final thoughts on the role of biota in global environmental change. are species drivers or...
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Final thoughts on the role of biota in global environmental change.
Are species drivers or passengers?
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They can be both… most are passengers a few are drivers…. the drivers have characteristics capable of altering the biogeochemistry of the system (and therefore move the system outside the HRV)
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Physiological response
Community re-ordering
Community change
Res
po
nse
Time
Resource alteration
Physiological response
Community re-ordering
Community change
Res
po
nse
Time
Resource alteration
Species as passengers: let the physical drivers change the system:
Simple model of directional change
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Other nominees of ecosystem transformers
African C4 grasses in Chihauhuan desert (grasslandification, like cheatgrass)
C4 grasses and N-fixers in Hawai’I
Eastern red cedars in plain states
Zebra mussels, New Zealand mud snails….
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TalusAlpine
SubalpineMontaneSavanna
Grassland
Climateatmospheric chemistryfragmentationdisturbance historybiotic additions
Different ecosystems are experiencing different kinds anddifferent intensities of stressors
Grassland
(replace word “stressors” with “drivers outside of their HRV”)
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Ecosystem Global change issue
Type climate N deposition fragmentation HRV biota
Alpine
Subalpine forest
Montane forest
Ponderosa savanna
Prairie
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Ecosystem Global change issue
Type climate N deposition fragmentation HRV biota
Alpine X X
Subalpine X X forest
Montane X X x ? forest
Ponderosa X X X X savanna
Prairie X X X X X
(grasslands are therefore the most endangered ecosystem in Colorado!!!???)
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Converting science to management
The science of information transfer
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Sparse and infrequent observations
PUBLICATION
Observationalerrors
Incorrectinterpretation
Theoreticalmisunderstanding
Oversimplifiedmodels CONTROVERSY
Further refinement of unimportantdetails
Computermodels
Unrealisticassumptions
Crude diagnostictools
CONFUSION Furthermisunderstanding
Coincidental agreementbetween theory and
observations
MANAGEMENTDECISIONS
Relationship between science and management
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You’re fresh out of CU with adegree in environmental biology,and you’re hired to manage Boulder Open Space.
What’s the first thing you do?
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You’re fresh out of CU with adegree in environmental biology,and you’re hired to manage Boulder Open Space.
What’s the first thing you do? a) go drinking b) hire lawyer c) set some goals: things you want, things you don’t want. d) all of the above.
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“Ecosystem management is management driven by explicit goals…
made adaptable by monitoring and research based on our best understanding of the ecological interactions and processes necessary to sustain ecosystem composition, structure, and function.”
Ecological Society of America, 1996
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UNNATURAL COMPONENTS OF OPEN SPACE:
1. Fire suppression and underutilization of fire has changed species abundances.
2. Flood control has prevented riparian scouring.
3. Stream channel modification, irrigation ditches, roads and trails have greatly altered hydrology.
4. Atmospheric nutrient inputs have increased.
5. Previous land abuses have left legacies.
6. A huge number of new species have been released.
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The native-alien distinction is not important.The real scientific issues are:
a) understanding impacts of novel organisms on biological conservation and services of ecosystems.
b) understanding the impacts of novel environments(systems exceeding HRV) on biotic diversity and function.
c) the interaction of changes in both environmentalforcings and biotic composition.
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Historical Range of Variability Physical Conditions
HistoricalRange ofvariability
Bioticcomposition A
BIntroductions,extinctions
Abiotic drivers
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Historical Altered Environmental Conditions
Altered
Historical
Bioticcomposition
A B
C
A Altered only by species changes
Altered only byPhysical/chemical
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Historical Altered Environmental Conditions
Altered
HistoricalB
C
BAdventiveecosystem
New species change biogeochemical parameters
New biogeochem- ical parametersChange bioticComposition.
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The adventive ecosystem (not an accepted term… you heard it here first!)
“adventive” “ Not native to and not fully established in a new habitat or environment.”
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THE ADVENTIVE ECOSYSTEM
biota-------------Role of non-native species
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Rock Alpine SubalpineMontaneSavanna
Grasslands
Rock Alpine
Subalpine+homesMontane+ranchettes+homes+Savanna +ranchettes+homes+
Grasslands+agriculture + ranchettes+suburban+urban
Adventive System
Natural SystemChanging climate andchanging atmosphericchemistry
Change in disturbanceRegimes (esp fire)
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One axiom of ecosystem management:
“expect surprises”
(the interactions that form the basic behaviorof adventive ecosystems are being developed as we speak…)
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Vested
Interests
Policy
and
Mgmt.
Perception Knowledge
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Vested
Interests
Policy
and
Mgmt.
Perception Knowledge