final project report project 3.3: pilot hydrogeochemical

DET CRC September 2012 Thomson Orogen Hydrogeochemistry - 0 -

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Final Project Report

Project 3.3: Pilot Hydrogeochemical investigations in the Thomson Orogen, New South Wales

Authors:

David J Gray, Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Minerals

Down Under

Nathan Reid, Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Minerals

Down Under

Stephen Dick, Geological Survey of NSW

Paul Flitcroft,

Geological Survey of NSW

Date September 2012 DET CRC Report 2012/042 CSIRO Report EP125537

NSWGS Report GS2012/0972


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Executive Summary

This report shows results and interpretation of the utility for groundwater as an exploration medium in The Thomson Orogen in NW NSW at sample distances commonly between 4 and 10 km. This addresses the challenge of seeing through transported cover of the Great Artesian Basin in search of economic mineralisation. Despite the small number of samples (31) obtained for this orientation study, results indicate potential for both aquifer delineation and mineral exploration on a regional scale. Various major elements, and/or their ratios to conservative elements (i.e., those unaffected by most groundwater and/or weathering processes) such as Cl, robustly distinguished aquifers in different areas and at differing depth. This is critical as different aquifers will ultimately need to be assessed separately to understand which areas are anomalous. A range of trace elements and compounds such as F and PO4 also have highly distinct chemistries in the different aquifers, and more data will be required if these particular elements are used for exploration. Two separate exploration areas were checked, Cuttaburra and Bulla Park. The groundwater response for the Cuttaburra area was highly favourable using major element ratios (e.g., Br/Cr), Zn and W, and to a lesser degree Cu, Mn, Co, Au and Pt, although not Pb. The effectiveness of hydrogeochemistry, despite more than 150 m of cover reflects: the conservative nature of Br, Cl, K, Sr, Ba and Li in non-saline groundwater, the relative mobility of elements such as Zn, W, Au and Pt; as well as the favourable sampling density (< 5 km spacing). An additional area 15 km south of Cuttaburra appears to have a similar groundwater assemblage, indicating a potential additional target zone. In contrast, the groundwater response from sampling around Bulla Park was less positive, although this may reflect lower sampling density, with the closest sample 8 km away from Bulla Park. Additionally, the two major mineralisation elements, Cu and Pb, have low groundwater mobility. There is potential Au and Pt anomalism in the groundwaters east of Bulla Park. These initial results indicate potential for this technology for greenfields exploration in this complex terrain. Understanding which systems give strong response in groundwater and the size of the hydrogeochemical anomalism, will enable this technique to add value to exploration in this area.

Objective(s) Result(s)

- Orientation study to test potential for hydrogeochemistry for regional prospectivity analysis in areas of deep (> 100m) transported cover

- Testing for new pathfinder element suites to improve mineral exploration in areas of cover specific to the hydrologically complex Thomson Orogen

- Delineated aquifer systems, laterally and at different depths, using chemical compositions. Observation of mineralised systems at sample spacing’s below 5 km

- Major element ratios (e.g., Br/Cr), Zn and W were anomalous near mineralised areas. Precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt) have potential. Other elements such as Cu and Pb were less effective at low densities, possibly due to their lower groundwater mobilities.

Next Step(s) Timing

- Improve detection limits and sampling logistics for dissolved Au, Ag, Pt, Pd

- With GS NSW, expand groundwater sampling within the Thomson Orogen

- Download relevant historical groundwater data for QA/QC and then mapping

- Develop options for groundwater sampling within Queensland with GSQ

Early 2012/13

Mid 2012/13

Late 2012/13

Early 2013/14


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Implications for DET CRC’s Strategic Goals

How do the results relate to DET CRC’s Strategic Goals for Program 3. Targeting: Ensure that drill holes are placed to maximise their success and the knowledge they produce by developing new seismic and geochemical methods for exploration and integrating such into new exploration workflows in drilling, logging and sensing. Groundwater is commonly readily accessible, and these techniques will assist geological and prospectivity mapping by geological surveys. This will assist in selection of areas for exploration drilling. We are also looking at improving sensitivity and robustness of specific analyses, based on observed requirements for exploration. We are ultimately looking to integrate with “Lab-on-a-Rig” technologies by optimizing water sampling and analysis during drilling.

DET CRC’s Milestones

Additional to Initial Milestones, so as to support Stuart Shelf and other transported cover projects

Utilisation/Commercialisation Opportunities

Expanded partnerships with Australian Geological Surveys for prospectivity analysis in areas of deep transported cover.

IP

Any IP resulting from the research that needs protection - None

Confidentiality

None

Approved By

Dr David Giles, August 2012.


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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. AREA DESCRIPTION 4

3. METHODOLOGY 6

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7

4.1 Aquifer Types 7 4.2 Elements strongly controlled by aquifer type 7 4.3 Mineralisation Indicators 13

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 19

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20

REFERENCES 20

APPENDIX A – SAMPLE PARAMETERS 21

APPENDIX B – ANALYTICAL RESULTS 22

APPENDIX C – SATURATION INDICES 24

Table of Figures Figure 1. Location of groundwater samples for the Thomson Orogen .................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Groundwater sample locations overlain on surficial geology for the Thomson Orientation Study ............ 5 Figure 3: Drilling, rock types and depth of transported cover for NW New South Wales ......................................... 5 Figure 4: Groundwater sample types, overlain on TMI map. ................................................................................... 6 Figure 5: Groundwater Eh vs pH for Thomson groundwaters ................................................................................. 8 Figure 6: Dissolved sulfate vs chloride for Thomson groundwaters ........................................................................ 8 Figure 7: Dissolved bromide vs chloride for Thomson groundwaters ...................................................................... 9 Figure 8: Dissolved silica vs sodium for Thomson groundwaters ............................................................................ 9 Figure 9: pH distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................................... 10 Figure 10: Eh distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................................. 10 Figure 11: Electrical Conductivity distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters .............................................. 10 Figure 12: Dissolved sulfate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ...................................................... 10 Figure 13: Dissolved fluoride (corrected for sea water) distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............. 11 Figure 14: Dissolved bicarbonate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters .............................................. 11 Figure 15: Dissolved nitrate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ....................................................... 11 Figure 16: Dissolved phosphate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. ............................................... 11 Figure 17: Dissolved Organic Carbon distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ....................................... 12 Figure 18: Dissolved Zr distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................. 12 Figure 19: Dissolved Si distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. ............................................................. 13 Figure 20: Dissolved As distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. ............................................................ 13 Figure 21: Br:Cl anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. ............................................................................ 14 Figure 22: K:Na anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. ............................................................................ 14 Figure 23: Rb:K anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................................. 15 Figure 24: Sr:Ca anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters ........................................................................... 15 Figure 25: Dissolved Ba distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................ 16 Figure 26: Barite saturation distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters ............................................... 16 Figure 27: Dissolved Li distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters ..................................................... 16 Figure 28: Dissolved Fe distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters .................................................... 16 Figure 29: Dissolved Zn distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................. 17 Figure 30: Dissolved W distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................. 17 Figure 31: Dissolved Mn distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters ................................................... 18 Figure 32: Dissolved Cu distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................ 18 Figure 33: Dissolved Au distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................ 18 Figure 34: Dissolved Pt distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................. 18 Figure 35: Dissolved Ag distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters ............................................................ 19 Figure 36: Dissolved U distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters .............................................................. 19


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1. INTRODUCTION The NE Yilgarn hydrogeochemical mapping project showed evidence of large-scale (4-8 km spacing) signatures in groundwater chemistry related to lithology, as well as Au and U mineralisation (Gray et al., 2009). The aim of this project was to investigate the use of hydrogeochemistry on a regional scale to determine the feasibility of groundwater sampling for mineral exploration in the more hydrologically complex Thomson Orogen. Groundwater geochemistry can show broader signatures than other sample media (drill core), as the chemistry is influenced by immediate contact with rocks as well as other materials which have previously contacted the groundwater. While these signatures may not be distinguishable at a local scale, the results from this study have significant additional value for exploration targeting (near miss detection) and environmental baselines (for water quality, health risks and mine closure).

2. AREA DESCRIPTION

Two areas with potential buried mineralisation were selected for the orientation study, so as to test effects of mineral assemblages, depth of cover and hydrology (Figure 1). The area is dominated by transported cover, with outcrop of Cobar Supergroup rocks in the east at the Elura mine site and Cobar townsite (Figure 2). The depth of transported cover is deeper (> 150m) for the northern samples than for the southern samples around the Bulla Park site (< 50 m) (Figure 3).

Figure 1. Location of groundwater samples for the Thomson Orogen, orientation study indicated by purple dots. Specific areas of interest and key resource areas shown. The Cuttaburra target to the north is identified by a major magnetic EW linear anomaly about 150 km NW of Cobar; (Figure 4). It has two 2 interpreted polymetallic ore bodies described at this time. Cuttaburra A (CutA) is an intrusion related ore deposit with W, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Pb and also Au within a sheeted vein system. Cuttaburra B (CutB) displays alteration styles similar to that seen at Cobar, with one drill intersecting pyrrhotite veining and quartz stockwork with 0.4% W, 0.18% Zn, 0.11% Cu, 572ppm Pb and 40ppm Ag (Thomson Resources, 2011). The Cuttaburra targets lie along a EW magnetic high (Figure 4). The second area, Bulla Park (approximately 100 km west of Cobar) is a low intensity Cu, Pb, Zn and Ag anomaly within Devonian sandstones (Henley, 1988).


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Figure 2: Groundwater sample locations overlain on surficial geology for the Thomson Orientation Study. Lines are depth to basement contours (in m), and crosses are prospects. Prospects are: A - Cuttaburra A; B - Cuttaburra B; BP – Bulla Park

Figure 3: Drilling, rock types and depth of transported cover for NW New South Wales. The blue rectangle denotes the area shown in Figure 2. The black line is the 150 m cover depth, deepening to the north and generally within GAB sediments.


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Figure 4: Groundwater sample types, overlain on TMI map. Lines are depth to basement contours (Figure 2), and crosses are prospects (described in Figure 2). Type A is Great Artesian Basin (GAB) groundwater, type B is the southern aquifer, type C is saline floodplain water (Section 4.1).

3. METHODOLOGY Groundwater sampling was performed as in Gray et al. (2009). Variations to the sampling techniques were due to logistical issues relating to groundwater sampling in the Thomson Orogen. Generally, Australian topographical maps show the positions of most wells and windmills, commonly accurate to better than 300 m. In the Thomson, mapped water sources are labelled tanks. These are fed from pumped bores or surface flows and it was hard to determine which without driving to them or having contact with the local station holder. Also, the bores which fed the tanks could be 100s of metres to several kilometres away from the tank and one bore may feed several tanks. Since this area has several different aquifers with different properties: some of the bores had to be bailed from more than 50m depth, whereas other bores were pressurised with groundwater discharging at the surface. Thirty one groundwater samples were collected from stock bores and water monitoring bores across the target area (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The location, hole type, depth and other parameters for each sample are detailed in Appendix A. The methods used in sample retrieval, filtering and preparation for analysis is described in Noble and Gray (2010). For chemical analyses the following laboratories and instruments were used for this project: Major, minor and trace cation, metals and metalloids – CSIRO L&W, Adelaide; ICP-MS/OES Major anions – CSIRO ESRE, Perth; Ion Chromatography Trace phosphate and dissolved organic carbon - CSIRO L&W, Adelaide; auto analyser Au, Ag. Pt and Pd – Ultratrace, Perth; concentration on C then ICP-MS


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Analytical results are given in Appendix B. Given the small number of samples and hydrochemical complexity, element excesses or depletion were empirically determined. Equilibrium activity diagrams were derived using The Geochemist’s Workbench®. Solution chemical speciation and degree of mineral saturation were computed from the solution compositions using the program PHREEQE (Parkhurst et al., 1980). Saturation indices (SI) for each water sample were calculated for various minerals (Appendix C). More details on calculation and interpretation of SI values are provided in Gray et al. (2009).

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Aquifer Types

Groundwaters in the pilot area were collected from shallow aquifers and upwelling deeper aquifers. Previous surficial sampling in WA showed that contamination from rotting biota fallen into wells and/or anthropogenic infrastructure could be quantified using metrics based on dissolved organic matter (DOC), PO4, Fe and Zn. However, similar metrics were not possible for this sample set, due to very different aquifer geochemistry’s: for example flowing (and presumably uncontaminated) Great Artesian Basin (GAB) aquifer groundwaters naturally have high DOC, and occasional high PO4, Fe and Zn (Appendix B). With the low number of samples and the complex hydrology, analogous metrics could not be developed. The detailed and consistent field description enabled qualitative contamination assessments. On the basis of location (Figure 4) and chemistry (Figure 5 - Figure 8), the groundwaters were divided into three main aquifers, with sub-groupings as described below: Type A – Northern Aquifer, presumably GAB, Na/Cl/HCO3 dominant pH > 7.2, K < 15 mg/L, HCO3 500-700 mg/L, SO4 < 30 mg/L, Cl/Br~425, F > 1.5 mg/L + Ad – Dilution with meteoric/river water: low TDS, high Si As – Shallow influences, higher SO4, Si Ac - Contaminated Type B – Southern Aquifer (?), Na/Cl/SO4 dominant pH < 7.2, K > 25 mg/L, HCO3 400-500 mg/L, SO4 > 300 mg/L, Cl/Br~230, F < 1 mg/L + Bd – Dilution with meteoric/river water: low TDS, high Si Bs – Shallow influences, higher SO4, Si Bc - Contaminated Type C – Floodplain saline aquifer, Na/Cl dominant pH < 6.7, salinity 1 – 3.4% The ability to distinguish these different aquifers, despite the low number of samples is due to the strong geochemical distinction between these different groundwaters. This gives confidence that such discrimination should be feasible during further sampling. For further spatial analysis of the data, the flood plain aquifer samples were not used and elemental data culled depending on sensitivity to contamination, according to Gray et al. (2009).

4.2 Elements strongly controlled by aquifer type

The ability to robustly distinguish aquifer types in this region, as described above (Section 4.1) is critical to accurately identifying groundwater anomalism. This section describes elements with distribution dominated by general aquifer chemistry. Thus, with the small number of samples these elements add some value in aquifer discrimination but not in locating anomalous areas. Note that with additional data it might ultimately be possible to use these elements for exploration, although this cannot yet be determined.


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Figure 5: Groundwater Eh vs pH for Thomson groundwaters. Grey areas are pH/Eh zones where Fe is dominantly present as the relevant solid phase. Created using Geochemists Workbench ®, [25 °C, 1.013 bars, [Fe] = 0.001 M, [SO4] = 0.001 M, and [HCO3] = 0.01 M, troilite (FeS) suppressed]. Modelling used the thermo.com.v8.r6+.dat database. Further description of water types is given in the text.

Figure 6: Dissolved sulfate vs chloride for Thomson groundwaters. Further description of water types in the text.


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Figure 7: Dissolved bromide vs chloride for Thomson groundwaters. Further description of water types in the text.

Figure 8: Dissolved silica vs sodium for Thomson groundwaters. Further description of water types in the text. There is an observable pH difference between the GAB (pH > 7.3) and southern (pH < 7.2) aquifers (Figure 5 and Figure 9). The lowest redox conditions (albeit patchy) are also observed for the GAB area (Figure 5 and Figure 10). As described previously (Figure 6), the GAB groundwaters are characterised by low sulfate content. Without additional sampling it is not possible to determine the reason for the slightly higher sulfate for the western-most GAB groundwater (Figure 12). As described by other researchers (Habermehl, 1998), GAB groundwaters are characterised by high dissolved F (Figure 13), and bicarbonate has a major contribution to anions (Figure 14). As nitrate appears to occur via seepage from the root zones of nitrogen-fixing acacia (Gray, unpublished research), the low nitrate in the GAB groundwaters (Figure 15) possibly reflects the depth of the sediments and their reduced character. Low dissolved phosphate (Figure 16) in GAB groundwaters may be due to precipitation of fluoroapatite, as suggested by high SI values.


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Figure 9: pH distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 10: Eh distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 11: Electrical Conductivity distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 12: Dissolved sulfate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).


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Figure 13: Dissolved fluoride (corrected for sea water) distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 14: Dissolved bicarbonate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 15: Dissolved nitrate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 16: Dissolved phosphate distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).


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The GAB groundwaters commonly contain greater than 10 mg/L DOC (Figure 17). Presumably, this represents a characteristic of this aquifer, and could result in enhanced dissolution of some elements, particularly high-charge elements such as Zr (Figure 18), Hf and Th. Both the GAB groundwaters and the deeper groundwaters to the south have low dissolved Si (Figure 19), in contrast with shallow groundwaters which commonly have high dissolved Si and approach amorphous silica saturation. This is possibly due to these deeper groundwaters moving slowly and with some heating. The GAB groundwaters are also marginally higher in dissolved As (Figure 20), although all concentrations are relatively low.

Figure 17: Dissolved Organic Carbon distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 18: Dissolved Zr distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).


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Figure 19: Dissolved Si distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 20: Dissolved As distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

4.3 Mineralisation Indicators

Delineation of the aquifers, as discussed above, allows the different systems to be treated separately, to check for anomalous groundwaters. Thus, in a number of the plots below only the GAB groundwaters are shown, so as to show specific anomalies. With the small number of samples, and the complex hydrology of the region, caution should be taken around strong conclusions related to potential mineralised zones. Further groundwater sampling to the north and west would be very productive for discrimination of anomalies. However, as will be described, there are interesting results, suggesting that stronger conclusions may well be possible with larger databases. Plotting the distribution of elements correlated with salinity is of little utility as this will primarily indicate salinity differences. However, when Br is plotted relative to Cl, the GAB groundwater with the greatest relative Br depletion and/or Cl enrichment (red circle in Figure 21) corresponds to the site closest to CutB, and area being drilled. The blue circle denotes a second groundwater approximately 15 km south of CutB with anomalous characteristics, although in an area with little magnetic signal. Considering the GAB groundwaters only, the anomalous groundwater close to CutB is also strongly anomalous in K (relative to both Na, Figure 22, and Rb, Figure 23), Sr, (relative to Ca, Figure 24) and Ba (Figure 25). Indeed, the Ba concentration is so high in the CutB sample that the groundwater is at barite (BaSO4) saturation (Figure 26), despite the very low dissolved sulfate (Figure 12). The blue circled site is also anomalous in these elements, suggesting similar rock alteration.


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Figure 21: Br:Cl anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2); red circle is sample closest to CutB, and blue circle denotes a second groundwater approximately 15 km south of CutB; description of water types given in Section 4.1.

Figure 22: K:Na anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2); red circle is sample closest to CutB, and blue circle denotes a second groundwater approximately 15 km south of CutB; description of water types given in Section 4.1.


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Figure 23: Rb:K anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2); red circle is sample closest to CutB, and blue circle denotes a second groundwater approximately 15 km south of CutB; description of water types given in Section 4.1.

Figure 24: Sr:Ca anomalies in Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2); red circle is sample closest to CutB, and blue circle denotes a second groundwater approximately 15 km south of CutB; description of water types given in Section 4.1. As well as this major element anomalism, these two sites are anomalous in a number of other elements (commonly better delineated by plotting only the GAB groundwaters). The higher dissolved Li (Figure 27) may be related to the K, Sr and Ba enrichment, whereas the higher dissolved Fe may relate to minor dissolution of Fe sulfides. Note that these two sites also had 2 of the 3 lowest Eh values (Figure 10), consistent with presence of sulfide, which is expected to lower the groundwater redox conditions.


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Figure 25: Dissolved Ba distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 26: Barite saturation distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 27: Dissolved Li distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 28: Dissolved Fe distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).


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The groundwaters closest to CutB (red circle in Figure 29) have the highest dissolved Zn for the study, with the next highest in the groundwater immediately SW of CutB (Figure 29), consistent with the Zn-rich nature of the expected mineralisation assemblage (Section 2). The blue circled site also has moderate dissolved Zn. There is a particularly large area of dissolved W anomalism, although this appears immediately south of CutB (Figure 30). This may be a consequence of W arriving within the rocks through difference solution pathways than Zn and other metals. The potential value of this is that dissolved W can provide a larger halo for exploration.

Figure 29: Dissolved Zn distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 30: Dissolved W distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Most other indicator elements showed subdued to low anomalism in the GAB groundwaters around Cuttaburra. When GAB groundwaters are considered alone, there is higher Mn (Figure 31) and Co adjacent to CutB, and potentially anomalous Cu (Figure 32). Dissolved Pb is generally below detection (< 0.5 µ/L) for all basin groundwaters. The stronger response for Zn and W, and weaker Cu and Pb response around Cuttaburra is consistent with the relative contents of these elements in the mineralisation (Section 2) and the stronger sorption of Pb and Cu by regolith materials (e.g., Benjamin and Leckie, 1981; Chotpantarat et al., 2011; Forbes et al., 1976; McKenzie, 1980). However, the results indicate strong potential for hydrogeochemistry for exploration for this mineralisation style within the pressurised GAB system at this sample density, even through 150 m of cover. In contrast, Bulla Park showed poor response in dissolved Zn (Figure 29), Cu (Figure 32) and Pb, despite the lesser thickness of cover. The lower sampling density is lower in this southern area, and consequentially the closest groundwater sample is about 8 km away from Bulla Park. The expected indicator elements are Cu and Pb, with are expected to be strongly absorbed during groundwater transport (see above), and these two factors make it highly unlikely for there to be an observable Cu or Pb signature in the groundwaters sampled. In contrast, Au (Figure 33) and Pt (Figure 34) (which are expected to be more mobile) are moderately anomalous in groundwaters immediately east of Bulla Park, although the dissolved Ag response is poor (Figure 35). The higher dissolved U content (Figure 36) may reflect felsic or granitic components within the sandstones. The Cuttaburra groundwaters had a subdued, but potential, Au, Pt and Ag response (Figure 33 - Figure 35). The moderate high dissolved Ag response (> 100 ng/L) in the east is of interest, but is a single sample and not correlated with any other anomalies.


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Figure 31: Dissolved Mn distribution for Thomson Orogen GAB groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 32: Dissolved Cu distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 33: Dissolved Au distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 34: Dissolved Pt distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).


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Figure 35: Dissolved Ag distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

Figure 36: Dissolved U distribution for Thomson Orogen groundwaters. Lines are depth to basement contours and crosses are prospects (Figure 2).

5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Despite the small number of samples obtained for this orientation study, results indicate potential for groundwater as an exploration medium in this area, particularly at sample distances less than 5 km. Using a number of easily analysed major elements, the different aquifer systems could be robustly delineated. This is critical as different aquifers will ultimately need to be assessed separately to understand which areas are anomalous. A range of trace elements such as F and PO4 also have highly distinct chemistries in the different aquifers, and more data will be required if these particular elements are used for exploration. The groundwater response for the Cuttaburra area was highly favourable using major element ratios, Zn and W, and to a lesser degree Cu, Mn, Co, Au and Pt, although not Pb. The effectiveness of hydrogeochemistry, through more than 150 m of cover reflects: the conservative nature of Br, Cl, K, Sr, Ba and Li in non-saline groundwater; the relative mobility of elements such as Zn, W, Au and Pt; the favourable sampling density (< 5 km spacing); and potentially the pressurised nature of the GAB system in this area. An additional area 15 km south of CutB appears to have a similar groundwater assemblage, although in a magnetically quiet area. The groundwater response from sampling around Bulla Park was more disappointing, although this may reflect lower density, with the closest sample 8 km away from Bulla Park. Also, the two major mineralisation elements, Cu and Pb, have low groundwater mobility. There is a suggestion of Au and Pt (but not Ag) anomalism in the groundwaters east of Bulla Park. Thus, results from this orientation study are positive, even for areas with more than 100 m cover, but with a clear requirement to relate results to aquifer type, mineralisation type and differing mobilities of various elements in groundwater. This exploration media has clear potential to add value for exploration in this complex and difficult terrain.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was supported by CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, Geological Survey of NSW and the Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre whose activities are funded by the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centre Programme. This is DET CRC Document 2012/042.

REFERENCES

Benjamin, M.M. and Leckie, J.O., 1981. Multiple site adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb on amorphous iron

oxyhydroxide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 79, 209 221.

Chotpantarat S., Ong S.K., Sutthirat C., Osathaphan K., 2011. Effect of pH on transport of Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and

Ni2+ through lateritic soil: Column experiments and transport modeling. Journal of Environmental Sciences,

23(4): 640–648

Forbes, E.A., Posner, A.M. and Quirk, J.P., 1976. The specific adsorption of divalent Cd, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn on

goethite. Journal of Soil Science, 27, 154 166. Gray, D.J., Noble, R.R.P. & Reid, N. 2009. Hydrogeochemical Mapping of the Northeast Yilgarn Craton. CSIRO Exploration and Mining Report P2009/1612. Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia Report No. 280. 73 pages. Habermehl MA (1998) Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Great Artesian Basin, Austalia. AGSO (Geoscience Australia) Canberra, ACT. Henley, H.F., 1988. Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Barnato 1:250,000 Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales. Report GS1988/079. 20 pages.

McKenzie, R.M., 1980. The adsorption of lead and other heavy metals on oxides of managanese and iron.

Australian Journal of Soil Research, 18, 61 73. Noble, R.R.P. & Gray, D.J. 2010. Hydrogeochemistry for mineral exploration in Western Australia (I): Methods and equipment. Explore 146:2-11. Parkhurst, D.L., Thorstenson, D.C. & Plummer, L.N. (1980). PHREEQE, a computer program for geochemical calculations. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 80 96, 210p. Thomson Resources, 2011. http://www.thomsonresources.com.au/content/view/55/87/


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APPENDIX A – SAMPLE PARAMETERS

Sample Name Type East (m) North (m) Elev (m)

WT (m)

SD (m)

Description Bailed/ Flowing

pH Eh (mV)

EC (µS/cm)

TM001 Bc 276273 6490836 172 73 74 open metal bore Bailed 7.65 19 4680 TM002 B 274377 6490856 157 covered metal bore, recently flowing Bailed 6.89 209 6220 TM003 Bc 274282 6497127 126 63 68 polypipe bore, concrete cased, black stinky water Bailed 7.12 33 2460 TM004 Bd 265545 6500850 125 Metal bore, old pump Flowing 7.09 133 2750 TM005 B 290739 6509983 136 Metal bore, submersible pump, poly pipe Flowing 7.04 194 5560 TM006 Bells Bore Bs 296246 6503823 162 30 35 Poly bore Bailed 7.12 255 13350 TM007 Bs 291595 6496871 160 47 52 open metal bore, rust in water Bailed 6.98 47 6870 TM008 Bs 286066 6507110 173 34 39 poly pipe bore, capped, concrete collar Bailed 6.4 76 14020 TM009 Bore B 270694 6512975 116 Metal bore, submersible pump, poly pipe Flowing 6.84 109 6190 TM010 Killara Bore Ad 262563 6579564 80 Metal bore into metal pipe, submersible pump Flowing 7.21 95 742 TM011 Juetts Bore A 248502 6586017 87 Metal bore, metal pipe, solar pump Flowing 8.14 228 2390 TM012 Middle Bore A 244179 6589373 91 Metal bore, metal pipe into poly pipe, flowing windmill Flowing 7.90 155 2800 TM013 Government Bore A 239518 6586803 73 Metal bore, metal pipe into poly pipe, solar pump Flowing 7.75 73 4310 TM014 Nicholsons Bore A 226406 6595894 78 metal bore into poly pipe, solar pump Flowing 7.30 98 12720 TM015 Keelambara bore A 245346 6604109 91 Metal bore into poly pipe, submersible pump Flowing 7.96 181 1977 TM016 Bore A 247461 6603314 90 Metal bore, poly pipe, submersible pump Flowing 8.11 194 2251 TM017 Bore A 248573 6610440 86 Metal bore, metal pipe into poly pipe submersible pump Flowing 7.81 80 3940 TM018 Mulyah Bore A 252952 6608366 72 0 5 Open metal bore, flowing out the ground Bailed 7.94 133 2071 TM019 Moscow Bore Ac 253756 6602110 81 6 11 open metal bore, murky water, hard to filter Bailed 9.88 216 2112 TM020 Dead Finish Bore A 250399 6599527 72 Metal bore into poly pipe, submersible pump Flowing 7.85 158 4210 TM021 Box Bore A 250869 6594301 80 Metal bore into poly pipe Flowing 7.41 63 8230 TM022 Trilby Bore Ad 302947 6608435 102 Metal bore, poly pipe, submersible pump Flowing 6.61 151 835 TM023 DWE Bore 12 C 316149 6619761 92 11 12 small poly pipe, capped Bailed 6.69 335 1212 TM024 DWE Bore 11 C 311725 6627228 94 11 16 small poly pipe, capped Bailed 6.42 258 56000 TM025 DWE Bore 9 C 310617 6628796 86 9 9 small poly pipe, capped Bailed 6.21 267 29000 TM026 Keiths Bore As 297506 6634962 Metal bore, metal pipe, flowing windmill Flowing 7.46 328 2810 TM027 Bore As 294745 6623978 109 7 12 open metal bore with rust Bailed 7.84 297 7820 TM028 Eugene Bore As 275618 6617064 109 22 27 open poly pipe bore Bailed 6.66 362 6900 TM029 Number 3 Bore A 267811 6615605 96 metal bore, metal pipe into poly, flowing windmill Flowing 7.69 162 3520 TM030 Top Bore A 267196 6609052 88 Metal bore, metal pipe into poly pipe, flowing windmill Flowing 7.75 259 3470 TM031 DWE Bore 14 C 319831 6617359 82 11 12 small poly pipe, capped Bailed 6.60 419 18780 TM032 DWE Bore 16 C 320246 6616737 74 10 15 small poly pipe, capped Bailed 6.25 327 59100

Mapping Projection is GDA 94, Zone 55. Elev – surface elevation. WT – Water table. Sd – sampling depth. Eh is corrected to the standard hydrogen potential


22

APPENDIX B – ANALYTICAL RESULTS

Sample Type TDS pH Eh HCO3 Br Cl F F(cor) SO4 NO3 N PO4-P Org C Na K Mg Ca Al B Fe Si Sr Ag As Ba Cd Ce Co Cr Cu

mg/L mV mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L

TM001 Bc 2101 7.65 19 785 5.17 891 0.13 0.07 11.2 3 6.13 0.011 66.9 683 41.4 63.2 18 <0.05 0.43 1.8 4.3 0.4 <0.01 0 31 0 <0.04 1.07 0.07 1.5

TM002 B 2986 6.89 209 489 5.05 1137 0.21 0.13 560 4.2 0.47 0.008 1.8 743 29.6 87.5 179 0.78 <0.5 4.5 2.3 <0.01 0 29 0 0.24 0.59 0.21 1.4

TM003 Bc 1361 7.12 33 481 1.99 429 0.22 0.19 145 1 39 1.28 3.4 368 22.5 50.1 107 <0.05 0.46 7.5 4.3 1.3 <0.01 1 45 0 <0.04 0.24 0.07 1.2

TM004 Bd 1197 7.09 133 432 2.01 375 0.51 0.48 113 75 19 0.177 1.4 246 15.6 71.5 86.5 <0.05 0.28 1.75 31 1.2 <0.01 0 67 0 <0.04 0.48 0.07 0.4

TM005 B 2650 7.04 194 460 5.06 1103 0.54 0.46 388 2.4 0.33 0.047 1.9 693 37.3 78.3 117 1.04 <0.5 4.7 3.9 <0.01 0 45 0 <0.04 0.27 0.14 2.2

TM006 Bs 7208 7.12 255 436 13.4 3539 0.91 0.66 962 28 7.31 0.033 5.9 1790 65 304 293 3.36 <0.5 12 7.3 <0.05 2 47 0.2 0.30 3.5

TM007 Bs 3182 6.98 47 189 6.75 1578 0.13 0.02 400 <0.2 2.05 0.002 2.9 832 33.3 128 111 0.71 9.0 0.8 4 <0.01 0 90 0 <0.04 0.86 0.14 0.4

TM008 Bs 7592 6.4 76 610 14.3 3430 1.31 1.08 1411 11 0.71 0.024 3.5 1380 93.7 634 318 1.10 <0.5 3.7 2.9 <0.05 <0.5 37 0.1 0.2 0.18 1.2 <0.5

TM009 B 3021 6.84 109 399 5.48 1268 0.19 0.10 463 2.6 0.72 0.033 1.6 731 30.9 109 215 0.37 7.0 4.3 3.6 <0.01 <0.1 31 0 <0.04 0.06 0.14 0.4

TM010 Ad 315 7.21 95 275 0.25 43 0.18 0.18 10.2 0.1 0.20 0.123 5.0 43 3.42 18.5 61.4 <0.05 0.06 2.4 20 0.6 <0.01 17 190 0 <0.04 0.36 <0.07 0.3

TM011 A 1555 8.14 228 644 1.44 625 2.53 2.48 6.09 0.5 0.40 0.017 26.7 568 4.13 13.3 18.2 <0.05 0.52 <0.1 4.6 0.4 <0.01 0 140 <0.01 <0.04 0.05 0.28 0.7

TM012 A 1177 7.9 155 601 1.02 395 2.36 2.34 6.31 0.8 0.46 0.009 25.4 455 4.26 6.43 11.8 <0.05 0.51 <0.1 4.6 0.3 <0.01 1 110 <0.01 <0.04 0.06 0.14 0.6

TM013 A 1886 7.75 73 623 1.8 819 2.25 2.20 10.8 1 0.51 0.007 17.3 695 5.45 21.5 24 <0.05 0.50 0.11 4.8 0.6 <0.01 1 90 0 <0.04 0.02 0.14 0.6

TM014 A 6003 7.3 98 697 6.15 3442 2.22 1.99 25.9 14 0.21 0.009 1.2 2020 7.2 77.1 67.2 0.75 <0.5 4.2 1.8 <0.05 <0.5 209 0.1 0.06 1.0

TM015 A 950 7.96 181 639 0.58 230 2.26 2.25 4.11 0.6 0.53 0.009 19.5 384 3.97 3.06 9.07 0.06 0.48 <0.1 5.2 0.2 <0.01 1 59 0 <0.04 0.04 0.28 1.1

TM016 A 985 8.11 194 605 0.72 262 2.26 2.24 5.55 1.1 0.63 0.012 14.3 400 3.87 3.12 9.61 0.12 0.50 <0.1 5.3 0.3 <0.01 1 67 0 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.5

TM017 A 1713 7.81 80 622 0.98 713 1.65 1.60 8.69 0 1.25 0.005 23.0 650 6.59 11.2 15.9 <0.05 0.53 0.18 4.9 0.8 <0.01 0 430 0.1 <0.04 0.11 0.14 1.5

TM018 A 902 7.94 133 657 0.56 195 2.6 2.59 4.61 1.1 0.48 0.007 40.4 362 4.05 2.24 8.28 <0.05 0.48 <0.1 5.1 0.2 <0.01 1 80 0 <0.04 0.11 <0.07 0.7

TM019 Ac 957 9.88 216 1014 <0.2 7 0.47 0.47 14 15 4.74 0.409 127 397 23.5 0.37 2.55 1.1 1.3 0.3 <0.01 2 30 0.1 1.56 1.25 1.40 7.3

TM020 A 1808 7.85 158 590 787 2.21 2.15 8.7 0.2 0.33 0.006 25.6 681 5.26 14.4 19.9 0.08 0.55 <0.1 4.7 0.5 <0.01 0 130 <0.01 0.12 0.07 0.21 0.9

TM021 A 3556 7.41 63 576 4.52 1933 1.69 1.56 <2 0.8 0.65 0.006 0.5 1210 13.5 52.7 56.7 0.50 1.13 3.9 1.5 <0.05 <0.5 830 0.1 0.12 3.5

TM022 Ad 341 6.61 151 242 0.38 71 0.23 0.22 13.9 0.1 0.20 0.536 3.9 73.3 4.87 22 36.9 <0.05 0.06 3.09 22 0.5 <0.01 0 160 0 <0.04 0.13 <0.07 0.7

TM023 C 491 6.69 335 470 0.3 32 0.28 0.28 24.7 0.6 0.37 0.09 1.9 92.2 4.21 31.3 75.2 0.09 0.10 0.3 20 1 <0.01 12 200 0 0.44 0.72 0.42 2.4

TM024 C 33607 6.42 258 198 65.2 19492 <0.2 <0.2 2327 47 8.21 0.056 3.4 7820 8.65 1710 2040 12 42 153 0.3 6.40 170

TM025 C 17454 6.21 267 160 37.9 10534 <0.2 <0.2 1005 18 3.17 0.061 8.7 3920 15.3 746 1100 3.7 11 22 <0.05 2 183 0.8 0.2 7.92 6.5

TM026 As 1276 7.46 328 352 2.26 359 1.08 1.05 216 61 17 0.076 7.6 371 13.8 29.1 50.4 <0.05 0.86 <0.1 33 0.9 <0.01 2 39 0 0.04 0.16 0.14 8.8

TM027 As 3808 7.84 297 442 1587 0.14 0.03 636 79 24 0.016 2.7 962 28.3 132 167 1.18 <0.5 17 2.6 <0.01 0 22 0 <0.04 0.16 0.21 1.8

TM028 As 3578 6.66 362 168 7.98 1331 0.32 0.23 782 256 64 0.197 2.2 663 40.4 164 251 0.68 <0.5 30 4.2 0.11 0 36 0 <0.04 0.13 0.14 2.7

TM029 A 1500 7.69 162 511 1.55 643 2.04 1.99 10.7 1.2 0.73 0.005 13.2 552 6.83 11.9 20.7 <0.05 0.77 <0.1 5.2 0.4 <0.01 1 140 0 <0.04 0.09 0.07 1.1

TM030 A 1483 7.75 259 512 1.6 640 2.09 2.05 8.71 1.5 0.47 0.023 0.7 526 7.99 15.2 28.8 0.05 0.71 <0.1 5 0.6 <0.01 0 168 0 0.04 0.08 0.14 1.5

TM031 C 9980 6.6 419 112 15.7 5620 <0.2 <0.2 859 100 35 0.757 9.4 2520 12.8 411 386 0.84 7 6.9 0.05 1 230 0.8 10.6 0.8 1100

TM032 C 34390 6.25 327 183 54.2 18160 0.45 <0.2 4305 16 1.4 0.083 5.7 9190 24.5 1500 1050 2 21 1.6 88 0.6 23.9 48100


23

APPENDIX B – Analytical Results (cont.)

Sample Dy Er Eu Ga Hf Ho La Li Lu Mn Mo Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sc Sm Sn Th U V W Y Yb Zn Zr Au Pt Pd Ag µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L ng/L ng/L ng/L ng/L

TM001 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5 0.1 <0.01 0.03 11.8 <0.01 190 0.6 0.01 0.95 <0.3 0.01 54 0.3 0.02 <0.2 0.7 0.25 <0.5 0.4 0.04 <0.01 44 0.15 3 10 1 30 TM002 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 4 0.2 <0.01 0.23 248 <0.01 90 <0.3 0.06 1.5 <0.3 0.02 68 0.3 0.20 <0.2 0.8 1.52 <0.5 0.4 0.07 0.01 53 0.2 1 5 1 30 TM003 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 9 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 118 <0.01 266 <0.3 0.02 0.35 <0.3 <0.01 35 0.4 0.01 <0.2 1.0 0.43 <0.5 0.4 0.04 <0.01 11 0.1 1 3 1 20 TM004 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 12 0.6 <0.01 0.01 2.4 <0.01 76 0.9 0.02 1.25 <0.3 <0.01 21 0.7 0.02 <0.2 2.3 27.9 1 0.3 0.03 <0.01 197 0.5 2 4 0 30 TM005 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 7 0.5 <0.01 0.01 1380 <0.01 120 <0.3 <0.01 0.55 <0.3 <0.01 125 0.4 0.01 <0.2 0.8 1.25 <0.5 0.2 0.07 <0.01 19 0.45 5 11 1 20 TM006 <0.02 <0.03 0.02 8 0.4 <0.01 0.03 680 <0.01 25 <2 <0.05 6.6 <2 <0.03 39 1.0 <0.05 <1 1.0 22.6 9 <0.5 0.15 <0.02 32 0.3 7 4 1 30 TM007 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 12 0.2 <0.01 <0.01 392 <0.01 994 <0.3 0.03 0.85 <0.3 <0.01 19 0.4 <0.01 <0.2 1.2 0.45 <0.5 <0.1 0.07 <0.01 44 0.2 1 3 1 40 TM008 0.04 0.03 <0.02 6 0.4 0.02 0.20 162 0.01 1510 <2 0.25 1.2 <2 0.06 240 1.0 0.10 <1 1.0 32.8 <0.5 0.35 0.04 17 0.6 7 7 1 20 TM009 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 4 0.2 <0.01 0.01 640 <0.01 283 <0.3 0.02 0.35 <0.3 <0.01 46 0.3 <0.01 <0.2 0.8 0.84 <0.5 <0.1 0.09 <0.01 17 0.2 1 4 1 20 TM010 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 52 0.1 <0.01 <0.01 2.8 <0.01 520 0.3 0.02 0.75 <0.3 <0.01 1 0.4 <0.01 <0.2 0.2 0.16 <0.5 <0.1 0.01 <0.01 40 0.1 3 3 1 20 TM011 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 28 1.1 <0.01 0.03 23.8 <0.01 37 <0.3 0.03 0.3 <0.3 <0.01 7 0.2 0.02 <0.2 0.4 0.05 <0.5 3.3 0.04 <0.01 9 0.9 4 2 1 20 TM012 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 22 0.6 <0.01 0.01 23.8 <0.01 10 <0.3 0.02 0.2 <0.3 <0.01 7 0.3 0.01 <0.2 0.3 0.03 <0.5 3.3 0.02 <0.01 20 0.6 80 TM013 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 16 0.5 <0.01 <0.01 36.6 <0.01 23 <0.3 <0.01 0.25 <0.3 <0.01 10 0.2 <0.01 <0.2 0.4 0.02 <0.5 3.5 0.03 <0.01 17 0.45 1 6 1 30 TM014 0.02 <0.03 0.04 44 <0.01 <0.05 98 <0.01 45 <2 <0.05 0.3 <2 <0.03 15 1.0 0.05 <1 0.5 <0.02 1 0.1 <0.02 15 0.3 1 3 1 30 TM015 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 12 1.4 <0.01 0.03 19.6 <0.01 7 <0.3 0.03 0.4 <0.3 <0.01 6 0.3 0.02 1.2 0.4 0.01 <0.5 3.4 0.03 <0.01 124 1.2 1 4 1 30 TM016 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 15 0.8 <0.01 0.04 18.8 <0.01 7 <0.3 0.06 0.2 <0.3 0.02 6 0.3 0.03 <0.2 0.5 0.01 <0.5 3.2 0.05 <0.01 18 0.65 3 5 1 20 TM017 <0.01 <0.01 0.09 79 0.6 <0.01 0.02 39 <0.01 60 <0.3 0.03 0.4 <0.3 <0.01 6 0.3 0.02 <0.2 0.7 0.01 <0.5 0.6 0.05 <0.01 162 0.45 2 6 1 40 TM018 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 18 0.5 <0.01 <0.01 23.4 <0.01 7 <0.3 0.02 0.85 <0.3 <0.01 6 0.3 <0.01 <0.2 0.3 <0.01 <0.5 3.6 0.03 <0.01 30 0.35 5 6 0 30 TM019 0.17 0.08 0.07 6 0.2 0.03 0.63 4.4 0.01 58 8.1 0.89 15.5 1.8 0.22 2 0.4 0.18 <0.2 0.8 0.15 5 300 0.75 0.07 166 1.45 2 4 0 30 TM020 0.01 0.01 0.03 24 0.4 <0.01 0.04 23.2 <0.01 24 <0.3 0.08 0.35 <0.3 0.02 8 0.4 0.02 <0.2 0.4 <0.01 <0.5 13.8 0.06 <0.01 14 0.45 4 5 1 20 TM021 <0.02 <0.03 0.18 188 <0.01 <0.05 48 <0.01 22 <2 <0.05 0.6 <2 <0.03 17 0.5 <0.05 <1 1.0 <0.02 11 0.05 <0.02 29 0.3 1 2 0 40 TM022 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 40 <0.07 <0.01 <0.01 3.4 <0.01 190 <0.3 0.01 0.35 <0.3 <0.01 1 0.3 0.01 <0.2 0.4 0.02 <0.5 1.1 0.03 <0.01 47 0.05 2 2 1 30 TM023 0.04 0.02 0.05 45 <0.07 <0.01 0.16 5.6 <0.01 349 0.9 0.20 5.9 3.3 0.04 1 0.5 0.04 <0.2 0.2 0.61 7 0.7 0.21 0.02 30 0.05 3 4 1 60 TM024 0.08 0.05 0.09 24 <0.02 0.2 94 0.04 607 3 155 9 0.06 26 3 0.09 <2 2 1.29 4 0.7 <0.03 61600 0.5 4 4 1 80 TM025 0.04 0.03 0.06 30 0.02 0.15 126 <0.01 1060 6 152 <2 <0.03 28 1.5 0.10 <1 1.0 0.6 1.5 0.5 0.04 46000 0.15 1 3 1 50 TM026 0.02 <0.01 0.02 7 0.5 <0.01 0.02 4 <0.01 6 1.5 0.04 1.1 <0.3 0.01 14 0.7 0.01 <0.2 0.3 2.04 15 0.3 0.05 <0.01 253 0.45 4 6 1 30 TM027 0.01 <0.01 0.01 2 0.1 <0.01 0.01 23.8 <0.01 120 1.2 0.03 0.6 <0.3 <0.01 39 0.6 0.03 <0.2 0.2 4.7 1 0.2 0.07 <0.01 86 0.1 5 10 1 40 TM028 0.01 <0.01 0.01 6 0.1 <0.01 0.02 15.4 <0.01 6 2.7 0.03 1.05 <0.3 <0.01 40 0.5 0.02 <0.2 0.3 1.99 1 6 0.09 <0.01 107 0.1 2 3 1 1020 TM029 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 29 0.7 <0.01 <0.01 22.2 <0.01 6 <0.3 <0.01 0.7 <0.3 <0.01 12 0.2 0.01 <0.2 0.3 0.06 <0.5 1.8 0.03 <0.01 18 0.65 3 2 1 30 TM030 0.01 <0.01 0.04 34 0.6 <0.01 0.03 28.4 <0.01 5 <0.3 0.05 0.7 <0.3 0.01 17 0.3 0.01 <0.2 0.3 0.04 <0.5 1.4 0.05 <0.01 39 0.45 3 2 1 30 TM031 0.04 0.03 0.06 36 0.01 0.35 32 <0.01 413 12 98.7 12 0.09 17 1.0 0.15 <1 0.5 0.06 1 0.5 0.04 484 0.3 9 4 1 120 TM032 0.16 0.06 16 <0.04 188 0.02 1014 36 1238 <0.1 51 2 2 1.62 <2 0.8 3920 <1 6 3 1 780


24

APPENDIX C – SATURATION INDICES

Sample Halite Gypsum Celes-

tine Barite CO2(g) Calcite Dolomite

Magne-site

Fluorite Hydroxy-apatite

Fluor-apatite

SiO2 (am)

Sepiolite Tremolite Diopside Siderite Vivianite

NaCl CaSO4. 2H2O

SrSO4 BaSO4 log

fugacity CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 MgCO3 CaF2 Ca5(PO4)3OH Ca5(PO4)3F

Mg2Si3O7.5 (OH).3H2O

Ca2Mg5Si8

O22(OH)8 CaMgSi2O6 FeCO3 Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O

TM001 -4.87 -3.41 -3.39 -1.35 -2.12 -0.15 0.62 0.18 -3.53 -6.36 2.67 -1.1 -2.36 -1.66 -3.45 0.79 -1.81 TM002 -4.75 -0.91 -1.12 0.04 -1.58 -0.23 -0.41 -0.77 -2.24 -6.1 3.89 -1.08 -5.26 -10.13 -5.5 TM003 -5.43 -1.5 -1.72 -0.09 -1.8 -0.1 -0.16 -0.65 -2.27 1.18 10.98 -1.1 -4.69 -8.02 -4.88 0.71 2.92 TM004 -5.66 -1.68 -1.86 0.01 -1.81 -0.24 -0.21 -0.55 -1.61 -1.95 8.24 -0.24 -1.86 -0.78 -3.17 0.02 -0.75 TM005 -4.79 -1.19 -0.99 0.15 -1.75 -0.25 -0.33 -0.66 -1.57 -3.81 6.44 -1.05 -4.63 -8.25 -5.03 TM006 -3.95 -0.74 -0.68 0.2 -1.91 0.03 0.45 -0.17 -0.89 -3.12 7.24 -0.62 -2.05 -0.69 -3.08 TM007 -4.57 -1.27 -1.04 0.41 -2.09 -0.75 -1.07 -0.91 -2.85 -8.82 0.87 -1.85 -6.85 -14.5 -6.69 0.13 -3.4 TM008 -4.08 -0.64 -1.01 0.15 -1.06 -0.54 -0.42 -0.47 -0.56 -7.45 3.79 -1.15 -5.93 -13.5 -6.71 TM009 -4.72 -0.93 -1.02 -0.01 -1.63 -0.28 -0.5 -0.8 -2.24 -4.3 5.69 -1.09 -5.29 -10.23 -5.53 0.21 -1.55 TM010 -7.3 -2.62 -2.97 -0.29 -2.09 -0.32 -0.81 -1.07 -2.5 -1.61 8.04 -0.43 -2.9 -3.08 -3.59 0.2 0.22 TM011 -5.08 -3.55 -3.49 -0.83 -2.69 0.3 0.83 -0.06 -0.9 -3.14 6.69 -1.08 -1.63 2.23 -2.05 TM012 -5.36 -3.65 -3.54 -0.84 -2.47 -0.11 -0.12 -0.6 -1.1 -5.57 4.49 -1.08 -3.16 -2.88 -3.45 TM013 -4.89 -3.24 -3.16 -0.83 -2.32 0 0.32 -0.27 -0.9 -5.51 4.66 -1.06 -2.74 -1.89 -3.27 -0.42 -5.44 TM014 -3.88 -2.75 -2.66 -0.45 -1.86 -0.11 0.2 -0.27 -0.66 -6.16 4.42 -1.1 -3.77 -5.61 -4.37 TM015 -5.65 -3.91 -3.79 -1.25 -2.49 -0.12 -0.34 -0.81 -1.22 -5.64 4.34 -1.02 -3.36 -3.3 -3.5 TM016 -5.58 -3.76 -3.64 -1.07 -2.67 0.03 -0.07 -0.69 -1.21 -4.64 5.19 -1.01 -2.73 -1.1 -2.87 TM017 -4.97 -3.47 -3.06 -0.21 -2.37 -0.1 0.01 -0.48 -1.33 -6.35 3.63 -1.05 -3.02 -2.69 -3.46 -0.16 -4.87 TM018 -5.75 -3.88 -3.75 -1.05 -2.46 -0.16 -0.52 -0.95 -1.13 -6.26 3.8 -1.03 -3.73 -4.4 -3.77 TM019 -7.16 -4.21 -3.37 -1.13 -4.56 0.81 1.2 -0.19 -3.43 2.76 10.14 -1.96 -0.8 8.6 0.3 -5.76 -19.35 TM020 -4.91 -3.39 -3.31 -0.75 -2.44 0 0.23 -0.36 -0.99 -5.57 4.49 -1.06 -2.68 -1.5 -3.12 TM021 -4.32 -4.08 -4.01 -1.1 -2.03 -0.08 0.17 -0.33 -0.88 -6.05 4.32 -1.13 -3.66 -4.97 -4.14 0.14 -3.71 TM022 -6.86 -2.7 -2.9 -0.22 -1.55 -1.2 -2.27 -1.65 -2.51 -4.01 6.34 -0.38 -5.02 -11.21 -6.05 -0.34 0.09 TM023 -7.12 -2.23 -2.41 0.03 -1.35 -0.56 -1.15 -1.17 -2.08 -4.59 5.77 -0.43 -4.59 -9.29 -5.42 -1.53 -5.92 TM024 -2.68 -0.08 -0.02 0.64 -1.68 -0.38 -0.44 -0.64 -3.31 -0.56 -3.27 -4.95 -4.29 TM025 -3.2 -0.47 -0.49 0.54 -1.51 -0.85 -1.49 -1.22 -5.03 -0.64 -5.02 -10.7 -5.86 -1.43 -5.02 TM026 -5.5 -1.59 -1.65 0.07 -2.26 -0.21 -0.31 -0.68 -1.21 -2.18 7.97 -0.21 -1.13 2.01 -2.31 TM027 -4.51 -0.95 -1.08 -0.09 -2.6 0.6 1.46 0.27 -2.66 -1.44 7.41 -0.5 0.57 8.43 -0.45 TM028 -4.75 -0.7 -0.8 0.19 -1.83 -0.81 -1.45 -1.22 -1.76 -2.81 7.59 -0.24 -3.19 -5.2 -4.38 TM029 -5.08 -3.24 -3.23 -0.58 -2.33 -0.17 -0.23 -0.64 -1.02 -6.18 4.02 -1.02 -3.34 -3.69 -3.71 TM030 -5.1 -3.2 -3.17 -0.6 -2.39 0.03 0.14 -0.47 -0.85 -3.37 6.77 -1.04 -2.93 -2.15 -3.25 TM031 -3.62 -0.77 -0.85 0.76 -2.01 -0.99 -1.58 -1.18 -1.24 -0.86 -4.6 -9.03 -5.4 TM032 -2.64 -0.08 -0.03 0.64 -1.51 -0.87 -1.2 -0.91 -1.07 -5.03 5.9


25

APPENDIX C – Saturation Indices (cont.)

Sample Fe3(OH)8 Strengite Ferri-hydrite

Fe(OH)2.7

Cl0.3 Jarosite Rhodo-

chrosite Tenorite Broch-antite Dioptase Smith-

sonite Wille-mite

Theo-phrasite

Ni2SiO4 Sphaero-cobaltite

Urani-nite

Na-Autunite

Carno-tite

FePO4.2H2O Fe(OH)3 KFe3(SO4)2

(OH)6 MnCO3 Cu(OH)2.H2O Cu4SO4(OH)6 CuSiO2(OH)2 ZnCO3 Zn2SiO4 Ni(OH)2 CoCO3 UO2

Na2(UO2)2

(PO4)2 KUO2VO4

TM001 1.18 -2.82 1.48 5.69 -3.55 0.15 -4.59 -22.85 -7.28 -1.84 -2.27 -3.67 -4.09 -3.09 -3.6 -12.91 TM002 -1.11 -3.21 -14.22 -5.88 -2.53 -4.7 -5.07 -6.87 -4.43 -6.9 -9.09 TM003 -0.62 -0.54 0.78 5.06 -2.07 -0.29 -4.88 -21.84 -7.58 -2.87 -4.99 -5.12 -7 -4.45 -4.3 -11.18 TM004 0.67 -0.38 1.77 6.04 0.61 -0.88 -3.67 -17.03 -5.5 -1.66 -1.68 -4.61 -5.11 -4.2 -4.2 -6.3 -3.84 TM005 -0.83 -2.92 -13.5 -5.57 -2.82 -4.94 -5.18 -7.06 -4.61 -6.9 -8.16 TM006 -1.65 -2.56 -12.06 -4.78 -2.74 -4.02 -4.08 -4.44 -4.7 -7.9 -5.72 -1.94 TM007 -1.27 -3.47 0.6 5.08 -1.43 -0.36 -6.52 -27.8 -9.96 -2.91 -5.23 -5.12 -7.74 -4.58 -1.3 -9.92 TM008 -0.47 -3.6 -7.96 -6.29 -9.38 -5.54 -0.3 -5.49 TM009 -0.61 -1.44 1.12 5.61 0.63 -0.74 -5.56 -23.62 -8.24 -3.15 -5.87 -5.79 -8.33 -5.56 -3.6 -8.34 TM010 1.03 -0.65 1.71 5.67 -2.34 0.04 -3 -15.52 -5.02 -2.28 -2.54 -4.46 -5.01 -4.24 -5.0 -11.8 TM011 -0.26 -1.56 -11.91 -4.23 -2.53 -2.49 -3.16 -3.05 -3.97 -12.3 -14.75 TM012 -0.96 -1.99 -13.07 -4.66 -2.12 -2.12 -3.77 -4.27 -4.11 -9.3 -14.72 TM013 0.15 -3.11 1.48 5.65 -4.68 -0.74 -3.81 -19.91 -6.46 -2.24 -2.65 -4.03 -4.76 -4.79 -6.5 -14.99 TM014 -0.96 -5.32 -24.89 -8.01 -2.64 -4.4 -5.01 -6.76 -4.91 TM015 -1.05 -1.55 -11.59 -4.16 -1.31 -0.41 -3.33 -3.34 -4.17 -10.8 -15.93 TM016 -0.98 -1.72 -12.43 -4.32 -2.18 -1.78 -3.34 -3.36 -3.96 -11.6 -16.08 TM017 1.47 -2.81 1.97 6.11 -3.41 -0.27 -3.06 -17.1 -5.7 -1.24 -0.53 -3.69 -4.08 -3.97 -7.1 -15.94 TM018 -1.05 -1.85 -12.71 -4.48 -1.93 -1.71 -3.04 -2.77 -3.73 TM019 -0.01 -3.98 2.94 5.86 -5.56 0.25 0.58 -6.38 -2.98 -2.53 0.37 1.27 4.93 -1.46 -16.0 -16.68 -8.28 TM020 -0.66 -2.14 -13.5 -4.79 -2.31 -2.54 -3.67 -4.06 -4.16 TM021 -0.01 -2.9 1.25 5.63 -6.27 -1.15 -4.63 -23.68 -7.36 -2.26 -3.32 -4.4 -5.59 -4.49 TM022 -1.54 0.17 0.97 5.17 -2.32 -1.03 -3.19 -14.93 -5.17 -2.81 -4.65 -5.99 -8.02 -5.33 -8.5 -14.99 TM023 0.67 1.05 2.77 6.85 3.15 -0.48 -2.44 -11.91 -4.47 -2.69 -4.86 -4.65 -5.38 -4.27 -11.8 -10.36 -5.13 TM024 -1.56 -3.74 -15.46 -5.9 -0.74 -0.42 -4.29 -4.77 -4.63 -7.3 -5.36 TM025 -1.83 -0.25 1.39 6.33 2.76 -1.52 -4.87 -19.72 -7.11 -1.06 -1.48 -4.65 -5.58 -4.76 -8.1 -7.13 TM026 -1.73 -0.88 -6.27 -2.68 -1.34 -0.11 -3.94 -3.74 -4.41 -11.9 -7.81 -3.21 TM027 -0.2 -1.24 -8.21 -3.34 -1.68 -0.4 -3.6 -3.36 -4.15 -11.7 -9.73 -4.39 TM028 -2.98 -2.32 -10.14 -4.16 -2.94 -4.2 -5.7 -7.3 -5.81 -12.6 -8.3 -5.05 TM029 -1.4 -2.14 -13.07 -4.75 -2.24 -2.58 -3.66 -4 -4.24 -8.6 -13.64 TM030 -1.43 -1.5 -10.75 -4.13 -1.88 -1.76 -3.55 -3.78 -4.24 -12.2 -12.99 TM031 -1.57 0.12 -0.43 -2.34 -2.69 -3.98 -3.98 -4.47 -4.31 -17.0 -11.43 TM032 -1.53 -0.41 -1.47 -2.14 -3.74 -4.47 -4.26 -9.8 -5.57

final project report project 3.3: pilot hydrogeochemical

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