financial statement analysis - kids in prison program limitations of financial statement analysis we...
TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIACynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Financial Statement AnalysisChapter 15
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Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis
We use the LIFO method to value inventory.
We use the average cost method to value inventory.
Differences in accounting methods between companies sometimes make
comparisons difficult.
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Limitations of Financial Statement Analysis
Analysts should look beyond the ratios.
Economic factors
Industry trends
Changes within the company
Technological changes
Consumer tastes
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Learning Objective 1
Prepare and interpret financial statements in
comparative and common-size form.
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Statements in Comparative and Common-Size Form
❶ Dollar and percentage changes on statements
❷ Common-size statements
❸ Ratios
An item on a financial statement has little
meaning by itself. The meaning of the numbers
can be enhanced by drawing comparisons.
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Dollar and Percentage Changes on Statements
Horizontal analysis (or trend analysis) shows the changes between years in the financial data in
both dollar and percentage form.
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Horizontal Analysis
The following slides illustrate a horizontal analysis of Clover Corporation’s comparative balance sheets and
comparative income statements for this year and last year.
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Horizontal Analysis
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Horizontal Analysis
DollarChange
Current YearFigure
Base YearFigure= –
The dollar amounts for
last year become the “base” year
figures.
Calculating Change in Dollar Amounts
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PercentageChange
Dollar Change Base Year Figure 100%= ×
Horizontal Analysis
Calculating Change as a Percentage
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Horizontal Analysis
($11,500 ÷ $23,500) × 100% = (48.9%)
$12,000 – $23,500 = $(11,500)
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Horizontal Analysis
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Horizontal Analysis
We could do this for the liabilities
and stockholders’ equity, but now let’
s look at the income statement
accounts.
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Horizontal Analysis
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Horizontal Analysis
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Horizontal Analysis
Sales increased by 8.3%, yet net income decreased by 21.9%.
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Horizontal AnalysisThere were increases in both cost of goods sold (14.3%) and operating expenses (2.1%). These increased costs more than offset the
increase in sales, yielding an overall decrease in net income.
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Trend Percentages
Trend percentages state several years’
financial data in terms of a base year, which equals 100 percent.
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Trend Analysis
TrendPercentage
Current Year Amount Base Year Amount
100%= ×
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Trend Analysis
Look at the income information for Berry Products for the years 2007 through 2011. We will do a trend analysis on these amounts to see what we can learn about the company.
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Trend Analysis
The baseyear is 2007, and its amounts
will equal 100%.
Berry ProductsIncome Information
For the Years Ended December 31
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Trend Analysis
2008 Amount ÷ 2007 Amount × 100% ( $290,000 ÷ $275,000 ) × 100% = 105%( $198,000 ÷ $190,000 ) × 100% = 104%( $ 92,000 ÷ $ 85,000 ) × 100% = 108%
Berry ProductsIncome Information
For the Years Ended December 31
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Trend Analysis
By analyzing the trends for Berry Products, we can see that cost of goods sold is increasing
faster than sales, which is slowing the increase in gross margin.
Berry ProductsIncome Information
For the Years Ended December 31
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Trend Analysis
We can use the trend percentages to constructa graph so we can see the
trend over time.
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Common-Size Statements
Vertical analysis focuses on the relationships
among financial statement items at a given point in time. A
common-size financial statement is a vertical analysis in which each
financial statement item is expressed as a
percentage.
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Common-Size Statements
In income statements, all
items usually are expressed as a percentage of
sales.
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Gross Margin Percentage
Gross Margin Percentage
Gross Margin Sales
=
This measure indicates how muchof each sales dollar is left after
deducting the cost of goods sold to cover expenses and provide a profit.
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Common-Size Statements
In balance sheets, all items
usually are expressed as a percentage of total assets.
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Common-Size Statements
Common-size financial statements are particularly useful when comparing
data from different companies.
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Common-Size Statements
Let’s take another look at the information from the comparative income statements
of Clover Corporation for this year and last year.
This time, let’s prepare common-size statements.
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Common-Size Statements
Sales is usually the base and is expressed as 100%.
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Common-Size Statements
Last Year’s Cost ÷ Last Year’s Sales × 100% ( $315,000 ÷ $480,000 ) × 100% = 65.6%
This Year’s Cost ÷ This Year’s Sales × 100% ( $360,000 ÷ $520,000 ) × 100% = 69.2%
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Common-Size Statements
What conclusions can we draw?
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Quick Check ✓ Which of the following statements
describes horizontal analysis?a. A statement that shows items appearing
on it in percentage and dollar form.b. A side-by-side comparison of two or
more years’ financial statements.c. A comparison of the account balances on
the current year’s financial statements.d. None of the above.
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Quick Check ✓ Which of the following statements
describes horizontal analysis?a. A statement that shows items appearing
on it in percentage and dollar form.b. A side-by-side comparison of two or
more years’ financial statements.c. A comparison of the account balances on
the current year’s financial statements.d. None of the above.
Horizontal analysis shows the changes between years in the financial data in both
dollar and percentage form.
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Now, let’s look at Norton Corporation’
s financial statements for this year and last year.
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Learning Objective 2
Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be useful to a common stockholder.
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Ratio Analysis – The Common Stockholder
The ratios that are of the most
interest to stockholders include those
ratios that focus on net income,
dividends, and stockholders’
equities.
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Earnings Per Share
Earnings per Share Net Income – Preferred Dividends Average Number of Common
Shares Outstanding
=
Whenever a ratio divides an income statement balance by a balance sheet balance, the average
for the year is used in the denominator.
Earnings form the basis for dividend payments and future increases in the value of shares of
stock.
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Earnings Per Share
Earnings per Share Net Income – Preferred Dividends Average Number of Common
Shares Outstanding
=
Earnings per Share $53,690 – $0 ($17,000 + $27,400)/2
= = $2.42
This measure indicates how muchincome was earned for each share of
common stock outstanding.
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Price-Earnings Ratio
Price-EarningsRatio
Market Price Per Share Earnings Per Share=
Price-EarningsRatio
$20.00 $2.42= = 8.26 times
A higher price-earnings ratio means that investors are willing to pay a premium
for a company’s stock because of optimistic future growth prospects.
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Dividend Payout Ratio
DividendPayout Ratio
Dividends Per Share Earnings Per Share=
DividendPayout Ratio
$2.00 $2.42= = 82.6%
This ratio gauges the portion of current earnings being paid out in dividends. Investors seeking dividends (market price growth) would
like this ratio to be large (small).
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Dividend Yield Ratio
DividendYield Ratio
Dividends Per Share Market Price Per Share=
DividendYield Ratio
$2.00 $20.00= = 10.00%
This ratio identifies the return, in terms of cash dividends, on the current
market price of the stock.
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Return on Total Assets
Adding interest expense back to net income enables the return on assets to be compared for companies with different amounts of debt
or over time for a single company that has changed its mix of debt and equity.
Return onTotal Assets
$53,690 + [$7,300 × (1 – .30)] ($300,000 + $346,390) ÷ 2
= = 18.19%
Return onTotal Assets
Net Income + [Interest Expense × (1 – Tax Rate)]Average Total Assets=
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Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity
Return on CommonStockholders’ Equity
Net Income – Preferred Dividends Average Stockholders’ Equity=
Return on CommonStockholders’ Equity
$53,690 – $0 ($180,000 + $234,390) ÷ 2= = 25.91%
This measure indicates how well the company used the owners’
investments to earn income.
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Financial LeverageFinancial leverage results from the difference between the rate of return the company earns on investments in its own assets and the rate of return that the company
must pay its creditors.
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Quick Check ✓ Which of the following statements is true?
a. Negative financial leverage is when the fixed return to a company’s creditors and preferred stockholders is greater than the return on total assets.
b. Positive financial leverage is when the fixed return to a company’s creditors and preferred stockholders is greater than the return on total assets.
c. Financial leverage is the expression of several years’ financial data in percentage form in terms of a base year.
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Which of the following statements is true?a. Negative financial leverage is when the
fixed return to a company’s creditors and preferred stockholders is greater than the return on total assets.
b. Positive financial leverage is when the fixed return to a company’s creditors and preferred stockholders is greater than the return on total assets.
c. Financial leverage is the expression of several years’ financial data in percentage form in terms of a base year.
Quick Check ✓
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Book Value Per Share
Book Value per Share
Common Stockholders’ Equity Number of Common Shares Outstanding=
This ratio measures the amount that would be distributed to holders of each share of common
stock if all assets were sold at their balance sheet carrying amounts after all creditors were paid off.
= $8.55Book Value per Share
$234,390 27,400=
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Book Value Per Share
Notice that the book value per share of $8.55 does not equal the market value per share of $20. This is because the market price reflects expectations about future earnings and dividends, whereas the book value per share is based on historical cost.
Book Value per Share
Common Stockholders’ Equity Number of Common Shares Outstanding=
= $8.55Book Value per Share
$234,390 27,400=
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Learning Objective 3
Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be useful to a short-term creditor.
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Ratio Analysis – The Short–Term Creditor
Short-term creditors, such as suppliers, want to be paid on time. Therefore, they
focus on the company’s cash
flows and working capital.
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Working Capital
Working capital is not free. It must be
financed with long-term debt and equity.
The excess of current assets over current liabilities is known as
working capital.
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Working Capital
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Current Ratio
A declining ratio may be a sign of deteriorating
financial condition, or it might result from eliminating
obsolete inventories.
CurrentRatio
Current Assets Current Liabilities=
The current ratio measures a company’s short-term debt paying ability.
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Current Ratio
CurrentRatio
$65,000 $42,000= = 1.55
CurrentRatio
Current Assets Current Liabilities=
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Acid-Test (Quick) Ratio
Quick Assets Current Liabilities=Acid-Test
Ratio
Quick assets include Cash,Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivable, and
current Notes Receivable. This ratio measures a company’s ability to meet obligations without having to liquidate inventory.
$50,000 $42,000 = 1.19=Acid-Test
Ratio
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Accounts Receivable Turnover
Sales on Account Average Accounts Receivable
Accounts ReceivableTurnover
=
This ratio measures how many times a company converts its
receivables into cash each year.
= 26.7 times $494,000 ($17,000 + $20,000) ÷ 2
Accounts ReceivableTurnover
=
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Average Collection Period
Average Collection
Period=
365 Days Accounts Receivable Turnover
This ratio measures, on average, how many days it takes to collect
an account receivable.
= 13.67 daysAverage
Collection Period
= 365 Days 26.7 Times
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Inventory Turnover
If a company’s inventory turnover Is less than its
industry average, it either has excessive inventory or
the wrong types of inventory.
Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory
InventoryTurnover =
This ratio measures how many times a company’s inventory has been sold and
replaced during the year.
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Inventory Turnover
Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory
InventoryTurnover =
= 12.73 times $140,000 ($10,000 + $12,000) ÷ 2
InventoryTurnover =
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Average Sale PeriodAverage
Sale Period = 365 Days Inventory Turnover
This ratio measures how many days, on average, it takes to sell
the entire inventory.
= 28.67 daysAverage Sale Period = 365 Days
12.73 Times
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Learning Objective 4
Compute and interpret financial ratios that would be useful to a long-term creditor.
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Ratio Analysis – The Long–Term Creditor
This is also referred to as net operating
income.
Long-term creditors are concerned with a company’s ability to repay its loans over the
long-run.
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Times Interest Earned Ratio
This is the most common measure of a company’s ability
to provide protection for its long-term creditors. A ratio of less
than 1.0 is inadequate.
Times Interest Earned
Earnings before Interest Expense and Income TaxesInterest Expense=
Times Interest Earned
$84,000$7,300= = 11.51 times
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Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Stockholders like a lot of debt if the company can
take advantage of positive financial leverage.
Creditors prefer less debt and more equity because equity represents a buffer
of protection.
Total Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity
Debt–to–Equity Ratio
=
This ratio indicates the relative proportions of debt to equity on a company’s balance
sheet.
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Debt-to-Equity Ratio
$112,000 $234,390
Debt–to–Equity Ratio
= = 0.48
Total Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity
Debt–to–Equity Ratio
=
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Published Sources That Provide Comparative Ratio Data
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End of Chapter 15