financial accounting lecture
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FINANCIALACCOUNTING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Lecture 1-2 L EARNINGOBJECTIVES Accounting and business environmentg Accounting cycle Service companies Merchandisecompanies Merchandise companies Manufacturing companies T YPESOF B USINESS O RGANIZATIONS T YPESOF B USINESS O RGANIZATIONS F ORMSOF B USINESS O RGANIZATION P i hi Proprietorship Partnership Corporation Corporation B USINESSACTIVITIES Financing activitiesg Investing activities Operating activitiesTRANSCRIPT
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGFINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGLecture 1-2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Accounting and business environmentgAccounting cycle
To start a business you need:• An idea that will become a product or service
A k t f t h t th d t i• A market of customers who want the product or service you offer
TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONSTYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
Service companiesMerchandise companiesMerchandise companiesManufacturing companies
FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
P i hiProprietorshipPartnershipCorporationCorporation
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
Financing activitiesgInvesting activitiesOperating activities
Accountingg
- a process of identifying, recording summarizing and recording, summarizing, and reporting economic information to decision makers information to decision makers in the form of financial t t tstatements.
6
fTypes of accounting
Financial accounting
Cost and management
Tax accountingaccounting g
accounting
Users of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting Information
investors• investorsdicreditors
regulatorsEXTERNAL USERS
Financial AccountingFinancial Accounting • creditors• regulators• customers
customerscompetitors
• competitors
s
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Users of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting InformationUsers of Accounting Information
• investorsdi
EXTERNAL USERS
Financial AccountingFinancial Accounting • creditors• regulators• Customers• Suppliers
ownersFinancialFinancial AccountingAccounting
• Ownersmanagersemployees
INTERNAL USERS • Managers• Employees
9
ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
What is the primary objective of financial p y jAccounting and Reporting?
Accountants follow professional guidelines.
The rules that govern accounting are called GAAP(generally accepted accounting principles)(generally accepted accounting principles).
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTSPRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
Entity - Every entity is a separate economic unit and should be kept distinct from the activities of its owners and other companiesMonetary Unit - only economic events that have o eta y U t o y eco o c eve ts t at ave monetary transactions will be reported in the financial statementsCost Principle assets are presented at their Cost Principle - assets are presented at their original (historical) costGoing Concern - companies are established with th l th t th ill t f i d fi it l the goal that they will operate for an indefinitely long period of time
1111-52
Periodicity - economic activities of yany firm can be divided into discrete time periods for reporting purposes M hi P i i l ll Matching Principle -all revenues must be recorded in the accounting period in which the goods are sold or period in which the goods are sold or services are rendered and all expenses must be recorded in the
ti i d i hi h th accounting period in which they are incurred to produce such revenues
Basic Accounting Equation
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities Owner’s Owner’s = +
Basic Accounting Equation
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities EquityEquity= +
The basic tool of accounting is the accounting equation. It measures the economic resources of a business and claims to those resourcesclaims to those resources.
The accounting equation shows how assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity are related.
The accounting equation shows the financial position ofThe accounting equation shows the financial position of the business.
ASSETS , LIABILITIES, AND OWNER’S EQUITY
Assets are the economic resources of a business that are expected to provide benefits to the b i i th f t business in the future.
Assets are what the business owns. For example: Cash merchandise inventory For example: Cash, merchandise inventory,
furniture, and land.
ASSETS , LIABILITIES, AND OWNER’S EQUITYClaims to those assets come from two sources:
Liabilities are outsider claims to the assets of a Liabilities are outsider claims to the assets of a business.Owner’s equity or capital represents the insider claims q y p pto the assets of a business.
AssetsAssets = LiabilitiesLiabilities + Owner’s Owner’s EquityEquityq yq y
Economic Economic resourcesresources Claims to economic resourcesClaims to economic resources
Effects of Transactions on Owner’s EquityEffects of Transactions on Owner’s EquityEffects of Transactions on Owner’s EquityEffects of Transactions on Owner’s Equity
OWNER’S EQUITY
decreased bydecreased by increased byincreased by
Owner’s withdrawals Owner’s investments
Expenses Revenues
16
EFFECTS OF A BUSINESS TRANSACTION ONACCOUNTING EQUATIONACCOUNTING EQUATION
1. Investment by owner. Kay Torres invests $20,000 of her own money to start business The Kay Torres Travel Agency
A t Li biliti O ’ E it
own money to start business . The Kay Torres Travel Agency began an activity on June 1, 2011.
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s EquityCash Owner’s Equity
(1) +$20,000 = + $20,000( ) $ , $ ,Bal. $20,000 = $20,000
2. Purchase an equipment for cash. The travel agency purchases equipment paying cash of $9 000purchases equipment, paying cash of $9,000.
A t Li biliti O ’ E itAssets = Liabilities + Owner’s EquityCash + Equipment = Owner’s Equity
(1) +$20,000 + $20,000( ) $ , $ ,(2) -$9,000 +$9,000
Bal. $11,000 + $9,000= $20,000
3. Borrow cash from the bank. The travel agency borrows $15,000 cash from the bank and signs a 2 year note payable to the bank.
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s EquityCash + Equipment = Notes payable Owner’s Equity
(1) +$20,000 + $20,000(2) -$9,000 +$9,000
(3) +$15,000 +$15,000(3) $15,000 $15,000Bal. $26,000 + $9,000= $15,000 + $20,000
4. Purchase supplies on credit. The travel agency purchases office supplies for the agency, agreeing to pay $1,200 within pp g y, g g p y ,30 days.
Assets = Liabilities Owner’s E it+ Equity
Cash + Supplies Equipment =
AccountsPayable
Notes payable
Owner’s Equity
(1) +$20,000
+ $20,000
(2) -$9,000 +$9,000(2) $9,000 $9,000(3)
+$15,000+$15,000
(4) +$1 200 +$1 200(4) +$1,200 +$1,200Bal.
$26,000 + $1,200+ $9,000= $1,200+ $15,000 + $20,000
5. Provide services for cash. The travel agency makes $2,300 of travel arrangements and collects this amount in , gcash.
Assets = Liabilities Owner’s E it+ Equity
Cash + Supplies Equipment =
AccountsPayable
Notes payable
Owner’s Equity
(1) +$20,000
+ $20,000
(2) -$9,000 +$9,000(2) $9,000 $9,000(3)
+$15,000+$15,000
(4) +$1 200 +$1 200(4) +$1,200 +$1,200(5) +$2,300 +$2,300
Bal. $28,300 + $1,200+ $9,000= $1,200+ $15,000 + $22,300
6. Provide services on credit. The travel agency performs $5,200 of services and ,in return, receives clients promises to pay this $5,200 within one month.
Assets = Liabilities +
Owner’s Equity
Cash + Accounts Receivable
Supplies Equipment =
AccountsPayable
Notes payable
Owner’s Equity
(1) + +$20,000 $20,000
(2) -$9,000
+$9,000
(3) +$15,000
+$15,000
(4) +$1 200 +$1 200(4) +$1,200 +$1,200(5)
+$2,300+$2,300
$ $(6) +$5,200 +$5,200Bal.
$28,300 $5,200 $1,200+ $9,000= $1,200+ $15,000 $27,500
7. Partial payments of accounts payable. The travel agency pays $600 to the store where it purchased $1,200 worth of supplies in transaction (4).
Assets = Liabilities +
Owner’s Equity+ Equity
Cash + Accounts Receivable
Supplies Equipment =
AccountsPayable
Notes payable
Owner’s Equity
(4) +$1 200 +$1 200(4) +$1,200 +$1,200(5)
+$2,300+$2,300
(6) +$5,200 +$5,200(7)-$600 -$600
Bal.Bal. $27,700
+ $5,200+ $1,200+ $9,000= $600+ $15,000
+$27,500
8. (8),(9),(10). Payments of expenses. During the month, the travel agency pays $900 in cash for building rent, $1,100 for salaries, and $300 for utilities.
Assets = Liabilities +
Owner’s Equity+ Equity
Cash + Accounts Receivable
Supplies Equipment =
AccountsPayable
Notes payable
Owner’s Equity
(4) +$1 200 +$1 200(4) +$1,200 +$1,200(5)
+$2,300+$2,300
(6) +$5,200 +$5,200(7)-$600 -$600(8) -$900 -$900(8) $900 $900
(9)-$1,100 -$1,100
(10) $300 $300(10)-$300 -$300Bal.
$25,400 $5,200+ $1,200+ $9,000= $600+ $15,000 $25,200
TTHEHE AACCOUNTINGCCOUNTING CCYCLEYCLE
Transactions
1. Journalization
8 P l l
9. Reversing entries
8. Post-closing trail balance
l b l
2. Posting
6. Financial
7. Closing entries 3. Trial balance
4 Adj stm tsWork 6. Financial
Statements5. Adjusted trial
4. AdjustmentsSheet
LO 3 Identify steps in the accounting cycle.LO 3 Identify steps in the accounting cycle.
balance
TTRANSACTIONSRANSACTIONS ANDAND EEVENTSVENTS
What to Record?What to Record?
FASB states, “transactions and other events and circumstances that affect a business enterprise.”
Types of Events:Types of Events:
External – between a business and its environmentExternal between a business and its environment.
Internal – event occurring entirely within a business.
DDEBITSEBITS ANDAND CCREDITSREDITS
An arrangement that shows the effect of transactions on AccountAccount the effect of transactions on an account.Debit = “Left”
Account Name
Credit = “Right”
An Account canAn Account can Account NameDebit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
An Account can An Account can be illustrated in a be illustrated in a TT--Account form.Account form.
Assets +Liabilit=Owner
’s + Revenu - Expens+y
s equity
+e
pe
+ + + + +- - - - -Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
DDEBITSEBITS ANDAND CCREDITSREDITS
An AccountAccount shows the effect of transactions on a given asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense account.
DoubleDouble entryentry accounting system (two sided effect)DoubleDouble--entry entry accounting system (two-sided effect).
Recording done by debiting at least one account and crediting anothercrediting another.
DEBITS must equalmust equal CREDITS.
LO 2 Explain doubleLO 2 Explain double--entry rules.entry rules.
1. J1. JOURNALIZINGOURNALIZING
General JournalGeneral Journal – a chronological record of transactions Journal Entries areof transactions. Journal Entries are recorded in the journal.
ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONANALYSIS 1. Investment by owner. Kay Torres invests
$20,000 of her own money to start business . Th K T T l A b ti itThe Kay Torres Travel Agency began an activity on June 1, 2011.
DEBIT-CREDIT RULES
Increases in assets are recorded by debits; debit cash $20,000Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits;Increases in owner s equity are recorded by credits; credit owner’s equity
JOURNAL 06 01 C h 20 000JOURNAL ENTRY
06.01. Cash 20,000Owner’s equity 20,000
ENTRIES IN C h O ’ itENTRIES INLEDGER ACCOUNTS
Cash Owner’s equity
06/01. 20,000 20,000 06/01
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1C№ Date Description PR Debit Credit
1 June 1 Cash 20,000Owner's equity 20,000
to record owner's investmentto record owner s investment
2 June 3 Equipment 9,000Cash 9,000
to record purchasing equipment by cash3 June 6 Cash 15,000
Notes payable 15 000Notes payable 15,000to record bank loan
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1P
№ Date DescriptionPR Debit Credit
4 June 11 Supplies 1,200pp ,Accounts payable 1,200
to record purchasing supplies on creditto record purchasing supplies on credit
5 June 13 Cash 2,300Service revenue 2,300Service revenue 2,300
to record providing services for cash6 June 19 Accounts receivable 5,2006 June 19 Accounts receivable 5,200
Service revenue 5,200to record providing services on creditto record providing services on credit
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1C№ Date Description PR Debit Credit
7 June 21 Accounts payable 600Cash 600
to record partial payment of accounts payable
8 June 26 Building rent expense 900Cash 900
to record building rent expense9 June 28 Salary expense 1,1009 June 28 Salary expense 1,100
Cash 1,100to record salary expenseto record salary expense
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1
№ Date Description PR Debit Credit10 June 30 Utilities expense 30010 June 30 Utilities expense 300
Cash 300to record utilities expenseto record utilities expense
2. P2. POSTINGOSTING TOTO THETHE GENERALGENERAL LEDGERLEDGER
The Ledger contains the entire group of accounts maintained by a company.
LEDGER AND CHART OF ACCOUNTSLEDGER AND CHART OF ACCOUNTSThe chart of accounts is a list of all accounts and includes an
identifying number for each account.
Account Number Account Name Account Number Account Name1001 Cash 4301 Owner's withdrawal1201 Accounts receivable 5101 Revenues1601 Supplies 7101 Rental revenue1801 Prepaid insurance 7102 Salaries expense2001 Equipment 7103 Insurance expense3101 Accounts payable 7104 Rent expense3101 Accounts payable 7104 Rent expense3201 Unearned revenue 7105 Supplies expense4101 Owner's equity 7105 Utilities expense
GENERAL JOURNAL Page № Date Description PR Debit Cred№ Date Description PR Debit Cred1 June 1 Cash 1001 20,000
O ' it 20 00Owner's equity 20,00to record owner's investment
2 June 3 Equipment 9,000Cash 9,00Cash Acct. No. 1001
General Ledger
to record purchasing equipment by cash3 June 6 Cash 15,000№ Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance1 1-Jun GJ 1 20,000 20,000
Notes payable 15,00to record bank loan
J J , ,
to record bank loan
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1D t D i ti PR D bit C ditDate Description PR Debit Credit
June 1 Cash 20,000Owner's equity 20,000
to record owner's investment
June 3 Equipment 9,000Cash 9,000
to record purchasing equipment by cashJune 6 Cash 15,000
O ' i l A N Notes payable 15,000
to record bank loan
Owner's capital Acct. No. Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance
1 Jun GJ1 20 000 20 000 1-Jun GJ1 20,000 20,000
CashOwner’s equityCash equity
(1) 20,000 20,000 (1)
3. T3. TRIALRIAL BBALANCEALANCE
Trial BalanceTrial Balance – a list of each account and its balance; used to prove equality of debit and to prove equality of debit and credit balances.
Acct No Account Debit CreditTRIAL BALANCE
Acct. No. Account Debit CreditCash 25,400$ Accounts receivable 5 200 Accounts receivable 5,200 Supplies 1,200 Equipment 9 000 Equipment 9,000 Accounts payable 600$ Note payable 15 000 Note payable 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 Service revenue 7 500 Service revenue 7,500 Building rent expense 900 Salary expense 1 100 Salary expense 1,100 Utilities expense 300
43 100$ 43 100$
4. A4. ADJUSTINGDJUSTING EENTRIESNTRIES
RevenuesRevenues -- recorded in the period in which recorded in the period in which ppthey are earnedthey are earned.
ExpensesExpenses -- recognized in the period inrecognized in the period inExpenses Expenses -- recognized in the period in recognized in the period in which they are incurredwhich they are incurred.
Adjusting entriesAdjusting entries -- needed to ensure that needed to ensure that the the revenue recognitionrevenue recognition and and matching matching
i i li i l f ll df ll dprinciplesprinciples are followed.are followed.
PROBLEMS IN ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENTS
The identification of the accounting periodaccounting period.
The proper point in time to The proper point in time to recognize revenue.
The appropriate moment to record an expensean expense. 44
Identification of the Identification of the Accounting Period
TIME PERIOD PRINCIPLE
For reporting purposes an For reporting purposes, an organization’s life can be divided i t t ti i dinto separate accounting periods
months, quarters, years etcyears, etc.
46
THE ACCOUNTING PERIOD
AnnualAnnual
1 21 2Semiannual
1 2 3 4Quarter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MonthMonth
The proper point in The proper point in time to recognize
revenues.
REVENUE RECOGNITION . . .
Revenue is generally recognized Revenue is generally recognized At the time services are performed; p ;or
Wh d ld d d li d When goods are sold and delivered to a customer.
49
The proper point in The proper point in time to recognize
expenses.
THE MATCHING PRINCIPLE
The matching principleThe matching principlerequires that all expenses i d t t th incurred to generate the revenues recognized in an accounting period be matchedwith those revenues.
51
Accrual Basis Accountingg
Revenue Accrual Basis Recognition Accrual Basis Accounting
M t hi Matching Principle
ACCRUAL BASIS ACCOUNTING
Revenues are recognized (recorded) when earned without (recorded) when earned, without regard to when cash is received;
Expenses are recorded as incurred without regard to when incurred without regard to when they are paid.
54
An adjusting entry is recorded t b i t li bilit to bring an asset or liability
account balance to its proper amount.
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transactions where cash is paid orpreceived before a related expense
or revenue is recognized.
Transactions where cash is paid orreceived after a related expense
or revenue is recognized.
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transaction where cash is paid before a related expense is before a related expense is
recognized.
ADJUSTING PREPAID EXPENSES
Here is the checkf fi t
Resources paid for my first
6 months’ rent.
pfor prior to
receiving the gactual benefits.
Asset ExpenseUnadjusted Credit DebitUnadjusted
BalanceCredit
AdjustmentDebit
Adjustment
ADJUSTING PREPAID EXPENSES
On December 1, 2011, Scott Company paid $12 000 to cover rent for paid $12,000 to cover rent for December 2011 through May 2012.
Let’s look at the adjusting journal entry needed on December 31, 2011.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34D t D i ti PR D bit C dit
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34D t D i ti PR D bit C ditDate Description PR Debit CreditDate Description PR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Rent Expense 2,000Prepaid Rent 2,000
to record monthly rent
ADJUSTING PREPAID EXPENSES
After posting, the accounts involved look p g,like this:
Prepaid Rent Rent Expense12/1 $12 000 12/31 $2 00012/31 $2 00012/1 $12,000 12/31 $2,00012/31 $2,000
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transaction where cash is received before a related received before a related revenue is recognized.
ADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUE
Cash received in d f Buy your season tickets for
all home basketball games NOW!
“GO SEAWOLVES”
advance of providing
products or “GO SEAWOLVES”
pservices.
Liability RevenueUnadjusted CreditDebit
Balance AdjustmentAdjustment
ADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUE
On October 1, 2011, UAA sold 1,000 season , , ,tickets to its 20 home basketball games for $100 each. UAA makes the following entry:
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34Date Description PR Debit Credit
Oct. 1 Cash 100,000Unearned Basketball Revenue 100,000
Receipts for 1,000 season tickets
ADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUE
On December 31 UAA has played 10 of its On December 31, UAA has played 10 of its regular home games, winning 8 and
losing 2.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34Date Description PR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Prepare the appropriate Adjusting Entry on December 31
ADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUE
On December 31 UAA has played 10 of its On December 31, UAA has played 10 of its regular home games, winning 8 and
losing 2.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34Date Description PR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Unearned Basketball Revenue 50,000Basketball Revenue 50 000Basketball Revenue 50,000
to recognize basketball revenue
ADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUEADJUSTING UNEARNED REVENUE
After posting, the accounts involved look p g,like this
Unearned BasketballRevenue Basketball Revenue
10/1 $100,000 12/31 $50,00012/31 $50,000
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transaction where cash is paid before a related expense is before a related expense is
recognized.
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATIONADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION
Depreciation is the process of Depreciation is the process of computing expense from allocating the cost of plant and equipment over the cost of plant and equipment over its expected useful lives.
Straight-Line Depreciation =
Asset Cost – Salvage Valuef l L fDepreciation Useful Life
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION2. Purchase an equipment for cash. The travel agency purchases equipment paying cash ofagency purchases equipment, paying cash of $9,000.
• Let’s compute depreciation expense for the year ended June 30, 2011.
2011 Depreciation =
$9,000 - $0Depreciation Expense 5
$1 800/12 150 f m nth 69= $1,800/12=150. for month
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATIONADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION
Prepare the journal entry.p j y
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 2GENERAL JOURNAL Page 2Date Description PR Debit Credit
June 31 Depreciation Exp. 12,000Accum Depreciation 12 000Accum. Depreciation 12,000
To record annual depreciation
Accumulated depreciation ispa contra asset account.
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATIONADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION
After posting the accounts involved After posting, the accounts involved look like this:
Equipment Depreciation Expense
6/3 $9,000 6/30 $150
Accumulated Depreciation
6/30 $150
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION
Kay Torres Co.LtdBalance Sheet
ADJUSTING FOR DEPRECIATION
Balance SheetAt June 30, 2011
Assets ThAssets Cash .
The equipment account is .
.Equipment 9,000$ Less: accumulated deprec (150) 8 850
account is shown on
the balance Less: accumulated deprec. (150) 8,850 . .
sheet like this.
.Total Assets
ADJUSTING FOR SUPPLIES
At the end of current period balance of Supplies p ppwas $900 . So we must adjust supplies expense.
– Prepare the journal entry.Prepare the journal entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 2Date Description PR Debit Credit
June 30 Supplies expense 300pp pSupplies 300
To record supplies expence
ADJUSTING FOR SUPPLIESADJUSTING FOR SUPPLIES
After posting the accounts involved After posting, the accounts involved look like this:
Supplies Supplies Expense
6/11 $1,200 6/30 $300$300 6/30
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transaction where cash is paid after a related expense is after a related expense is
recognized.
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSES
Its accrued bank loanCosts incurred in a
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSES
interest!period that areboth unpaid and
unrecorded.
Expense LiabilityCreditDebit
AdjustmentAdjustment
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSESADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSES
3. Borrow cash from the bank. The travel agency g yborrows $15,000 cash from the bank and signs a 2 year note payable to the bank. Interest rate 12%. Must pay at the end yearthe end year.
06/30/11Month end
First paymentDate of interest
31/12/11
06/05/11
31/12/11
06/05/11 Record adjustingjournal entry.
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSESADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSES
3. Borrow cash from the bank. The travel agency borrows g y$15,000 cash from the bank and signs a 2 year note payable to the bank. Interest rate 12%. Must pay at the end year.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34Date Description PR Debit CreditDate Description PR Debit Credit
June 30 Interest expense 150
Interest payable 150
t d i t t lto record interest accrual
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSESADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED EXPENSES
After posting, the accounts involved p g,will look like this . . .
Interest Expense Interest Payable06/30 $150 06/30 $150
FRAMEWORK FOR ADJUSTMENTS
Exh.3.4
Framework for Adjustments
PrepaidExpenses
Depreciation UnearnedRevenues
AccruedExpenses
AccruedRevenues
Adjustments
Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues
Transaction where cash is received after a related revenue received after a related revenue
is recognized.
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED REVENUES
Yes, you can pay mefor your tax return
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED REVENUES
Revenues earned i i d h for your tax return
when I finish the work.in a period that are both
unrecorded andunrecorded and not yet received.
Asset RevenueCreditDebit Credit
AdjustmentDebit
Adjustment
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED REVENUES
Smith & Jones, CPAs, had $31,200 of work completed but
ADJUSTING FOR ACCRUED REVENUES
not yet billed to clients. Let’s make the adjusting entry necessary on December 31, 2002, the end of the
company’s fiscal year.p y y
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34GENERAL JOURNAL Page 34Date Description PR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Accounts Receivable 31,200
S i R 31 200Service Revenues 31,200
Revenues earned but not received
Exh.3.18Exhibit 3.18
Summary of Adjustments and
Before Adjusting Adj ti
Summary of Adjustments and Financial Statement Links
CategoryBefore Adjusting Adjusting
EntryB/S I/S
Prepaid Expense Asset ExpenseDr. Expense
Prepaid Expense Asset ExpenseCr. Asset
Unearned Revenue Liability RevenueDr. LiabilityCr RevenueCr. Revenue
Accrued Expenses Liability ExpenseDr. ExpenseCr. Liability
Accrued Revenues Asset RevenueDr. AssetCr. Revenue
Overstated
Understated
UUSINGSING A WA WORKSHEETORKSHEETUUSINGSING A WA WORKSHEETORKSHEET
WorksheetWorksheetA multiple-column form used in preparing financial statements.
Not a permanent accounting record.
Fi Five step process.
Use of worksheet is optional.
LO 1 Prepare a worksheet.LO 1 Prepare a worksheet.
SSTEPSTEPS ININ PPREPARINGREPARING AA WWORKSHEETORKSHEETSSTEPSTEPS ININ PPREPARINGREPARING AA WWORKSHEETORKSHEET
Illustration 4-2
1. Prepare a Trial Balance on the Worksheet1. Prepare a Trial Balance on the Worksheet
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Balance Sheet
Adjusted IncomeTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement
Cash 25,400 Accounts Receivable 5,200 Supplies 1,200
Trial balance amounts come directly from pp ,
Equipment 9,000 Accumulated DepreciationAccounts Payable 600
come directly from ledger accounts.
Accounts Payable 600 Notes payable 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 Service Revenue 7 500Service Revenue 7,500 Salaries Expense 1,100 Rent expense 900 Utilities expense 300
Include all accounts with balances.Utilities expense 300
Totals 43,100 43,100
Adj t d I
2. Enter the Adjustments in the Adjustments 2. Enter the Adjustments in the Adjustments ColumnsColumns
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Cash 25,400 Accounts Receivable 5 200
Balance SheetAdjusted Income
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement
Accounts Receivable 5,200 Supplies 1,200 a. 300Equipment 9,000 Accumulated Depreciation b. 150Accounts Payable 600 Adjustments Key:Accounts Payable 600 Notes payable 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000
Service Revenue 7,500
Adjustments Key:(a) Supplies used.(b) Depreciation
,Salaries Expense 1,100 Rent expense 900 Utilities expense 300
Totals 43,100 43,100
expense.(c) Interest expense
accruedSupplies expense a. 300Depr. Expense b. 150Interest expense c. 150
Interest payable c. 150Enter adjustment amounts, total
Totals 600 600 Add additional accounts as needed.
,adjustments columns,and check for equality.
3. Complete the Adjusted Trial Balance Columns3. Complete the Adjusted Trial Balance Columns
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Cash 24,400 24,400 A t R i bl 5 200 5 200
Balance SheetAdjusted Income
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement
Accounts Receivable 5,200 5,200 Supplies 1,200 a. 300 900 Equipment 9,000 9,000 Accumulated Depreciation b. 150 150 A t P bl 600 600Accounts Payable 600 600 Notes payable 15,000 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 20,000 Owner's withdrawal 1,000 1,000 S i R 7 500 7 500 Total the adjusted trial Service Revenue 7,500 7,500 Salaries Expense 1,100 1,100 Rent expense 900 900 Utilities expense 300 300
T t l 43 100 43 100
Total the adjusted trial balance columns and check for equality.
Totals 43,100 43,100 Supplies expense a. 300 300 Depr. Expense b. 150 150 Interest expense c. 150 150
I t t bl 150 150Interest payable c. 150 150 Totals 600 600 43,400 43,400
4. Extend Amounts to Financial Statement 4. Extend Amounts to Financial Statement ColumnsColumns
Adjusted IncomeExtend all asset Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.
Cash 25,400 25,400 Accounts Receivable 5,200 5,200 Supplies 1,200 a. 300 900 Equipment 9,000 9,000
Balance SheetTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance StatementExtend all asset, liability, and equity account balances to the balance sheet q p , ,
Accumulated Depreciation b. 150 150 Accounts Payable 600 600 Notes payable 15,000 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 20,000 Service Revenue 7,500 7,500 7,500 Salaries Expense 1,100 1,100 1,100
the balance sheet columns.
Salaries Expense 1,100 1,100 1,100 Rent expense 900 900 900 Utilities expense 300 300 300
Totals 43,100 43,100 Supplies expense a. 300 300 300 Depr. Expense b. 150 150 150 Interest expense c 150 150 150Interest expense c. 150 150 150
Interest payable c. 150 150 Totals 600 600 43,400 43,400 2,900 7,500
5. Total Columns, Compute Net Income (Loss)5. Total Columns, Compute Net Income (Loss)
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Cash 25,400 25,400 Acco nts Recei able 5 200 5 200
Balance SheetAdjusted Income
Trial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement
Accounts Receivable 5,200 5,200 Supplies 1,200 a. 300 900 Equipment 9,000 9,000 Accumulated Depreciation b. 150 150 Accounts Payable 600 600 Notes payable 15,000 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 20,000 Retained EarningsService Revenue 7,500 7,500 7,500 Salaries Expense 1,100 1,100 1,100 Rent expense 900 900 900 Utilities expense 300 300 300
Totals 43,100 43,100 Supplies expense a. 300 300 300 Depr. Expense b. 150 150 150 Interest expense c. 150 150 150
Interest payable c. 150 150 Totals 600 600 43,400 43,400 2,900 7,500Totals 600 600 43,400 43,400 2,900 7,500 Income before tax 4,600 Income tax expense 460
Net Income 4,140
Total 7,500 7,500
Compute Net Income or Net Loss.
5. Total Columns, Compute Net Income (Loss)5. Total Columns, Compute Net Income (Loss)
Account Titles Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.Balance Sheet
Adjusted IncomeTrial Balance Adjustments Trial Balance Statement
Cash 25,400 25,400 25,400 Accounts Receivable 5,200 5,200 5,200 Supplies 1,200 a. 300 900 900 Equipment 9,000 9,000 9,000 Accumulated Depreciation b. 150 150 150 Accounts Payable 600 600 600 Notes payable 15,000 15,000 15,000 Owner's equity 20,000 20,000 20,000
Retained Earnings 4,140 Service Revenue 7,500 7,500 7,500 Salaries Expense 1,100 1,100 1,100 R t 900 900 900Rent expense 900 900 900 Utilities expense 300 300 300
Totals 43,100 43,100 Supplies expense a. 300 300 300 Depr. Expense b. 150 150 150 Interest expense c. 150 150 150
I t t bl 150 150 150Interest payable c. 150 150 150 Totals 600 600 43,400 43,400 2,900 7,500 Income before Tax 4,600 Income tax expense 460
Net Income 4,140 460 Tax payable
Total 7,500 7,500 40,500 40,500 , , , ,
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
BALANCE SHEET
INCOME STATEMENTINCOME STATEMENT
STATEMENT OF OWNER’S EQUITY
STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOW
PREPARE THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Prepare the Income
Statement.
A work sheet does not does not
substitute fo financial for financial statements.
Prepare the Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity.
Prepare the Balance Sheet.
CCLOSINGLOSING THETHE BBOOKSOOKSCCLOSINGLOSING THETHE BBOOKSOOKS
At the end of the accounting period, the company makes the accounts ready for the next periodmakes the accounts ready for the next period.
LO 2 Explain the process of closing the books.LO 2 Explain the process of closing the books.
CCLOSINGLOSING THETHE BBOOKSOOKSCCLOSINGLOSING THETHE BBOOKSOOKS
Closing entriesClosing entries formally recognize, in the general ledger, the transfer of
Income tax expense to Tax payable Income tax expense to Tax payable
Net income to Retained earnings.
Closing entries are only at the end of the annual Closing entries are only at the end of the annual accounting period.
LO 2 Explain the process of closing the books.LO 2 Explain the process of closing the books.
Let’s see how
RECORDING CLOSING ENTRIES
the closing process works!
Close Revenue accounts to Income Summary.
Close Expense accounts to Income accounts to Income Summary.
Close Income Summary Close Income Summary account to Tax payable.
4 Cl i S yaccount to Retained Earnings
4 Close income Summary account to Retained Earnings
CLOSING PROCESS
Balances
Income Summary Service revenue7,500
CLOSING PROCESS
Balances before
closing. 7,500
Revenue AccountsIncome Summary
Revenue Accounts7,500 7,500 7,500
- 7,500
Close Revenue Close Revenue accounts to Income
Summary.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1
№ Date Description PR Debit CreditJune 30 Service revenue 7 500June 30 Service revenue 7,500
Income summary 7,500to record closing entries of revenueto record closing entries of revenue
Close Expense Salary expense
1,100 1,100 CLOSING PROCESSSupplies expensep
accounts to Income Summary.-
pp p300 300
-
Income Summary
Rent expense900 900 Depreciation expense
150 150 y1,100 7,500
900 300
-
Utitilies expense300 300
-
300300150150
300 300
-
Interest expense150 150
150460
4,1400
Tax payable460
-
Retained earnings4 1400
460
4,140
4,140
GENERAL JOURNAL PageGENERAL JOURNAL Page
№ Date Description PR Debit Credit№ Date Description PR Debit CreditJune 30 Service revenue 7,500
Income summary 7 500Income summary 7,500to record closing entries of revenue
I 1 100Income summary 1,100Salary expense 1,100
to record closing entries of salary expenseIncome summary 900
Rent expense 900to record closing entries of rent expense
GENERAL JOURNAL Page
№ Date Description PR Debit CreditJ 30 I 300June 30 Income summary 300
Utilities expense 300to record closing entries of utilities expense
Income summary 300Supplies expense 300
to record closing entries of Supplies expenseIncome summary 150
Depreciation expense 150Depreciation expense 150to record closing entries of rent expense
GENERAL JOURNAL Page № Date Description PR Debit Credit
June 30 Income summary 150yInterest expense 150
to record closing entries of interest expenseto record closing entries of interest expenseIncome summary 460
Tax payable 460Tax payable 460to record closing entries of income tax expenseIncome summary 4,140
retained earnings 4,140to record closing entries of Net income