A

Seminar Report

on

QUAD EXTENDED GRAPAPHICS ARRAY

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements of Degree in Bachelor of Technology

in Electronics & Communication Engg.

by

ishan varshney -0608231008

Under the guidance of

Seminar guide Seminar coordinator

Mr. Pradeep Gupta Mr. Farooq Hussain

(Assistant professor) (Associate professor)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Ram Ganga Vihar, Phase –II, Moradabad-244001 (U.P)

Session: 2010-2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express my gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my seminar guide Mr.

Pradeep Gupta lecturer of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, M.I.T.

Moradabad, for her constructive and helpful suggestions and guidance. I am really thankful

for her support and inspiration throughout the making of this report. I am also duly

acknowledged for her continuous encouragement which has been the motivating force in

molding this Seminar Report work. I am immensely grateful and indebted to them for

believing in me throughout the course of this study.

Immense thanks to Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for

helping me in innumerable ways. My most humble regards to my parents for extending full

cooperation. I am very grateful to almighty God who is the source of energy within me.

Ishan Varshney B.Tech. Final Year

(Electronics & Communication Engg.) Moradabad Institute of Technology,

Moradabad

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “QUAD EXTENDED GRAPHICS

ARRAY” .Submitted by Ishan Varshney Roll No.0608231008 in partial fulfillment

of the requirement of the Degree of B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication

Engineering embodies the work done by him under my guidance.

Signature of Guide Signature of O.C.

Seminar

Name: Mr.Pradeep Gupta Name: Mrs. Alpana

Singh

Designation: Lecturer Designation: Assistant

Professor

Date. 07/09/2010

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

MORADABAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MORABAD

QUAD EXTENDED GRAPHICS ARRAY

(QXGA)

Name of Student: Ishan Varshney Roll No.:0608231013

Name of Guide: Mr. Pradeep Gupta

Semester:7th Session:2010-2011

Branch: EC

Synopsis: QXGA or Quad Extended Graphics Array, display standard is a resolution standard

in display technology. Their high pixel counts and heavy display hardware requirements

mean that there are currently few CRT and LCD monitors which have pixel counts at these

levels. These terms are currently relegated to the highest-end consumer computer display

hardware for those buying LCD.

Signature of Student Signature of Seminar Guide

Signature of Seminar Coordinator Signature of HOD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Certificate iii

Synopsis iv

Symbols v

Figures vi

Tables vii

1. Introduction 1

2. Quad extended graphics array 2

3. Needs of QXGA 5

4. Features of QXGA 6

5. Device configuration 7

6. Principle of operation 9

7. QXGA picture sharpness 10

8. Color reproduction of QXGA 12

9. Gamma characterstics 13

10. QXGA device 14

11. Device comparision 15

12. QXGA market 16

13. Advantages 17

14. Disadvantage 18

15. Application 20

16. Conclusion 21

17. References 22

LISTS OF SYMBOLS

1. QXGA = Quad Extended Graphics Array

2. CRT = Cathode Rays Tube

3. LCD = Liquid Crystal Diode

4. HDTV = High Definition TV

5. D-ILA = Direct-drive Image Light Amplifier

6. LCOS = Liquid Crystal O Silicon

7. DMD = Time Division Multiple Access

8. JVC = Subscriber Identity Module

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Figure (4.1)-Features of QXGA

2. Figure (5.1)-Configuration of QXGA

3. Figure (6.1)-Operation of QXGA

4. Figure (7.1)-Picturesharpness of QXGA

5. Figure (8.1)-Color reproduction

6. Figure (9.1)-Gamma characterstics

7. Figure (10.1)-QXGA device

LIST OF TABLES

1. Table (11.1)- Device comparision

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The QXGA, or Quad Extended Graphics Array, display standard is a resolution standard in

display technology. Their high pixel counts and heavy display hardware requirements mean

that there are currently few CRT and LCD monitors which have pixel counts at these

levels. These terms are currently relegated to the highest-end consumer computer display

hardware for those buying LCD.

WQXGA is often found in 30" displays like the Dell 3008WFP and the Apple Cinema

Display. As of this date, there are few WQXGA displays in the consume marketplace, but

their price is higher than most displays used by graphic professionals, and their refresh

speed is not close to that used in current consumer displays. It is unlikely that WQXGA, or

next-generation HXGA, displays will be commonplace anytime soon. It should also be

noted, however, that many standard 21" / 22" CRT monitors can be used at the QXGA

resolution. Some of the highest-end 19" CRTs also support this resolution.

1.1 What is Quad-extended graphics array?

QXGA (Quad Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of 2048×1536 pixels with a

4:3 aspect ratio. The name comes from the fact that it has four times as many pixels as an

XGA display. As of 2007, this is the highest non-experimental and non-widescreen

resolution, and the number of monitors that can display images at this resolution are

somewhat limited, especially among LCDs.

CHAPTER-2

QUAD EXTENDED GRAPHICS ARRAY

The various Computer Standards based on Quad-extended graphics array are-

2.1 QXGA

Quad eXtended Graphics Array is a display resolution of 2048×1536 pixels with a 4:3 aspect

ratio. The name comes from the fact that it has four times as many pixels as an XGA display.

The transmitter/receiver pair is designed to support dual pixel data transmission between Host

and Flat Panel Display up to QXGA resolutions.

2.2 WQXGAWide Quad Extended Graphics Array is a display resolution of 2560×1600 pixels with a

16:10 aspect ratio or 2560×1440 with 16:9 aspect ratio (1440p). The name comes from the

fact that it is a wide version of QXGA and has four times as many pixels as an WXGA

display. The devices that could display this resolution were very rare, but many

manufacturers have since come out with a 27"-30" model that is capable of WQXGA, albeit

at a much higher price than lower resolution monitors of the same size. Several mainstream

WQXGA monitors are available with 30 inch displays. One feature which is currently unique

to the 30" WQXGA monitors are their ability to function as the centerpiece & main display

of a three-monitor array of complementary aspect ratios, with two UXGA (1600x1200) 20"

monitors turned vertically on either side. The resolutions are equal, and the size of the 1600

resolution edges (if the manufacturer is honest) is within a tenth of an inch, presenting a

"picture window view" without the extreme lateral dimensions, small central panel,

asymmetry, resolution differences, or dimensional

difference of other three-monitor combinations. The resulting 4960x1600 composite image

has a 3.1:1 aspect ratio.

2.3 QWXGAQuad Wide Extended Graphics Array is a display resolution of 2048×1152 pixels with a 16:9

aspect ratio. A few LCD QWXGA monitors are available with 23 and 27 inch displays.

2.4 QSXGAQuad Super Extended Graphics Array is a display resolution of 2560×2048 pixels with a 5:4

aspect ratio. Grayscale monitors with a 2560×2048 resolution, primarily for medical use. A

similar resolution of 2560×1920 was supported by a small number of CRT displays via VGA

such as the View sonic P225f when paired with the right graphics card.

2.5 WQSXGA Wide Quad Super Extended Graphics Array describes a display standard that can support a

resolution up to 3200 x 2048 pixels, assuming a 1.56:1 (25:16) aspect ratio. As of July 2008,

the Coronis Fusion 6MP DL by Barco supports 3280 x 2048.

2.6 QUXGA Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array describes a display standard that can support a

resolution up to 3200 x 2400 pixels, assuming a 4:3 aspect ratio. As of mid 2007, no monitor

natively capable of this resolution is available.

2.7 WQUXGA Wide Quad Ultra Extended Graphics Array describes a display standard that can support a

resolution up to 3840 x 2400 pixels, assuming a 16:10 aspect ratio.

Most systems using these monitors use at least 2 DVI connectors to send video to the

monitor. These DVI connectors can be from the same graphics card, different graphics cards,

or even different computers. Motion across the tile boundary(ies) can show tearing if the

graphics card(s) are not synchronized. The display panel can be updated at a speed between

0Hz and 41Hz. The refresh rate of the video signal can be higher than 41Hz, or 48Hz, but the

monitor will not update the display any faster if graphics card(s) do so. None of the

WQUXGA monitors are in production anymore.

CHAPTER- 3

NEEDS OF QXGA

In the 21st century, rapid development of digital video is expected. Digital satellite

Broadcasts have already started, and terrestrial digital broadcasting is now in. Development,

with full-scale broadcasting scheduled to start in 2003. CATV digital Broadcasting will also

be starting soon. The goal of these new broadcast media is total Popularization of digital

HDTV. Packaged media are also moving in this direction, with HDTV versions of the D-

VHS format as well as of DVD now development.

At the same time, advances in high-speed, broadband Internet capacity will enable

HDTV broadcasts and ultra high-definition video from a high-performance personal

computer or workstation to be delivered via the Internet. Live coverage and movie

distribution using satellite systems will become more prevalent and digital movie theaters

will become commonplace. Clearly, we are in an age where all media are rapidly digitizing

and an incredible amount of high-quality digital content will be available. To meet the

demands of this age, JVC has developed a projector with QXGA.On others, the aspect ratio

will be maintained while expanding the image to fit the display, resulting in black bars on the

top or sides of the image. This can also result in the image appearing blurry or jagged,

depending on the native resolution of the display and the selected resolution on the computer.

For example, let's take the relatively common case of a full-screen application written

assuming a 4:3 aspect ratio running on a 16:10 aspect ratio widescreen display. If the selected

resolution were 1600×1200 and you were running it on a 1920×1200 display that maintains

aspect ratio while expanding the image to fit, the image would not look blurry, because each

pixel in the 1600×1200 image maps to exactly 1 pixel on the 1920×1200 display.

CHAPTER-4

FEATURES OF QXGA

QXGA Features:

The major features of D-ILA include both high brightness and high resolution with no

conflict between the two.

high contrast ratio, analog gradation and high-speed response.,

film-like high picture quality is achieved.

These features are made possible by the high aperture ratio of reflective LCOS, the

use of vertical alignment liquid crystals, and the fact that QXGAs structure has no

spacer construction.

Figure:(4.1) Features of QXGA

CHAPTER-5

DEVICE CONFIGURATION

Figure:(5.1) Configuration of QXGA

The high resolution of QXGA is achieved with our leading-edge LCOS (Liquid Crystal on

Silicon) technology for the first time. As shown in the cross-section view of the LCOS, the

addressing transistors and charge-hold capacitors are structured on the silicon substrate

utilizing ordinary CMOS process. On the light blocking layer over this, the pixel electrode is

located and connected to the capacitor.

In the space between the glass substrate with transparent electrodes and this pixel electrode,

liquid crystal is encapsulated and activated with the voltage applied to the pixel electrodes

and transparent electrodes. As this configuration is such a simple three-dimensional

construction, pixels can be made very small. This maintains a high aperture ratio and makes it

easy to achieve high density of pixels, resulting in the high resolution achieved for QXGA.

To make the most of the contrast characteristics of the device, the actual projector uses a

separate high-precision optical system and PS Combiner (PSC) so that the characteristics of

the color separation and color combining can be optimized. The PSC improves the brightness

uniformity on the screen and contributes to contrast enhancement by increased degree of

polarization. In combination, the vertical-alignment liquid crystal used for the device and the

high-precision optical system are able to achieve a high contrast ratio of 1000 A QXGA

display might be preferred by computer users who want or need extreme detail, or who want

to view multiple images on a single screen. An example of such an application is the

reception of a television (TV) program while browsing the Web, and at the same time

working in a high-end image-editing program. Advanced projection systems use QXGA to

obtain images that appear crisp even when enlarged to dimensions such as those used in

presentations. Liquid crystal display ( LCD ) panels with the QXGA specification can offer a

level of detail comparable or superior to print on paper. The main disadvantage of this type of

display is the high cost compared with displays having less resolution.

CHAPTER-6

PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION

Figure:(6.1) Operation of QXGA

The high contrast of D-ILA comes from the operation principle as shown here. The PBS

located in front of the panel reflects the polarized P wave. The PBS allows the polarized P

wave to pass through and serves to separate projection light from incident light. The S wave

incident light passing through the PBS is phasemodulatedin the liquid crystal layer of the

panel. Then, only the P wave components of reflected light transmit and are projected. S

wave components, on the other hand, are returned to the light source.

CHAPTER-7

QXGA PICTURE SHARPNESS

Figure:(7.1) Picture sharpness of QXGA

With the QXGA panel, extremely sharp pictures can be achieved. The spatial frequency

characteristics (MTF) for CRT and QXGA are shown for comparison.

For CRT, the response is attenuated in high frequencies due to the beam spot shape with

Gaussian characteristics. In general, MTF5% is said to be the limit resolution of the CRT.

Therefore, even with a master monitor, MTF is greatly lowered in resolution of 1000 TV

lines. On the other hand, with the QXGA panel, attenuation of only about 10% occurs due to

projection lens. So, 1536 TV lines of the number of vertical pixels can be obtained. The

difference in area for the MTF characteristics clearly shows the difference in sharpness.

Therefore, with QXGA panel, sharper and higher-resolution pictures than ever can be seen.

On the down side, artifacts in sources will also show up clearly. . In general, MTF5% is said

to be the limit resolution of the CRT. Therefore, even with a master monitor, MTF is greatly

lowered in resolution of 1000 TV lines. On the other hand, with the QXGA panel, attenuation

of only about 10% occurs due to projection lens. So, 1536 TV lines of packaged media are

also moving in this direction, with HDTV versions of the D-VHS format as well as of DVD

now in development.

At the same time, advances in high-speed, broadband Internet capacity will enable HDTV

broadcasts and ultra high-definition video from a high-performance personal computer or

workstation to be delivered via the Internet. Live coverage and movie distribution using

satellite systems will become more prevalent and digital movie theaters will become

commonplace. Clearly, we are in an age where all media are rapidly digitizing and an

incredible amount of high-quality digital content will be available. To meet the demands of

this age, JVC has developed a projector with QXGA capability

CHAPTER-8

SUPERIOR COLOR REPRODUCTION OF QXGA

Figure(8.1) Color reproduction of QXGA

With the high-precision optical system that the color separation and the color combining re

isolated, high-purity RGB primary colors as shown in the chromaticity diagram can be

obtained.

The color space is larger by 40% or more — surpassing the SMPTE240 standard. As the

reference white point asset to D55, the most faithful color reproduction is possible form

movie materials The color space is larger by 40% or more — surpassing the SMPTE240

standard. As the reference white point is set to D55, the most faithful color reproduction is

possible for movie materials

CHAPTER-9

GAMMA CHARACTERSTICS OF QXGA

Figure:(9.1) Gamma characteristics QXGA

There is a fundamental difference between the analog gradation used in D-ILA and the digital

gradation used by other systems. To understand this difference, it is necessary to remind that

the non-linear characteristics known as gamma characteristics are exactly necessary for any

projectors. In video signals, the bright area is compressed with gamma compensation (gamma

encode). Thus, the projector requires gamma characteristics to expand the bright areas and

compress the dark areas (gamma decode).

CHAPTER-10

QXGA DEVICE

Figure :(10.1) QXGA device

We announced this device at INFOCOMM2000, last June. It features 2048 x 1536 pixels, a

total of 3,200,000 pixels — more than twice the 1,400,000 pixels of the current SXGA device

and the highest ever achieved in a projection device. This superior resolution makes it

possible to display HD images as their full specifications of 1920 x 1080. The device size is

1.3 inches diagonal and higher brightness is under consideration.

CHAPTER-11

DEVICE COMPARISON

Table (11.10) Device comparison

QXGA device is made reducing the pixel pitch from 13.5 microns of the current SXGA

To 12.9 microns. For new SXGA+ device, which was announced at the same time, the

Pixel pitch is more reduced to 10.4 microns and the number of pixels is increased,

Achieving a 0.7-inch device. Further, it has been confirmed that decreasing pixels to 7

Microns are possible with the current process. Consequently, higher resolution can be

easily achieved with the LCOS technology used by the D-ILA device. With the DMD

device, on the other hand, a 14-micron pitch has been achieved recently, but, as it has

a mechanical construction, it cannot match flexibility of D-ILA with LCOS construction.

CHAPTER-12

QXGA MARKET

Figure:(12.1) QXGA market

The QXGA market includes various fields where full HD specifications are required —

including broadcast-related, production-related and medical fields. Also there are sectors in

the CAD/CG field, scientific research and simulation markets, which require the previously

unavailable ultra-high definition of QXGA. Applications include digital movie theaters, large

venues, auditoriums, sporting and other events such as the World Cup, and rentals. Here are

some examples of various applications.

CHAPTER-13

ADVANTAGE

1. Efficiency and Reliability:

The utilization of single crystal silicon CMOS design provides high yield, high crystal

materials. Direct pixel addressing backplanes. This is coupled with the high electro

optic efficiency and reliability of liquid crystal materials.

2. Ultimate High Resolution Capabilities:

High resolution capability has been demonstrated with reduction of pixel size and the

increase of total resolution to 4K x 2K and in the future4K x 8K. The future of ultra high

resolution displays lies in QXGA technology.

3. Smooth Images:

The reflective-mode device fills the display surface with closely spaced pixel elements thus

minimizing a pixel border “screen door” look. In addition the liquid crystal. acts to bridge

adjacent pixels resulting in near structure less film-like image. This reduces the harshness of

a digital image and makes the image easier for the eyes to watch.

4. Maximum Performance 3 Chip Design:

Full 3 device RGB implementation in all projectors. to give the highest dynamic range and

absence of rainbow artifacts at all product levels.

CHAPTER-14

DISADVANTAGE

1. Digital video is a sequence of pictures each constructed from a two-dimensional array

of pixels each having a color represented as a digital value.

2. Each pixel is redrawn 30 times per second. Standard resolution PAL and SECAM

television displays 720 pixels per line and 576 lines per video frame.

3. Encoding and decoding each video frame one pixel at a time would require a lot of

unique pieces of information in the coded bit stream. Since each pixels tends to be

similar to its neighbors, though not necessarily similar to all other pixels in the frame,

video is encoded in blocks of neighboring pixels

4. QXGA is the highest level of digital projection resolution in the world to date, and

JVC, with its proprietary D-ILA chip technology, is the first in the world to achieve it.

5. This ensures that projected images have extra-high contrast and makes it possible to

accurately reproduce even subtle gradation differences between the lighter and darker

parts of the projected image.

CHAPTER-15

APPLICATION

HDTV Theater, Theme Parks

Staging/Rental

Telecine Transfer Labs

Post Production Screening Rooms

Large-screen Digital Dailies

Ultra-High Resolution Command/Control

Ultra-High Resolution Medical Imaging

Ultra-High GIS/Mapping Display

Advanced Visualization

Simulation and 3D

Multi-Screen Panoramas

CONCLUSION

QXGA technology has always been in the forefront of leading the way to higher projection

display resolution and film-like dynamic imagery. The demonstrated versatility of the D-ILA

design indicates that this technology will continue to lead the way to 8K x 4K resolution and

beyond. The future will see a broadening base of D-ILA applications as the new illumination

technologies such as LED, laser, and system concepts including true holographic 3D display

will provide the basis for display realism in many different venues. High contrast is achieved

using vertical alignment liquid crystals of normally black operation and a high-precision wire

grid optical system. In combination with the high-speed response of the vertical alignment

liquid crystal, JVC’s D-ILA technology makes it possible to reproduce smooth, noiseless

motion pictures with clear, sharp high definition and film-like picture quality.

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