final ies
TRANSCRIPT
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ICGE 2012 - December 3-4,2012 (Paper No. D005)
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GIS flow model
Types of Errors
Propagation Of Errors
Modeling Techniques
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Geographic Information SystemGeographic Information System
• Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space
• Information - attributes, or thecharacteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location
• System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures
…not just software! …not just for making maps!
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CaptureData
1. GIS Flow Model1. GIS Flow Model
RegisterMap Base
InterpretData
Convert Datato DigitalFormat
Store Datain Computer
ProcessData
DisplayResults
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Challenges of GISChallenges of GIS
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Accuracy and Precision
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ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY
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SOURCES OF ERROR
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HANDLING ERROR
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HANDLING ERROR
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TIME LINE
ACTION
PREDICTION
FORECASTING
PRESENT FUTURE
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Black Box Model
S/MINPUT OUTPUT
PSEUDO BLOCK MODEL
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2. TYPES OF ERRORS
• GROSS ERRORS
• RANDOM ERRORS
• SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
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GROSS ERRORS
Caused due to carelessness and human errors
Prevention by series of checks and implementing sound procedures that minimize the opportunities for these types of errors to occur
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RANDOM ERRORS Are intrinsic to the measurement process. & exhibit definite statistical behaviour.
Random errors can only be eliminated by carefully examining large amounts of redundant data
Minimization
Careful measurementMeasurement system design
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SYSTEMATIC ERRORS Caused by mismatch between
Models of the process we are using
Reality of the process
Detection
1. By Analysis of error propagation2. By sensitivity analysis3. By parameter evaluation
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Initial processing errors
1. Topology
2. Layer Matching
3. Edge Matching
4. Topological Construction
5. Feature Identification
6. Lineage
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LAYER MATCHING
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Lineage or processing history
• A collection of states representing the changes that have occurred over time in a versioned geo database.
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MetadataMetadata
Metadata is data about data.Metadata is data about data.
It is a summary document providing : It is a summary document providing : 1.1. content, content, 2.2. quality,quality,3.3. type,type,4.4. creation, creation, 5.5. and spatial information about a and spatial information about a
dataset.dataset.
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Meta data Analysis
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Digitizing and Geocoding Errors Processing errors occur
during other phases of data manipulation such as :
1. Digitizing and geocoding.
2. Overlay and boundary intersections.
3. Errors from rasterizing a vector map.
Physiological errors of the operator may result in :
1. Spikes. 2. Switchbacks.3. polygonal knots.4. loops .
Again you cannot be lazy!
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Data Structure….Data Structure….GIS
GRAPHIC ALPHA NUMERIC
VECTOR RASTER
CO-ORDINATESYSTEM
IMAGE
AREAL PHOTOGRAPH
REMOTE SENSEDSCANNED IMMAGES
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Vector and Raster data• The vector model is extremely useful for
describing discrete features, but less useful for describing continuously varying features such as soil type or accessibility costs for hospitals.
• The raster model has evolved to model such
continuous features. A raster image comprises a collection of grid cells rather like a scanned map or picture.
What is the resolution of the data?
If raster, report cell size If vector, report scale
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Comparison of Raster and Vector Comparison of Raster and Vector FormatsFormats
Most GIS software can display both raster and vector data. Only a limited number of programs can analyze both types of data or make raster type analyses in vector formats.
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3. PROPAGATION OF ERRORS:
• Propagation occurs when
one error leads to another ,
• Eg: If a map registration point has been mis-digitized in one coverage and is then used to register a second coverage, the second coverage will propagate the first mistake. In this way, a single error may lead to others and spread until it corrupts data throughout the entire GIS project.
How To avoid this problem ? ? ?use the largest scale map to register your points
Σ
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Why Use GIS in Schools?
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Why Use GIS in Schools?
• Encourage seminars demonstrating applications
• Establish a networking organization encompassing all interested disciplines
• Teach a class or lab for a department outside of your own
• Organize or team-teach a discipline-oriented workshop with a domain expert
• Write proposals for non-GIS teaching, research and outreach
• Consider adopting a SpatialSTEM approach that translates grid-based map analysis operations into a mathematical/statistical framework that serves as the communal language of science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines
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GIS as infrastructure
Virtual Globes
Desktop GIS
Server GIS
Mobile GISPC, PDAPhone
Network
DBMSFiles XMLGeo databases
4. Modeling Techniques
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CONCLUSION – CONCLUSION –
Gross errors are largely caused by carelessness and human error.
Systematic errors are caused by a mismatch between the models of the processes
Random errors are intrinsic to the measurement
process
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REFERENCES :1. BURROUGH, P.A., 1986. Principles of Geographical Information
Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press.
2. CASSETTARI , S., 1993. Introduction to Integration Geo-Information Management. London : Chapman and Hall.
3. CHRISMAN, N.R., 1983. The role of quality information in the long-term functioning of a geographic information system. Cartographica 21 : 79.
4. CHRISMAN, N.R., and LESTER, M.K., 1991. A. Diagnostic Test for Categorical Maps. Technical Papers 1991 ACSM – ASPRS Anual Convention, Vol.6, pp. 330-348.
5. CHRISMAN, N.R., 1998. Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography. Cartography and Geographic Information System, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 231 – 242.
6. DALE, P.F., and MCLAUCHLIN , J.D., 1999. Land Information Management. Oxford University Press.
7. LAURINI, R., and THOMPSON, D., 1992. Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems. Sand Diego : Academic Press.
8. STAR, J.L and J.E. ESTES, 1990. Geographic Information Systems : An Introduction, Prentice Hall.
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Thank you.
QUERRIES ? ? ?
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One More ThingSYSTEM DYNAMICS
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Grid sampling examples within hexagonal grid
A number of GIS software packages, such as TNTMips, ENVI, Idrisi and GRASS provide
tools to assist in the selection of sample points
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Ontology-based model of space, time, and theme.Spatial Occurrents and Named Places are directly linked
with Spatial Regions which record their geographic location.Temporal intervals on relationships denote when the
relationship holds (valid time).
Courtsey : Analyzing Theme, Space, and Time: An Ontology-based ApproachBy Matthew Perry – ACM 2006
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Vector and Raster FormatsVector and Raster Formats
• Most GIS software can display both vector and raster data.
• Raster formats are efficient when comparing information among arrays with the same cell size.
• Raster files are generally very large because each cell occupies a separate line of data.
• Vector formats are efficient when comparing information whose geographical dimensions are different.
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GIS 43
How to Geomask
Outside a GIS•Can perform arithmetic on X and Y (latitude and longitude fields)
•Can set a minimum or maximum distance based on population density (urban vs rural)
Inside a GIS•Generate a random point within a circular buffer
•Add a population density layer to decide min/max distances
•Can avoid placing points “out of bounds”
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GIS 44
Geocoding
Matches?
Score Matches
InputAddress
Parse Address
Generate Soundexfor Address Name
List Candidates:No. Range,Zone
yes no
Best Score >= 90?
OutputAddress
OutputRejects
yes
no
Correct Addressesor Map
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GIS 45
T IGER
OPOLOGICALLY
NTEGRATED
EOGRAPHIC
NCODING
EFERENCING
U.S. Census Bureau TIGER
GEOCODER
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Software Used
Arc/Info IDRISI Also use: ER-Mapper, ERDAS, Atlas*GIS
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Geographic Information Systems and Science, 3rd ed.by Longley, Goodchild, Maguire,
and Rhind
Textbooks
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GIS Tutorial 2: Spatial Analysis Workbook for ArcGIS 10, 2nd
ed.by Allen
Textbooks
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Place Matters: Geospatial Tools for Marine Science, Conservation,
and Management in the Pacific Northwest
edited by Wright and Scholz
Textbooks
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• To most folks on campus, geotechnology is simply a set of highly useful apps on their smart phone or a 3D fly-by anywhere in the world— in a sense trivializing GIS.
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Source : Map Analysis , Joseph K. Berry, University of Denver; GeoTec Media publisher