final research ng ana chem-1
TRANSCRIPT
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Philippine Christian University
Pala-pala, Dasmarias, Cavite
HYDROPHONICS LETTUCE PLANTING
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Analytical Chemistry
Presented to the Class of
Professor Cherrielyn Lampaya-Casco
March 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Chapter 2 RESEARCHES ON RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES
Chapter 4 PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
RESEARCH DATA
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
Pictures/ Illustrations
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Hydroponics (from the Greek words hydro water and pono labor) is a
method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, without soil.
Terrestrial plants may be grown with theirroots in the mineral nutrient solution
only or in an inert medium, such as perlite,gravel, ormineral wool.
Plant physiology researchers discovered in the 19th century that plants
absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural
conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not
essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil dissolve in
water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When the required mineral
nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer
required for the plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with
hydroponics. Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research
and teaching.
This research and experiment will prove the effectively of growing
hydroponics plants using mineral nutrient solutions, without soil.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil -
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research entitled Hydroponics Lettuce Planting aims to
investigate and find out the solution of the following questions:
1. What are the advantages of hydroponics?
2. How long does the plant lettuce growth in mineral nutrient solutions,
with no solid medium for the roots?
3. Do hydroponics plants grow faster than the plants in soil? Why do
plants grow quicker and produce more in a hydroponics system?
4. What kind of maintenance is involved with a hydroponics system?
HYPOTHESIS
The study will test the following hypothesis:
1. There is a faster growth combined with relative freedom from soil
diseases, and very consistent crops, the quality of produce being
excellent.
2. The benefits of hydroponics can be raised in any season.
3. The benefits of plant nutrients are dissolved in the water used in
hydroponics and are mostly in inorganic and ionic form.
http://www.hydroponicsdictionary.com/faq.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://www.hydroponicsdictionary.com/faq.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion -
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SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This experiment focuses on the production hydroponics plants.
Hydroponics is simply soil-less gardening. It is also show and discusses
how to set up a hydroponics plant in the variety of lettuce. For the people
will appreciate simple things in nature are good source of product.
This research focuses on how lettuce grows using hydroponics. Growing
plants with the hydroponics method is great when there is little space for
gardening. Hydroponics lettuce is easy to grow and requires little
maintenance.
This experimental research is limited to evaluate the quality and
effectiveness of this hydroponics using nutrients solutions and other
materials. The experiment in all was a success, but there were some
things that we would have done differently. For one thing we started the
experiment a little late.
That probably didn't affect the results at all, but the conclusions my have
been more interesting if the plants were fully grown. One thing we would
have liked to have been some more places for plants to go in. That way
we could have more of the same variety of plant to work with and
experiment with; unfortunately we did not have the materials to build such
a structure.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research presents the knowledge used today as well as that which
may be needed in the near future. Hydroponics has come a long way in the
last few years. It is no longer a mystery or secret technique. It is a simple,
reliable way of growing plants; easier and more consistent by far than growing
in soil.
Fortunately, these days there are a number of good hydroponics
nutrients on the market and it is simply a matter of choosing the product that
best suits your particular needs.
http://www.1-hydroponics.co.uk/nutrients-and-additives.htmhttp://www.1-hydroponics.co.uk/nutrients-and-additives.htmhttp://www.1-hydroponics.co.uk/nutrients-and-additives.htmhttp://www.1-hydroponics.co.uk/nutrients-and-additives.htm -
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
This study will be using the following terms:
Perlite- it is cheap and lightweight and amazingly effective. It is highly
recommended because it has superb capillarity.
Aeroponics- uses pumps and sprayers to bathe the roots, which are
suspended in a supporting container, with a nutrient-oxygen mist as
opposed to a solution.
Sub-Aeration- In this system an air pump supplies oxygen to the roots of the
plants via air stones.
pH Value- The pH value refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the nutrient
solution.
Nitrogen- Influential in the production of leaves and the growth of the stem.
Phosphorus-Vital in the development of flowers, fruits, leaves and stems. Also
encourages growth of healthy roots.
Potassium- Used by the cells of a plant during assimilation of energy
produced by photosynthesis.
Calcium- Spurs root growth. Also facilitates a plants absorption of potassium.
Magnesium- A component of chlorophyll. Also active in the process of
distributing phosphorus throughout the plant.
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Sulphur- Joins with phosphorus to heighten the effectiveness of that element.
Also used in the production of energy.
Iron- Important in the production of chlorophyll within a plant.
Manganese- Aids a plant in the absorption of nitrogen.
Zinc- Necessary component of the energy transference process in a plant.
Boron- While it has been established that boron is needed in minute amounts,
it is not known precisely how boron is used.
Copper- Needed in the production of chlorophyll.
Passive subirrigation- also known as passive hydroponics or semi-
hydroponics, is a method where plants are grown in an inertporous medium
that transports water and fertilizer to the roots by capillary action from a
separate reservoir as necessary, reducing labor and providing a constant
supply of water to the roots.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poroushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action -
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Chapter 2
RESEARCHES ON RELATED LITERATURE
History of Hydroponics
The study of crop nutrition began thousands of years ago. Ancient
history tells us that various experiments were undertaken by Theophrastus
(372-287 B.C.), while several writings of Dioscorides on botany dating from
the first century A.D., are still in existence. The earliest published work on
growing terrestrial plants without soil was the 1627 book, Sylva Sylvarum by
Sir Francis Bacon, printed a year after his death. Water culture became a
popular research technique after that. In 1699, John Woodward published his
water culture experiments with spearmint. He found that plants in less pure
water sources grew better than plants in distilled water. By 1842 a list of nine
elements believed to be essential to plant growth had been made out, and the
discoveries of the German botanists, Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop, in
the years 1859-65, resulted in a development of the technique of soilless
cultivation.[1] Growth of terrestrial plants without soil in mineral nutrient
solutions was called solution culture. It quickly became a standard research
and teaching technique and is still widely used today. Solution culture is now
considered a type of hydroponics where there is no inert medium.
In 1929, Professor William Frederick Gericke of the University of
California at Berkeley began publicly promoting that solution culture be used
for agricultural crop production. He first termed it aquaculture but later found
that aquaculture was already applied to culture of aquatic organisms. Gericke
created a sensation by growing tomato vines twenty-five feet high in his back
yard in mineral nutrient solutions rather than soil. By analogy with the ancient
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearminthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0%23cite_note-references-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearminthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics#cite_note-references-0%23cite_note-references-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek -
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Greek term for agriculture, geoponics, the science of cultivating the earth,
Gericke introduced the term hydroponics in 1937 (although he asserts that the
term was suggested by Dr. W. A. Setchell, of the University of California) for
the culture of plants in water (from the Greek hydros, "water", and ponos,
"labor").Reports of Gericke's work and his claims that hydroponics would
revolutionize plant agriculture prompted a huge number of requests for further
information. Gericke refused to reveal his secrets claiming he had done the
work at home on his own time. This refusal eventually resulted in his leaving
the University of California. In 1940, he wrote the book, Complete Guide to
Soilless Gardening.
Two other plant nutritionists at the University of California were asked
to research Gericke's claims. Dennis R. Hoagland and Daniel I. Arnon wrote a
classic 1938 agricultural bulletin, The Water Culture Method for Growing
Plants Without Soil, debunking the exaggerated claims made about
hydroponics. Hoagland and Arnon found that hydroponic crop yields were no
better than crop yields with good quality soils. Crop yields were ultimately
limited by factors other than mineral nutrients, especially light. This research,
however, overlooked the fact that hydroponics has other advantages including
the fact that the roots of the plant have constant access to oxygen and that
the plants have access to as much or as little water as they need. This is
important as one of the most common errors when growing is over- and
under- watering; and hydroponics prevents this from occurring as large
amounts of water can be made available to the plant and any water not used,
drained away, recirculated, or actively aerated, eliminating anoxic conditions
which drown root systems in soil. In soil, a grower needs to be very
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/hoagland/NAS_Memoir.pdfhttp://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/deceased.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/hoagland/NAS_Memoir.pdfhttp://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/deceased.shtml -
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experienced to know exactly how much water to feed the plant. Too much and
the plant will not be able to access oxygen; too little and the plant will lose the
ability to transport nutrients, which are typically moved into the roots while in
solution.
These two researchers developed several formulas for mineral nutrient
solutions, known as Hoagland solutions. Modified Hoagland solutions are still
used today. One of the early successes of hydroponics occurred on Wake
Island, a rocky atoll in the Pacific Ocean used as a refueling stop for Pan
American Airlines. Hydroponics was used there in the 1930s to grow
vegetables for the passengers. Hydroponics was a necessity on Wake Island
because there was no soil, and it was prohibitively expensive to airlift in fresh
vegetables.
In the 1960s, Allen Cooper of England developed the Nutrient Film
Technique. The Land Pavilion at Walt Disney World's EPCOT Center opened
in 1982 and prominently features a variety of hydroponic techniques. In recent
decades, NASA has done extensive hydroponic research for theirControlled
Ecological Life Support System or CELSS. Hydroponics intended to take
place on Mars are using LED lighting to grow in different color spectrum with
much less heat.
Origin of Hydroponic
Soilless culture
Gericke originally defined hydroponics as crop growth in mineral
nutrient solutions, with no solid medium for the roots. He objected in print to
people who applied the term hydroponics to other types of soilless culture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoaglandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_(Disney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoaglandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Airlineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_(Disney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_System -
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such as sand culture and gravel culture. The distinction between hydroponics
and soilless culture of plants has often been blurred. Soilless culture is a
broader term than hydroponics; it only requires that no soils with clay or silt
are used. Note that sand is a type of soil yet sand culture is considered a type
of soilless culture. Hydroponics is a subset of soilless culture. Many types of
soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for
hydroponics.
Billions of container plants are produced annually, including fruit, shade
and ornamental trees, shrubs, forest seedlings, vegetable seedlings, bedding
plants, herbaceous perennials and vines. Most container plants are produced
in soilless media, representing soilless culture. However, most are not
hydroponics because the soil less medium often provides some of the mineral
nutrients via slow release fertilizers, cation exchange and decomposition of
the organic medium itself. Most soilless media for container plants also
contain organic materials such as peat or composted bark, which provide
some nitrogen to the plant. Greenhouse growth of plants in peat bags is often
termed hydroponics, but technically it is not because the medium provides
some of the mineral nutrients.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat -
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES
Introduction
This chapter contains essential portions which help us to understand
how hydroponics system of planting lettuce works. This includes the
Experimental Procedures, Materials and Equipment, Research Environment,
and Data needed for the Analysis and Interpretation of Data.
This chapter primarily answers the following question:
1. What are the nutrients required in hydroponics stock solution?
2. What are Macronutrients?
3. What are Micronutrients?
4. What are the varieties of lettuce to be used in hydroponics?
Research Procedures
Materials
Plastic cups with hole
Styrofoam box
Drums
Dipper
Seedbed
Medium (60 % coconut hush mix with 40% river sand)
Lettuce seed
Plastic cover
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Procedure
1. One week before planting, you will need to prepare the seedlings for
the hydroponics. In a seedbed with the medium either soil garden or
coconut husk mix with river sand scattered the lettuce seed and leave
them for about seven to ten days. In that time, the seeds should sprout
into little seedlings. Be sure to always moist the seedbed by spraying it
with water. Dont let them go dry.
2. Choosing and Preparing the Container for Planting. The best
containers to use for hydroponics are Styrofoam box used by fruit
vendors. Simply, put plastic cellophane or plastic cover to hold the
water and cover the side of the Styrofoam box with hole. Then you will
need to have the cover that will suspend the plastic planting cups
which your plants will be growing in. The cover of your hydroponics
system needs to completely cover the surface area. Prepare the cover
by tracing the circumference of the plastic planter cups onto the cover
and cut them out. Place six to eight holes, evenly spaced around the
cover. Be careful not to cut the holes too close to the rim on the
container.
3. Mixing the nutrient water. Plants in a hydroponics system need to be
regularly supplied with nutrients. Because there is no soil from which
the plants can get nutrients. Hydroponics Nutrient Formulation data is
given in Chapter Four for the required solution needed for the plants.
4. Now that you have the solution measured in a container (drum), its
now ready to finish setting up hydroponics system and transplant the
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seedlings. Poured the solution nutrients into the Styrofoam box with
plastic cover and place the cover.
5. Carefully transfer one seedling into the plastic planter cups, be sure
that the roots will not separate from its stem.
6. Place the plastic planter cups into the holes of each of the cover.
7. Keep your plants in an area where they will receive lots of sunlight. The
lettuce prefers about equal amount of direct sunlight and indirect
sunlight.
8. Keep your hydroponics system out of heavy rains. Water will get into
the box and dilute the nutrient water. As your lettuce is growing, you
will need to watch for insects which will love to eat your lettuce and see
to it the amount of nutrient solution in each of the container.
Research Environment
The Experimental activity is conducted at Chemistry Laboratory of
Philippine Christian University Dasmarias, Cavite College Department by the
Science Major Students. Though the setting is not ideal for a best result
because of the source of sunlight is not completely penetrating the plants in
hydroponics, still it is a good start for the projects and plans by the Science
Society Organization.
Data Needed
This study aims to gather the following data in the experiment in
formulating the chemicals or nutrients required in hydroponics system.
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Working Table
The working table will serve as the format on how data are to be
entered.
Hydroponics Nutrient Formulation
There are 20 Mineral Elements needed for optimal plant growth. First
we start with the Macronutrients, called such because they are required in
large amounts.
Carbon C Components of all organic compounds
Oxygen O Supplied by air and water
Hydrogen H Thats why its element no. 1
Nitrogen N Part of chlorophyll, amino acids, proteins
Phosphorus P Used in photosynthesis and almost all aspects of
growth
Potassium K Activates enzymes, used in formation of sugar and
starch
Calcium Ca Used in cell growth and division, part of cell wall
Magnesium Mg Part of chlorophyll, activate enzymes
Sulfur S Part of amino acids and proteins
Stock Solution 10 Liters
Dilute 100 Liters
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Macronutrients
Part A Gram mMole/L PPM MACRO
Calcium Nitrate N
Potassium Nitrate PAmmonium Nitrate K
Calcium Chloride Mg
Iron EDTA Ca
S
Then we have the Micronutrients, called such because they are
required in trace amounts. These are also referred to as trace elements.
Boron B Affects reproduction
Chlorine Cl Aids in root growth
Copper Cu Used in chlorophyll, activates enzymes
Iron Fe Used in photosynthesis
Manganese Mn Part of chlorophyll, activates enzymes
Sodium Na Used for water movement
Zinc Zn Part of enzymes, used in auxins
Molybdenum Mo Used in nitrogen fixation
Nickel Ni Liberates Nitrogen
Cobalt Co Fixates Nitrogen
Silicon Si Makestougher cell walls, enhances heat and
tolerance
These are common chemicals that can be used to mix your own nutrient
formulas.
CaNO3 Calcium Nitrate
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K2SO4 Potassium Sulfate
KH2PO4 Mono Potassium Phosphate
MgSO4 Magnesium Sulfate
NH4NO3 Ammonium Nitrate
TE Trace Elements
Micronutrients
Part B Gram PPM MICRO
Potassium Nitrate Fe
Mono potassium Phosphate Mn
Magnesium Sulfate ZnPotassium Sulfate B
Manganese Sulfate Cu
Manganese Chelate Mo
Zinc Sulfate Ni
Zinc Chelate Co
Boric Acid
Copper Chelate
Ammonium Molybdenum
Nickel Sulfate
Cobalt Chloride
Total Periods of the Experiment
Date Activity
Varieties of Lettuce used in Hydroponics
These are the varities of lettuce seeds Estrosa, Romaine, Green Rapid
and Lolo Rosa which are available at Prime Agriculture Variety Supply in
Tagaytay.
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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
RESEARCH DATA
This chapter presents and analyses data gathered in the study. It is divided in
the following areas of observation and experimentations: a.) the Hydroponics
Macronutrient Formulation, b.) the Hydroponics Micronutrient Formulation and
c.) The total periods of the experiment.
a. the Hydroponics Macronutrient Formulation
Part A Gram mMole/L PPM MACRO
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Calcium Nitrate 754 N 9.9 138
Potassium Nitrate 83 P 0.8 24
Ammonium Nitrate 0 K 2.4 93
Calcium Chloride 0 Mg 1.0 24
Iron EDTA 50.0 Ca 3.8 151
S 1.0 32
b. the Hydroponics Micronutrient Formulation
Part B Gram PPM MICRO
Potassium Nitrate 83 Fe 4.9
MonoPotassium
Phosphate
114 Mn 1.97
Magnesium Sulfate 245 Zn 0.25
Potassium Sulfate 0 B 0.7
Manganese Sulfate 8 Cu 0.068
Manganese Chelate Mo 0.05
Zinc Sulfate 1.1 Ni
Zinc Chelate Co
Boric Acid 3.9
Copper Chelate 0.3
Ammonium Molybdenum 0.102Nickel Sulfate 0
Cobalt Chloride 0
c. the total periods of the experiment
Date Activity
February 21, 2009 Seedlings prepared for
hydroponics
February 27, 2009 Transfer of seedlings
March 27 onwards Harvesting
OBSERVATIONS:
a. the allotment time for preparing the hydroponics planting is short
b. The appropriate river sand (medium) was not used.
c. The formulation of chemicals in the water sample was attained
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This final chapter of study presents the (1) summary of findings and (2)
recommendations.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
After a series of observations and experimentations, the researchers
were able to formulate its findings:
Hydroponics allowed gardening to be done all year round.
Hydroponics is essential developing as it removes the limitations that
come with the climate zone which can be hazardous to growing.
Hydroponics allows for more plants to be grown per given area then
traditional gardening.
In hydroponics there is no digging or weeding required.
Hydroponics growing allows the gardeners to determine the amount of
water that is going to be used on regular basis. And because artificially
lit hydroponics gardeners are not dependent on growing seasons, they
can produce yields several times a year rather than just once.
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Recommendations
In view of the findings aforementioned, the proponents hereby
recommend the following for further research and study:
You should also score a line on you reservoir once it painted
(use a knife, and scratch off paint in a straight line from top to
bottom) which allows you to monitor the amount of water in your
reservoir.
When plants are in growth phase, they will need high intensity
discharge lamps. When plants are in bloom, high-pressure
sodium lights increase yields and will grow denser and heavier
vegetables or flowers.
Use appropriate medium (riversand) for the lettuce planting.
There is a need to put up a hydroponics planting area for
maximizing the volume of production.
Everyday monitoring of the lettuce plants to prevent the duration
of weeds and scarce in water content.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Douglas, James S. Hydroponics. 5th ed. Bombay: Oxford UP, 1975. 1-3.
The Water Culture Method for Growing Plants Without Soil
10:49 a.m. ET (2009-03-04). "Alfalfa Sprouts Source Of Salmonella, Experts
Say - Omaha- msnbc.com". MSNBC.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/. Retrieved on 2009-03-14.
Coston, D.C., G.W. Krewer, R.C. Owing and E.G. Denny (1983). Air Rooting
of Peach Semihardwood Cutting." HortScience 18(3): 323.
wikipedia.com
http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/arnon/Hoagland_Arnon_Solution.pdfhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/http://pmb.berkeley.edu/newpmb/faculty/arnon/Hoagland_Arnon_Solution.pdfhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29491388/ -
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PICTURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
The Hydroponics Lettuce Plant VisitAdventist University of the Philippines
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Silang, CaviteFebruary 13, 2009
Pictures during the period of Hydroponics Lettuce Planting
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February 21- March 27, 2009