O"s  Redding  

h,p://thehoboride.blogspot.com/2011/12/this-­‐day-­‐in-­‐rock-­‐history-­‐december-­‐10.html  

Early  Life  •  O"s  Redding  was  born  on  Sept  9th,  1941.  

•  He  is  from  Dawson,  Georgia.  

•  He  dropped  out  of  school  at  the  age  of  15,  in  order  to  support  his  family  by  working  for  other  musicians  and  singing  at  talent  shows  

•  (O"s  redding)  h,p://www.soulwalking.co.uk/O"s

%20Redding.html  

Early  Career  

•  He  started  off  his  musical  career  by  working  with  Li,le  Richard’s  band,  The  Upse,ers  

•  A  few  years  later,  he  started  working  with  a  different  band,  The  Pinetoppers  

•  (O"s  redding)  

h,p://addictedtovinyl.com/blog/2009/08/14/new-­‐o"s-­‐redding-­‐best-­‐of-­‐due-­‐from-­‐shout-­‐factory-­‐on-­‐october-­‐20th/  

His  Big  Break  

•  While  working  with  the  Pinetoppers,  Redding  finally  got  his  big  break.  

•  He  signed  with  Stax  Records  and  released  his  first  solo  album  on  Jan.  1st,  1964.  

•  His  songs  included  “Pain  In  My  Heart”,  “(Sibn’  On)  The  Dock  of  the  Bay”,  and  “These  Arms  of  Mine”  

•  He  was  inducted  into  the  Rock  ‘n  Roll  Hall  of  Fame  in  1989  

•  (O"s  redding)  

Death  

•  On  Dec.  10th,  1967,  the  plane  carrying  O"s  Redding  and  his  back  up  band  crashed  into  Lake  Monona  on  their  way  to  Madison,  WI.  

•  Even  though  his  career  was  short,  Redding  made  a  huge  impact  on  the  musical  world.  

•  (O"s  redding)  

h,p://portalwisconsin.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/the-­‐day-­‐o"s-­‐redding-­‐

dieddecember-­‐10-­‐1967-­‐lake-­‐monona-­‐wi/  

Musical  Style  

•  Vocal  talent  – O"s  had  an  intriguing  voice  that  “created  a  new  emo"onal  standard  for  southern  soul”      

•  Band  –  He  was  backed  by  one  of  the  best  rhythm  sec"ons  in  history;  Booker  T.  &  the  M.G.’s    

Musical  Style  (cont.)  

•  No  backing  vocals  –  Started  the  use  of  horn  dialogue,  in  place  of  tradi"onal  backing  vocals,  for  call-­‐and-­‐response  segments  

•  The  King  of  Soul  – Music  was  filled  with  vocal  melismas,  extended  periods  of  interpola"on,  and  improvisa"on  

– O"s  had  a  strong  connec"on  with  the  music  

Performance  Style  

•  Stage  fright  – O"s  never  got  over  his  stage  fright,  and  it  would  show  during  his  performances  

– He  would  prac"cally  freeze  from  the  waist  down    

Performance  Style  (cont.)  •  Band  leader  – The  band  members  were  all  friends  of  O"s  and  would  always  have  fun  on  stage  together  

– O"s  was  able  to  command  the  band  just  by  reac"ng  powerfully  to  the  music  

O"s  and  The  Bar  Keys  h,p://moonjunk.tumblr.com/post/

10445700307/o"s-­‐redding-­‐and-­‐his-­‐backing-­‐band-­‐the-­‐bar-­‐keys  

Performance  Style  (cont.)  

•  Audience  – He  loved  to  make  a  connec"on  with  his  audience  – Constantly  aware  of  the  listener,  and  constantly  interac"ng  

Main  Influences  •  Li,le  Richard  

–  Went  on  tour  with  Li,le  Richard  

–  His  inspira"on  and  idoliza"on  gave  O"s  Redding  a  style  imita"ng  Li,le  Richard  in  his  youth  

–  Later,  his  idol  Li,le  Richard  inducted  him  into  the  Rock  and  Roll  Hall  of  Fame  

•  Sam  Cooke  –  Sam  Cooke’s  dis"nc"ve  

trademark  high  notes  are  found  in  much  of  O"s  Reddings’  music  

•  (Shmoop  Editorial  Team,  2008;  Brennen,  2008)   h,p://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005153/  

Li,le  Richard  

Other  Influences  

•  Eric  Clapton  •  Jimi  Hendrix  •  Both  can  be  heard  in  his  later  more  rock  and  roll  works  like  “Hard  to  Handle”  

•  (Gulla,  2007)  

h,p://www.rollingstone.com/music/ar"sts/jimi-­‐hendrix  

Jimi  Hendrix  

Influenced  by  O"s  Redding  

•  Almost  all  other  soul  singers  of  the  1960’s  were  influenced  by  O"s  Redding  

•  He  is  omen  referred  to  as  “The  King  of  Soul”  because  of  his  strong  original  influence  

•  There  are  many  ar"sts  that  feature  covers  of  his  work  –  Aretha  Franklin,  The  Doors,  Pearl  Jam,  Kelly  Clarkson,  Willie  Nelson,  Al  Green,  Kanye  West,  The  Black  Crows,  and  many  more  

•  (Shmoop  Editorial  Team,  2008;  Brennen,  2008)  

Influenced  by  O"s  Redding  (cont.)  

•  His  sons  Dexter  and  O"s  III  also  went  into  music  forming  the  Reddings    

•  Came  out  with  a  Top  10  R&B  song  called  “Remote  Control”  

•  Consider  their  father  a  great  inspira"on  

•  (Shmoop  Editorial  Team,  2008;  Brennen,  2008)  

The  Reddings  

h,p://www.cdandlp.com/item/2/36918-­‐220204-­‐0-­‐1-­‐0/115371016/the-­‐reddings-­‐if-­‐

looks-­‐could-­‐kill.html  

Style  and  Fit  •  Music  of  the  1950’s  and  early  1960’s  consisted  mainly  of  

white  males.  There  were  very  few  female  ar"st/groups  who  were  popular  at  that  "me.  The  Bri"sh  Invasion  of  the  1960’s,  the  emergence  of  Motown  Records,  and  the  evolving  nature  of  Rock  and  Roll  during  this  period  would  see  ar"st  become  more  experimental,  innova"ve  and  risky  with  their  music.  

•  During  this  "me  period  the  roots  of  rock  and  roll(Pop,  C&W,  and  R&B)  and  the  emergence  of  the  basic  rock  and  roll  styles  (Mainstream,  Rockabilly,  and  Som  Rock)  were  the  popular  genres.  

•  Folk,  Country,  and  Blues  s"ll  remained  relevant    

Musical  Style  of  the  1960’s  •  Some  of  the  top  ar"st  during  the  1960’s  include:  –  The  Beatles  –  Elvis  –  Beach  Boys  –  Ray  Charles  –  Rolling  Stones  –  Supremes  –  The  Byrds  –  Bob  Dylan  –  4  Seasons  –  Sam  Cooke  

h,p://thebeatlesautographs.net/  

h,p://www.eonline.com/celebs/Elvis_Presley/110703  

h,p://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/102011/The-­‐Supremes-­‐late-­‐1960s  

Musical  Style  of  the  1960’s  (cont.)  •  O"s’  simple  style  followed  some  characteris"cs  of  ‘soul  

music’  during  the  era  and  managed  to  stay  uncomplicated.  Although  influenced  by  ar"st  like  Li,le  Richard,  Sam  Cooke  and  even  the  Beatles  (Si#ng  on  the  Dock  of  the  Bay),  O"s  preferred  the  successful  formula  of  simple,  blues  influenced  ‘soul  music’.    

 –  “Basically,  I  like  any  music  that  remains  simple  and  I  feel  this  is  the  formula  that  makes  'soul  music'  successful.  When  any  music  form  becomes  clu,ered  and/or  complicated  you  lose  the  average  listener's  ear.  There  is  nothing  more  beau"ful  than  a  simple  blues  tune.  There  is  beauty  in  simplicity  whether  you  are  talking  about  architecture,  art  or  music.”  (1)  –  Soul  Magazine  

Social  Influences  •  Civil  Rights  Movement  –  The  Civil  Rights  Movement  was  a                                                                  movement  sustained  by  music.      

–  Provided  ar"st  such  as  O"s  the  opportunity  to  pursue  business  ventures  and  live  the  ‘American  Dream’  •  Owned  O"s  Redding  Enterprises.  •  Through  performances,  music  publishing,  royal"es  and  record  sales,  he  earned  more  than  a  million  dollars  in  1967  alone  (2)  

•  Counterculture  Movement  – Movement  driven  by  youth,  produced  a  market  for  rock,  soul,  pop,  reggae  and  blues  music.  

Social  Influences-­‐People  •  There  was  a  constant  threat  

against  the  lives  of  blacks  and  those  supported  change,  from  black  and  white  dissenters  

•  Dr.  Mar>n  Luther  King  Jr  –  “I  Have  A  Dream”  Speech  promoted  

social  unity  •  John  F.  Kennedy    

–  Elec"on  changed  the  poli"cal  dynamics  of  the  country  

–  Assasina"on  •  Medgar  Evers  

–  NAACP  field  secretary.  Assassinated  by  a  member  of  the  Ku  Klux  Klan  in  Jackson,  Mississippi.  

•  Malcolm  X    –  Assassina"on  

h,p://muslimma,ers.org/2011/03/03/what-­‐does-­‐the-­‐civil-­‐rights-­‐movement-­‐

mean-­‐for-­‐muslims/  

Mar"n  Luther  King  Jr.  

Poli"cal  Influences  

•  Vietnam  War  –  An"-­‐war  movement  par"cipants    provided  inspira"on  to  much  of  the  music  during  the  1960’s  

–  Dram  •  Manager,  Phil  Walden  and  brother,  Rodgers  Redding  were  both  dramed.  

•  Threats  of  War  –  Cold  War  –  Made  travel  strenuous  and  at  "mes  difficult  

h,p://www.boomerslife.org/protests_rally_iran_neda_agha_soltan.htm  

Musical  Analysis  

•  The  song  that  we  chose  to  do  our  musical  analysis  on  is  “(Sibn’  On)  The  Dock  of  the  Bay  

•  We  chose  this  song  because  it  became  a  number  one  hit  on  both  the  Pop  and  R&B  charts  amer  O"s  Reddings’  death  

Musical  Analysis  Instrumenta"on  

•  Instrumenta>on:  The  instruments  that  we  hear  used  in  this  par"cular  song  would  be  the  drums,  acous"c  guitar,  bass  guitar,  what  sounds  like  a  piano  or  a  keyboard,  and  then  there  are  some  brass  instruments  like  a  saxophone  (I  think  it  might  actually  be  a  trombone)and  trumpets.  

•  There  are  also  some  parts  where  I  hear  an  electric  guitar  as  well  

•  The  whistling  of  O"s  Redding  is  also  an  instrumenta"on  in  itself  

•  There  is  also  some  non-­‐musical  instrument  sounds  like  the  whooshing  sound  of  water  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  song  to  represent  waves  

Musical  Analysis  Meter  and  Beat  Subdivision  

•  Meter:  The  meter  of  this  song  would  be  quadruple  meter  or  duple  meter.  – There  are  four  beats  per  measure.  

•  Beat  Subdivision:  The  beat  subdivision  in  this  song  would  be  a  duple  subdivision.    It’s  difficult  to  hear  but  if  you  listen  closely  to  the  drums  you  can  pick  up  on  it.  

Musical  Analysis  Texture  and  Form  

•  Texture:  The  texture  of  this  song  is  definitely  homophonic  melody  and  accompaniment.    I  feel  it  is  this  because  it  is  the  singer  only  being  accompanied  by  musical  instruments  and  no  back-­‐up  singers.    

•  Form:  The  form  is  AABA.    The  B  is  actually  3  stanzas,  so  it  sounds  like  AABACAA  if  you’re  actually  listening  for  different  part  feelings,  but  I  think  the  idea  in  AABA  is  that  there  is  an  altered  a,en"on  grabbing  por"on  somewhere  in  the  middle,  so  it  would  fit  with  the  categoriza"on.    

Legacy  

•  Much  of  Stax  Records’  success  lies  in  the  work  of  O"s  Redding  •  Originally  recorded  country  and  rockabilly  music  •  Following  his  success  there,  Stax  added  “Soulville,  USA”  to  its  "tle  

Legacy  (cont.)  

•  O"s  Redding  had  a  profound  influence  on  the  history  of  soul  music,  as  well  as  rock  and  roll  •  Named  “The  King  of  Soul”  •  Rolling  Stones  covered  two  of  his  songs  •  In  1989,  he  was  finally  inducted  into  the  Rock  and  Roll  Hall  of  Fame  

•  Jay-­‐Z  and  Kanye  West’s  song,  “O"s,”  was  Grammy  nominated  for  best  rap  song  in  2011  

Resources  •  Brennan,  C.(2008).  "Cooke,  Sam  1931—1964."  Contemporary  Black  Biography.  Retrieved  

June  25,  2012  from  Encyclopedia.com:  h,p://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-­‐2871900023.html  

•  "Eyewitness  Tells  of  O"s  Redding's  Violent  Death".  Jet.  December  28,  1967.  •  Gulla,  B.  (2007)  “O"s  Redding.”  Icons  of  r&b:  An  encyclopedia  of  the  ar"sts  who  

revolu"onized  rhythm  (Vol.  1,  pp.  412).  Ann  Arbor,  MI:  Greenwood  Press.  •  Guralnick,  Peter  (1999).  

Sweet  Soul  Music:  Rhythm  and  Blues  and  the  Southern  Dream  of  Freedom.  Back  Bay  Books.    •  Hirsch,  E.D.  (1993).  The  DicBonary  of  Cultural  Literacy.  Houghton  Mifflin.    •  Labrie,  Peter  (April  1968).  "The  Flame  That  Died".  Black  World/Negro  Digest.  •  OBs  redding.  (n.d.).  Retrieved  from  h,p://rockhall.com/inductees/o"s-­‐redding/bio/  •  OBs  redding.  (n.d.).  Retrieved  from  h,p://www.crecon.com/davidwomack/o"s  redding.htm    •  Ritz,  D.  (2012).  OBs  redding.  Retrieved  from  

h,p://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/494636/O"s-­‐Redding    •  Scaruffi,  P.  (2005).  A  brief  history  of  soul  music.  Retrieved  from  

h,p://www.scaruffi.com/history/soul.html    •  Sco,  Freeman,  OBs!:  The  OBs  Redding  Story  (New  York:    St.  Mar"n's  Griffin  Press,  2001);  

Rhino  Records,  Los  Angeles,  OBs!:  the  definiBve  OBs  Redding  [sound  recording],  (1993).    •  Shmoop  Editorial  Team  (November  11,  2008).OBs  Redding  Influences.  Retrieved  June  25,  

2012,  from  h,p://www.shmoop.com/dock-­‐of-­‐the-­‐bay/influences.html  •  Whatman,  R.  (2006,  May  26).  OBs  redding:  Living  at  the  apollo  november  1963.  Retrieved  

from  h,p://browneyedhandsomeman.blogspot.com/2006/05/o"s-­‐redding-­‐live-­‐at-­‐apollo-­‐november.html