final exam wednesday april 21 12:00 - 3:00 cse - c
TRANSCRIPT
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Final Exam
Wednesday
April 21
12:00 - 3:00
CSE - C
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Previous Topics for Final 7 multiple choice questions 1 Short answer question
Learning Theory (Lecture #2) Stages of Prenatal Development (Lecture #3) Development of Walking; Brain Development
(Lecture #4) Depth Perception; Shape & Object Perception
(Lecture #5) Object Permanence (Lecture #6)
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Moral Development Learning to understand and follow the rules of
society
Two types of rules: Moral Rules -- such as not killing or stealing Social Etiquette (Conventions) -- saying please or
thank you
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Moral Development Rules change in different contexts
(home, school, friends)
Study two aspects of moral development: Moral conduct Moral reasoning
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Theories: Cognitive-Developmental
Because the issues of which morality is concerned are complex, it is proposed that moral development depends on cognitive development
Piaget Studied moral development by observation of
children in naturalistic settings and by experimental methods of presenting moral dilemmas (stories)
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Piaget’s Stories A little boy is called to dinner. He goes into
the dining room, but behind the door is a chair and on the chair is a tray of 15 cups. The boy did not know the cups were there, but when he opens the door he knocks the tray and the cups fall and all break!
Another boy, while his mother was out, tried to get some jam out of the cupboard. He climbed on a chair, but the jam was too high. While he was trying to get it, he knocked over a cup and it broke.
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Piaget’s Stories What did the first boy do?
He broke 15 cups And the second boy?
He broke a cup by moving roughly Is one of the boys naughtier than the other?
The first one because he broke 15 cups If you were the daddy, which one would you
punish most? The one who broke 15 cups
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Four stage model 1) 2-4 years
No conception of morality Play does not follow any set of rules
2) 5-7 years Following rules emerge Rules are absolute, externally dictated, and
cannot be changed - Moral Realism
Cognitive-Developmental: Piaget
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Cognitive-Developmental: Piaget
2) Display objective responsibility - morality is relative to physical and objective consequences
Immanent justice - always believes that a punishment will result from doing something wrong
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Cognitive-Developmental: Piaget 3) 8-11 years Realizes one does not simply follow someone
else’s rules but there is a personal decision to cooperate
Rules are set up to help and safeguard Can adapt rules, they are no longer absolute Person’s motives and intentions are taken
into account - moral relativism
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Cognitive-Developmental: Piaget
4) Older than 11 years Can make new rules Move beyond self-centered to moral
reasoning about society as a whole
With cognitive development and move away from egocentric thinking and social experience, child can consider less concrete information and perspectives in evaluating morality
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Cognitive-Developmental: Kohlberg Presented stories in which a character must
choose between obeying a rule or not The child then indicates what the character should
do and why Three developmental levels:
Preconventional, Conventional, & Postconventional
Within each are two stages each of which has a social perspective and moral component
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Kohlberg’s Story Henry needs a particular drug to help his
dying wife. The pharmacist who controls the supply of the drug refuses Henry’s offer to give him all the money he has now and pay the rest later. Henry must decide whether to steal the drug to save his wife. That is, obey the laws of society or violate them to save his wife. What should Henry do and why?
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Cognitive-Developmental: Kohlberg
The social perspective indicates the point of view from which decision is made Like Piaget, advances in this are thought to be due
to cognitive development Moral component is thought to develop
through experience with moral situations Similar to Piaget in that movement from stage
to stage follows an invariant sequence and is universal
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Cognitive-Developmental: Kohlberg
Stage 1: Heteronomous morality S.P.: Tend to be egocentric and cannot consider
another’s perspective M.C.: Equivalent to Piaget’s moral realism, morality
is absolute and concrete
Stage 2: Individualism and instrumental purpose S.P.: Other’s have different views but cannot take
that view - guided by self-interest M.C.: Obey rules in order to gain in return
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Cognitive-Developmental: Kohlberg
Stage 3: Interpersonal conformity S.P.: Agreement between people is more important
than serving the self-interest M.C.: Conform to what is considered right, done so
that you will be approved
Stage 4: Law and order S.P.: Social order and morality from the view of
society M.C.: Adherence to social laws, which apply to
everyone
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Cognitive-Developmental: Kohlberg
Stage 5: Social Contract S.P.: Understand that others have different values
but still have rights M.C.: Protect human rights and the social system,
behaviour that harms society even if legal is wrong
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles S.P.: Moral decisions based on fairness and
justice because all members of society have worth M.C.: Respect for human dignity and life
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Learning Argues against a universal stage model Instead moral behavior develops
individually, depending on personal experiences and social environment
Focused on moral conduct rather than reasoning
Bandura - child will produce behaviors (anti- or pro-social) that are rewarded and inhibit behaviors that are not rewarded
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Learning Crucial for moral development is
observational learning, especially parents and peers
Also interested in how media, television and books, affect moral conduct
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Ethological Relate behavior of other species to
moral conduct of humans
Altruism Behavior that benefits others but not the
individual Paradox of altruism - those who are not
selfish would seem to be less likely to survive
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Ethological To compensate, added
Kin selection increasing chances of survival of a relative’s
genes
Reciprocal altruism Some day they will return the favor Social group’s genes will be passed on
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Ethological Aggression
Function is to insure survival of one’s genes Done by helping to obtain food, protecting the
young, marking and preserving territorial boundaries
In some species, dominance hierarchy exists Each member of the social group falls
somewhere on a dominance ladder Dominance hierarchy in children’s social
interactions
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Evaluating Models In Piaget’s stories, damage caused is
mentioned last (after character’s intentions) Because cognitively, they have trouble processing
a lot of information, they may best remember the last thing they heard
If intentions are mentioned last, children as young as 5 years may base their evaluation on motives rather than physical properties Piaget underestimated children’s abilities
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Evaluating Models In order for a younger child to assess
factors other than physical in moral judgments, these factors need to be salient Put them at end of story Add pictures Training child to examine the relevant
aspects Have child describe the intentions
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Evaluating Models An aspect of Kohlberg’s model is that
cognitive development and perspective taking are required Studies cannot prove a causal link, but only that
they develop at the same time
Stage-specific and invariant sequence through stages do not hold May use reasoning from an adjacent stage May regress to earlier stage or skip a stage May follow more like Siegler’s Waves Theory
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Evaluating Models Essentially universal but some cultural
differences Non-industrial societies rarely get to stage 5 Chinese do not choose between self and society
but compromise Kohlberg had concluded that females’ moral
reasoning was less advanced than males’ Carol Gilligan indicated that they are equal but where
males are concerned about justice, females are concerned with responsibility and care
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Evaluating Models Kohlberg suggested that stage
movement was due to cognitive conflict of a moral dilemma that cannot be resolved by reasoning at current stage Leads to reorganization Children are better at understanding
arguments at lower stages but agree with arguments at higher stages
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Moral Reasoning Peer Interactions
Positive correlation in that more popular children are rated as more morally mature
When peers are paired and given moral dilemmas
Individual at lower level advances more than the higher level individual
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Moral Reasoning
Modeling
Parents use higher levels of reasoning as child gets older
Can model regression - if model moral reasoning that is lower than the child’s, the child will then use that level on other dilemmas
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Moral Reasoning Parents’ Disciplinary Practices Will determine how children learn to avoid
wrong behaviors and learn to enforce rules Power assertion: Commands, threats, & physical force Love withdrawal: Verbal disapproval, ridicule, & withholding
love Induction: Reasoning, explanation
Induction method leads to highest level of moral reasoning, then love withdrawal, then power assertion
Not universal across cultures and countries
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Prosocial Behavior: Altruism Actions and behaviors that society
deems positive and desirable
Three types: Sharing, cooperation, & helping 1-year-olds will share toys and food,
become more frequent by 2 years and then decline in preschool
Toddlers will comfort someone in distress and will help parents in tasks
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Prosocial Behavior In general, these altruistic behaviors
increase with age Younger children can be as helpful as
older if informed that they have the knowledge and skills
Age differences are not always found in naturalistic settings
In general, no gender differences
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Prosocial Behavior Determinants:
Moral reasoning level No definitive correlation
Perspective taking Empathy - feels the emotions of another
Truly emerges around 2-3 years Later childhood, can be empathic for entire
groups Reinforcement Modeling and Media
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Antisocial Behavior: Aggression Behavior that is intended to cause harm to
persons or property and that is not socially justifiable
Based less on consequences and more on intentions
Types: Verbal, hostile (cause pain), instrumental (to
obtain, and relational (damage social relationships)
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Aggression Between 18 mos and 5 years, no
relation between age and overall aggession Physical and instrumental are greater at
younger ages Verbal and hostile are more common at
school ages Overal aggression decreases from first to
fifth grades
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Aggression: Gender In preschool and elementary school, boys
show more aggression than girls
From preschool to adolescence, girls display more relational aggression than boys, and typically directed toward girls
Late elementary, physical aggression between boys increases, but by boys towards girls decreases significantly
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Aggression: Determinants Aggression is stable with age
Aggression at 8 years is predictive of level at 30
Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
Hormones Strong relation between aggression and
testosterone level
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Aggression: Determinants
Temperament Difficult babies is predictive of aggression
in childhood and adolescence
Dominance Chidren display hierarchy established by
aggression
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Aggression: Determinants Family processes
Parents use power assertion and excessive physical punishment
Parents may be modeling aggressive behavior Aggressive children come from negative home
environments (coercive family process) Television
Sat morning, 23 violent scenes/hour 2.5-4 hours of TV watching per day Age 21, watched approximately 8,000 murders
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TV & Aggression TV violence does result in more
aggressive children They imitate (especially if violence is
performed by the “good guys”) Makes them more tolerant of aggression In turn, it makes them watch more violence Amount of violence watched at age 8 is
predictive of crime level at age 30
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