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FINAL EVALUATION REPORTS
BY
2004-2005 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND LINKAGES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN AFRICA, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FELLOWS FROM EASTERN
AFRICA SUB-REGION
IUCN-EASTERN AFRICA REGIONAL OFFICE
NOVEMBER 2005
IntroductionDuring 2004/05, CLEAA and EAAIA launched phase II of the proposed programme for the CLEAA Professional Development Fellowship Programme in Environmental Impact Assessment, with funding from USAID/REDSO and Tellus Instititute. Phase II of the programme selected eight candidates. The programme successfully placed five PD Fellows in practice-based learning experiences in additional to funding their participation in regional and international EIA professional networks. The selected PD Fellows and Host Institutions that supported their placement are listed:
Name Resident Country
EA Project/Activity Hosting Institution
Echessah, Protase Namwaya
Kenya Participation in the Rapid Environmental Assessment Training and 25th IAIA annual conference, Boston, USA.
Could not get a host within the programme period however, the PD Fellow worked on a project as a private consultant
Yassin B. Mkwizu
Tanzania EA study for the proposed conservation and development plan for the Grumeti reserve, Western Serengeti, Tanzania.
Institute of Resources Assessment (IRA), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Kiragu, Serah Wambui
Kenya Developed EA training manual and trained participants in Kenya.
Serves in the EAAIA executive committee as the Treasurer.
Participation in the 25th IAIA annual conference, Boston, USA.
Eastern Africa Association for Impact Assessment (EAAIA) & IUCN The World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office
Nshimirimana,Emmanuel
Burundi Strategic Environmental Assessment on quarry exploitation in Burundi.
Serves in the EAAIA executive committee as a Member.
Technical Secretariat for Public Works & Employment Creation Project(ST-PTPCE), Bujumbura, Burundi
Nyilimanzi, Vital
Rwanda Losoko hydropower project in Northern Madagascar
PD Fellow was not placed to participate in the project
Ojok, Luke Ipoto
Sudan Participation in the Rapid Environmental Assessment Training and 25th IAIA annual conference, Boston, USA.
Could not get a host within the programme period however, the PD Fellow worked on a project as a private consultant
Oyaro, Kenya An EA study for the proposed ESF Consultants, Nairobi,
Duncan Ochenge
raising of the Masinga hydro - electric dam by the Kenya Energy Generation Company, in Kenya.
Diploma course on Environmental Management, Galillee College, Israel.
Kenya & Galillee College, Israel
Yatich, Thomas T.B.
Kenya
An environmental assessment of an urban housing project in Lilayi, Zambia.
Participation in the 25th IAIA annual conference, Boston, USA.
DH Engineering Consultants, Lusaka, Zambia
Assessment of phase I and II revealed that there is:
A large pool of qualified and motivated applicants existsDuring phase I, over 60 applications or inquiries were received from candidates representing 16 countries in both Eastern and Southern Africa region. Phase II received 81 applications from the Eastern Africa region. This indicates a growing adoption of EIA/SEA as efficient environmental management tools in Africa, and thus the need for capacity building to meet the growing demand. Virtually most of these applicants were highly qualified and many more that the eight PD Fellows deserved a PD opportunity. There were few late applications compared to those received during phase I of the programme, an indication of effectiveness of a wide distribution. Advertisements calling for expression of interest in the programme were posted in the local (Daily Nation) and regional (East Africa) newspapers, websites such as ENCAP & Pamzuka news - a weekly forum for social justice in Africa, and also sent out on email to the larger EA networks.
Potential host institutions are numerous and enthusiasticPlacement opportunities were generated primarily by an email solicitation including follow-up on contacts already made by partners. The level of response from hosts and mentors exceeded expectations, an indication of the strength of the Fellowship concept.
Screening protocols and placement logistics are in place.A basic system for identifying and screening applicants and capacity for logistics support was developed and has so far proven effective.
Evaluation reports by individual PD Fellows from the Eastern Africa region are attached in the following pages.
Report by
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Mr. Duncan Oyaro OchengeESF Consultants
P.O.Box 44933-00100Nairobi, Kenya
Name Duncan O. Ochenge
Email [email protected]
Tel +254 20 3876512
Hosting Institution
ESF Consultants
Supervisor Mr. James Kambo
Email [email protected]
Tel +254 20 3876512
Postal Address P.O.Box 44933-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
Project Title EA study of the proposed raising of the Masinga hydro – electric dam by the
Kenya Energy Generation Company, Kenya
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................... 2
2. ACTIVITIES...................................................................................................................................2
3. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................2
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3.1 Baseline data collection.......................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Impact identification................................................................................................................ 2
3.3 Designing EMP....................................................................................................................... 2
4. EXPECTED RESULTS..................................................................................................................2
5. ACHIEVEMENTS.......................................................................................................................... 2
7. LESSONS LEARNT & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PD FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME.....2
8. RESULTS NOT ACHIEVED..........................................................................................................2
9. PLANNED ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT PERIOD.......................................................................2
10. CONSTRAINTS...........................................................................................................................2
11. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................2
Annex 1
Rapid Environmental Assessment in Disaster Training.....................................................................2
Annex 2
Report on Environmental Management training course in Gallilee College Israel.............................2
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ACRONYMS
CLEAA Capacity Development and Linkages for Environmental Assessment in Africa
EAAIA Eastern Africa Association of Impact Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environment Management Plan
ESF Environmentalistes Sans Frontières
GIS Geographic Information System
IAIA International Association for Impact Assessment
IUCN-EARO The World Conservation Union-Eastern Africa Regional Office
KENGEN Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited
LWE Life, Well-being and Environment
REA Rapid Environmental Assessment
SAIEA Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment
TARDA Tana and Athi River Development Authority
USAID REDSO/ESA United States Agency for International Development, Regional Economic
Development Services Office for East and Southern Africa.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge the support from IUCN, EAAIA and USAID/REDSO/ESA who are facilitating this
programme, ESF Consultants my host and Pact Kenya my employer for allowing me to take up the
fellowship. In particular I would want to thank Maureen Babu for working tirelessly to ensure I
settled in well at ESF Consultants and in Galilee College Israel, Walter Knausenberger of USAID
and Tito Kodiaga of Pact for their faith in me.
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1. INTRODUCTION Capacity Development and Linkages for Environmental Assessment in Africa (CLEAA), has been running the EIA PD Fellowship programme since 2001 in its various sub regional nodes. The Fellowship covers travel, lodging, meals and other associated expenses for a period of 2-3 months while the Fellows are participating in a professional EIA team, applied training and/or appropriately tailored engagement. The primary objective of the Fellowship program is to build African professional capacity in EIA through learning by doing, and to strengthen professional EIA networks.
In 2001-2002, the programme initiated by USAID’s Environmental Capacity Building Programme, was implemented on a pilot basis with primary funding from USAID/REDSO/ESA. In November 2001, CLEAA assumed the lead role for the Fellowship Programme. In 2004, CLEAA launched a second round of fellowships for EIA professionals from the Eastern Africa Region.
Eight CLEAA PD Fellows from the Eastern Africa Region have been selected to take up the programme for 2-3 months in 2005. Fellows are expected to gain practical EIA experience in specialized fields of their own choice, such as road construction, water supply development, health care, irrigation, protected area and wetlands development, use of coastal resources, etc. The experience is also intended to link awardees with established EIA professionals in their region, ideally through their regional or local EIA professional Associations. Additional elements of the programme include three years membership to the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) and The Eastern Africa Association for Impact Assessment (EAAIA) and possible consideration for participation in at least one annual meeting of the IAIA and EAAIA.
The Programme is being administered and further developed by CLEAA in close collaboration with the Eastern Africa Association for Impact Assessment (EAAIA), Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment (SAIEA), Cadmus, USAID/REDSO/ESA and IUCN EARO.
This final report covers the period of 31st January-15th June 2005. It gives highlights on the Professional Development Fellowship attachment with ESF Consultants, and with an EIA team involved in assessing environmental effects of Raising Masinga Hydroelectric Dam
During the same period I attended training on Rapid Environmental Assessment for Disaster management. The training was held at Kenya Commercial Bank Training School on the 2 nd to 4th
February 2005, and hosted by CARE International. RedR offered training facilitation in collaboration with the College University of London.
In addition, through the CLEAA fellowship program, I was selected to attend a three week course on environmental management at the Galilee College in Israel, during the month of May 19-June 6, 2005. The course report is attached as annex 3 of this report.
This report covers the following activities that were undertaken during this period.
1. Environmental Management Course2. REA training3. Desktop survey of Masinga dam4. Field survey of Masinga dam5. Stakeholder identification and consultation6. Impact Identification 7. Designing Environmental Management Plan
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2. ACTIVITIESRapid Environmental Assessment Training report is attached as an annex 1 to this report.
Environmental Impact Assessment for proposed raising of Masinga hydroelectric power plant was the second activity and the main task during this PD Fellowship programme.
The project involves raising of already established Masinga dam, which is one of the main sources of electric power to Kenya. The report covers Environmental Impact Assessment component that is being undertaken by ESF consultants.
The works was awarded to NORPLAN consulting company limited of Norway who specialises in dam construction and planning. NORPLAN subcontracted ESF consultants a local firm, to undertake an environmental component of the assignment.
3. BACKGROUND Environmental Impact Assessment an raising of the Masinga hydroelectric power dam project , is a post project analysis due to the fact that the plant is already in place, and an EIA was undertaken during a similar rehabilitation of the project in 1997 by Knight Piésold, in association with Mott Ewbank Preece.
Masinga dam is one of the highest producers of hydropower in Kenya. KENGEN, the managers of the dam, engaged a consultant firm to study the possibility of raising the dam to increase the retention capacity, thus improving the plant capacity.
3.1 Baseline data collection Collection of benchmark data of the project area involved reviewing an EIA report of the Masinga dam that was undertaken during the dam commissioning.
The team adopted several methods of collecting baseline information of the area. These techniques varied according to the parameters being studied. During this period the EIA team consisting of ESF consultants (EIA consultants), NORPLAN (project engineers) and KENGEN staff (project proponents), were involved in site survey of Masinga Dam and its environs. Activities undertaken included:
Touring Masinga Dam hydroelectric generation plant; Surveying areas to be raised; Meeting with the plant engineer; Consultation with a medical officer; Meeting with an agricultural officer; and Project description.
The framework of the assignment involved several stages. The baseline of the area was developed both through desktop literature review, and field surveys. This data was compiled to have the team have a benchmark against which impacts of the development would be measured.
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Thereafter, the project activities were described to identify the specific inputs and actions that were likely to have effects on the environment.
The third stage involved examination of legislation and administrative structures to determine responsibility for and constraints on project actions.
3.2 Impact identificationDuring the process of project impact identification, I appreciated how different methodologies were used. I was able to learn how to use GIS in spatial impact identification and other array of techniques.
3.3 Designing EMPDesigning of the project EMP involved both technical areas and professionals in the project. The communities in the project area also gave their inputs into how to mitigate some of the identified impacts. During the process I was able to learn how to design an EMP for a project, and how to integrate and monitor the plan in the project cycle.
4. EXPECTED RESULTSDuring my fellowship I was expected to learn how to identify impacts, analyse and evaluate, as well as designing the EMP, in addition to integrating reports from different experts into a logical report.
5. ACHIEVEMENTS I was assigned the role of coordinating/assisting the team leader, in reviewing reports from other team members and highlighting the key issues to be studied in depth. During the fellowship period a joint collaboration of the project team that comprised of various professionals from diverse fields managed to develop a work plan that was in harmony with team member’s interests.
In addition, I submitted an abstract on “who is an EIA expert?” to the IAIA for presentation at the 25th IAIA annual conference in Boston, Massachusetts, USA on 31 May-3 June 2005. The conference theme was “Ethics & Quality in Impact Assessments”. My paper was accepted for presentation; Tito Kodiaga of ESF Consultants presented the paper, as I was away during that period to undertake a training course in Galilee College, Israel on environmental management. The course was also funded through the PD Fellowship program.
7. LESSONS LEARNT & RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PD FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMMEThe Fellowship programme offered me a chance to work and network with international consultants NORPLAN, from Norway. This was the original firm contracted to the project. Issues of resettlement in hydro dam development became clear as the development of the dam took place before EIA had been institutionalised in Kenya.
The most important lesson learnt during the professional training is the need to use local professionals even when engaging international consultants in assessing large scale projects.
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EIA being interdisciplinary requires a diverse team of experts, and coordination is central to integrating the diverse fields represented by the experts. I was able to experience how an EIA team should approach a project.
I was further exposed to environmental issues in Masinga dam and dam construction effects on the environment and Tana River as a whole especially the pertinent issues of land resettlement.
The strength of the fellowship program was that it required the fellow to learn by doing and asking questions to the team members and the leader. This was an important lesson as theory is minimal, while practice and real life scenarios take centre stage. The program also allowed an interdisciplinary interaction across the disciplines. The fellowship was important in exposing me to the challenges of organising an EIA team and study, leadership, coordination and teamwork. These principles were particularly emphasised by the planning of the exercises which required us to discuss and assign roles, share leadership positions, carryout data analysis together, and reporting.
The PD Fellowship program enabled me to collaborate with NORPLAN an international consulting company, in yet another joint Lake Victoria project. This has enhanced my understanding in international assignments as well as exposed me to technicalities of undertaking joint assignments.
To make the PD fellowship programme more practical and a learning experience, the following issues should be considered;
The fellows should be attached to EIA processes in different scenarios which should include projects that are not common in areas of fellow’s resident country.
Fellows should undergo some sort of short term induction course specifically for those whose background is not in EIA. Galilee College could be a good case.
CLEAA should have a long term arrangements with some of the agencies that are working in the field of EIA. In Kenya, ESF consultants could be one such firm.
The fellowship programme should run for a longer time period of up to 6 months to enable the fellows to settle in the fellowship working environment.
After each fellowship programme, an alumnus for the past fellows should be established and strengthened to keep the fire burning. A linkage to utilize the fellows skills should also be conceptualised.
8. RESULTS NOT ACHIEVED The large number of experts involved in the study causes delays in arriving at a consensus on pertinent issues due to professional orientation. This led to delays in making decision on whether to carry on with the comprehensive EIA study.
Due to legal tussles in court over land compensation, the team did not come up with a compensation framework for the resettled community.
9. PLANNED ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT PERIODAfter the submission of the final draft report to the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), it is expected that either a comprehensive study will be required by NEMA, or the submitted report upgraded and accepted as the final report.
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10. CONSTRAINTS During the field exercise, communication and transport were some of the problem the team encountered due lack of a boat to be used in the Masinga dam.
Poor understanding of the area ecosystem by expatriates consultants, as well as conflicting values held by the communities and decision makers to conceptualize the impacts of the project, making it difficult to objectively assess the effects.
Lack of soft copies of maps and other project design drawings, due to change in management of the plant between TARDA and KENGEN in the past years constrained the teams’ work
11. CONCLUSION This report covers the final reporting period that coincided with the finalization of the EIA report of the Masinga EIA process. However, the EIA report couldn’t be attached due to confidentiality of the document between the client and the firm that undertook the study. The report has not yet been published by the client thus the report cannot be availed to a third party before it is discussed.
While the inputs of the surrounding communities were considered and will continue to be part of the process, the beneficiaries of the project who form the majority of the urban population have not been considered in the study.
Inequitable distribution of the benefits of this project between those that would be negatively affected, and those to benefit electricity from the improved plant, was not considered in the study.
The EIA process was well integrated into the planning, engineering and the whole project cycle.
It would be beneficial to have fellows attached to organizations outside their countries to give PD Fellows an international experience in EIA.
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ANNEX 1
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN DISASTER TRAINING REPORT
INTRODUCTION This report covers REA training held from 2nd - 3rd February 2005 at the Kenya Commercial Bank Training School in Karen Nairobi Kenya.
USAID, REDR, Care International and Hazard Research Centre of University College of London, sponsored the training.
My participation was facilitated and sponsored by CLEAA under the auspices of the Eastern Africa Association of Impact Assessment professional Development Fellowship programme.
The objectives of the training was to,1. Incorporate environmental effects of disaster in disaster management 2. Incorporate best practices in disaster relief efforts3. Understand the concept of REA in disaster
TRAINING PROGRAMThe training was a three-day intensive Rapid Environmental Assessment course undertaken in different REA steps, and divided into three modules
Modules of the training were:1. Organization level Assessment2. Community Level Assessment3. Consolidation and analysis4. Green review of relief procurement
The training used various teaching methods including case study simulation, group exercises, and participant’s experiences. The facilitator shared the most recent disaster management experienced by Asia during the Tsunami.
DAY 1The participants introduced themselves, professional background, their training expectations and their careers.
Participants defined REA as a methodology for including environmental impacts in disaster relief operations. The session also covered the links between disaster and environment.
The difference between EIA and REA, EIA is normally undertaken before a disaster or when a new development is proposed, While REA is undertaken just before, during and after a disaster.
Day one involved defining the context statement of the hazard in relation to environmental impact. The context statement of hazard, including summary of the disaster, causes, and evident impacts. The context statement as defined by answering 7 predetermined questions.
Priorities in REA disaster situation include,1. To save human lives ,2. To sustain livelihoods, and
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3. Conserve the environment.
The criteria for prioritizing/ranking impacts in REA is in the following order, use Life, well being and environment (LWE).
DAY 2Day 2 started with an overview of rapid disaster assessment and how REA fits into the broader disaster assessment context.
Thereafter environmental threats caused by disasters were introduced in the form of filling in the treats that are potential in disaster scenario. Using simulation cases of disasters, groups entered data in these forms and presented to the plenary.
In the afternoon, we engaged in identifying unmet basic needs that in a disaster situation and rated them according to priority. Negative environmental effects of relief activities during disaster were also covered in the second day of the training.
DAY 3Day three started with group simulation exercise on community level assessment. This forms step 6 of the REA. The why and how, of community level assessment was discussed, and the difference between organizational and community assessment identified. Methods of undertaking this type of assessment was also discussed and simulated using already prepared case studies.
During this day, consolidation and analysis of data from disaster area, or collected from both community and organizational assessment, was computed using consolidation and analysis table. At this stage, vertical and horizontal consolidation of results is undertaken and ranked based on Life Welfare, and Environment criteria (LWE). After theory session, different groups consolidated their results, analyzed using the LWE criteria and presented their findings to the plenary.
An additional module covered in day 3 was on green review of relief procurement. We defined the terms used in the module and the concept. We simulated some of the procurements done in case studies, using the green procurement checklist provided. In green procurement, the life cycle assessment of products procured during emergency relief operations is undertaken to assess the environmental effects of both the process of manufacturing and operation in the disaster areas. Methods of disposal after relief operations and how the equipments are to be used are also assessed.
The training ended with evaluation of the course content, presentation methods, and materials used.
Participants were awarded certificate of completion after the three intensive training days.
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Annex 2
REPORT OF TRAINING COURSE IN GALLILEE COLLEGE ISRAELIntroduction Through the Professional Development Fellowship grant, I succeed to enroll for a Diploma Course in environmental Management at Galilee College in Israel. The course took place between 19 th May and 6th June 2005.
I arrived in Israel on 18th may 2005 and settled at the school the same day. The class work begun the next day after a brief orientation.
Galilee College is an international school that offers a wide range of practical key issues courses for developing countries.
Other participants in my class were from El Salvador, Ghana, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
The course content included the following subjects,1. Israel and the Middle East: Past, present and future.2. Planning.3. Project Management: Concept and Development.4. Human Resources: Management and Development.5. Definition of Ecological Problems Solid waste, Waste water and Air pollution.6. Time Management.7. International Environmental Legislation and Agreements.8. Solution to ecological Problems: technologies and Approaches to solid waste: Recycling,
incineration, pyrolysis and fermentation.9. The role of management in the quality process.10. Timing and budgeting.11. Management of water resources and irrigation. 12. Project Management (computerised).13. Advanced principles of financial analysis.14. Implementing change.15. Waste water treatment technologies.16. Coping with burnout and stress.17. Nature conservation.18. Manager in a group.19. ISO 14000.20. Construction, operation and Maintenance of waste water treatment.21. Environmental Impact of Health/Managing Medical wastes.22. Leadership.
Schedule The programme was conducted daily for ten academic study hours, six days a week. The study was structured to include study tours, lectures, excursions and project work. During this period, I was able to visit and hold discussions with representatives from the Office of the Israeli Ministry of Environment, Haifa region Extensive Wastewater Treatment Plant, Carmel Hai-Bar Wildlife Preserve nature reserve, Haifa Air Quality Monitoring Station and Landfill site. and Waste recycling plant.
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Towards the end of the course, each participant was expected to develop a project proposal in any field to be presented to the faculty. I presented a proposal on solid waste management in Nairobi City.
Galilee College offered me a chance to learn from the best in environmental management. The course was more practical and less theoretical.
Israel being a dry country, proper use of natural resources is very crucial. The country has invested in technologies that ensure the management of the few resources. Agricultural technologies such as irrigation systems and other environmental technologies have seen the country improve its status of conservation.
AchievementsAs part of the course work, I was able to learn how to use Microsoft project software in project management. This is a computer based program that can be used to track multiple projects, track budgets, develop budget lines and work plan for the projects.
I was in charge of a team from different countries that developed a waste management project for Puna state in India.
I gained experience from other developing countries on environmental problems and issues, and more importantly how they were trying to manage some of these issues.
At end of the course I graduated with a Diploma in Environmental Management
Lessons Lessons learnt in my field of work include the use of EIA as a planning tool in development. The use of irrigation to cultivate crops, and the establishment of water resource management has led to efficiency in use of resources in Israel.
During my stay, I learnt how health care waste is handled separately from other liquid and solid waste from domestic sources.
Israel being a semi desert country has evolved in development of Environmental Management technologies and guidelines. Absence of water has also contributed in wise use of this resource in producing food and cash crops.
Recommendations Being the first PD fellow to attend Galilee College, I would recommend the PD Fellowship program initiate a cooperation agreement with the administration of Galilee College, to enable more PD fellows to gain experience and knowledge from the lectures and other participants from developing countries.
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Report by
Mr. Thomas YatichWorld Agroforestry Centre
P.O. Box 30677-00100United Nations Avenue
Nairobi, Kenya
&
Mr. Danny HolmesDH Engineering Consultants
P.O. Box 37928Plot 2333 Kabelenga Road
Lusaka, Zambia
Name Mr. Yatich Thomas T.B
Email [email protected]
Tel +254 20 7224000 ext. 4195
Hosting Institution
DH Engineering Consultants
Supervisor Mr. Danny Holmes
Email [email protected]
Tel + 260(01)229555
Postal Address P.O. Box 37928 Plot 2333 Kabelenga RoadLusaka, Zambia
Project Title An EA of an urban hosing project in Lilayi, Zambia
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Progress Report for the period starting 24th January to 28th February 2005 submitted to CLEAA, EAAIA and IUCN-EARO
AbstractThis progress report is intended to provide a progress of the assessment of the Lilayi Urban Housing Project. It would however, be incomplete without first introducing the project from two contexts: National and Local contexts. An overview of the project and its location in Zambia has therefore been included. These are then followed by the nitty gritty of what the report is all about in sections 1.2 to 1.9. These sections covers expected outputs, unplanned achievements, planned but unrealized results and planned results for the next period starting 1stMarch to 15th April 2005. Other issues discussed in this report are emerging or potential problems, which may affect project implementation. Solutions are also advanced towards their resolutions. In conclusion, some of the advantages of the project are briefly cited. In order to guide the reader of this report, we have also attached a map as annex I showing sub-catchments to the south-west and north-east parts of the farm. It is also worth noting from the onset that some of the issues discussed will be solved in the process of the EIA study before the initial submission to the Environmental Council of Zambia. The implementation of such a housing project (5100 housing units build over a period of three years for low-and medium-income groups) is expected to face some problems which may not be precisely pinpointed at this stage but appropriate measures have been advanced in the draft EIS for submission to the Environmental Council of Zambia.
AcknowledgementThis progress report would not have been written without support and encouragement from different
individuals and organizations. I wish to pay tribute to the members of the Fellowship coordination committee
who tirelessly facilitated the implementation of the 2004/05 Professional Development Fellowship through
which I have been able to participate in this assessment. I wish to thank Dr. Walter Knausenberger of
USAID /REDSO and Dr. Weston Fisher for their tireless efforts to fund raise and finance the Fellowship. In
addition, Mr. Abdulrahman S. Issa, the Secretary General of the Eastern Africa Association for Impact
Assessment, and Mr. David Kinyua of USAID/REDSO who worked so hard to ensure that the fellowship
succeeds. Maureen A. Babu of IUCN EARO /CLEAA/EAAIA worked extremely hard to ensure that the
fellowship ran smoothly by providing necessary logistics and even facilitating the extension of my stay after
a month. Without her playing the role of a “trouble-shooter” this report would not have been written.
I also sincerely wish to thank my host for providing all the logistics and being an excellent mentor. It goes
without saying that Mr. Daniel Holmes took me on a journey from theories to practicalities, to a level that I
said to Dr. Danny Griffith after a meeting, “there is need for me to do more EIA studies and get out of the
university system because they are interesting and practical. They will see me contribute towards
environmental integrity which is my vision in life.” Mr. Holmes ensured that I was home by providing an
enabling environment for me to carry out my duties and responsibilities. Our field trips were focused and we
worked as scheduled. I wish to thank other members of the team: Mr. Martin Lorenz who guided me with Mr.
Daniel Holmes throughout the study, Dr. Patrick S.M. Phiri of Biological Sciences, UNZA, Mr. Mike Bingham
(Biologist) and Mr. Naested Smith of VSA Geoconsultants. This acknowledgement would be incomplete
without thanking my professional colleagues who we work together in DH Engineering Consultants (host
institution). These are friends who I will never forget for their scholarly discussions and what we called
“intellectual exercises”. They include Mr. Ronald Sitali, Mr. Ignatius Kasale, Mr. Lukas Tembo and our good
experienced young driver Mr.Mutono Musonda.
Organizations, which I would like to thank, include USAID Zambia, ZAMTIE, IUCN EARO & Zambia Country
Office and the Zambian Immigration Department. Dr. Danny Griffiths and Mr. Mlotha Damaseke of USAID
and Dr. Ronald Black of ZAMTIE encouraged us to finalize the study on time. This he said “would enable
the developer to start his proposed development in time.” On the same note I wish to thank Mr. Robin Miller
for his noble idea and resolve to pursue it for the benefit of homeless people or those living in squalor
conditions. I wish him all the best in the implementation of this project and my hope is that this housing
project will be adopted as a model in the region and that it will one day be adopted in Kenya. It would be
prudent for the governments within the region to adopt the framework for which this housing provision is
founded on because it promotes public-private partnership. Finally I wish to thank all the respondents and
especially those who attended the scoping meeting and submitted individual comments. In a study of this
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magnitude, it would be difficult to mention everybody because so many people were involved. To you all, I
wish to say thank you for a job well done.
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Table of Contents
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. ii
Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................................. ii
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................... ii
Acronyms........................................................................................................................................... ii
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Location of the Project Site..........................................................................................................2
1.3 Expected Output..........................................................................................................................2
1.4 Unplanned achievements............................................................................................................2
1.5 Planned but unrealized results...................................................................................................2
1.6 Planned Results for the period 1stMarch-15th April 2005.............................................................2
1.7 Emerging and Potential Problem(s)............................................................................................2
1.8 Suggested Solutions...................................................................................................................2
1.9 Conclusions................................................................................................................................2
Acronyms
TOR Terms of reference
GRZ Government Republic of Zambia
MDG Millennium Development Goals
EIS Environmental Impact Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
CITES Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species
LWSC Lusaka Water Sewerage Company
USAID United States Agency for International Development
ZAMTIE Zambia Trade Investment Enhancement
PD Professional Development Fellowship
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1.1 Introduction
The Zambian Government housing policy goal is to provide adequate affordable housing for all
income groups. The housing policy further recognizes that, “good population management requires
that population growth be well matched to the available resources”. This however, has not been
possible because of rapid population growth and meagre resources in the public sector. Like any
other developing country, Zambia grapples with provision of basic infrastructure such as housing
and related services. In 1990 there were 1.3 million housing units in the whole country. These rose
to 1,768,287 in 2000 representing 36 percent increase spread over a period of 10 years. This did
not meet the then housing backlog, which stood at 846,000 (which considered all the homeless
families and the need to replace substandard dwelling units) units (GRZ, 1996). In 1990, the
government suggested that in order to clear this backlog over a period of ten years, the building
rate was going to be at 110,000 dwelling units per annum. After ten years, there was still a shortfall
of 631,713 dwelling units. In 2000, Lusaka had 272,094 households and 249,935 housing units
(GRZ, 2000). This shows that a number of dwelling units will have accommodated more than one
household. This situation is especially prevalent in sprawling areas like Chawama and Kanyama.
The proposed housing project will therefore go a long way to contributing towards the provision of
quality housing to all income groups and more so to the low-and medium-income groups who
cannot afford descent dwelling units given their financial status. The unique contribution of this
housing project apart from meeting the high demand for quality housing is the provision of a
framework for housing development and purchase by the targeted population. This framework is
not provided for in the existing national housing policy.
The field survey indicated that the site is not suitable for cultivation though within an agriculturally
rich zone. The high frequency of such taxa as Brachystegia boehmii, Diplorhynchus and Euphorbia Metabelensis pax is an indication that the area is rocky and therefore not suitable for cultivation.
The land can thus be used as pastureland or suitable for buildings. Past experience has shown
that use of the land for cattle grazing has been unsustainable due to problems of security. This
therefore leaves housing development as the only viable investment for this site and hence the
change of use from agriculture to housing development. This is justified because of its associated
social-economic value.
The targeting of low-and medium-income groups as the would-be beneficiaries for this project is in
line with millennium development goal (MDG) of improving the conditions of the urban poor in
slums by 2020. It is expected that the people who currently lack alternative housing will see this as
an opportunity. The provision of service infrastructure in the well-planned housing project will
contribute towards the millennium goal of reducing by half the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water. The project also contributes to the government’s policy
on poverty reduction and empowerment through home ownership and creation of employment.
This is because the housing needs of the higher income groups seem readily met, but there has
been disproportionate allocation of funds for housing development for the low and medium-income
groups that this project targets. The proponent of this project is therefore supplementing
government’s efforts in housing provision. This project is unique because it spreads the cost of
purchasing a house over a period of 15 years under a mortgage instrument. It is different from the
original site and service schemes, which required individuals to acquire serviced plots on which to
put up their houses. The site and service schemes strategy has failed because of inadequate
servicing, poor monitoring as a result of meagre resources in the public sector coupled with the
inability of plot owners to finance their own building projects. The proposed housing project, in the
other hand, will implement the entire project and then hand over the keys of a fully serviced and
completed house to new house owners who will only be required to pay their monthly instalments
towards the mortgage and services. Additionally, the housing project promotes public-private
partnership in housing provision within Zambia and indeed in the region. The public-private
partnership promotes the pulling together of resources for the realization of social development
goals. This will form the basis of many other partnerships and housing investments in the region.
Indeed, this housing project is a model for the region.
1.2 Location of the Project Site
The project site comprises Farm 915 in Lilayi, which can be easily accessed via the Kafue Road
and Lilayi Road, a travelling distance of about 15 km south of Lusaka City. Farm 915 is a 249-
hectare area, which presently forms a part of the estate of Lilayi Farm, which also includes farm
402a to the west and farms 403a and 405a to the south. More specifically, the farm is located
immediately adjacent to and North of Lilayi Paramilitary and Police College and east of the Lusaka-
Chilanga rail line. The site can also be accessed via two gravel roads, one through Chawama and
Jack Townships, which are located 4.2 km to the north, the other leading from Chilenje Township
via the LWSC Water Works, a distance of about 8.8 km from the site. Lilayi Farm is located in the
agro-ecological region II A on the plateau of Lusaka South, and the proposed development lies
within the current boundaries of Greater Lusaka.
The climate of the site is typical of much of the Central African Plateau. The movement largely
determines the annual pattern of weather across the country of the Inter – Tropical Convergence
Zone with three distinct seasons, namely a cool dry season from mid-April to August, a hot season
from September to October and a rainy season from November to April. The study area receives
an annual rainfall in the region of 500mm to 1000mm with a mean annual rainfall of 787mm nearly
all of which is recorded in the rainy season. Mean monthly temperatures range between about
15oC in the cold season to about 28.9oC in the hot season when humidity is comparatively high.
Minimum temperatures as low as 9.6oC have been recorded for July, the coldest month of the year
(the occurrence of frost is not expected) while temperatures of 30oC and over are not uncommon
for October, which is the hottest month.
1.3 Expected Output
Despite the fact that this report covers the environmental assessment phase, it would be important
to briefly outline the phases of the entire project development which are seven in total. These are:
i) Phase I- that involves concept and the re-zoning of the site to commercial, residential
and industrial.
ii) Phase II- sketch plan (estate layout plan and preliminary services design)
iii) Phase III-preparation of the EIA report for the project
iv) Phase IV- detailed design
v) Phase V- Technical documentation
vi) Phase VI- Tender Process
vii) Phase VII- Construction
During the third phase (preparation of the EIA report), the expected results, which were realized,
included the successful scoping process held on 15 th Dec. 2005 at Lilayi Lodge and the
subsequent submission of the Terms Of Reference (TOR) to the Environmental Council of Zambia
on 4th January, 2005. These terms of reference were approved and communicated to DH
Engineering on 12th January 2005. Following this, the EIA coordinator allocated duties and
responsibilities for completion of various tasks that would lead to completion of the EIA study on
the 18th January 2005. Baseline studies; identification, evaluation and assessment of impacts and
prescription of mitigation measures when completed , the preliminary report will be expected to be
submitted to the developer in the first week of March for his review and comments. During the
baseline study and impacts identification, evaluation and assessment phases, input was obtained
from ZMCK, Minerva, Naested Smith and Government Departments and agencies. It is expected
that the draft of the Environmental impact statement will be submitted on or before 15 th March 2005
to the Environmental Council of Zambia as initially planned. There is therefore no other limiting
factor that will delay the initial submission of the twelve copies of the EIS to the Environmental
Council of Zambia for its review and further recommendations.
1.4 Unplanned achievements
In a study of this kind, there are inherent uncertainties which can either be positive or negative in
nature. In the initial stages we did not expect to get existing detailed geological studies and the
latest aerial and satellite imageries on the study area. In the search for literature, the team has
been able to obtain detailed geological studies and satellite imageries of 1967, 1968 and 1996 on
the study area. These helped the EIA team to examine the vegetation and land use changes on
and off site over space and time. During the field surveys, there were no floral and faunal species,
which were either found to be endemic to the site or endangered, protected by Zambia law, CITES
or any other conventions that Zambia is a signatory. Additionally, the archaeologist confirmed that
there are no sites in Farm 915 of archaeological significance. Another unexpected positive
achievement is on the underground alignment and its influence on subsurface water flow. The
proposal by the developer to tap water for use in the estate from shaft 5 which is the main water
source in the area met stiff opposition from other land users and especially York farm and Eureka
Park (a low density residential area) both to the western side of the farm 915. Shaft 5 is to the
northern part of the farm while the groundwater divide is located approximately 1 km to the south-
west of the surface drainage divide. This surface divide acts as the boundary between the
identified Lilayi sub-catchment and north-east sub-catchment which drain in different directions
(see the map attached as appendix 1). This south-westerly “displacement“of the groundwater
divide could be due to large scale groundwater abstraction located north-east of Lilayi Farms or
geologically controlled. The geological control that could cause this “displacement” would typically
be elevated fresh bedrock, which predominantly determines the gravitational flow of groundwater.
This water divide separates aquifers to the north-east with those to the south-west. This would
mean that ground water abstraction would be controlled, in that the users to either side of the water
divide will adhere to the use of a particular water use regime and hence groundwater abstraction
can easily be monitored, and use planned for in order to avoid underground water depletion.
1.5 Planned but unrealized results
The underground water divide or “displacement” needed confirmation that the aquifers to the north-
eastern and south-western parts of farm 915 are two independent subsurface water regimes. This
required advanced water analysis and an independent viewpoint. This led the project Developer to
obtain and send water samples to VSA (a geological consulting firm) in South Africa, to undertake
water analysis using standard water parameters in order to establish if there was any relationship
between aquifers on both sides of the water divide. These results are yet to be sent to the EIA
team co-coordinator. These results are expected before the end of this week. Another major
stakeholder in this study is the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited (LWSC). Initially,
we asked for bacteriological and chemical water analysis for Shaft 5 for the last three years (2001-
date), and these results have not been forthcoming. These were to establish the dynamics of water
quality in the shaft for the stated period. The reason is that there have been so many settlements
and agricultural activities around the borehole and it was prudent that we establish the water
quality status. It is hoped that these results will be in and integrated in the preliminary report before
the initial submission to the Environmental Council of Zambia.
1.6 Planned Results for the period 1stMarch-15th April 2005
During this period, the EIA team expects to submit 12 copies of the prepared draft environmental
impacts statement (EIS) on or before 15 th March 2005. Thereafter, the EIA team will continue to
gather any data that would be deemed relevant to the EIA study, as the draft EIS undergoes review
by the public and the Environmental Council of Zambia. This means that the collection of baseline
data is a continuous process. During the same period, DH Engineering Consultants will also be
receiving submissions from individuals who will wish to submit their comments directly. The review
period is expected to last a period of 20 days. DH Engineering will thereafter prepare the final EIS
document with the inclusion of relevant comments from different interested and affected parties.
The final EIS will then be submitted to the Environmental Council of Zambia to obtain statutory
approval. The developer will thereafter implement the project while using the EIA results and
recommendations. The Council will continuously, from time to time undertake audits to establish
whether the developer has mainstreamed the EIA results into the project development cycle or
process.
1.7 Emerging and Potential Problem(s)
There are no emerging or potential problems that are expected to negatively affect the
implementation of the project. However, it would be relevant to mention at this stage that there is
high demand for houses in Zambia. The housing project targets the low-and medium-income
groups. It could however be difficult for the poor who cannot afford quality housing to pay the
mortgage down payment and the expected monthly instalments. In order to have an integrated
housing project, there is need to obtain written commitments from investors who will build support
facilities like schools, clinics, worship places and other social facilities which are not catered for as
part of the Developers infrastructure currently. However, plots of land have been allocated by the
Developer for such institutions, to be built and managed by others.
1.8 Suggested Solutions
In order to make the purchase of the houses as accessible as possible, there is need to undertake
feasibility analysis and thereafter make a decision on the amount of down payment and
subsequent monthly instalments that purchasers should advance towards the buying of the
houses. It is expected that the developer will undertake this study in order to make good and
quality business decisions. It is proposed here that there is need for this study as soon as possible
so as to enable the developer set up the legal and institutional frameworks for the financing
mechanism. It is also worth mentioning that this is just like any other business investment and the
developer will be making “profit-ended” decisions but takes social responsibility as a component of
his decisions as well.
1.9 Conclusions
The goal behind the housing concept is noble and the project will go along way to contributing
towards socio-economic development in Zambia. The fact that the housing township is expected to
be a model for other would-be projects in the region requires that necessary measures be taken in
order to maximize its benefits and minimize negative impacts. The developer however, ought to be
congratulated for the good work that he has begun. During the EIA, the study team experienced
minimal problems because the other stakeholders supported them. These were mainly Lilayi
Housing Project Partnership, Lilayi Housing Project donor participation, Lilayi Housing project
professional team, major Zambian public sector participants and Lilayi housing project-utility
providers. USAID Zambian office and ZAMTIE continuously monitored and supported the EIA
study process. The project in its entirety promotes public-private partnership and public
participation. These are very important components of any development and paradigm shift from
the usually one-sided top-down approach, to bottom-up approach. The undertaking of the EIA by a
well-established firm with qualified staff and facilities means that the development will be started on
time as there is no expectation of time wastage. Generally, the EIA team have undertaken the
study with minimal problems which we are still pursuing and will be resolved before the initial
submission of the draft EIS to the Council for review. It is expected that the review by the
Environmental Council of Zambia and the public will be expedient in order to have the project
implemented as planned.
Annex I : Map showing sub-catchments in Lilayi Farm 915
FINAL REPORT ON THE PD FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMME
Acknowledgement
This report would not have been written without support and encouragement from different
individuals and organizations. I wish to pay tribute to the members of the Fellowship coordination
committee who tirelessly facilitated the implementation of the 2004/05 Professional Development
Fellowship, through which I have been able to participate in this EIA study. I wish to thank Dr.
Walter Knausenberger, Mr. Abdulrahman S. Issa (technical coordinator and the Secretary General
of the Eastern Africa Association for Impact assessment) Dr. Weston Fisher, and Mr. David Kinyua
of USAID/REDSO/ESA for their tireless efforts to fund raise and finance the Fellowship. Mr. Kinyua
continuously encouraged me and selflessly shared his PD Fellowship experience in Namibia.
These helped me to plan for the PD Fellowship in Zambia. Maureen A. Babu who coordinated the
programme, worked extremely hard to ensure that the fellowship ran smoothly by providing
necessary logistics and even facilitating the extension of my stay in Zambia after visa expiry.
Without her playing the role of a “trouble-shooter” this report would not have been written.
I also sincerely wish to thank my host for providing all the logistics and being an excellent mentor. It
goes without saying that Mr. Daniel Holmes took me on a journey from theories to practicalities, to
a level that I said to Dr. Danny Griffiths after a meeting, “there is need for me to do more EIA
studies because they are interesting and practical and get out of the university system. They will
see me contribute towards environmental integrity which is my vision in life.” Mr. Holmes ensured
that I was home by providing an enabling environment to carry out my duties and responsibilities.
Our field trips were focused and we worked as scheduled. I wish to thank other members of the
team: Mr. Martin Lorenz who guided me with Mr. Daniel Holmes throughout the study, Dr. Patrick
S.M. Phiri of Biological Sciences, UNZA, Mr. Mike Bingham (the EIA Team’s Biologist) and Mr.
Naested Smith of VSA Geoconsultants. This acknowledgement would be incomplete without
thanking my professional colleagues who we work together in DH Engineering Consultants (host
institution). These are friends who I will never forget for their scholarly discussions and what we
called “intellectual discourses”. They include Mr. Ronald Sitali, Mr. Ignatius Kasale, Mr. Lukas
Tembo and our experienced driver, Mr.Mutono Musonda.
Organizations, which I would like to thank, include USAID Kenya and Zambia, ZAMTIE, IUCN
EARO, IUCN Zambia and the Zambian Immigration Department. Dr. Danny Griffiths and Mr.
Mlotha Damaseke of USAID and Dr. Ronald Black of ZAMTIE encouraged us to finalize the study
on time. This he said “would enable the developer to start his proposed development in time.” On
the same note I wish to thank Mr. Robin Miller for his noble idea and resolve to pursue it for the
benefit of homeless people or those living in squalor conditions. I wish him all the best in the
implementation of this project and my hope is that this housing project will be adopted as a model
in the region, and that it will one day be adopted in Kenya. It would be prudent for the governments
within the region to adopt the framework for which this housing provision is founded on, because it
promotes public-private partnership. Finally I wish to thank all the respondents and especially those
who attended the scoping meeting and submitted individual comments. In a study of this
magnitude, it would be difficult to mention everybody because so many people were involved. To
you all, I wish to say thank you for a job well done.
1.0 Fellowship Goals and ObjectivesCapacity Development and Linkages for Environmental Assessment in Africa (CLEAA) announced
the official launch of the 2004-2005 CLEAA Professional Development Fellowship program on 7 th
April 2004. Applications were to be received until 7 th May 2004. The PD Fellowship was announced
within the Environmental Management and Capacity Building program (ENCAP) website, from
where I downloaded the advert. The PD Fellowship is funded by USAID and administered by
CLEAA and IUCN-EARO. The primary objective of the Fellowship program is to build African
professional capacity in EIA through “learning by doing”, and to strengthen professional EIA
networks within the region. Interested professionals in governmental and non-governmental
organizations were targeted as potential applicants. It however offered a limited number of PD
opportunities in EIA in a wide range of environmental fields including inter alia: irrigation, road
construction, housing, dyke construction etc. The selection criteria among other things included the
professional background of the applicant, academic qualification, ability to strengthen EIA policy,
program and network in applicant’s home country. Out of the 81 applicants, I was one of the 8
selected. Thereafter requests were send out to organizations to host the PD Fellows for training
and I was hosted by DH Engineering Consultants and Project Managers in Zambia, to do a hands
on EIA for a proposed urban housing development project in Lusaka south, Zambia. This was
scheduled for the period starting 22nd January-22nd March 2005. I was to participate in the housing
assessment right from the scoping stage through to the final report submission stage to the
Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) for review and recommendation. This project was
identified as appropriate based on my planning background and having undertaken several
research and studies especially on the field of environmental impact assessment (EIA). I did travel
on the 25th of January to join DH Engineering Consultants and Project Managers, and my work
commenced the following day.
1.2 Fellowship ActivitiesDuring the entire period of the Fellowship, I did not only actively participate in the main fellowship
activity (assessment of the impacts of the proposed Urban Housing Development Project in Lilayi,
Lusaka Zambia), but also participated in other EIA related activities undertaken by DH Engineering
Consultants, and which my supervisor and mentor felt that such activities would enhance my
knowledge and skills in environmental impact assessment. Apart from my responsibilities under the
Lilayi Housing project, I also participated in the initial stages of the EIA for Chilanga Cement PLc.
This is a cement producing company that is owned by Lafarge International with its headquarters in
France. I attended two meetings convened by the company with the intention to discuss the geo-
technical drilling which was on-going, and had been awarded to DH Engineering Consultants
through competitive biding. The purpose of such drilling was to undertake chemical analysis and
standard penetration tests for the soil survey. These were to facilitate the expansion of the
company’s activities. This expansion falls under the Second Schedule of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997, of the Environmental
Protection and Pollution Control Act of 1990 which requires that an EIA be undertaken. The
company then advertised for the EIA and DH Engineering submitted both a technical and financial
proposal/bid. After the main interviews, the short listed companies were asked to attend another
meeting while accompanied by most of their staff. I was among those who accompanied Mr. Danny
Holmes and after the meeting, I was asked by Mr. Danny Holmes to revise his bid (both technical
and financial), which he resubmitted after his input. DH Engineering Consultants won the EIA study
and is currently undertaking the EIA for Chilanga Cement PLc.
The Lilayi housing estate is a proposed high-density housing development on Lilayi Farms that will
include 5100 fully serviced homes by completion in September 2008. The development will have
support facilities (schools, worship places) and infrastructure that will include reticulated water
supply and sanitation, roads and electricity. The water will be sourced from the existing Shaft 5
borehole near to the estate, presently used for water supply to Lusaka. Back-up supply of treated
water will be available from the Kafue water main. Due to the would be impacts of this project an
EIA was required, as the project falls under the category of Urban Development under the second
schedule of EIA regulations (Regulation 7) which states that ‘Designing of new townships which are more than 5Ha or more or sites covering 700 dwellings and above’ require an Environmental
Impact Assessment. During the environmental impact assessment (EIA), we worked as a team and
the EIA coordinator tirelessly supported us. Teamwork required that individuals in the team
undertake different tasks. Their products are then reviewed before final drafts are produced. During
the EIA study, I:
Undertook a desk study of the existing Literature on previous EIA studies, as well
as statutory mechanisms that apply to an EIA study, in addition to review of
literature on the site proposed for the housing Estate. This further improved my
understanding of the EIA process. The background discussions I had with my
mentor and other members of the team, improved my understanding and made
me complete my assignments in time as required.
Undertook fieldwork to collect and collate data on various aspects, which would be
affected by the proposed housing estate. This involved consultations with
community members who lived around the site of the proposed project as well as
visiting government agencies. Some of the agencies visited included the Central
Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Local Government and Housing, the University of
Zambia and Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Ltd. During such visits, apart
from collecting data, I also acquired relevant literature for the Company. During
such field visits, I accompanied other members of the team, who included the EIA
Coordinator, the biologist and Mr. Martin Lorenz who is an EIA Expert.
Played the role of a socio-economist for the EIA study. I was therefore asked to
describe the existing socio-economic environment. Additionally, the other sections
that I was asked to describe and discuss included: anticipated positive impacts
during both the construction and operational phases; potential negative impacts of
the proposed project on water flow; air quality and public health during the
construction phase and the potential negative impacts of the project on water
quality; traffic; settlement and land use during the operational phase. Additionally, I
prescribed mitigation measures for these impacts. Other sections included: the
need for the project and the methodology. I also reviewed other sections of the
EIS like the executive summary, project description, environmental management
and the monitoring plan. All these were reviewed and agreed upon amongst us as
a team.
Attended consultation meetings with the developer, other members of the team,
the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ), Zambia Trade and Investment
Enhancement (ZAMTIE), USAID Zambia and other consultants with whom Mr.
Danny Holmes worked with. These included Davis and Shirtliff; Adam Wood and
Partners. In order to gain the relevant skills, I was requested to attend a meeting
alone with officials from USAID, and report on the progress of the EIA study. Apart
from the meetings we had with officials of Chilanga Cement PLc, Lafarge of
France, and the developers of the Lilayi Housing project, my meeting with senior
officials in USAID Zambia allowed me to gain experience on reporting.
Field data collection was carried out concurrently with the writing of the draft EIA
report. Such that by the time we were compiling the mid-term report, we had
completed some chapters of the EIS and we were receiving comments from the
developer. The developers took it as their personal responsibility to review all the
chapters and thereafter we included their comments. On 22nd March 2005, we had
a draft report, which was to be submitted to the Environmental Council of Zambia
for comments before preparation of the final draft report.
Also I learnt how to use the Auto CAD 2000 in designing. It would improve my
planning skills and designing of plan layouts.
I also participated in the supervision of other projects, which were being
implemented by DH Engineering Consultants. These enabled me to acquire
supervisory skills.
Finally, I received background lectures from my host not only on EIA, but also on
how to run a consultancy and how to establish one. Mr. Danny Holmes took
personal interest in ensuring that I further develop my interests in consultancy.
1.3 OutputsDuring the reporting period, some of the outputs of the EIA study include inter alia:
Preparation and successful submission of the Terms of Reference (TOR) for
the study to Environmental Council of Zambia for review.
Successful EIA study and preparation of the final draft report to the
Environmental Council of Zambia for review and recommendation.
Production of a report on underground water and its status by VSA
Geoconsultants Group of South Africa.
A written confirmation by the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company that it
will supply water to the Estate from Shaft 5 and confirmation of electricity
supply by Zambia Electricity Company (ZESCO). The water company,
however, insisted that the Estate has to lay the reticulation system or some
agreement will have to be reached after discussion between the two parties.
Acquisition of literature and improved opportunities for DH Engineering
Consultants and the PD Fellow. DH Engineering will improve and benefit
from the experience gained during the project period. This will improve the
companies profile and will win more bids in future like the on-going EIA for
Chilanga Cement PLc. I also gained knowledge and skills on how to
undertake and sustain an EIA study to its conclusion, especially within a
consultancy environment or context.
Acceptance of two papers on the project by the organizing Committee of
the 25th Annual Conference of the International Association of Impact
Assessment (IAIA) scheduled for Boston from 31st May to 3rd June 2005.
Networks and collaboration within the region. During the Fellowship, I
managed to forge linkages or networks with individuals and organizations in
different areas. Most importantly is with DH Engineering Consultants and
VSA Geoconsultants Group of Zambia. This will enable me gain from their
expertise in EIA and managerial skills. Danny and I agree that we will be
working together in various projects in the near future.
1.4 Unplanned AchievementsGiven the magnitude of this study, the fact that the assessment was completed as scheduled was
an achievement in itself. In the initial stages, we did not expect the geological and the hydrological
report to be on time. This is because of the complex nature of such studies. Also despite the high
prices of satellite imagery, we managed to obtain them at a manageable price. The geological and
the hydrological reports showed that the two sets of aquifers are separated by a groundwater
divide and hence water use within the different underground ‘regimes’ would easily be planned
and monitored. I also did not plan to participate in other projects like in the initial stages for the EIA
study of Chilanga Cement. This enabled me to gain more practical skills on EIA and especially on
competitive biding. My learning of Auto CAD is also a plus.
1.5 Unachieved ResultsInitially, the EIA team requested Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) to prepare a
report on the status of the water quality of shaft 5 based on water samples collected for the period
2002-2004. This report was going to be on the bacteriological and chemical status of the water.
Such results would have determined whether the water was polluted or not. This would exonerate
Lilayi Development Holdings from any future blame if the water status changes. Limited results on
the biological components of the water were eventually obtained in April 2005 while information on
the chemical analysis of the water has not yet been obtained from LWSC.
1.6 Planned Results for the next periodAfter the submission of the final draft report to the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ), it is
expected that the review will be completed within the statutory period and recommendations made
for incorporation by the EIA Coordinator. Thereafter, the developer will seek environmental
approval from the ECZ using the EIS. Once the ECZ gives an approval, then the project can seek
planning approval and commence. The commencement of the project will see the use of the EIA
results in order to reduce the potential negative impacts of the projects. The architects will have
also incorporated the EIA results into their designs. This applies to utility designs as well by the
Lilayi Infrastructure Development Company. In order to ensure that all the mitigation measures are
implemented, a Health, Safety and Environmental Officer (HSE) will have to be employed by the
Developer as a member of the Estate Management Board. It is also expected that written
commitments (letters of intent) will be obtained from individuals and organizations, for the purposes
of the provision of support facilities like schools, clinics and worship place. Two papers on the
housing assessment will be presented at the 25th annual conference of the IAIA.
1.7 Emerging/Potential Problems and their SolutionsSuch a complex and large-scale housing project is not without problems. The proposed mortgage
system will require a modest down payment and monthly instalments. If liveability analysis is not
undertaken as early as possible, the targeted cadres of the population may be left out. There is
also another possibility: if a too modest down payment and instalment are offered, the lower and
middle-income groups may buy the houses for speculative purposes and sell them at higher prices
and thereafter go back to the shanty towns. Alternatively, if the mortgage financing is not
favourable to the poor, then the rich will buy and rent the houses at a fee. The empowerment of the
poor through home ownership will not have been achieved. This happened in Kenya and especially
with the construction of “Umoja’ estate Flats, which were meant for the low income earners. They
however sold the purchased houses and went back to their informal settlements. It must, however,
be noted that the idea is driven by profit making and the forces of demand and supply may take
centre stage. In Zambia there is demand for housing because there is huge housing backlog that
has been there since 1990s. Another problem is the exorbitant and prohibitive license fee levied by
the Environmental Council of Zambia on Developers. There is need for stakeholders forum to iron
such issues so that EIA is not seen as an impediment rather that a forward planning and
management tool. This is currently being reviewed but it may not change much.
1.8 Evaluation I must mention from the onset that I found my participation in the EIA study both beneficial
and exciting because I acquired knowledge and skills, which I did not have before. My
stay was well planned and I had no problems. Field data collection, analyses and report
writing were undertaken simultaneously, and hence the EIA Team managed to realize its
objectives in time. I was fully satisfied with the boarding and office facilities. Mr. Mentor
was very sincere and frank when dealing with me. This was also evident with my other
colleagues. We were all friends and we shared information freely. I was connected to the
local network and it was easy getting information on Lilayi from one computer to another.
Sometimes it would be difficult to get certain information and Mr. Holmes was kind enough
and helped me access such information. Mr. Danny Holmes was neither selfish nor mean
with information. He was strict on time and this saw me finish my assignments on time. He
often called and talked to me over the phone to find out how I was doing and whether I
was experiencing any problem. He even advised on the right people to keep company with
thus ensuring my safety. Above all, he is honest, trustworthy and a reliable mentor.
Generally I lived and worked in an enabling environment.
During the initial stages, it seemed that I was there to play the role of an observer. I then
suggested to my mentor and Mr. Martin Lorenz with whom I also worked with in the entire
study, that I was actually supposed to do the work too. I was then allocated different tasks.
However, this did not change the fact that I was a student who required guidance.
Though I developed an interest to continue working with DH Engineering even after the
Fellowship, there was going to be no framework for such continuity because the fellowship
programme was time bound and “budget-restricted”. The budget was planned for 60 days
and there was no surplus. This was why I had to come back on the 22nd March 2005.
Although there would be need to enhance networks formed during the fellowship, it would
be difficult to do so because of financial constraints.
I did have an interest to work with the Inspectorate Department within the Environmental
Council of Zambia, during periods when not occupied with the EIA study. This was not
possible because of the unwillingness of the senior inspector to provide a framework for
such a proposal. This would however have had some conflict of interest.
Despite the participation of the management of the Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company
in the scoping meeting, the company could still refused to give us certain data for the EIA.
This showed how bureaucracy in institutions would hinder development, especially when it
comes to data for planning or forecasting purposes.
1.9 Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Improving the Fellowship ProgramThe program was intended to equip me with knowledge and skills for undertaking an environmental
impact assessment, and to strengthen program and networks both within Zambia and the region.
My participation in the different stages of the EIA and production of draft reports on the different
sections of the EIA enabled me to acquired practical skills for undertaking an EIA study, apart from
learning how to run a consultancy firm. My intention is to use the skills gained to enhance EIA in
Kenya and within the region, through participation in activities aimed at capacity building in EIA. I
also established different networks, which would benefit CLEAA and the institution of my affiliation
(Kenyatta University). I also learned how to work and interact in an inter-and multi-disciplinary
context. I however wish to advance the following recommendations for the improvement of the PD
Fellowship programme. These are:
There is need for the establishment of linkages through signing of memorandum of
understanding between USAID, IUCN-EARO, CLEAA and EAAIA, with other institutions
and especially higher institutions of Learning. The rationale behind this is the number of
staff and students in such institutions who can contribute towards capacity building in EIA
within the region. The PD Fellows who are affiliated to such institutions can facilitate these
linkages. Such linkages are intended for joint training ventures and sharing of information
and networking between and amongst such institutions. I begun my Fellowship late
because the university delayed in authorizing my participation in the Fellowship. This was
due to lack of collaborative networks between Kenyatta University and other institutions,
which were implementing the fellowship. Students would also be trained jointly especially
when it comes to internships. I remember there were discussions on the identification of a
hosting institution for EAAIA in the beginning of January 2005. There is need to hasten this
in order to form an EIA institute within the East African region. This will expand its mandate
and scope of activities within the East African Region.
Lilayi Development Holdings Limited received financial support for the EIA study from
USAID Zambia through Zambia Trade and Investment Enhancement (ZAMTIE), which is a
USAID project managed by Nathan Associates. Consultancies dealt with ZAMTIE and
therefore USAID Zambian office concentrated on other activities. This decentralization of
activities may be an important element for the payment of environmental services and
enhancement of the linkage between investment/trade/development with the environment.
The fact that the investments are business-oriented requires a business-oriented sponsor
conscious of the environmental considerations of such proposed business projects.
There is need to tap the skills gained by the PD Fellows by involving them in capacity
building within the region. The PD Fellowship should not be an end in itself but a beginning
of a working relationship between the Fellows and USAID and IUCN-EARO. It is the
responsibility of the Fellows to contribute towards the growth of EAAIA, CLEAA and IAIA.
A framework to do this already exists. These include the existence of the leadership of
such institutions. It is the responsibility of the leaders within institutions like CLEAA and
EAAIA and USAID to involve the PD Fellows on some of the activities where they deem
necessary even if on voluntary basis. The networking of the PD Fellows is an asset rather
than a liability. Initiatives pursued by the PD Fellows aimed at capacity building need to be
supported.
In Zambia and in other developing countries EIA is beginning to be seen as an impediment
because of the prohibitive license fees. In order to resolve this and other contentious
issues, there is need to establish a grouping of business people and professionals within
the region. This will see different professional institutions and business proprietors brought
together with government institutions like National Environmental Management Authorities
(NEMAs), or other regulatory bodies, in order to iron out certain contentious issues. This
will promote eco-friendly investments that are timely and not negatively affected by the
prohibitive licensing fees. I wish to propose either a regional forum for sharing information
between national regulatory bodies and the business community, including professionals
or the establishment of business councils, which will include professionals with the
responsibility of promoting dialogue, and sharing of information with NEMAs and other
national regulatory bodies. This will reduce the bureaucracy that is often experienced.
In order to participate fully in the EIA process and see its completion, there is need to
extend the PD Fellowship period from two to three months. This will enable the PD Fellow
to participate in the public review and production of the final EIA report.
As mentioned before, there is need to ask the PD Fellows to write their final evaluation
reports after participating in the annual IAIA conference. Alternatively, the current
arrangement can be maintained and the PD Fellows asked to submit a report on their
participation in the conference.
There is also the need to submit the EIA reports to one of the institutions participating in
the PD Fellowship program. These would be reference materials. If we had a regional
environmental institute like SAIEA, such EIS would go to its library.
There is need for the Fellows to be brought together to share their experiences in a
workshop. This will see them presenting their results to a wider audience at the national
level. Their participation in the annual IAIA Conference is very good and encouraging but
few people especially environmental regulators or NEMAs will benefit from such EIA
experience.
This report would serve its purpose if read with the mid-term report. Some comments which have
not been made in this report may have been made in the mid term report. It is our hope that such
comments found relevant will be implemented.
Report by
Mr. Yassin MkwizuP.O.Box 12605
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Name Mr. Yassin Mkwizu
Email [email protected]
Tel +255 0748339293
Hosting Institution
Institute of Resources Assessment , University of Dar es Salaam
Supervisor Prof. Raphael Mwalyosi and Dr. Hussein Sosovele
Email [email protected] or [email protected]
Tel +255 22 2410144
Postal Address P.O.Box 35097 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Project Title EA study for the proposed conservation and development plan for the
Grumeti Reserves, Western Serengeti, Tanzania
A. INTRODUCTION
My PD Fellowship commenced March 2005, when I was attached to the Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA) of the University of Dar es Salaam. This report covers the entire period from March to August 2005,
and it explains my involvement in the program. The first activity was an inception meeting to discuss the arrangement for my participation in the fieldwork, which would involve an assessment of a development and conservation project in Western Serengeti by Grumeti Reserves Ltd. Secondly, my participation in an EIA training workshop on tourism development for Natural Resource Officers, which was conducted in March this year. Other activities included fieldwork to examine the impacts that will result from various components of the project. The project will involve various activities including establishment of lodges, construction of an airstrip and aerodrome, finalization of Wildlife Management Areas (WMA), and reallocation of a road that passes across Grumeti Reserves. Throughout this programme, I have been involved in literature review, reading various documents on EIA.
B. ACTIVITY ONE: TRAINING WORKSHOP ON EIA FOR NATURAL RESOURCE OFFICERS
My participation in the EIA training workshop for Natural Resources Officers that was held in Bagamoyo from 21 to 23 March 2005 provided an opportunity to learn about EIA process. The training aimed to incorporate EIA as a tool into issues concerned with tourism to ensure sustainable tourism in the country. The Tanzania government has in the last ten years been engaged in attracting investors. One of the areas that seem to receive a positive feedback in attracting investors is tourism. However, tourism is carried out in areas which are of ecological importance, as these areas support fragile ecosystems. Thus EIA in tourism development is an important process to be considered to ensure that such investments are not carried out at the expense of our ecosystems thus affecting the future use. The training therefore provided an important venue of learning about the tourism industry and how that industry can be sustainably established using EIA as a tool. Finally, participants were taken through the EIA process.
I had an opportunity to present a paper during the training workshop, on the provision of EIA in the new Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2004. As an environmental officer working with a public interest environmental law organization for the last four years, I have realized the knowledge gap that Natural Resources Officers have in understanding the provisions that environmental related laws provide for the management of resources. It was therefore important that they understand the basics of the provisions of EMA in conducting EIA, as the Natural Resources Officers would ensure implementation of this law. The paper served an important role in filling in the gap in knowledge.
Important lessons in that training include; how to address issues on carrying capacity, involvement of stakeholders, and the role of government in carrying out EIA. Issues of mass tourism were also discussed by presenters along with the need to incorporate issues of an even distribution of tourism.
C. ACTIVITY TWO: FIELD WORK IN GRUMETI RESERVES
About the Project
Grumeti reserves aims to promote conservation in the Western Serengeti through investing on low level tourism. Grumeti (GRs) has until the recent past undergone intensive commercial use. The area has also experienced illegal hunting activities where key wildlife species especially the “Big Five” almost getting wiped out. As this area is a tourist big game hunting destination, it has dramatically declined in value.
Grumeti Reserves intends to invest in conservation and tourism within their concession area and influence the surrounding WMAs, as well as Grumeti and Ikorongo Game reserves. In particular Grumeti Reserves intends to invest in “high” class hotels and sustainable hunting in accordance with the national and international conservation policies, and regulations in order to subsequently ensure the security of the Serengeti National Park.
The Grumeti Reserves Concept is centered on improved road infrastructure which ensures fast tourist access to the tourist destinations within the region. The Concept takes cognizance of conservation and tourism development in the Serengeti District and Mara Region, as part of the ongoing economic development around the Lake Victoria Region (fisheries, mining and farming). Grumeti Reserves is also aware of the national policy that considers socio-economic development of the people, based on the existing resources. To reverse the declining trend in value, measures have to be taken to rehabilitate the environment, stop hunting to allow natural populations recovery or reintroduce lost species such as rhinoceros.
IRA of the University of Dar es salaam has been consulted to undertake a study on the impact the development would have, and come up with the management plan for the same. The study must be placed in the context of the many challenges development is facing, particularly the emphasis on new development paradigms. Such challenges include the way in which sustainable development, economic, and cultural globalization are to be incorporated in the process. Other key issues that need to be considered/ addressed are regionalisation and urban processes, deterioration of local environment, agenda 21, urban competition, decentralization and devolution of powers (including natural resource planning and management) to lower levels of government, and public participation. Such trends place particular challenges on local and district planning authorities.
D. SPECIFIC ISSUES
i) ACHIEVEMENTS
The main achievement during the PD Fellowship programme was the learning on EIA procedures during the training workshop held in Bagamoyo. The learning was followed by a series of field work to examine the impact of various components of the project by Grumeti Reserves. I was involved in the EIA study concerned with the development and conservation initiative with a number of other sub activities. The key and central activity is the construction of Sasakwa lodge and tented camps in the area, which are aimed for low tourism. To achieve this tourism, a number of other activities must be accomplished, to ensure that the proposed development and conservation initiative are made possible. EIA activities that I was involved include; the construction of an airstrip in Sasakwa, the construction of an aerodrome in Mugumu, reallocation of roads and formalization of Ikona WMA.
The EIA for the construction of Sasakwa lodge has been completed. During the EIA study, I was able to participate in all the required steps. I was able to learn how to evaluate impacts of various activities from the construction to operation, to decommissioning. Furthermore, I was able to learn how to enhance the positive impacts and mitigate the negative ones.
I participated in the report writing on impacts of construction of an air strip that will be used by the Grumeti Reserves Limited.
The EIA study for the construction of Mugumu aerodrome has not yet been completed. However, the activity involved early stakeholders consultations. It has been a learning experience to find out the way in which various stakeholders views may differ in a proposed activity, especially this particular project as it has a direct relation with tourism activity.
I was able to participate in other activities by proposed by the developer, which are aimed at raising the value of the area. Formalization of Ikona WMA is one such activity. Our team facilitated the process of identifying activities that have already been implemented for the fulfillment of the registration of WMA, and
those that are yet to be implemented. Involvement of IRA team has been very effective. The team was able to facilitate a meeting with all WMA facilitators. The meeting was important in agreeing on the roles and responsibilities for each facilitator.
ii) SPECIAL POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT NOTED
One special development during this period was a paper presentation during the training workshop on EIA for sustainable tourism, which was held in Bagamoyo in March 2005. My paper focused on the provisions of EIA in the new Environmental Management Act of 2004. The paper provided an insight on the new environmental law with respect to EIA, as this knowledge is lacking yet vital for natural resources officers who are among the implementers of the law. Additionally, the workshop provided a venue through which experiences among participants were shared.
Public participation in this particular study was vital because of the nature of the project. The marketing strategy that the developer is using is based on privacy and exclusivity, which means once the project is in operation, the facility will not be accessed by communities around. That has raised suspicion among the surrounding communities and other stakeholders. The stakeholders are concerned that their access to wildlife resources in the area will be adversely affected. The level of public participation in the initial stages of the project was not sufficient and as a result, there is misunderstanding among a significant number of people. It would therefore be important, that public participation be an integral part of the project prior to its establishment.
iii) PLANNED ACTIVITIES NOT ACHIEVED
It was expected that there would be a workshop every month where stakeholders could be informed of ongoing activities with an aim of receiving comments from the public. Instead meetings were held at the village level targeting areas constituting Wildlife Management Areas (WMA), and those areas likely to be affected by the establishment of an aerodrome. There hasn’t been a joint workshop held for the different stakeholders from different villages and district government.
iv) EMERGING PROBLEMS LIKELY TO HINDER THE PROJECTS
The main problem that seems to affect the project is the nature and scope of the project itself. The project involves a number of activities that should be initiated and carried out by respective authorities. Such activities need to be carried out at an early stage to ensure that the intended results of high quality – low level tourism is achieved. The responsible authorities may be reluctant and even resistant in undertaking such activities; thereby affecting the completion of the proposed development and conservation plan.
v) SUGGESTED ACTIONS TO MEET THE PROBLEMS
The best way to address the mentioned problem is through intensive consultation with relevant authorities that have the mandate to authorize implementation of such activities. It is important that the relevant authorities and the public in general understand the project concept to enable them support such initiatives. This concept is new in Tanzanian and it may be necessary to allocate sufficient time to educate
stakeholders so as to have their support and acceptance of such initiatives. The Institute of Resource Assessment of the University of Dar es Salaam, which is undertaking this EIA study, has the required resources to effectively educate and involve the public in this process.
vi) COMMENTS
The proposed project, focuses on high quality - low level tourism, is an initiative which can contribute significantly to the conservation of biodiversity resources. The implementation of the project may however lead to negative impacts, especially social impacts, as the investment focuses on exclusivity and privacy. If there will be sufficient consultation with stakeholders, it would be easy to undertake the proposed activities without much interference from other stakeholders.
One of the proposed activities is to find a solution for the Robanda village. The village is placed at the center of the migration route, a situation which will continue to interfere significantly with the Serengeti Maasai Mara Ecosystem. One proposed solution to this problem is the reallocation of the concerned village. This however emerged to be a relatively difficult process and the villagers showed high level of resistance during the consultation process. More dialogue with the village is required to ensure that the process does not result to conflicts with the Investor.
The EIA highlighted a number of issues. The impact assessment for the construction of Sasakwa lodge has shown that the various project activities will have a number of beneficial and adverse impacts. Most of the negative impacts are associated with the physical, biological and landscape environment. Most of the benefits are socio-economic in nature and are cost effective to manage.
The EIA was adequately and sufficiently carried out, and the report submitted to the developer. It highlighted the following recommendations:
A more detailed survey should be conducted to ascertain availability and source of ground water supply. Regular monitoring of water quality and treatment should be undertaken to minimize associated human health impacts as well as clogging and damage of water pipes and other equipment.
Solid and liquid waste management should be strictly adhered to in a systematic way to avoid systems malfunctioning, thus causing pollution to the soil and groundwater. In addition, a clean lodge environment has to be maintained.
All relevant government taxes associated with lodge construction and operation should be paid in a transparent manner.
Jobs and employment associated with the lodge construction and operation should as a matter of priority, be easily assessable to the local communities. Where capacity is limited, relevant training programmes should be established and implemented to build local capacity.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The PD fellowship programme has been very useful in providing the practical training that is needed to enable practitioners acquire field based skills in conducting EIA. Tanzania has just passed the Environmental Management Act which provides for a mandatory EIA process by developers. There is a need therefore to build capacity in EIA, thus enlarging the pool of EA practitioners. The CLEAA EIA PD
Fellowship programme actually acknowledges there is need for capacity building and addresses the same. The programme has placed me almost at par with those who can effectively participate and carry out an EIA process. I believe the past and current PD Fellows have added to the numbers of EA practitioners in Africa to support and influence the implementation of environmental management laws.
Time allocated to the CLEAA EIA PD Fellowship programme should be flexible depending on the nature of the project that the PD Fellow is involved in. I recommend that the time allocated for the entire placement be not less that six months, which provides for sufficient time for field work.
Another issue that emerged is on the difficulties in getting placement in a mentoring institution. It took time before I finally got a placement. This emphasizes further that there is a need to improve networking especially during the negotiation time with mentoring institutions, so that the selected PD fellows could embark onto the programme early.
Report by
Mr. Luke Ipoto OjokP.O. Box 620-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
&
Mr. Protas Echessah NamwayaP. O. Box 54112-00200
Nairobi, Kenya
Name Mr. Luke Ipoto Ojok
Email [email protected] ,
Tel +254 720879425
Name Mr. Protas Echessah Namwaya
Email [email protected]
Tel +254 20 3747076
Project Title Environmental Impacts of the dyke and roads construction & rehabilitation
on the wildlife in the Bor area, Sudan.
ABBREVIATIONS
J. I. T. Jonglei Investigation TeamR. E. S Range Ecology SurveyS. E. S Swamp Ecology SurveySPLM Sudan People’s Liberation MovementSPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ ArmySRRC Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 objectives
The purpose of this study is to undertake preliminary analysis of environmental impact assessment in the context of flood control and water management through the construction and rehabilitation of dykes and roads in the Bor area. This takes into account available information and data on the already constructed and rehabilitated parts of the dyke and road. The objective was to answer the following questions:
What impact will the activities have on the migratory routes of the wildlife? How will the control of floods affect the grazing and watering resources? What impacts will these activities have on vegetation cover and grass composition? Will there be any change in resources (wildlife and woodland) in the level of utilization as a result of
the activities of the dyke and the road construction, the expected human settlements along road and the dyke?
In an attempt to answer these questions and any other queries that might arise, particular attention will be given to the negative impacts as much as possible.
The EIA for road/dyke rehabilitation in Bor area had several issues to be investigated. Among the issues are:- impact on wetlands- impact on livestock- impact on socio – economic- impact on hydrology- impact on vegetation and range lands- impact on wildlife
1.2 Methodology
As it is nearly true with this type of studies, the study was limited in scope, and the time assigned to it (nearly 15 days in total) resulting to the three visits. The time and resources available dictated the methodology that was to be used. Most of the information and data was gathered during the field visits to Padak and Panyigor where the construction and rehabilitation are currently taking place.
1.2.1 Information gathering
The following procedures were used to gather information.
a) field visits;
Observation of the sites and the surroundings. Survey among the local communities particularly members whose social ranking is high or who are
key persons and their opinions can be considered as representative of the whole communities. The key persons interviewed include village chiefs, elders etc. This technique has two advantages; it makes it possible to obtain information in relatively short time and removes language barrier created by the different languages unique to each community.
b) Reports and other materials were consulted and discussions held with officers form the SPLM/A local administrators. (Categories of interviewees)
For the purpose of the study only the concerned sites and their surroundings were considered. Areas far to the west and the east of the dykes and the roads were excluded except for general observations. The spatial distribution and the population of the wildlife in the area could not be included due to the fact that aerial survey did not take place. This information was to be obtained through aerial survey.
1.3 Area
The area is covered by the dyke and the road construction. Rehabilitation is between Padak and Panyigor, and it is 70 Kilometers long in the counties of Bor north and south. The topography of the area is flat with the average slope being 10 cm per km. The soils are of gilgai formation, rich in clay and poor in nutrients, typical of alluvial flood plain. The rain in this area is about 900mm per year and they begin in April and end in November. The dry season starts in December and ends in March. The temperatures may rise to about 45 OC.
The inhabitants of the area are mostly dependent on livestock for their survival. The remarkable observation in Bor area is the variation in distribution of the grazing and water resources particularly in the dry season. In the rainy season these resources are plenty and very scarce in the dry season, where they are confined only to flood plains, swamps and permanent rivers. This could be the reason for the migratory nature of wildlife in this area, and the intensive competition between wildlife and livestock at the toich during the dry season.
The Bor area is a land of extremes, it can bring happiness and misery to its inhabitants depending on the season and occupation of the people.
At the peak of the rainy season (July-August) floods become problematic, causing damage to physical structures such as schools, health centers, homes agricultural fields, roads, etc. Only the fishermen known as Montana may be less affected, however they normally incur heavy losses of their catch due to poor preservation methods. During the dry season (December – March), all major human activities are concentrated at the toich. This area becomes an area of animal concentration. Hunting and fishing are highly practiced at this time of the year.
Due to the destructive nature of the floods, attempts to control them were started as early as the 1940s and 1950s (J.I.T., 1954) by the local communities through the construction of primary, secondary and tertiary dykes around their villages, home state and individual huts. These efforts were boosted by the Government of Sudan in the 1960s and early 1980s, however due to years of civil conflict, there was no maintenance as such the dykes deteriorated and floods became more destructive. The current constitution and rehabilitation program by the G.T.Z. (Germany Technical Cooperation) is seen as a continuation of the efforts to control and manage the floods in the area.
There are approximately 20 wildlife species in the road/dyke rehabilitation areas (Howell, P et al 1988) Appendix I - Impact of the program is likely to affect only four of these species. The other species are very less dependent on the toich for their resources (water and grazing) during the dry season, their critical resources are outside (to the north or south) of the project area. Also the height of the dyke/road posed no problem to them, while others are adapted to aquatic (flood) and dry woodland environments.
1.4 The process and procedure
The EIA undertaken for the Bor dyke and road construction and rehabilitation program begun without any legislative and administrative requirement from the side of the SPLM/A authority. This in part is due to the fact that at the time of commencement of this program, the SPLM/ A did not have any environmental legislation, requirements nor a policy. The EIA was therefore the requirement of the donor (USAID) under the Federal Regulations R216.
2.0 Analysis of Impacts
2.1 Impact on the migration of the wildlife
The dyke will become a physical barrier to migration of the wildlife in the area. The animals affected will mainly be the tiang (Damaliscus Korrigum tiang), the Mongalla gazelle (Gazelle rufifrons albonotata), white eared cob (kob kobus leucotis) and the reedbuck (redunca redunca cottoni). These are migratory animals of the Bor area. The main reasons for migration are as a result of varied distribution of the grazing areas and the watering resources especially during the dry season. In the dry season these resources are confined to the floodplains and in permanent rivers, while in the rainy season, the resources are in abundance and everywhere.
Although the above mentioned ungulates would be able to climb and cross the dyke at ease, they will find it difficult to walk and graze in the wetter and submerged side of the dyke, for these animals normally prefer a well drained higher ground even though they require frequent watering. The watering is normally done at the edges of the swamps, water points and rivers (Kingdon, 1997).Therefore the mentioned animals will not be able to cross the swampy areas that would have been created by the dyke, particularly between Jalle and Maar, a key migratory route for these animals. Observations during the study around Jallea and Padak identified cases of livestock getting stuck and drowning on the western side of the already completed part of the dyke. Similar reports coming from Mabior indicate that of calves from Tiang and other animals such as the Mongalla gazelle, white eared cob etc. are getting suck on the drainage channels. (Njenga pers comm., 2005) Njenga is a C.T.Z. community development officer based at Mabior. The northern migratory routes will not be affected by the dyke since the dyke ends at Mabior.
Information obtained from the Payam administrator of Jalle has indicated that the local community of the area has suggested to the G.T.Z. that there should be livestock crossing points. Some of these crossing points are likely to coincide with the wildlife migratory routes between Jalle and Maar. This being the case the study suggests that some engineering modifications and adjustment be made so as to enable the wildlife to cross the dyke with relative ease.
Currently hunting is as at its peak and the hunting pressure is likely to increase especially as the animals congregate on the dyke’s side while deciding when and where to cross.
2.2 Impact due to changes in resources (watering and grazing) availability on the wildlife.
As a result of the dyke, a large portion of the floodplain will become drier these facts are observed between Jalle and Maar. The 1983 RES vol. 8 report indicated that there would have been reductions of between 17-21% of the flood plain once the canal is completed. No one expects the flood plain to be reduced by that margin as the dyke is only 70 km long compared to the canal which was to cover a distance of 360 km.
The likely consequences of these reduction are; the higher densities of livestock and the wildlife in the remaining floodplain especially in the dry season. This leads to increased grazing pressure and competition
particularly in Bor north and south counties. The consequences will become more severe when the 1.5 million heads of cattle cross from the western side of the Nile. This population of livestock belongs to IDPs (Internal Displace Persons) from Bor north and south who are currently in Mundri County of western Equatorial. According to Peter, personal communication 2005, there are already 600,000 livestock in the area. Peter is the deputy hydrologist for WFP program at Padak and Mabior. Howell et al, 1983 suggested that normally when ever higher densities of livestock and wildlife come together, incidences of diseases that are transmitted though contamination of pastures, water and soil by feaces and urinal discharges as well as direct contact are bound to occur.
This severe competition and diseases outbreaks could lead to low livestock productivity. The higher wildlife densities are likely to encourage hunting as herdsmen come to close contact with the wildlife. The fact that much of eastern side of the dyke will be dry, wildlife will be forced to cover longer distances in search of water particularly in dry season.
2.3 Impact of vegetation cover and composition of plant species on the wildlife
Plants are important as food as well as habitat for the herbivores. In most cases particularly in the area covered by this study, any change in cover and composition is likely to have a profound impact on the herbivores; in this case the wildlife. Factors that normally affect the distribution of vegetation and consequently the cover and the composition are water depth, seasonal variability and nutrient status of water (Goldworthy, 1983). The changes expected to occur in the dyke area will be as follows; the western side will be dominated by water tolerant and associated grass species such as Oryza, Echinochloa, Cyperus and Typha spps where as the eastern side will be occupied by Sporobolus pyramidalis and Hyperrhenia rufa. The woody vegetation will certainly be confined to the eastern side of the dyke. This type of change is likely to have impact on the distribution of the fauna of the area. Most grazers and those are adapted move from aquatic or semi aquatic environment would prefer the wetter side of the dyke, while the browsers and the ones accustomed to dry conditions will be on the eastern side of the dyke. The population of the cryptic animals like the duikers and bushbucks is likely to increase as a result of improved cover on the eastern side.
2.4 Impact of increase in human settlements on wildlife.
Due to anticipated benefits that will come with the construction and rehabilitation of the road and the dyke in the area, more and more people are moving to settle close to the road and the dyke as well as the reclaimed sites (cattle camps and home states), and agricultural lands on the eastern side of the dyke and road. The likely impact of this voluntary relocation will be deforestation, lost of vegetation cover, blockage of migratory routes as well as increased killing of the wildlife. The deforestation and lost of vegetation cover is due to high demand for materials for building, fencing, fuel wood and clearing of vegetation for expansion of construction purpose. This can be easily observed between Padak and Jalle on the woodlands east of the road and the dyke. The impact on wildlife would be the direct loss of habitat and forage, in addition to the blockage of the migratory routes and heavy hunting pressure.
3.0 Discussion
The above observed and expected impacts on the wildlife of the Bor area are not the only impacts nor do they outweigh the positive impacts from the construction and the rehabilitation of the dyke and the road system in the area. The program as a matter of concern should look into mitigating factors, increase public participation, disseminate the results of the impacts, and above all have a monitoring mechanism in place for the remaining period of the project. There should be immediate decommissioning as soon as the
construction and the rehabilitation pass a particular barrow pit. The EIA for this project started during the operational stage of the program. This report aims to indicate that any future program of this nature and size, the normal EIA procedures should be followed. That is to say the EIA should begin during the concept stage, during operation and the end of project.
APPENDIX 1
Categories of interviewees
SPLM County Secretaries for Bor South and North.
SPLM Payam Secretaries for Padak, Mabior and Jalle
Community Representative: Elders, Chiefs and Women at Padak and Mabior
SRRC Secretaries for Padak and Mabior Counties.
APPENDIX 2
The large herbivores of the project area
1) Bush Buck Tragelaphus Scriptus2) Buffalo Syncerus Caffer3) Duiker (Grey) Cephalophus Grimmia4) Elephant Loxodona Africana5) Mongala Gazelle Gazella Rufitrons Albonotata6) Giraffe Giraffa Camelopasdalis7) Lelwel Hastebeest Alcelaphus Buselaphul Lelwel8) Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Amphibius9) White – Eared Cob Kobus Kob Leucotis10) Uganda Cob Kobus Kob Kob11) Nile Lechwe Kobus Megaceros12) Otibi Redunca Redunca Cottoni13) Reed Buck Hippotragus Leucophaeus14) Roan Antelope Tragelaphus Spekii15) Sitatunga Damaliscus Korrigum Tiang16) Waterbuck Kobus Ellipsiprymnus17) Common Zebra Hippotigris Burchelli
Report by
Lr. Emmanuel NshimirimanaEIA Network- Great Lakes Countries (EIAN-GLC)
P.O. Box 6353Bujumbura, Burundi
Name Lr. Emmanuel Nshimirimana
Email [email protected]
Tel +257 937053/245080
Hosting Institution
ST-PTPCE
Supervisor Prof. François Nkurunziza
Email [email protected]
Tel + 257 244196/925445
Postal Address P.O. Box 989 Bujumbura, Burundi
Project Title SEA on exploitation of quarries in Burundi
I. Expected Results Achieved during the reporting period
I.I Forecasts:
- To make an analysis of the legislative and lawful documents relating to the management of the quarries in Burundi
- Data-gathering in the field, - To analyze the data collected in the field, - To participate in the training courses for the administrative, agents, quarry companies and the
provincial planners. - To prepare the report.
I.2. Achievements:
In accordance with the forecasts, all the stages were accomplished except the training courses which did not take place.
I.2.1. The legislative and lawful texts relating to the management of the quarries were analyzed as planned.
The results of these analyses are summarized above:
I.2.1.1. The administrative framework of management of the quarries
The management of the quarries is the responsibility of the Ministry for Energy, Geology and Mines. The Directorate-General is subdivided in two departments, Geology, and Mines & Quarries. The latter department is directly in charge of the management and the inspection of the exploitation of quarries, as indicated in article 1 of the Order in Council n° 1/40 of 18 December 1991 relating to modification of the regulation, with regards to technical and administrative management of quarries in Burundi.
According to the Order in Council referred to above, the preliminary request for authorization of exploitation of rubble stone, gravel and sand in the rivers, products from quarries, are addressed to the Ministry in responsible for mines. The other quarries are managed by the municipal authorities according to article 2 of the same Order in Council. Owing to the fact that the municipal authorities do not have average techniques and human resources for monitoring the management of quarries, it is concerned only with collection of communal taxes. The observations made in the field indicate that the municipal authorities had the Order in Council 1/40 of the 18/12/1991 completely replaced with the mining and oil code of Burundi of 1976. In practice, we noted that the quarries are exploited without any preliminary authorization and any inspection.
In addition, the Ministry for Tourism, Environment and Regional planning was to intervene in two levels i.e. to approve the report of the preliminary impact evaluation of the exploitation of quarries (Code of the Environment, June 2000), and thus to authorize their exploitation. On the other hand, to also make the follow-up and to ensure that quarries are within the approved state to the end of their exploitation. However, in practice, we noted that this Ministry makes no intervention with regard to the exploitation of quarries.
I.2.1.2. The legislative and lawful Framework:
the legislation relating to the exploitation of quarries
The exploitation of quarries in Burundi is governed by the Order in Council No 1/40 of the 18/12/1991 relating to modification of the regulation as regards technical and administrative management of quarries in Burundi. This Order in Council to some extent amend the law nº 1/138 of July 17, 1976 bearing Mining and
Oil Code of the Republic of Burundi, especially in its article 102 (TITLE IV: Quarries, TITLE V: Relation of the Persons on leave and Dealers with the Owners of the Ground and Between Them, TITLE VI: Management and Development of the Mining areas and quarries). In fact, articles 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 in particular are relevant as far as the former two indicate the authority to which the preliminary request for authorization of exploitation is addressed, namely the Minister in charge of mines or the Communal Administrator. The other articles namely 4, 7 and 8 are interesting because they refer to the authority that manages the environment. These articles state respectively that a copy of authorization for exploitation, establishing or closing of a quarry is reserved to the Minister in charge of environment. Exploitation of quarries must be carried out in a rational way, observing the requirements on maintenance of an environmental balance. The engineering departments of the Ministry for Tourism, Environment and Regional planning are consulted to decide on the closing or establishment of any quarry to be exploited.
The land legislation compared to the exploitation of the quarries.
Exploitation of quarries in public domain and communal grounds doesn’t result to land issues arising. Problems arise if the site identified for the exploitation of quarries is on private property.
If the State authorizes the exploitation of a quarry in private property, it is necessary that reference is made to the land code (Order in Council n° 1/008 of September 1, 1986). This is concerned with land expropriation due to public utility, especially article 407 indicates that the land owner must, in this case, receive a preliminary allowance. The tariffs on compensation are specified in the ministerial ordinance (Ministry of Public Works and Equipment) N° 720/667 of May 28, 2003 for urban land and land around the towns. According to article 12 of the ordinance, these tariffs are re-examined every 2 to 3 years to take into consideration socio-economic issues. In the case of exploitation of quarries for projects financed by the World Bank, the concerned company will have to ensure that this compensation is in conformity with the policy on safeguard in particular OP 4.12 relating to the involuntary displacement of the populations (Handbook of environmental evaluation 1999 vol.1)
The legal framework of the environmental impact assessment in Burundi:
The management of the environment is the concern of the Ministry for Tourism, Environment and Regional Planning, established by the Order in Council n° 100/010 of January 16, 1989. The Republic of Burundi has since June 30, 2000 a Code of Environment which provides for environmental impact assessment. However, before promulgation of the Code of Environment, environmental impact assessment was consigned (Art 14) in the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) that Burundi ratified in 1997. The Code of Environment has 7 titles with 162 articles. The title II, "Administrative organization of the Environment" in chapter 3 gives the directives with regards to environmental impact assessment. Articles 21, 22, 23 and 24 especially are the most important. Article 21 requires that tender documents provide for environmental impact assessment, article 22 provides for the authority responsible for the administration of environmental impact assessment, i.e. the Administration of the Environment and article 23 provides for the methodology: (i) analysis of the initial state of the site, (ii) evaluation of anticipated impacts, (iii) the statement and the description of measurements considered, (iv) presentation of other alternatives. Lastly, article 24 indicates that an Order in Council for application will establish the list of various categories for operation or work subjected to the procedures of impact assessment.
However, the implementation of impact assessment is governed by agencies that provide funding. It is also necessary to note the absence of a decree instituting the administrative procedure of EIA.
In this study, the EIA process will be implemented as indicated in the Handbook of Environmental Evaluation (the World Bank, French Edition 1999).
Legislation relating to the hydraulic public domain:
The Order in Council n° 1/41 of November 26, 1992 relating to the institution and organization of the hydraulic public domain is also applicable to the management of quarries as some quarries are exploited in rivers or lakes. Objectives of this law (Art.1) includes: the protection of the aquatic environment, the safeguarding of the common resource "water”, and to reconcile all the various users.
Forest Legislation: The law n°1/02 of March 25, 1985 of the forest code can have provisions on exploitation of quarries, because some sites identified for exploitation are located in the forested areas. This law provides for the administration, installation, exploitation, monitoring and the protection of the forests. It has several provisions concerned with conservation of the integrity of the forest systems and sustainable use of forest resources.
I.2.2. Data-gathering in the field
I.2.2.1. visited sites. 10 provinces out of the 17 that constitute Burundi have been visited. On the whole, we visited 238 sites. The distribution of these sites per province is given in the following table:
Table1: Number of visited sites per province.Province Number of Sites visitedBujumbura Mairie 3Bujumbura Rural 29Bururi 35Gitega 19Kayanza 39Makamba 20Muramvya 19Mwaro 18Ngozi 38Rutana 18Total 238
I.2.2.2. General Observations
I.2.2.2.1. Statutes of the Grounds under exploitation and conditions of operating:
The majority of grounds exploited for rubble stones belong in general, to the State and are often wooded (eucalyptus and/or callitris), whereas those exploited for clay generally belong to private individuals (grounds generally under cultivation).
In public grounds, those who exploit quarries in such areas pay only communal tax varying from 500 to 1000 FBu per construction truck load according to the province.
For private grounds, the mining company pays a certain amount to the grounds’ owners (costs are variables from one owner to another). This amount is more than the communal tax.
Except for the mandatory communal taxes and expenses perceived by the owners of ground, those who exploit quarries are subjected to no other obligation, exploitation procedures, or any rehabilitation obligations .
All the visited sites do not have latrines.
I.2.2.2.2. Operating systems:
For all the visited sites, the following was noted: Those who exploit quarries are not responsible for the exploitation method. No inspection is
carried out on behalf of the department of quarries, or department of the environment. Quarries are rehabilitated by the grounds owners only in private sites located in the marshes under
cultivation, while those in public land are abandoned without any consideration given for rehabilitation. Apparently, nobody is responsible for it.
I.2.2.2.3. Impacts of the exploitations on the environment.
I.2.2.2.3.1. Positive Impacts
The exploitation constitutes a source of income for the owners enabling them to provide for their basic needs. It is therefore a sure source of employment.
The paving stones are sold by the craftsmen associations. These craftsmen have been trained by ST-PTPCE in production of paving stones of good quality and standardized form. This aims at building capacity of the craftsmen and developing the spirit of work in the association on the other hand.
Currently, paving and the exploitation of building material exerts a positive impact on the administrative level because, the taxes from exploitation increase finances of the communities.
The exploitation of the quarries allows the proliferation of small trade (small restaurants, refreshment bar, sale of tobacco, etc).
The exploitation offers to the population local materials which are least expensive but of good quality for construction, thus making it possible to improve the habitats, roads and other infrastructures.
I.2.2.2.3.2. Negative Impacts
Impacts on the biophysical environment:
Loss of vegetation. The extraction on the hills involves the elimination of vegetation (example of sand exploitation leads to the destruction of callitris on the Gihinga hill in Kayokwe community, Mwaro province, photograph n°1) or of natural forests (example of exploitation of rubble stones in the forest located at Cabwoba hill in Rumonge, Bururi province, Photograph n°2).
Photograph N°1: Site of Gihinga (Mwaro) Photograph N°2: Site of Kabwoba (Bururi)
Likely risk to start or accentuate erosion: The displacement of the rubble stones extracted along the slope creates corridors for erosion causing gullies likely to cause damage downstream.
Photograph n°3: Beginning of a ravine in the site of extraction of Remera (Muramvya)
Risk of deviation of the rivers’ direction: This is caused by exploitation in the rivers or along the banks (example of the Murwirwi River in Makamba province, photograph n ° 4); exploitation of the basin slopes caused erosion (example of the Gasenyi River basin slopes in Bujumbura Rural, Photograph n ° 5).
Photograph n°4: Exploitation in the Murwirwi Photo n°5: contamination of the Gasenyi river byriver the exploitation of its basin slopes
Pollution of the rivers: Washing of extracted sand in the rivers causes pollution downstream and yet the water is used for drinking. This activity mainly occurs at Rugobe in Mugongomanga, Bikanka in Mukike etc.
Reduction of water quantity in the river course and the sources of water: In majority of the cases, the widening of the riverbed increases the water level surface thus accentuating evaporation. This explains why majority of the rivers which receive quarry waste for example rubble stones have a reduced water volume in dry season (see photograph n°5). Moreover, the exploitation of rubble stones on the slopes increases the water flow and very little water infiltrates to fill the ground water. As a consequence, there is drying up of rivers or even the disappearance of certain sources of water.
Creation of a hydrological imbalance resulting in diminishing level of the water table, thus interfering with the cycle.
Air pollution: Exploitation of rubble stones by use of explosives produces dust and gases which pollutes the air. The impact is temporary and not very significant because the use of explosives is not very common in the country. This technique is mainly used by large companies which require gravel chippings for roads construction.
Destruction of landscape. The current operating system is often crude and leaves unfilled deep wells (4 to 6 m) which are eye sores. (see photograph n°6).
Photograph n°6: Sand extraction at Gasyogo–Rutana
Socio-economic Environmental impacts.
Former river course
Current river course
Loss of trees: When exploitation is carried out in forests, there is loss of trees. The trees are used as a source of wood to generate income, for domestic fuel, to rehabilitate and to construct social infrastructures like schools, hospitals or health centers, etc. This is the case at the site in Remera in Muramvya province.
Permanent or temporary loss of livelihoods: - There is temporary loss of livelihoods in sites where clay is exploited as these areas are
rehabilitated at least two years after closure. - The loss is permanent in eroded grounds or areas that cave in (grounds located at the
edge of the rivers etc): example of eroded areas located along the Muzazi River (Photograph n ° 7).
Photograph n°7: Gravel and rubble stone extraction in the Muzazi river (Bujumbura Rural)
Risk of infrastructure destruction (buildings, roads, bridges, system of water supply, electric posts, etc.). Whereas the law stipulates that quarries shall not be exploited less than 50m from any type of infrastructure, the reality is that the extractors prefer, for example, to exploit quarries near roads for ease of transportation. The roads are therefore threatened by erosion (example of destruction along Trunk Road n°1 following the fascinating ravine formation at the at Mparamirundi ,Ngozi province, photograph n°8). Bridges are especially threatened when extraction is carried out in rivers thus causing the deepening of the riverbed and the destabilization of the pillars which support the bridge. Water supply pipes or electric posts crossing the quarry zones are likely to be destroyed (this is the case at Rutonde (Gitenga province), Buhonga and Karama (Bujumbura Rural); (see photograph n°9).
The part which was initially under cassava cultivation before exploitation of the quarry.
Photograph n°8: Lateral exploitation at Mparamirundi Photograph n°9: Quarry’ extraction at Buhonga
Workers face health and accident risks: The quarry workers do not have protection equipments and accidents have been reported at some of the sites at Karama and Gishingano for example. Furthermore, no quarry site visited has a first aid toolkit. There is also risk of eye injury and respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of dust.
Surrounding community and the livestock: The excavations left after sand exploitation places the surrounding community and the domestic animals at a risk as closed quarry sites have not been decommissioned.
Proliferation of disease vectors: There is often stagnant water at quarry sites making such areas favorable for disease vectors for example mosquitoes (example of a clay quarry site with stagnant water at Gasare, Kayanza, photograph n°10). Workers at these sites are at a risk of falling ill as they are regularly exposed to malaria and other diseases. In addition, all the visited sites did not have latrines whereas most of the workers remain at the sites throughout the day.
Trunk road n°1 (Bujumbura-Kigali)
Electric post
Trunk road n°7
Photograph n°10: Clay extraction site at Gasare (Kayanza province)
Risk of workers developing rheumatism: We met workers from various sites and they revealed that after a certain period of involvement in quarry activities in rivers, they suffered from rheumatism, especially in high altitudes areas where it is constantly cold (This is the case at Mushwabure river in Bisoro, Gitwenge river in Gitega province, etc).
Cases of school drop outs: In certain areas, the children give up the school to earn money through quarry activities in Kayero, Mpinga Kayove (Rutana province).
Noise pollution: This occurs in sites where workers crush stones to get gravel. Social conflicts:
Conflicts arise between farmers who cultivate around the quarry sites and the quarry companies. This has been the case in Bukeye and Kathyanza where the water table has receded as a result of clay extraction in the wetland. Livelihoods have therefore been affected.
Waste from quarries are washed down into the surrounding communities farms. it often happens that the administration authorizes certain companies involved in
construction of infrastructure for example schools, health centers, roads etc, to exploit private land for quarry activities without compensating the land owner. Similar cases are observed in all the provinces.
Kilns consume a lot of firewood during the making of bricks and tiles.
I.2.2.2.4. Proposed mitigation measures
I.2.2.2.4.1. Technical aspect
Generally, the following measurements are recommended: The establishment of a quarry must be made far from the other existing infrastructure. Although the
law envisages a distance of 50 m, this distance seems insufficient and we propose that the quarries should be established more than 100 m from any infrastructure.
Sign posts indicating presence of a quarry should be erected at the quarry sites and should be visible during the day and at night. Warning signs should also be erected around these area
Suitable safety measures should be established at the sites to ensure the safety of the workers.
Solid and liquid waste generated at the sites should be collected and disposed at allocated dumping sites. In particular, oils should be collected and stored in tight containers. Such containers should then be disposed in designated areas where they will not be a threat to the environment.
Installation of temporary but adequate drainage systems to prevent destruction of land by erosion in or around the quarries sites.
All the quarry sites must have latrines. The topsoil surface should be removed and put in reserve before extraction in quarries. These sites
should be decommissioned after exploitation of the quarry by filling the excavations and by restoring the topsoil in reserve.
The recruitment of workers at the quarry sites should give priority to the surrounding communities.
I.2.2.2.4.2. Institutional aspect
We propose the creation of an autonomous structure like the National Commission of Quarries (NCC), to be responsible for the exploitation of quarries. This commission will include technical staff from the ministries responsible for Mines and Quarries, Environment, Public Works, Agriculture and the Territorial Administration. This structure would be managed at the level of the Presidency of the Republic to enable him to participate since it touches on areas managed by several government departments. The following will be expected of this commission:
To advice on the choice of the sites for exploitation of quarries; To advice on the basic studies (qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the building material
available, environmental impact assessment and socio-economic evaluation); To advice on the choice of techniques used in exploitation; The monitoring of the quarry sites; To advice on rehabilitation of the exploited sites; To compile an annual report on the situation analysis of exploitation of quarries.
This commission would be financed by both the government and the quarry exploitation fee. For the commission to be effective, it would have a permanent secretariat and as many sub-commissions as required. The mechanisms for the installation of the commission can be as follows:
Development of the Order in Council for the establishment of NCC; Recruitment of the commission members on basis of competence. Development of Terms of Operation/Reference for the NCC’s by the Members of the Commission.
It is recommended that the commission be set up soon. The Technical Secretariat of the PTPCE should support the government in the installation of the commission.
I.2.2.2.4.3. Legislative aspect
To improve the existing legislation, we propose the development of the following texts of application: A decree for application listing the various categories of operations or work subjected to
environmental impact assessment procedures in accordance with the Code of Environment in article 24;
A legal document to be signed jointly by the Ministries in charge of the environment and mines & quarries, harmonizing the mining and oil code, the Order in Council nº 1/40 of 18 December 1991 relating to "Modification of the regulation as regards technical and administrative management of the quarries in Burundi" with reference to the Code of the Environment especially article 35;
Translation in Kirundi language the Code of Environment and the legislation texts regarding exploitation of quarries for communities to become familiarized;
An ordinance signed jointly by the Ministries responsible for town planning and the environment. The ordinance should specify the required distance that construction can occur from river banks or edges. This should be in accordance with the provisions provided in the land code mentioned above.
The legislation on quarries will have to clarify the conditions required for authorization of exploitation of quarries.
We propose to the government to create a fund for rehabilitation of closed quarries. The funds could be from a rehabilitation tax to be determined by the NCC or jointly by the Ministries responsible for environment, and mines & quarries.
The operating system should be organized in such a way that it respects the standards established by the mining administration. This system should also support the collection of the rehabilitation tax.
II. Planned results not achieved:
It was envisaged that the training courses for stakeholders (which would include local administrative authorities) would be held during the PD Fellowship programme period. However, this didn’t take place as scheduled as the trainings would have coincided with the national elections in Burundi. There was also a likelihood of changes in the local authorities who were also a target group for the trainings.
The trainings and development of the modules has since been postponed.
III. Emerging and potential problem(s) which hindered project implementation.
Slow process in money transfer from Nairobi to Bujumbura. We noticed that each transfer took at least two weeks. The amount already received was transferred in two phases.
Elections in Burundi: the period for this project coincided with the elections period thus forcing us to postpone the stakeholders trainings.
Our reporting period for the PD Fellowship programme coincided with a visit from the World Bank team to ST-PTPCE for two weeks.
IV. Other relevant remarks/comments:
The project was very useful for the following reasons:
The team was led by an academician and an expert in the field. That enabled us balance theory and practical work.
We worked with a multidisciplinary team. This improved our understanding of multidimensional options, and also gave us a chance to form networks for future collaboration.
The evaluation is the first of its kind in Burundi. This enhanced our knowledge on environmental issues at the ground level and at the national level too, as we worked in 10 out of the 17 provinces in the country.
V. Appendix: Bibliography
1. Archives de la Direction Générale de la Géologie et des Mines .- Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines
2. Atlas du Burundi (1979): - Ministère de la Coopération française.3. Banque Mondiale (1999): - Manuel d’évaluation environnementale (édition française, 1999).4. Cartes géologiques du Burundi au 1/100 000 (1975-1989). –Ministère des Travaux Publics, de
l’Energie et des Mines, Bujumbura, Burundi et MRAC (Tervuren, Belgique). 13 feuilles.5. Carte géologique du Burundi au 1/250 000 (1990). –Ministère des Travaux Publics, de l’Energie
et des Mines, Bujumbura, Burundi et MRAC (Tervuren, Belgique). 6. C. LOTTI & ASSOCIATI (1998). -Etude de pavage des voies urbaines secondaires de la ville de
Bujumbura (Etude géologique).7. Cartes topographiques du Burundi au 1/50 000. – IGEBU (Burundi) et IGN (France).8. Carte touristique du Burundi au 1/250 000. - IGEBU (Burundi) et IGN (France) 1984.9. Décret-loi nº 1/138 du 17 juillet 1976 portant Code Minier et Pétrolier de la République du
Burundi.10. Décret-loi no 1/40 du 18/12/1991 portant modification de la réglementation en matière de gestion
technique et administrative des carrières au Burundi.11. Décret-loi n° 1/41du 26 novembre 1992 portant institution et organisation du domaine public
hydraulique de la République du Burundi.12. Décret-loi n° 1/008 du 1er septembre 1986 portant Code Foncier du Burundi.13. Décret-loi n°1/010 du 30 juin 2000 portant Code de l’Environnement du Burundi.14. Décret-loi n°1/02 du 25 mars 1985 portant Code Forestier du Burundi.15. G. GONZALEZ (2000) : - Schéma départemental des carrières des alpes de Haute-Province, Rap.
39 345. 123 pages. République Française.16. INECN (1999): - Stratégie Nationale pour l’Environnement au BURUNDI (SNEB).17. INECN/PNUD/ FEM, 2000 : - Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action en matière de diversité
biologique.18. INECN, 2000: - Rapport National d’Evaluation des dix ans de la mise en œuvre de l’Agenda 2119. J. E. BIDOU et al. (1991): - Géographie du Burundi. Editions Hatier, Paris (France).20. Ministère des Travaux Publics et de l’Equipement: -Ordonnance Ministérielle n°720/CAB/667
/2003 du 24 Avril 2003 portant actualisation des Tarifs d’Indemnisation des Terres, des Cultures et des Constructions en cas d’expropriation pour cause d’utilité publique.
21. MTS CONSULTANTS (2000): -Etude d’évaluation de l’intervention « Habitat rural et matériaux locaux de construction pour la période 1992-1996 » -Ministère du Développement Communal et de l’Artisanat.
22. ST-PTPCE (2001): - Etude d’impact environnemental et social des carrières de pavés et de moellons de rivières dans et autour de la ville de Bujumbura.
23. Y. BERTON et P. LE BERRE (1983): - Guide de prospection des matériaux de carrière. Editions du BRGM France.
Annex 1: Evaluation of the PD Fellow participation in the CLEAA EIA PD Fellowship programme By Prof. François Nkurunziza
I. Expected Results Achieved during the reporting period
Expected results:
In mentoring the PD Fellow, the following was expected: To prepare the PD Fellow to face the abstract legislative and lawful texts in connection with the
management of quarries in Burundi. To train the PD Fellow on data collection on the ground. To visit, with the PD Fellow, certain quarry sites to enable him be familiar with the various forms of
data collection. To assign responsibilities to the PD Fellow for example his participation as an assistant trainer To introduce the PD Fellow to the multidisplinary team of consultants, data collected in the field
evaluation and report development. The PD Fellow worked closely with this team during the PD Fellowship programme.
To analyze his final report.
Achievements:
In accordance with the forecasts, all the stages were achieved except for the trainings which did not take place.
At the beginning, I meet with the PD Fellow to introduce him to the legislative and lawful texts concerned with the management of the quarries in Burundi. These documents were analysed by the PD Fellow (refer to his report).
He also prepared a data collection form that we approved after having reviewed it with him. I visited together with the PD Fellow 5 sites in Kayanza province. During these visits, we collected
data together using the developed form. This enabled him to test the form and familiarize himself with it. Thereafter, he was able to collect data on his own from other sites.
I discussed the collected data with the PD Fellow. The discussion was based on statutes of the grounds under exploitation, conditions of exploitation, the operating systems and various impacts as a result of the exploitations on the environment, the potential mitigation measures and recommendations.
II. Planned results not achieved:
We had planned to carry out trainings for the administrative, agents of the order, the quarry companies and the provincial planners, but this didn’t take place as planned. The PD Fellow was expected to take part in the trainings as an assistant trainer, and also participate in the developing of the training modules.
III. Emerging and potential problem(s) which hindered project implementation
The project implementation was delayed by the slow transfer of funds from Nairobi to Bujumbura. The national elections in Burundi affected project implementation.
IV. Other relevant remarks/comments:
The PD Fellow worked very well. His observations and recommendations are relevant; the photographs which he took are very illustrative. He integrated well with the multidisciplinary team of consultants. Through this project, he was successfully involved in all the stages of environmental evaluation. He now seems to be able to carry out an environmental evaluation, and also provide leadership to an EIA team.