlate NameNumber of Studies Classification of Findings

on this Subject

Happiness queries usedStatistics used

About the World Database of Happiness

Further Findings in the World Database of Happiness

Appendix 5: Related Topics

Veenhoven, R.: Findings on Happiness & CHILDREN: HAVING (parental status)World Database of Happiness. Internet: www.eur.nl/fsw/research/happiness Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2003, Netherlands

C 3 3CHILDREN: HAVING (parental status)C 3.1 0Parental careerC 3.1.1 2Ever had children or notC 3.1.2 2Change in parental statusC 3.1.2.2 0. birth of childrenC 3.1.2.3 5. leaving home of children (empty nest)C 3.1.2.4 0. death of childrenC 3.1.4 0Later childrenC 3.1.4.1 0. expects to get children laterC 3.1.4.2 1. actually got children later (follow-up)C 3.2 19Current parental statusC 3.2.1 56Number of childrenC 3.2.2 54Children in the householdC 3.3 0Attitude to having childrenC 3.3.1 0Satisfaction with having children at allC 3.3.2 1Satisfaction with number of childrenC 3.3.2.1 2. number of children as plannedC 3.3.2.2 0. more children wantedC 3.2.3 0Non-biological childrenC 3.2.3.1 0. Adoptive childrenC 3.2.3.2 0. Foster children

Page 1 of 266Print date: 7-2-2003 World Database of Happiness: www.eur.nl/fsw/research/happiness

Findings on Happiness & CHILDREN: HAVING (parental status) Correlate Code: C 3

1 children:yes

0 " no

MIELK 1997

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Wellbeing and fitness:an empirical analysis of life-,health-,and leisure-satisfaction of older people.

Mielke,Ch.

Study

CHILDREN: HAVING (parental status) Code: C 3

16+ aged, general public, non institutionalized, Germany, 1990-91

Probability systematic sampleSample:

onknownNon-Response:6000N:

Measured Values:Error Estimates:

Observed Relation with Happiness

48

Reported in:

Dissertation,University of Cologne

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:

Statistics RemarksHappiness Query

%satisfied with life:having children:50having not:47

O-SLu/c/sq/l/11/a D%=3



childlesness1: all with children2: first pregnancies(for men: Partner's..)3: all without children3a: have chosen not to have children3b: involuntary childless

VENTE 1996

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Livskvalitet hos 4500 31-33 årige (The Quality Of Life of 4500 31-33-year-olds)Ventegodt, S.

Study


Persons born at the University Hospital in Copenhagen 1959-1961

Non-probability purposive sample (unspecified)Sample:

39%Non-Response:4500N:

N WOMEN All:2714; %:1:75,1; 2:1,7; 3:24,7; 3a:2,2; 3b:5,5N MEN All:

Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


330,332

Reported in:

Forskningscenter for Livskvalitet,Forskningscentrets Forlag, København 1996,ISBN 8790190068

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


WOMEN: MEN:1: Mt=7.73 1: Mt=7.932: Mt=8.58 2: Mt=8.833: Mt=7.69 3: Mt=7.543a: Mt=7.91 3a:Ms=6.633b: Mt=7.86 3b:Ms=7.98

A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a


O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h


O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e



unemployed/employed women and men with/without children/partner0: no partner1: with partner

VENTE 1996

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study







152-164

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


children no children children no children employed women unemployed women0:Ms=6.81 7.38 5.89 6.55 1:Ms=7.98 8.06 7.35 7.38 children no children children no children employed men unemployed men0: Mt=6.70 7.28 6.04 6.141: Mt=8.18 8.18 7.33 7.33

A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a

children no children children no children employed women unemployed women0: Mt=5.71 5.90 5.26 5.48 1: Mt=7.43 7.35 6.94 6.81 children no children children no children employed men unemployed men0: Mt=5.34 5.80 4.58 5.05 1: Mt=7.40 7.46 6.76 6.76

O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h



children no children children no children employed women unemployed women0: Mt=6.30 6.85 5.63 6.31 1: Mt=7.78 7.66 7.09 7.25 children no children children no children employed men unemployed men0: Mt=6.20 6.69 4.49 5.361: Mt=7.83 7.88 6.68 6.68

O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e



1.having children0.not having children

STACK1998

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Marital Status and Happiness: A 17 Nation Study.Stack,S & Ross Esheleman,J

Study

Ever had children or not Code: C 3.1.1

18+ aged, 17 first world nations, 1981-1983

Probability multi-stage cluster sampleSample:nrNon-Response:18.000N:



532

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the Familiy, vol. 60, 527-536

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


All

Beta controlled for-marital status-reported health-socio-economic status-age-church attendance-nation

O-HL/u/sq/v/4/a Beta=+.0 ns



Coder rating of answers on open-ended question on changes in a person's life as a result of having chilren: positive / neutral / negative.

VEROF 1962

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Dimensions of subjective adjustment.Veroff, J., Feld, S. & Gurin, G.

Study

Ever had children or not Code: C 3.1.1

21+ aged, married, with childeren, USA, 1957

Sample:

-Non-Response:797N:



196

Reported in:

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, vol. 64, p. 192 - 205.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Males : _b = -.04 (ns)Females : _b = -.06 (05)

O-HL/u/sq/v/3/a tb= -



Have you experienced single parenthood(a) during the last year ?(b) ever in your life ?Answers: No(=0) or Yes(=1).

KAINU 1998

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Elämäntapahtumat ja elämään tyytyväisyys eri sosiaaliluokissa, (Life Events and Satisfaction with Life in Different Social Classes; in Finnish)

Kainulainen, Sakari

Study

Change in parental status Code: C 3.1.2

18+ aged, general public, non-institutionalized, former province Kuopio, Finland, 1991-'96.

Probability sample (unspecified)Sample:

not repNon-Response:2682N:

Never: N= 2190Ever in your life: N = 248

Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


261

Reported in:

Kuopio University Publications (E Social Sciences 62), Kuopio ,Finland .ISBN 951-781-821-1

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


during the last yearO-SLu/c/sq/v/5/g r=-.06 p


Pregnancy resolution choice:0: kept baby (parenters)1: placed baby for adoption (placers)

KALMU 1992

interviews took place 6 month after giving birth

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Short term consequences of parenting versus adoption among young unmarried women

Kalmuss,D., Namerow, P.B.G., Bauer,U.

Study

Change in parental status Code: C 3.1.2

Unmarried teenage mothers, USA, 1989-1990


>10%Non-Response:527N:

parenters: 311; placers: 216Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


84-88

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the Family 1992 vol. 54 pp 80-90.

Population:

Class:

interviews took place 6 month after giving birth

Page in Report:


B controlled for:- age in years- race (black or withe)- lived with both parents - received public assistance while growing up- high school graduate- lived in maternity residence while pregnant

O-SL?/?/sq/v/4/a B=+.04 ns



0 Children still living with parents 1 'Empty nest'

GLENN 1975A1

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Psychological well-being in the postparental stage: Some evidence from national surveys.

Glenn, N.D.

Study

. leaving home of children (empty nest) Code: C 3.1.2.3

40-59 aged mothers, non-institutionalized, USA, 1963-66

Sample:

-Non-Response:902N:



106

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the family, 1975, vol. 37, p.105-110

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Age 40-49: G' = +.29 (01)Age 50-59: G' = -.11 (ns)G' based on proportion very happy.

O-HL/g/sq/v/3/c G=+.16 p


0 Children still living with parents 1 'Empty nest'

GLENN 1975A2

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Glenn, N.D.

Study


40-59 aged mothers, non-institutionalized, USA, 1972-73

Sample:

-Non-Response:425N:



106

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Age 40-49 : G' = +.10 (ns)Age 50-59 : G' = +.27 (ns)G' based on proportion very happy.

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa G=+.12 ns



0 Children still living with parents 1 'empty nest'

GLENN 1975A3

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Glenn, N.D.

Study


35-65 aged mothers, non-institutionalized, USA, 1971

Sample:

-Non-Response:319N:



106

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Age 35-49 : G' = +.19 (ns)Age 50-64 : G' = +.32 (ns)G' based on proportion very happy.

M-TH/g/sq/v/3/b G=+.12 ns



1 Parents of adult children who have left home0 Non-parents (Including young adults who have not yet children and adults who have passed the childrenbearing age).

MCLAN 1989

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The effects of children on adults' Psychological well-being:1957-1976Mc Lanahan, S. & Adams, J.

Study


21+ aged, general public, non-institutionalized, USA, 1957-76

Sample:

± 30%Non-Response:4664N:



131+133/4

Reported in:

Social Forces, 1989 vol 68: 124-146

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


M is Mean happiness on range 0-1: (1= very happy) Empty nest Non parents parents 1957 M=0.33 M=0.331976 M=0.30 M=0.32

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa DM=-

Logit coefficient controlled for: education, gender, age, marital status (whether ever married). Logit analysis based on combined datasets.

Change between 1957 and 1976 not significant.

lgt=+ ns



0 = last child still at home1 = last child leftsince first examination in T1Assessed at T4.

PALMO 1979

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Stress and Adaptation in Later LifePalmore, E.B., Cleveland Jr, P.C,, Nowlin, J.B., Ramm, D. & Siegler, I.C.

Study


46+ aged white, North Carolina, USA, 1968- 1976.

Probability stratified sampleSample:

Non-Response:375N:



350

Reported in:

Reprint form Journal of Gerontology 1979, Vol 34 pp (in this reprint) 341-356

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


N= 112. Separate multiple regression. Dependent: Change in life satisfaction T1 to T4.(negative B indicates negative effect)

O-BW/c/sq/l/10/c B=+.5 p


Parental status at T5, assesed in two ways:- being married with children 0 = single or married with no children; 1 = married with one or more children - being married with no children 0 = single or married with children; 1 = married with no childrenDivorced and separated with or without children excluded from analysis

BACHM 1978

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Youth in transition, vol. VI: Adolescence to adulthood, change and stability in the lives of young men

Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, J.

Study

. actually got children later (follow-up) Code: C 3.1.4.2

Public highschool boys followed 8 years from grade 10, USA, 1966-74

Sample:

2.8% at T1, 17.2% at T2, 21.0% at T3, 28.9% at T4, 28.5% at T5

Non-Response:

T1 - T5: 2213/1886/1799/1620/1628

N:



Reported in:

Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1978

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Married with Married withHappiness children no childrenT1 _ = -.03 (ns) +.07 (ns)T2 _ = -.01 (ns) +.07 (ns)T3 _ = +.02 (ns) +.09 (05)T4 _ = +.02 (ns) +.11 (01)T1:1966, T2:1968, T3:1969, T4:1970, T5:1974

O-HP/g/mq/v/5/a tau=



Absence vs presence of living children.

BOHN 1972

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The effect of children upon life satisfaction. A thesis in child development and family relationships.

Bohn, C.J.

Study

Current parental status Code: C 3.2

Adult, general public, Dominican Republic, Panama and Yugoslavia, ± 1960

Sample:

Non-Response:5228N:



26-38

Reported in:

Unpublished master thesis, 1972, Pennsylvania State University.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Negative among married persons (05)Married persons with children are less happy (05)than married Ss without children, singles without children and singles with children.

Among married persons:- positive in Dominican Republic (05), esp. in rural areas.- negative in Panama (01) in both urban and rural areas.- negative in Yugoslavia (01), esp. in rural areas.- negative among females (01).- positive among males (05).- negative among age 40+ (01).- not among age 21-39 (ns).- negative among high S.E.S. (01).- not among lower S.E.S. (ns).

O-BW/c/sq/l/11/a DM=- ns



0 No children1 Children

GLENN 1979

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

A note on family situation and global happinessGlenn, N.D., Weaver, C.N.

Study


18-59 aged whites, non-institutionalized,USA, 1972-75

Sample:

Non-Response:4049 (72:1023/73:1002/74:1005/75:1019)

N:



962

Reported in:

Social Forces, Vol. 57, 1979, p. 960-967

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


ß controlled for: marital status, own age, family income, occupational prestige (males only), frequency of attendance of religious services, employment outside home (females only) and years of school completed: 1972 1973 1974 1975 All years

Children aged 0-5males -.10 -.08 -.02 -.02 -.05 (01)females +.05 -.07 -.03 -.12 -.04 (ns)

Children aged 6-12males -.03 -.01 -.02 -.02 -.01 (ns)females -.03 -.02 -.07 -.05 -.04 (01)

Children aged 13-17males -.00 -.09 -.06 -.02 -.04 (01)females -.04 -.04 -.00 -.07 -.04 (01)

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa Beta=-



0 No children 1 One or more

GLENN 1981A

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The Effects of Offspring on Psychological Well-being of Older AdultsGlenn, N.D.; McLanahan, S.

Study


50+ aged, with no children under age 18 at home, USA,1973-78

Sample:

Non-Response:2465N:



413-7

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol 43, 1981, p.409-421

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Males ß= -.05 (ns)Females ß= +.02 (ns)White males ß= -.05 (ns) females ß= -.01 (ns)Black males ß= -.06 (ns) females ß= +.10 (ns)12yrs.school males ß= -.10 (05) females ß= +.02 (ns)Married males ß= -.04 (ns) females ß= +.05 (ns)Unmarried males ß= -.09 (ns) females ß= -.03 (ns)ß controled for age, family income, years of school completed, church attendence and employment status.

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa Beta=-



Direct question: "Do or did you have any children?" 0 No children1 Children

HALMA 1987

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Traditie, secularisatie en individualisering. A study into the values of the Dutch in a European context

Halman, L., Heunks, F., de Moor, R. and Zanders, H.

Study


18+ aged, general public, EU nations, 1981

Sample:

Non-Response:12464N:



212

Reported in:

Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 187-215 283-325 and 368-379

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


FranceO-HL/u/sq/v/4/a r=+.04 nsGreat-Britainr=+.05 p


In none of the european countries, ß weights of this variable reached .10 level in multiple regression analysis, when controlling for: life satisfaction(HAPP 2.1), affect (AFF 2.3); satisfaction with health,income and family life; age, income, male sex, education, marital status, work; urbanisation, type of dwelling, own home, religiousness, social participation; uncertainty about future, expected negative changes in income; satisfaction 5 years in past and future; tolerance, loneliness, misantropy, hopeless about life and sense of control.

Beta= ns

FranceO-SLW/c/sq/n/10/aa r=+.01 nsGreat-Britainr=+.03 nsWest Germanyr=+.07 p


Direct question: "Did or do you have any children?" 0 No children 1 Children

HALMA 1987**

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Traditie, secularisatie en individualisering. A study into the values of the Dutch in a european context


Study


18 + aged, general public, 10 EU nations, 1981

Sample:




376

Reported in:

Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 1987, p. 187-215, 283-325 and 368-379

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


FranceA-BB/cm/mq/v/2/a Beta=


1 Parents (Excluded parents living with children over 17 or not living with children under 170 Non parents

MCLAN 1989

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The effects of children on adults' Psychological well-being:1957-1976Mc Lanahan, S. & Adams, J.

Study



Sample:

± 30%Non-Response:4664N:



131+133/4

Reported in:

Social Forces, 1989 vol 68: 124-146

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


M is Mean happiness on range 0-1: (1= very happy) Parents Non parents 1957 M=0.37 M=0.331976 M=0.32 M=0.32

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa DM=+



0. None 1. One or more

MCNAM 1978

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Blessed are the Downtrodden? An empirical testMcNamara, P.H. & St George, A.

Study


18+ aged, general public, non-institutionalized, USA, 1971

Sample:




310

Reported in:

Sociological Analysis vol.39,(1978), p.303-320

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa G=-.12 p


0 No children 1as children

PHILI 1966

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The Dutch housewife. (In Dutch: De Nederlandse huisvrouw).Philips Nederland, N.V.

Study


Housewives, The Netherlands, 1964

Sample:

Non-Response:450N:



66

Reported in:

Eindhoven, 1966, Philips Nederland.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-HL/u/sq/v/5/a r=+.09



Childless vs. parents

REMPE 1985

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Childless elderly: what are they missing?Rempel, J.

Study


Elderly persons, noninstitutionalized, Canada, 1979

Sample:

39Non-Response:338N:



345

Reported in:

Journal of marriage and the family, 1985, vol. 47, p. 343- 347

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


unadjusted means- childless: M = 2.4 Mt' = 7- parent: M = 2.4 Mt' = 7means adjusted for age, gender, marital status and social class- childless: M = 2.4 Mt' = 7- parent: M = 2.4 Mt' = 7

O-HL/g/sq/v/3/d DM=0 ns



Childless vs. parents

REMPE 1985

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Childless elderly: what are they missing?Rempel, J.

Study


Elderly persons, noninstitutionalized, Canada, 1979

Sample:

39Non-Response:338N:



345

Reported in:

Journal of marriage and the family, 1985, vol. 47, p. 343- 347

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


unadjusted means- childless: M = 8.8 Mt' = 7.8 - parent: M = 9.1 Mt' = 8.1means adjusted for age, gender, marital status and social class- childless: M = 8.9 Mt' = 7.9 - parent: M = 9.1 Mt' = 8.1

O-SL?/g/sq/l/11/a DM=+ ns



Single direct question, rated on a 4-point scale:1 = no child, no partner 2 = no child, with partner3 = with child, no partner4 = with child, with partner

SCHUL 1985B

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Lebensqualität in Osterreich (Quality-of-life in Austria)Schulz, W.; Költringer, R.; Norden, G.; Tüchler, H.

Study


Adults, non-institutionalized, Austria,1984

Sample:

?Non-Response:1776N:



75

Reported in:

Research paper nr 10/1, Institut für Soziologie, University of Vienna, Austria 1985

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-QL?/c/mq/v/5/a G=+.22 p


0 Married, childless1 Married, children

SEARS 1977A

Happiness assessed in 1972.The gifted women were about 62 yrs of age at that time. Currently marrieds only.

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Career and Life satisfactions among Terman's gifted women. Chapter 3 in: 'The gifted and the creative: a 50 year perspective'.

Sears, P.S. & Barbee, A.H.

Study


"Gifted women" (IQ >135), followed 50 years, California, USA, 1921-72

Sample:

Attrition in 1972: 25%

Non-Response:

1928 N=671: 1972 N=430

N:



40-62/4

Reported in:

Stanley, J.C., George, W.C. & Solano, C.H. (eds.) The Johns Hopkins Univ.Press Publ.1977, Baltimore and London, p.28-72

Population:

Class:

Happiness assessed in 1972.The gifted women were about 62 yrs of age at that time. Currently marrieds only.

Page in Report:


- Married, childless 54% contentedC-ASG/h/mq/v/5/a G=+.23 p


0 Having children 1 No children

VEENH 1974

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Is there an innate need for children?Veenhoven, R.

Study


25 - 65 aged marrieds, The Netherlands, 1968

Sample:

34%, 23% unattainable, 10% non-response

Non-Response:

1376N:



499

Reported in:

European Journal of Social Psychology, 1974, vol. 14, p. 495 - 501

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Age 25 - 29: G = +.09 (ns) 30 - 34: G = +.26 (ns) 35 - 39: G = +.60 (05) 40 - 44: G = +.23 (ns) 45 - 49: G = +.01 (ns) 50 - 54: G = +.08 (ns) 55 - 59: G = +.48 (ns) 60 - 65: G = +.20 (ns)

Unaffected by sex

O-HP/g/sq/ol/7/a G=+.12 ns



Single question:"Do you have children ?"a: no childrenb: only biological childrenc: only partner's childrend: biological and partner's childrene: only adapted children

VENTE 1995

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Livskvalitet i Danmark.(Quality of Life in Denmark)Ventegodt, S.

Study


18-88 aged, general public, Denmark, 1993



N: a:497, b:848, c:33, d:71, e:7Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


306

Reported in:

Forskningscentrets Forlag (The Quality of Life Research Center), København, Denmark,ISBN 8790190017

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


a: Mt=7.71 b: Mt=7.76 c: Mt=7.80 d: Mt=7.93 e: Mt=8.93All Mt=7.76

A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a


O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h


O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e



Single question:"Do you have children ?"different answercategories converted to:1. Without children a. first pregnant b. chosen not to have children c. involuntary childless2. Has children

VENTE 1995

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Livskvalitet i Danmark.(Quality of Life in Denmark)Ventegodt, S.

Study


18-88 aged, general public, Denmark, 1993



N women: all: 778, 1(all):237, 1a:9, 1b:12, 1c:20, 2:500N men: all:759, 1(all):259, 1a:11, 1b:11, 1c:11, 2:467

Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


312,314

Reported in:

Forskningscentrets Forlag (The Quality of Life Research Center), København, Denmark,ISBN 8790190017

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


women: 1: Mt=7.71 1a: Mt=8.61 1b: Mt=7.50 1c: Mt=7.00 2: Mt=7.71All Mt=7.70

A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a

men: 1: Mt=7.73 1a: Mt=7.50 1b: Mt=8.19 1c: Mt=6.36 2: Mt=7.86All Mt=7.79




O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h



O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e




Single question:"Do you have children ?"1: no children2: only adopted children3: only partner's children4: biological children and partner's children5: only biological children

VENTE 1996

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study





N: All:4585; %:1:31,0; 2:0,2; 3:3,3; 4:5,5; 5:60,0Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


324

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


1: Mt=7.612: Mt=8.343: Mt=8.114: Mt=7.635: Mt=7.80

A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a

1: Mt=6.712: Mt=6.563: Mt=7.554: Mt=7.265: Mt=7.13

O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h

1: Mt=7.212: Mt=7.783: Mt=7.754: Mt=7.485: Mt=7.51

O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e



childlesness1: all with children2: first pregnancies(for men: Partner's..)3: all without children3a: have chosen not to have children3b: involuntary childless

VENTE 1996

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study





N WOMEN All:2714; %:1:75,1; 2:1,7; 3:24,7; 3a:2,2; 3b:5,5N MEN All:

Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


330,332

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:



A-AOL/m/sq/v/5/a


O-HL/c/sq/v/5/h


O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/e



0 Has children 1 No children

WESSM 1956

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

A psychological inquiry into satisfaction and happinessWessman, A.E.

Study


21+ aged, general public, non-institutionalized, USA, 1946

Sample:

-Non-Response:2377N:



193

Reported in:

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1956, Princeton University, U.S.A.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Computed for married Ss only.O-HL/g/sq/v/3/c G=+.02 ns



0. No children1. Has children

WILKE 1978/1

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Correlates of Subjective Well-being in Northern WisconsinWilkening,E.A. & McGranahan,D.

Study


18+aged, general public, NW Wisconsin-residents, USA, 1974

Sample:




221

Reported in:

Social Indicators Research,vol 5 (l978),p.221-234

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-SLW/u/sqt/v/7/a r=+.04 nsß controlled for 1+2+3+4+5 : 1: education, occupation, income, level of living2: live alone, married, contact with relatives, contact with friends, church attendance, organizational membership. 3: health problems, recent move, separated/ divorced, unemployed. 4: retired,widowed.5: urban living, rural living, female.

ß in different age groups:under 30: -.12 (ns) 30-49 : +.05 (ns)50-64 : +.00 (ns) over 64 : -.09 (ns)

Beta=-.1 p


Open-ended question.

BAKKE 1974

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Determinants and correlates of happiness.(in Dutch: Determinanten en correlaten van geluk).

Bakker, P. & Berg, N. van de

Study

Number of children Code: C 3.2.1

20-65 aged, general public, The Netherlands, 1968

Sample:

34% refusal and unattainable.

Non-Response:

1552N:



27

Reported in:

Unpublished thesis, 1974, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-HP/g/sq/ol/7/a G=+.09 ns



Number of children

BLAND 1990

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Subjective Well-being Among Native and Non-Native Elderly Persons: Do Differences Exist?

Blandford, A.A.& Chappell, N.L.

Study


50+aged, Winnipeg,Canada, 1985

Sample:

15% NativesNon-Response:390N:



395

Reported in:

Canadian Journal On Ageing, Vol.9, 1990 p.386-399.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


b controlled by :1. Male Sex2. Married3. Widowed4. Age5. Monthly income6. Perceived health7. Days in bed8. Family size9. Functional ability10.Satisfaction with family relationships11.Social contacts 12.Number of siblings13.Number of caregivers14.Interaction of ethnicity with ability & marital status & days ill

O-SLu/c/sq/v/5/d B=+.20 ns



0 one1 more

CRNIC 1984

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Maternal stress and social support: effects on the mother- infant relationship from birth to eighteen months

K.A. Crnic, M.T. Greenberg, N.M. Robinson, A.S. Ragozin

Study


Mother-child pairs, followed 18 months after birth, USA, 1981-82

Sample:

Attrition at T2: 10%, at T3: 14%

Non-Response:

105N:



Reported in:

American Journal of Orthopsychiatric, vol. 2, 1984, pp. 224-235

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-QLS/c/sq/v/5/a r=-.11 ns



Number of children ever had

GLENN 1981A

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

The Effects of Offspring on Psychological Well-being of Older AdultsGlenn, N.D.; McLanahan, S.

Study


50+ aged, with no children under age 18 at home, USA,1973-78

Sample:

Non-Response:2465N:



413-5

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol 43, 1981, p.409-421

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Whites males ß= -.05 (ns) females ß= +.01 (ns)Black males ß= -.10 (ns) females ß= +.08 (ns)< 12yrs.school males ß= -.02 (ns) females ß= -.00 (ns)> 12yrs.school males ß= -.07 (ns) females ß= +.01 (ns)Married males ß= -.04 (ns) females ß= -.02 (ns)Unmarried males ß= -.08 (ns) females ß= -.02 (ns)ß controled for age, family income, years of school completed,church attendence and employment status.

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa Beta=±



Direct question: "How many children do or did you have?" 1 One ..6 Six or moreSs with children only

HALMA 1987

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Traditie, secularisatie en individualisering. A study into the values of the Dutch in a European context


Study


18+ aged, general public, EU nations, 1981

Sample:




212

Reported in:

Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 187-215 283-325 and 368-379

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


FranceO-HL/u/sq/v/4/a r=-.03 nsGreat-Britainr=-.06 p


EC (stratified sample)one Mt'= 7.00two Mt'= 7.11three Mt'= 7.00four Mt'= 6.67five Mt'= 6.89six or more Mt'= 6.89

DMt=-

FranceO-SLW/c/sq/n/10/aa r=-.03 nsGreat-Britainr=-.03 nsWest Germanyr=-.07 p


number of children

JACOB 1997

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Values, performance and subjective well-being in the sustainability movement; an elaboration of multiple discrepancies theory

Jacob, J. & Brinkerhoff, M.

Study


'Back to the land' mini farmers, USA,1989


58.2%Non-Response:565N:

ranges 0-12; Median 2; N 535Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


192

Reported in:

Social Indicators Research: , 1997, vol 42, pag 171-204

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Ss, who value technical self reliance high, irrespectible of their performance (N=±280)-high Country Asceticism r=+.07 ns-high Homestead Production r=+.05 ns-high Ecological Sensitivity r=-.00 ns

Ss, who value Homestead Food Production high, irrespectable their performance, (N=±280)-high Country Asceticism r=+.08 ns-high Homestead Production r=+.06 ns-high Ecological Sensitivity r=+.02 ns

O-H?/?/sq/v/4/a r=+ ns



number of children

LEE 1982

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Intergenerational Exchange and Subjective Well-being Among the ElderlyLee, Gary R.

Study


60+ aged, living near children, USA, Washington State, 1975

Probability simple random sampleSample:25.1%Non-Response:403N:

Mean 2.7 SD 1.6Measured Values:

Error Estimates:


220,221

Reported in:

Journal of Marriage and the Family, February 1982, page 217-223

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


malesM-ACO/u/mq/n/4/a r=-.03beta controlled for-education -marital status-self rated health-age-contact with children-aid given-aid received

Beta=+.0

femalesr=beta controlled for-education -marital status-self rated health-age-contact with children-aid given-aid received

Beta=+.1



Single closed question, rated on a 7-point scale, ranging from "none" to "eight or more children".

PALIS 1986B

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Urbanism and social psychological well-being: a test of three theoriesPalisi, B.J.

Study



Sample:

Non-Response:7542N:



370

Reported in:

Sociological Spectrum, 1986, vol 6, p.361-378

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa r=+.02 ns



ROSE 1955

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Factors associated with the life satisfaction of middle class, middle aged persons.Rose, A.M.

Study


Married couples, middle aged, middle-class, USA, 1952

Sample:

50 %Non-Response:416N:



16

Reported in:

Marriage and Family Living, 1955, vol 17, p. 15-19.

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


Reported for females onlyO-SLu/g/sq/v/5/a D%= 0 ns



Number of children born to S and adopted or stephchildren.Assessed in 1972

SEARS 1977A

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:



Study



Sample:


Non-Response:

1928 N=671: 1972 N=430

N:



40-62/4

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


C-ASG/h/mq/v/5/a AoV= nsM-PL/h/sq/v/5/b Chi²= ns



a. Actual number in 1972 (including adopted and stephchildren).

b. Same as planned (Assessed in 1950).

c. Number wanted if life lived over (Assessed in 1950).

SEARS 1977A

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:



Study



Sample:


Non-Response:

1928 N=671: 1972 N=430

N:



40-62/4

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


a. 1972 number by 1972 happiness.

C-ASG/h/mq/v/5/a AoV= ns

b. Earlier congruence (1950) by present happiness (1972).

AoV= ns

c. Earlier wish (1950) by present happiness (1972).

AoV= ns

a. 1972 number by 1972 happiness.

M-PL/h/sq/v/5/b Chi²= ns

b. Earlier congruence (1950) by present happiness (1972).

Chi²= ns

c. Earlier wish (1950) by present happiness (1972).

Chi²= ns



Direct questions:

a. 'Did you want children?' Assessed in 1940

b. If life lived over how many children? Assessed in 1950

SEARS 1977A

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:



Study



Sample:


Non-Response:

1928 N=671: 1972 N=430

N:



40-62/4

Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


a. M-PL/h/sq/v/5/b Chi²= nsb.Chi²= ns



SHINN 1978

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of lifeShinn, D.C. & Johnson, D.M.

Study


Heads of households, Illinois, USA, 1975

Sample:




483/487

Reported in:

Social Indicators Research, Vol 5, 1978, pp. 475-492

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


When controlled for: - resources only ß = -.09 - resources and assessments ß = -.06 - resources and comparisons ß = -.06 - resources, assessments and comparisons ß = +.05'Resources': race, sex, age, income, education, house ownership, marital status, number of household members;'Assessments': satisfaction with: standard of living, leisure time, housing, health, education, community, government;'Comparisons': perception of being happier than others and perceived financial improvement in the past few years.

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/aa r=?.04 ns



Single question: "Have you had any children?"0 None1 1 child2 2 children3 3 children4 4 children5 5 children6 6 or more children

TIMME 1997/1

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:

Correlates of Happiness in 42 nations: analysis of the WorldValues Study 1990 - 1991Timmermans, D.

Study


18+ aged, general public, France, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1002N:



Reported in:

Working paper, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Sociology, February 1997

Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.44 Mt=6.4 1 M=1.42 Mt=6.42 M=1.16 Mt=6.23 M=1.21 Mt=6.24 M=1.84 Mt=6.85 M= .73 Mt=5.76 M=1.30 Mt=6.3

A-BB/cm/mq/v/2/a DM=+

r=-.03 ns

tc=-.03 p


r=-.02 nstc=-.00 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=-.0 ns0 M=6.54 Mt=6.21 M=6.87 Mt=6.52 M=6.90 Mt=6.63 M=7.04 Mt=6.74 M=6.92 Mt=6.65 M=6.27 Mt=5.96 M=6.67 Mt=6.3

O-SLW/c/sq/n/10/aa DM=+

r=+.04 p



TIMME 1997/2

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Britain, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1484N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.76 Mt=6.8 1 M=1.44 Mt=6.42 M=1.67 Mt=6.73 M=1.62 Mt=6.64 M=1.60 Mt=6.65 M=1.50 Mt=6.56 M=1.81 Mt=6.8



DM=+

r=-.01 ns

r=-.01 ns

tc=-.01 ns



tc=-.01 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household incomeBeta=+.0 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household incomeBeta=+.0 ns0 M=3.23 Mt=7.41 M=3.32 Mt=7.72 M=3.27 Mt=7.63 M=3.34 Mt=7.84 M=3.27 Mt=7.65 M=3.23 Mt=7.46 M=3.28 Mt=7.6

O-HL/u/sq/v/4/a DM=+

0 M=3.23 Mt=7.41 M=3.32 Mt=7.72 M=3.27 Mt=7.63 M=3.34 Mt=7.84 M=3.27 Mt=7.65 M=3.23 Mt=7.46 M=3.28 Mt=7.6

DM=+

r=+.03 ns

r=+.03 ns

tc=+.03 p



TIMME 1997/3

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, West Germany, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:2201N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.53 Mt=6.5 1 M=1.52 Mt=6.52 M=1.48 Mt=6.53 M=1.23 Mt=6.24 M= .91 Mt=5.95 M= .68 Mt=5.76 M= .37 Mt=5.4



DM=+

r=-.08 p


tc=-.04 p



TIMME 1997/4

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Italy, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:2010N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.44 Mt=6.4 1 M=1.12 Mt=6.12 M=1.06 Mt=6.13 M= .84 Mt=5.84 M=1.53 Mt=6.55 M=1.12 Mt=6.16 M= .79 Mt=5.8


r=-.08 p


r=-.00 nstc=-.01 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.1 p



TIMME 1997/5

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, The Netherlands, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1017N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.98 Mt=7.0 1 M=1.65 Mt=6.72 M=1.84 Mt=6.83 M=1.75 Mt=6.84 M=1.60 Mt=6.65 M=1.50 Mt=6.56 Less than 10 Ss

A-BB/cm/mq/v/2/a DM=

r=-.06 ns

tc=-.06 p


r=-.00 nstc=+.01 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=7.83 Mt=7.61 M=7.75 Mt=7.52 M=7.89 Mt=7.63 M=7.90 Mt=7.74 M=7.76 Mt=7.55 M=7.66 Mt=7.46 Less than 10 Ss

O-SLW/c/sq/n/10/aa DM=

r=+.00 ns

tc=-.00 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=-.0 ns




TIMME 1997/6

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Denmark, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1030N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 Empty category 1 M=1.68 Mt=6.72 M=2.14 Mt=7.13 M=1.96 Mt=7.04 M=1.80 Mt=6.85 M=1.59 Mt=6.66 M=2.23 Mt=7.2


r=+.01 ns

tc=+.01 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 Empty category1 M=3.32 Mt=7.72 M=3.40 Mt=8.03 M=3.31 Mt=7.74 M=3.27 Mt=7.65 M=3.39 Mt=8.06 M=3.54 Mt=8.5




r=-.00 nstc=-.01 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=-.0 ns0 Empty category1 M= 7.97 Mt=7.72 M= 8.23 Mt=8.03 M= 8.11 Mt=7.94 M= 7.97 Mt=7.75 M= 8.50 Mt=8.36 M= 8.62 Mt=8.5


r=+.03 ns

tc=-.00 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns




TIMME 1997/7

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:2792N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:





DM=+

r=-.03 ns

r=-.03 ns

tc=-.02 ns



tc=-.02 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=3.30 Mt=7.71 M=3.33 Mt=7.82 M=3.31 Mt=7.73 M=3.32 Mt=7.74 M=3.30 Mt=7.75 M=3.30 Mt=7.76 M=3.44 Mt=8.1



DM=+

r=+.01 ns

r=+.01 ns

tc=+.01 nstc=+.01 ns




TIMME 1997/8

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Spain, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:4147N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M= .87 Mt=5.9 1 M= .74 Mt=5.72 M= .73 Mt=5.73 M= .57 Mt=5.64 M= .54 Mt=5.55 M= .28 Mt=5.36 M= .20 Mt=5.2


0 M= .87 Mt=5.9 1 M= .74 Mt=5.72 M= .73 Mt=5.73 M= .57 Mt=5.64 M= .54 Mt=5.55 M= .28 Mt=5.36 M= .20 Mt=5.2

DM=+

r=-.09 p


tc=-.07 p



TIMME 1997/9

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Ireland, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1000N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:





DM=+




DM=+


DM=+

r=-.06 ns

r=-.01 nsr=-.01 nsr=-.06 ns

tc=-.04 p



DM=+

r=+.03 ns

r=-.04 nsr=+.03 ns

r=-.04 ns

tc=+.03 p


r=+.03 nsr=+.04 nsr=+.04 ns

r=+.03 ns

tc=+.04 p



TIMME '97/10

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, N. Ireland, 1990

Non-probability accidental sampleSample:

Non-Response:304N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:





DM=+

r=-.05 ns

r=-.08 p


tc=-.06 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=-.0 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=-.0 ns0 M=3.39 Mt=8.01 M=3.35 Mt=7.82 M=3.19 Mt=7.33 M=3.16 Mt=7.24 M=3.32 Mt=7.75 M=3.29 Mt=7.66 M=3.48 Mt=8.3



DM=+

r=-.02 ns

r=-.02 ns

tc=-.00 nstc=-.04 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=7.16 Mt=6.81 M=7.29 Mt=7.02 M=7.37 Mt=7.13 M=7.16 Mt=6.84 M=6.82 Mt=6.55 M=6.79 Mt=6.46 M=6.66 Mt=6.3



DM=+

r=-.02 ns

r=+.09 ns

tc=+.01 nstc=+.04 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns




TIMME '97/11

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, USA, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1839N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:





DM=+




DM=+


DM=+

r=+.02 ns

r=-.01 nsr=-.01 nsr=+.02 ns

tc=+.03 p



DM=+

r=+.03 ns

r=+.01 nsr=+.01 ns

r=+.03 ns

tc=+.01 nstc=+.03 p


r=+.03 nsr=+.08 p



TIMME '97/12

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Canada, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1730N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:




r=+.03 ns

tc=+.03 p


r=+.03 nstc=+.02 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=7.83 Mt=7.61 M=7.73 Mt=7.52 M=7.93 Mt=7.73 M=8.02 Mt=7.84 M=7.80 Mt=7.65 M=7.90 Mt=7.66 M=8.03 Mt=7.8


r=+.03 ns

tc=+.04 p



TIMME '97/13

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Japan, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1011N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M= .35 Mt=5.3 1 M= .15 Mt=5.12 M= .45 Mt=5.53 M= .54 Mt=5.54 M= .15 Mt=5.25 M=-.60 Mt=4.46 Less than 10 Ss


0 M=1.44 Mt=6.4 1 M=1.12 Mt=6.12 M=1.06 Mt=6.13 M= .84 Mt=5.84 M=1.53 Mt=6.55 M=1.12 Mt=6.16 M= .79 Mt=5.8

DM=+

r=+.02 ns

r=-.08 p


tc=+.03 p



TIMME '97/14

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Mexico, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1531N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.44 Mt=6.4 1 M=1.66 Mt=6.72 M=1.92 Mt=6.93 M=1.45 Mt=6.44 M=1.17 Mt=6.25 M= .52 Mt=5.56 M= .90 Mt=5.9


r=-.11 p


r=-.11 p



TIMME '97/15

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, South Africa, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:2736N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.32 Mt=6.31 M=1.39 Mt=6.42 M=1.39 Mt=6.43 M=1.23 Mt=6.24 M=1.44 Mt=6.45 M= .26 Mt=5.36 M= .00 Mt=5.0


r=-.11 p


r=-.07 p



TIMME '97/16

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Hungary, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:999N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M= .83 Mt=5.8 1 M= .89 Mt=5.92 M= .93 Mt=5.93 M= .77 Mt=5.84 M= .31 Mt=5.35 M=1.50 Mt=6.56 M= .13 Mt=5.1


r=-.03 ns

tc=-.01 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=2.61 Mt=5.41 M=2.66 Mt=5.52 M=2.82 Mt=6.13 M=2.65 Mt=5.54 M=2.48 Mt=4.95 M=2.50 Mt=5.06 M=2.92 Mt=6.5




r=+.04 nstc=+.04 ns




TIMME '97/17

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Portugal, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1185N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=1.65 Mt=6.7 1 M= .96 Mt=6.02 M=1.44 Mt=6.43 M=1.45 Mt=6.54 M= .58 Mt=5.65 M= .53 Mt=5.56 Less than 10 Ss


r=-.11 p


r=-.04 nstc=-.03 ns

ß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns0 M=7.12 Mt=6.81 M=6.91 Mt=6.62 M=7.06 Mt=6.73 M=7.48 Mt=7.24 M=7.22 Mt=6.95 M=6.45 Mt=6.16 M=7.69 Mt=7.4


r=+.02 ns

tc=+.02 nsß controlled for sex, age, and household income Beta=+.0 ns




TIMME '97/18

Measured Correlate

Measurement:

Remarks:


Study


18+ aged, general public, Norway, 1990

Sample:

Non-Response:1239N:



Reported in:


Population:

Class:

Page in Report:


0 M=2.08 Mt=7.11 M=2.37 Mt=7.42 M=2.53 Mt=7.53 M=2.33 Mt=7.34 M=2.47 Mt=7.55 M=2.19 Mt=7.26 Less than 10 Ss

O-HL/c/sq/v/3/bc DM=

r=+.05 ns

tc=+.05 p


0 M=3.21 Mt=7.41 M=3.25 Mt=7.52 M=3.24 Mt=7.53 M=3.24 Mt=7.54 M=3.16 Mt=7.25 M=3.21 Mt=7.46 Less than 10 Ss

DM=+

r=-.01 ns

r=+.03 nstc=+.03 p


Single question: "Have you had any children?"0

findings on happiness & children: having (parental status) · psychological well-being in the...

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