final exam review
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Final Exam Review. Beginning Writing. SENTENCE. Has a subject and a verb Expresses a complete thought (does not need a mama) Example: The can ran up a tree to get away from the dog. . CLAUSES: TWO TYPES. Independent Clause (aka sentence): Has a subject and verb Can stand by itself - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Final Exam ReviewBeginning Writing
SENTENCEHas a subject and a verbExpresses a complete thought (does not need
any help making sense on its own)
Example: The cat ran up a tree to get away from the dog.
CLAUSES: TWO TYPESA Sentence (aka an Independent Clause):
Has a subject and verbCan stand by itself Expresses a complete thought
Example: The cat ran up the tree.
CLAUSES (cont.)Dependent Clause
Has a subject and verbCannot stand by itself (does not make sense on
its own)because it is an incomplete thought
Example: Although the cat climbed the tree
PHRASESA group of words that function as a unit
Does not contain both a subject and verb
There are many types of phrases:Noun phraseVerb phrasePrepositional phrase
Noun PhraseA group of words functioning as one noun
Example 1 : The cat in the treeExample 2: The black catExample 3: The molded loaf of bread
Verb PhraseA group of words functioning as one verb
Example 1: am learningExample 2: has been sittingExample 3: was running
Prepositional PhraseA group of words that links a sentence’s subject(s)
and verb(s) to other parts of the sentence.It contains a preposition and an object and may
contain modifiersIt locates things in time
Example: in the morningIt positions things in space
Example: by the library, next to the couch, over thereIt indicates direction
Example: Around the corner, to the store, away from here
Examples of Prepositional PhrasesAround the cornerAfter dinnerOn the tableTo the mallIn an hourBefore schoolThrough the doorwayUnder the bedAbove the ground
COMMAS: 4 USESUSE 1: To insert extra information into a sentence
Example 1: Mr. Smith will contact you next week. It’s a simple sentence, but who is Mr Smith? Maybe I should add some
extra information to make it clearer. Mr. Smith, our sales manager, will contact you next week.
Example 2: The woman I spoke to, Alice Wright, said I would receive the information by the end of the week. If we take out the words between the pair of commas, we are left with: The woman I spoke to said I would receive the information by the end of
the week.
COMMAS: CONT.Use 2: to separate two or more sentences
that are joined by a conjunction: Use with coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) to
join 2 or more independent clauses Example: I like swimming in the lake, but I
wouldn’t want to swim in a pond.
Use to separate dependent clauses at the beginning of a sentence from the rest of the sentence Example: After we left the party, we went to eat at
Waffle House.
COMMAS: cont.Use 3: To separate 3 or more items in a series
Example 1: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas at the store.
Example 2: When classes end, I need to finish my Christmas shopping, wrap presents, and pack for my trip.
COMMAS: cont.Use 4: After introductory words and phrases
Example 1: Before dinner, we need to wash our hands.
Example 2: Hey, can you pass the butter?
Example 3: One day, you will understand what I mean when I say “comma splice.”
SemicolonsUse a semicolon between two directly related,
independent clauses Example: Bob is good at math; he plans to study
accounting. Spaghetti is cheap; I buy it a lot. Notice how the second sentence depends on the first
to make sense.Use a semicolon before a conjunctive adverb
Example: I hired a tutor for my English class; thus, I got an A.
Example: Bob usually gets up at 6:00; however, today he is off work and can sleep in.
Avoiding Run-On SentencesA run on happens when you fuse two or more
independent clauses without the necessary punctuation or coordinators.Example: I worked hard in class I earned a good grade.
s v s v This contains TWO independent clauses (two simple sentences)
with no punctuation or no coordinating conjunction.How to fix it?
Step 1: check for 2 independent clauses Step 2: check that the clauses are separated by a coordinating
conjunction and a comma, or by a semicolon.
Comma SplicesThis occurs when you join two independent
clauses with only a comma and no conjunction. Example: The rain came down hard, we were
soaked. How to fix it?
You may use either a semicolon or a period instead of the comma, OR you can add a coordinating conjunction. But you must do ONE of these. The rain came down hard, and we got soaked.
OR The rain came down hard; we got soaked.
SubordinationWhen using a dependent clause to begin a
sentence, use a comma after the dependent clause (the one that depends on the main clause for its meaning)Ex: After the party was over, we went home to
watch a movie.When using a dependent clause at the end of
a sentence, don’t use a comma.Ex: We went home to watch a movie after the
party was over.
FragmentsA sentence fragment is a group of words that
looks like a sentence and is punctuated like one but is not.
It is a run-on because it is either:Missing a subject or a verbDoes not make a complete statement
Example: Because parents with small children want a car with room for a car seat, a stroller, diaper bags, and toys
Example: For example, the controversy over air bags
Correcting Fragments Step 1: Check to make sure each group of words that looks like a sentence contains a
main subject and a verb—i.e. the sentence has a do-er and a do-ing (who is doing what?)
Step 2: If you find a subject and verb, check to make sure the group of words makes a complete statement.
Beware of sentences that do have a subject and verb but where one of them is not acting as the SENTENCE subject or verb, like so: Example: My neighbor who never closes his dog up at night
This is missing a verb and does not express a complete thought. Revised: My neighbor who never closes his dog up at night is annoying us.
Example: The new policy of health care coverage on the basis of hours worked each week. This is missing a verb. What does the new policy DO? Revised: The new policy provides health care coverage on the basis of
hours worked each week. Be careful!
Verbs in the –ing form (running, throwing, etc.) and the infinitive form (to run, to throw, etc.) can never act alone as the verb in a sentence. They require a helping verb to make the verb complete. Without the helping verb, your sentence will be considered a fragment.
Fragment: The car speeding down the road. Revised: The car was speeding down the road.
If your “sentence” fails either of the above steps, you have a fragment; add the missing components.
ModifiersAdjectives
Describe nouns (people, places or things) green tree tall man Short, chubby dog
AdverbsDescribe verbs or adjectives
Ran quickly Drove erratically Extremely terrifying bear
Subject-Verb AgreementSubjects and verbs must agree in number
Use singular verbs with singular subjects Ex: Nicole runs out of the house every morning
because she’s late. Singular verbs usually have an –s on the end
Use plural verbs with plural subjects Ex: They run with their track team. Plural verbs usually do not have an –s on the end.
Problems with S-V AgreementCollective nouns:
In general, use singular verbs when the subject is a collective noun (one that refers to a group of people acting as a whole) The audience laughs at the comedian. The team plays at home this week. Everyone has his own preferences.
Changed word order: sentences beginning with here or thereThere are crumbs on the floor
From ‘Crumbs are on the floor.’Here are your books and pencils.
From ‘Your books and pencils are here.”
Pronouns and AntecedentsChallenge: his/her or their?
In the following sentences, tell whether you’d use his or her, or their as the antecedent.
Everyone in the store was talking on _____ phone. All of the people in the cooking contest prepared
_____ best dishes. Nobody brought____ coat, even though it was cold
outside. Neither of my cousins wanted to share _____ candy.
PossessivesUse an apostrophe to show ownership
Singular possessive = ’sJust add apostrophe s to the singular form
The rabbit’s fur Mike’s car
Plural possessive = s’First make it plural; then make it possessive:
Student studentsstudents’ books Kidkidskids’ bikes
PluralsExcept in special cases, to make a noun
plural, add –s or –esShoe -> shoesBag -> bagsFlash -> flashes
REMEMBER: ’s and s’ shows ownership -s or -es makes things plural