final solution. hitler 1923 – beer hall putsch – imprisoned – mein kampf – medieval-style...
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Final Solution
Hitler
• 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch – imprisoned – Mein Kampf– Medieval-style irrational prejudice on Jews
Hitler
• Jan 30 1933 appointed CHANCELLOR– March 21 1933 DACHAU – 1st concentration campworldwide protest = „Jewish plot“ launches an ANTI-JEWISH CAMPAIGN- April 1 1933 GENERAL BOYCOTT OF JEWISH SHOPS
AND PROFESSIONALS (students, professors, judges)
The Nuremberg Laws
• 1933-35 Discriminatory Legislation• Sep 15 1935 Nuremberg Laws– CLEAR DEFINITION OF A JEW
The Nuremberg Laws
• The Law for the Protection of German blood and German Honor
• The Reich Citizenship Law– Reich Citizens x
Nationals (State Members)
– A Jew can not be Reich Citizen = NO POLITICAL RIGHTS
The 2nd Phase of Persecution 1938- 1942
• The Night of Broken Glass– Nov. 9-10 1938– German diplomat Ernst vom Rath assasinated by a
German-born Polish Jewish boy Herschel Grynszpan
– COORDINATED ATTACK on Jewish people and their property• 91 Jews murdered• 25 000 – 30 000 arrested and deported• 200+ synagogues destroyed
The 2nd Phase of Persecution 1938- 1942
• The Night of Broken Glass– HJ´s, Gestapo, SS, SA– Means for the confiscation of firearms from Jews– Followed by economic and political persecutions= BEGINING OF THE FINAL SOLUTION
THE HOLOCAUSTThe Last Phase of the Persecution of the
Jews = Final Solution
• Wansee, Jan 20 1942– 1st Vernichtungslager in CHELMNO, summer 1941– Heydrich– goal= removal of the Jews from the Lebensraum of
the German people• Emigration „had become a problem“: 537 000 Jews • 2nd solution: EVACUATION OF THE JEWS TO THE EAST
THE HOLOCAUSTThe Last Phase of the Persecution of the
Jews = Final Solution
• Wansee, Jan 20 1942– Slovakia + Croatia „the essential and crucial
problems have already been solved“• Slovakia – June 1941• Croatia – July 1941• First deportations, concentration camps and genocide
THE HOLOCAUSTThe Last Phase of the Persecution of the
Jews = Final Solution
• Wansee, Jan 20 1942– Northern countries „omitted for the time being“
THE HOLOCAUSTThe Last Phase of the Persecution of the
Jews = Final Solution
• Wansee, Jan 20 1942– Final Solution welcomed by the military governor
of Poland „Jews constitute a substantial danger as carriers of epidemics and most of them are useless.“ – First targets
RESISTANCE
• Warszaw Ghetto Uprising– April 19- May 16 1943– THE LARGEST SINGLE JEWISH REVOLT during WWII– Mordechai Anielewicz letter to Antek Yitzhak
Zuckerman• Read at the Eichman trial in 1961• ABOVE ALL A SYMBOL TO SHOW THAT JEWS DID NOT
DIE WILLINGLY
RESISTANCE
• Uprisings in: – Treblinka, Aug 1943– Sobibor, Oct 1943 closed– Auschwitz, Oct 1944
Reaction of the International Community
• Bermuda Conference– Apr 19-30 1943– Extended mandate of the Inter-Governmental
Comitee on Refugees• Set up in 1938 – EVIAN conference
– BUT THE PROBLEM WAS NO LONGER ONE OF REFUGEES
NO REAL MEASURES WERE TAKEN
• Shocking indifference– Shmuel Zygelboym (BUND)• 1940 escaped Poland• Implored the governments to take retaliatory and
rescue action• Committed suicide to protest against the world´s
indifference, May 11 1943• Letter in NY Times, June 4 1943
Reaction of the International Community