final doc (re-gray)

7/29/2019 Final Doc (Re-gray).

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(10th

May 2013)

Submitted by: Re-Gray H2O Group Members

NAME ID NUMBER

MOHD FAUZUL RIZAL BIN ABDUL HALIM MEC 121193

SITI NURUL NABILAH BINTI ZAINUL AXMAR PIC 121205

MUHAMMAD ISMIN HILMY BIN ISMAIL PIC 121200

SYAIDAH NAFISAH BINTI IBRAHIM PIC 121206

Re-Gray H2O


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and for most, we are so thankful to the Almighty God for giving good health and

intelligent brain which we could come out with brilliant idea to produce this product.

Then, we would like to express our deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to

Ms.Adibah Halilah Bt. Abd Mutalib, our English TTO, for her wisdom, invaluable guidance

and professionalism from the beginning to the end in doing our research. She also manages

a timeline guide of our project process of documentation and presentation to have a good

format and content.

Besides, infinite thanks and sincere gratitude to our senior, Ms. Raja Nur Athirah bt

Raja SharulZaman, who always committed guiding us and show us the right way to

completed our project. Ms. Raja Nur Athirah bt Raja SharulZaman also has been an

excellent mentor and has provided continuous support throughout our project proposaland

guiding us in choosing best material for our product.

It should be recognized that the success of this proposal was through the

commitment and support of the advisor and colleagues who participated in this proposal. We

would like to extend my heartiest thanks to them for their patience and kind involvement in

this proposal. Our gratitude also goes to the staff all others who have rendered assistance

and support in one way or another to make this proposal possible.

Special thanks to our beloved parents whose give endless support and

understanding. Without their love and support, we would not have been able to achieve so

much. Sincere gratitude hereby extended to the others, who their name is not mentioned,

that never ceased in helping until this proposal is finish.


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ABSTRACT

This report describes a project that have will be done by our group which is our group

is considering introducing the proposal of our project. This study is aimed at producing a

piping system which can reuse the grey water from house. Since we have gone through our

research very carefully, we find that population growth and climate change are altering the

planet at a faster rate than expected. In addition, water is the most important substance for

life, so it is imperative that we begin taking an action. This project is produced to lower the

water bill and to reduce the need for new dam construction. Besides, this project also helps

to protect remaining environmental flows in rivers and reduce infrastructure operating costs.

In order to achieve the objective, we have come out with an idea named Re-Gray

H2O. After we generate the idea of our project, we distribute the questionnaires and we go forsurvey. According to the survey, most of the respondents agree with our idea and they said

that our project should be promoted and advertised.


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CONTENT PAGE

1 Contents ................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1 Introduction ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1 Project Background ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2 Project Description .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3 Problem Statement .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4 Objective ........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4.1 Project Objective........................................................................................13

2 Literature Review and Feasibility Studies .............Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1 Theory and Principle of Operation ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.1 Diode .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.2 Amplifier Circuit ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.3 Battery .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.4 Capacitor..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.5 Resistor ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.6 Microphone ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1.7 Tuner .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2 Material Selection ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.1 Guitar Pick-up ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.2 Body .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.3 Safety Shrinkable Tube ............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.4 Wire .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2.5 9V Battery Connector ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3 Feasibility Study and Market Research ..........Error! Bookmark not defined.

3 Project Methodology .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 Product Design ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2 Description of Mechanism ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.1 Microphone ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.2 Guitar Pick-up ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.3 Tuner .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2.4 Amplifier ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 Safety Features ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.


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3.3.1 Shrinkable wire ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3.2 Wire Insulator ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 List of Circuit Diagram and Equipment Overview ..........Error! Bookmark not

defined.

3.5 List of Equipment and Materials Needed ........Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.1 Pliers and Cutter ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.2 Multimeter ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.3 Soldering Iron ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.4 Spiral Holder ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.5 Drill ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.6 Drill Bit .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.7 Hot-melt Adhesive (Glue gun) ..................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.8 Sucker ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.9 Copper Lead ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.10 Knife .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.11 Wire Stripper ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6 List of Components......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.1 Resistor ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.2 Capacitor..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.3 Diode .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.4 9V Battery Connector ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.5 Strip Board ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4 Project Implementation .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1 Instruction on How to Construct the Product ..Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.1 Amplifier Circuit ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.2 Guitar .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.3 Overall Installation ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2 Safety Precaution ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3 Instruction on How to Use the Product ...........Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4 Project Costing ...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4.1 Purchase Part ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4.2 Recycle Part .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4.3 Overall Costing ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.5 Findings and Analysis ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.


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5.1 Troubleshooting Procedures ..........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1.1 Troubleshooting on Use the Product ........Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1.2 Troubleshooting on Doing the Product .....Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2 Problem Encountered and Countered Measure ............Error! Bookmark not

defined.

5.2.1 Technical Problem ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2.2 Non-Technical Problem ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 Recommendations ..........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6 Conclusion ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

7 Reference .............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8 Appendices ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1 Appendice A Survey Question .....................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.2 Appendices B Survey Question Analysis .....Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.3 Appendices C Gantt Chart ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.4 Appendices D Purchase

Receipt............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


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LIST OF TABLES

Chapter Description Page

2 Table 2.1: The difference between pvc pipe and steel pipe

Table 2.2: The difference between sediment filter and carbon filter

3 Table 3.1 :The picture of the part and their function

Table 3.2: The description of the safety features

Table 3.3: The picture of material used for fabrication

Table 3.4: The picture of equipment used for fabrication

4 Table 4.1: List part of Re-gray H2O

Table 4.2: Product assembly procedure

Table4.3:Project Costing

5 Table 5.1: The problems and solutions to the problems faced.

Table 5.2: The table shows the problems that user may face and its

solution.

Table 5.3: Technical problem encountered and countermeasures

Table 5.4: Non-technical problem encountered and countermeasures.


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LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter Description Page

1. Figure 1.1: The job scope and description for each member.

2.Figure 2.1: The variation in gravity relative to the height of an object.

Figure 2.2: The diagram of simple filtration

Figure 2.3: The ph scale

Figure 2.4: The graph of ph against NaOH

Figure 2.5: The picture of non filtered water and its ph value is 8.

Figure 2.6: The picture of filtered water and its ph value is 7

3. Figure 3.1: Exploded view of product design.

Figure 3.2: Front view of product design.

Figure 3.3: Exploded 3D wide frame of product design.

Figure 3.4: 3D wideframe view of product design.

Figure 3.5: Assembly view of product design.

Figure 3.6:Labelled part of re-gray H2O

4. Figure 4.1: Product fabrication process

Figure 4.2: The full assembly of the product

5. Figure 5.1: The Food Waste Crusher


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LIST OF APPENDICES

Num. Description Page

1. Appendix A: Sample questionnaires

2. Appendix B: Questionnaires Analysis

3. Appendix C: Interview session

4. Appendix D: Experiment report

5. Appendix E: Gantt Chart

6. Appendix F: Purchase Receipt

7. Appendix G: Factual Information


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AGAPE : Agency of Aspiring Practical Engineers

TTO : Technical Trainer Officer

PVC : Polyvinyl Chloride

H2O : Hydrogen Oxide (Water)

GEYI : Green Exhibition Young Inventor

NaOH : Sodium Oxide


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The GMI Exhibition for Young Inventor (GEYI) has initiated this project. The purpose

for this program is to invent a project that can conserve and to green your home. The idea to

create Re-Gray H2O system originated by one of our group members, Siti Nurul Nabilah binti

Zainul Axmar as we brainstorm ideas to reduce the amount of water in our world.

Living things need fresh water to stay alive. Without water, humankind will be

probably dehydrated. Water is the most important substance for life, so it is imperative that

we begin taking an action to save water. This project is produced to lower the water bill and

to reduce the need for new dam construction. Besides, this project also helps to protect

remaining environmental flows in rivers and reduce infrastructure operating costs.


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1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Re-Gray H2O is a system to recycle the gray water that come out from the sewerage

and undergoes a series of filtration to be stored in a storage tank. Then, the stored water will

be supplied to the sprinklers for gardening. We use a tank, PVC pipes, activated carbon filter

media and bottle-shaped trap to build this system.

The first advantage is it can reduce the usage of water as our Re-Gray H2O is a

unique recycling system that turns bath, shower and sink grey water back to a clear form that

is safe for use for garden plants and through the system it will save millions of litres used

each year on lawns and flower beds.

Furthermore, it can save money on our water rates and help to recycle water as it

collects and stores free water for multiple uses. We also can save our environment as

recycling grey water for use on the garden is an economic and environmentally responsible

way to conserve water and it is the ideal alternative to home collection of rainwater.

Other than that, this is a low-cost project which uses cheap equipment with a high

quality. Hence, the cost for this product is reasonable and affordable for all income levels of

people. Furthermore, we use PVC pipes which have considerably low the piping cost.

An additional benefit is this project requires nominal installation work which means

installation for this product will necessitate only a minimal amount of piping and labour since

access to the main pipe of the house is easily obtained. Thus it only takes about 20 minutes

to install it.


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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Earth contains 366 quintillion gallons of water. But according to the statistic only

0.007% of water is potable. We share this resource with 7 billion people around the world.

Nowadays, the world temperature has increased substantially due by greenhouse effect,

deforestation is too hot due to the global warming that cause by greenhouse effect,

deforestation and other pollution. These cause bad effects to our earth whereby the amount

of water decrease and lead to water crisis where people are dying searching for fresh water

resource. Some of the countries are dry and do not have sufficient amount of water. Plant

wilt and die and cause lack of foods and increase the death of people. So, a precaution have

to be taken to avoid this situation occur in our beloved country Malaysia.

According to the research that we had done, we use a great amount of water at

home. Also, the percentage of waste water that produces from home is 30 percent. This

shows that people likes to waste water. From that, we need to take a step to star conserving

water. Based on statistic, the most amount of water that produces from the house is grey

water. Gray wateris waste water comes from domestic works such as baths, shower and

sinks. The water can be used again to water plants and wash cars amongst other things. In

almost all homes this expensively treated water goes straight down the drain and into the

sewerage system to be expensively treated again. Saving and recycling gray water is a

cheap and easy way to save energy and save money. In conjunction with rainwater

collection, and a simple system gardens, greenhouses, and poly tunnels can be watered

entirely from recycled water. So, we decided to create a system called Re-Gray H2O.

Compare to the price of the existing product that can recycle gray water, Re-Gray

H2O is cheaper and affordable. Also, the space that needed to install Re-Gray H2O is small

compare the existing product that needs very huge space to place. By installing Re-Gray

H2O at home, it is the simple way to recycle gray water.
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Collect-Rainwater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater.htm


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1.4 OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Project objectives are the aim that we have to achieve when we had done the

project. Based on our project, the objectives are:-

i. To get approval from GMI Exhibition for Youth Inventor.

ii. To learn how to solve environmental problems.

iii. To gain experience on project making.

iv. To prepare and study the real situation in the final year project.

v. To gain teamwork spirit, technical skills and brainstorming.

1.4.2 PRODUCT OBJECTIVES

Product objectives are the aim that we have to achieve and the limit for our

product. Based on our project, the objectives are:-

i. To achieve a pH value of recycle water from 5.5-8 pH for recycled water.

ii. To make sure water can flow through the pipe.

iii. To filter water to produce recycled water.


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1.5 PERSONNEL BACKGROUND

Figure 1.1: The organization chart of group.

Project Manager

MOHD FAUZUL RIZAL

BIN ABDUL HALIM

Engineer

MUHAMMAD ISMIN

HILMY BIN ISMAIL

Assistant Engineer

SYAIDAH NAFISAH

BINTI IBRAHIM

Secretary

SITI NURUL NABILAH

BINTI ZAINUL AXMAR


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1.5.1 JOB DESCRIPTION

NAME POSITION JOB DESCRIPTION

Mohd Fauzul Rizal BinAbdul Halim

Project Manager Project manager is a leader in a project. Themain duty of project manager is planning

and managing the project. Apart from that,

he will give guidance and divide task to all

the colleagues. Last but not least, he helps

and gives support to the colleagues in

completing this project with success.

Siti Nurul Nabilah Binti

Zainul Axmar

Secretary In general, she does all the letters,

documents and all works that need to be

type to be submitted to any company.

Besides, she set up all the project procedure

and collect information about the project.

She makes report and distributes minutes of

meeting. Lastly, she will finish the proposal.

Muhammad Ismin Hilmy

Bin Ismail

Engineer The main job for engineer is to design the

project. Specifically he gives ideas and

information regarding the project. Then, he

will present it to the colleagues and discuss

about the project whether it can be accepted

or not. If the design is not accepted or

having any improvement on the invention,

then his task to do it as well as upgrading

the invention security.

Syaidah Nafisah Binti

Ibrahim

Assistant

Engineer

For assistant engineer, she will prepare the

tools and items regarding the project. He

also will assemble and test the project

together with the engineer. Other than that,

he has to do the maintenance and the most

important thing, her job to help the engineer.

Table 1.1: Tasks distribution of our group member based on the organizational chart of the

group project.


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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES

2.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

The Re-Gray H2O has been specially designed to filter the gray water for watering plants. In

this reinvention, we have used several principles to design our product. The principles are as

described below.

2.1.1 GRAVITY FORCE

Gravitation, or gravity, is the natural phenomenon by which physical bodies appear to

attract each other with a force proportional to theirmasses. It is most commonly experienced

as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the groundwhen dropped. The phenomenon of gravitation itself, however, is a by product of a more

fundamental phenomenon described by general relativity, which suggests that space time is

curved according to the energy and momentum of whatevermatterand radiation are present.

Gravitation is one of the fourfundamental interactions of nature, along

with electromagnetism, and the nuclearstrong force and weak force. In modern physics, the

phenomenon of gravitation is most accurately described by the general theory of

relativity by Einstein, in which the phenomenon itself is a consequence of the curvature

ofspace time governing the motion of inertial objects. The simplerNewton's law of universal

gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations including

calculations as critical as spacecraft trajectory.

2.1.2 EARTH'S GRAVITY

Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field,

which exerts an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet,

the strength of this field at any given point is proportional to the planetary body's mass and

inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the centre of the body.

The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of

objects under its influence, and its value at the Earth's surface, denoted g, is approximately

expressed below as the standard.

g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenomenon


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This means that, ignoring air resistance, an object falling freely near the Earth's

surface increases its velocity by 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s or 22 mph) for each second of its

descent. Thus, an object starting from rest will attain a velocity of 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s) after

one second, 19.62 m/s (64.4 ft/s) after two seconds, and so on, adding 9.81 m/s (32.2 ft/s) to

each resulting velocity. Also, again ignoring air resistance, any and all objects, when dropped

from the same height, will hit the ground at the same time.

There is a direct relationship between gravitational acceleration and the

downwards weight force experienced by objects on Earth, given by the equation

F = ma (force = mass acceleration).

However, other factors such as the rotation of the Earth also contribute to the net

acceleration.

According to Newton's 3rd Law, the Earth itself experiences a force equal in

magnitude and opposite in direction to that which it exerts on a falling object. This means that

the Earth also accelerates towards the object until they collide. Because the mass of the

Earth is huge, however, the acceleration imparted to the Earth by this opposite force is

negligible in comparison to the objects. If the object doesn't bounce after it has collided with

the Earth, each of them then exerts a repulsive contact force on the other which effectively

balances the attractive force of gravity and prevents further acceleration.

Figure 2.1: The graph shows the variation in gravity relative to the height of an object.

Under an assumption of constant gravity, Newton's law of universal

gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where m is the mass of the body and g is a constant vector

with an average magnitude of 9.81 m/s2. The acceleration due to gravity is equal to this g. An

initially stationary object which is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance which is

proportional to the square of the elapsed time. The image on the right, spanning half a

second, was captured with a stroboscopic flash at 20 flashes per second. During the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_3rd_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_3rd_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration


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first 120 of a second the ball drops one unit of distance (here, a unit is about 12 mm); by220 it

has dropped at total of 4 units; by 320, 9 units and so on.

Under the same constant gravity assumptions, the potential energy, Ep, of a body at

height h is given by Ep = mgh(or Ep = Wh, with W meaning weight). This expression is

valid only over small distances h from the surface of the Earth. Similarly, the

expression for the maximum height reached by a vertically projected body with

initial velocity v is useful for small heights and small initial velocities only.

A set of dynamical equations describe the resultant trajectories when objects move

owing to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions. For

example, Newton's law of universal gravitation simplifies to F = mg, where m is the mass of

the body. This assumption is reasonable for objects falling to earth over the relatively shortvertical distances of our everyday experience, but is very much untrue over larger distances,

such as spacecraft trajectories. Please note that in this article any resistance from air(drag)

is neglected.

2.1.3 FILTRATION

Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the

separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only

the fluid can pass. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but the separation is notcomplete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles

(depending on the pore size and filter thickness). Filtration is also used to describe

some biological processes, especially in water treatment and sewage treatment in which

undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the

filter medium as in slow sand filtration.

Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can

be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of

the components may be isolated. Filtration, as a physical operation is very important in

chemistry for the separation of materials of different chemical composition. A solvent is

chosen which dissolves one component, while not dissolving the other. By dissolving the

mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go into the solution and pass through the

filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the most important techniques used by

chemists to purify compounds.

Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations ofchemical

engineering. It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy


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feed stream, as in the bio filter, which is a combined filter and biological digestion device.

Filtration differs from sieving, where separation occurs at a single perforated layer (a sieve).

In sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained. In

filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow the tortuous

channels of the filter. Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may

also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter. Commercially,

the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that the surface

becomes the main zone of particle separation, even though these products might be

described as sieves.

Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that

causes separation but the effects ofsurface charge. Some adsorption devices

containing charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters, although filtration

is not their principal function. Filtration differs from removal ofmagnetic contaminants from

fluids with magnets (typically lubrication oil, coolants and fuel oils), because there is no filter

medium. Commercial devices called "magnetic filters" are sold, but the name reflects their

use, not their mode of operation.

2.1.4 METHODS

There are many different methods of filtration; all aim to attain the separation of

substances. Separation is achieved by some form of interaction between the substance or

objects to be removed and the filter. The substance that is to pass through the filter must be

a fluid, i.e. a liquid orgas. Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted

material, i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid.

2.1.5 FILTER MEDIA

Two main types of filter media are employed in the chemical laboratory surface

filter, a solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid offilter

paper(e.g. Bchner funnel, Belt filter, Rotary vacuum-drum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen

filter), and a depth filter, a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it

passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid particles, i.e. the residue, to be

collected intact; the second type does not permit this. However, the second type is less

prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped. Also,

when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the

contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.

Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents. Alternatively, inengineering applications, such as swimming pool water treatment plants, they may be
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet#Common_uses_of_magnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow_filtrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow_filtrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCchner_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet#Common_uses_of_magnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange_resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter


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cleaned by backwashing. Self-cleaning screen filters utilize point-of-suction backwashing to

clean the screen without interrupting system flow.

2.1.6 ACHIEVING FLOW THROUGH THE FILTER

Fluids flow through a filter due to a difference in pressure fluid flows from the high

pressure side to the low pressure side of the filter, leaving some material behind. The

simplest method to achieve this is by gravity and can be seen in the coffeemakerexample. In

the laboratory, pressure in the form of compressed air on the feed side (or vacuum on the

filtrate side) may be applied to make the filtration process faster, though this may lead to

clogging or the passage of fine particles. Alternatively, the liquid may flow through the filter

by the force exerted by a pump, a method commonly used in industry when a reduced

filtration time is important. In this case, the filter need not be mounted vertically.

Figure 2.2: A diagram of simple filtration.

Oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice structure of the

filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate. A water filter removes

impurities from waterby means of a fine physical barrier, a chemical process or a biological

process. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes like irrigation, drinking

water, aquariums, and swimming pools. Filters use sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges andother processes. Unlike a sieve orscreen, a filter can remove particles much smaller than

the holes through which the water passes.

2.1.7 PH ADJUSTMENT

A brief review of the definition of pH, the pH scale, and some of the chemistry

involved in pH Adjustment systems is provided below. For some this may be trivial, yet for

many others this may be useful. The information provided below is typical of the background

information we provide in our training classes and seminars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)


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By definition pH is the measure of free hydrogen activity in water and can be expressed as:

pH= -log[H+]

In more practical terms, pH is the measure of free acidity or free alkalinity of water.

Measured on a scale of 0-14, solutions with a pH of less than 7.0 are acids while solutions

with a pH of greater than 7.0 are bases. In very simple terms bases are used to

neutralize acids, while acids are used to neutralize alkalis (the term caustic, alkaline, alkalis,

or base, although not truly synonymous, are often used interchangeably). The buy products

are normally salts which may or may not be soluble and water.

Figure 2.3: A diagram of the pH scale.

2.1.8 NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS

The task of any pH adjustment system is to adjust the pH of the process stream into

the defined acceptable discharge range. In the case of an acid neutralization, caustic (NaOH)

is added to the effluent stream to pH Neutralize the solution. This neutralization or titration

can be expressed as follows:

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O

In the example shown above hydrochloric acid (HCl) is neutralized with caustic (NaOH) and

yields ordinary table salt (NaCl) and neutral water. NaCl, being very soluble in water, remains

dissolved in solution, and very little or no solids are generated. It is the task of the pH

adjustment system to add just the right amount of caustic to achieve the end point of the

neutralization that is desired. This is not quite as simple as it may seem because of the

logarithmic nature of the pH titration curve (remember the definition of pH above). The

titration curve shown below depicts graphically the neutralization process of HCl with NaOHas the neutralizing agent.


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Figure 2.4: The actual titration results of the pH Adjustment of an acid (HCl).

The curve above is the actual titration results of the pH Adjustment of an acid (HCl)

with a beginning pH of 2.0 and an ending pH of 11.0. Dilute Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was

used as the neutralizing agent. A brief glance at the curve indicates that the process of pH

neutralization or pH adjustment is not particularly easy. In the above example 10 ml or NaOH

was added to increase the pH from 2.0 to 3.0. An additional 1 ml was added to further raise

the pH to 4.0, and another 0.1 ml added to raise the pH to 5.0. An increase of 1 pH unit

requires 1/10th the amount of caustic required to achieve the previous increase.

Descending from 7.0 to 0.0, each unit on the pH scale represents a tenfold increasein acidity. In simple terms, very large volumes of a neutralizing agent are required to achieve

very small results at high or low pH values. Yet at or near neutral incredibly small volumes

must be added to achieve neutralization. This means that the pH adjustment system must be

capable of delivering large volumes of reagent at extremely high levels of precision. Standard

industrial methods for chemical addition and blending do not suffice.

The steep portion of the curve, which is the area near neutral (pH 7.0) is the range

that most industrial effluents must be held to. In some cases, such as de-ionized (DI) water,this curve is nearly vertical. In the case of DI water, atmospheric CO2 mixed in with only mild

surface agitation is sufficient to notably lower the pH. The point here is that the pH

adjustment process is not a linear process and does not lend itself to conventional linear

control mechanisms (i.e. PID). The control system and the injection mechanism must be

carefully thought through and well designed.


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2.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

There are many types of materials in the market which can be used to produce our

product. To select a suitable material for our product, we have made a comparison between

our product material and the other commercial product material. In table 2.1 shows about the

properties of the product material.

2.2.1 PIPE

Table 2.1: The properties of PVC pipe.

As you can see our piping are made from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) which is

basically plastic rather than steel pipe. Our piping are made from plastic material since it is

light-weight, recyclable which can be regrind and reproduce for any product. As we know,

steel pipe is not malleable. It is very difficult for us to make groove to assembly with the filter.

PVC has high toughness which can resist high impact which can prevent the product from

damage easily.

2.2.2 FILTER

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER MEDIA

We choose the activated carbon filters media because it removes foreign matter

down to 5 microns in size. Activated carbon impregnated paper cartridge also effectively

removes taste of chlorine and other foul tastes or odours. Besides, the "activated" carbon

filter media is produced by super-heating dried coconut husks in a low oxygen environment,

using a process called pyrolysis. The resulting "bio char" husk, is a purified form of carbon,

containing large amounts of cellular sized surface area, negatively charged to attract

positively charged toxins. Toxins in the water become attached to the husk's carbon

Properties Made from PVC.

Density 1.45 (g/cm3)

Cost Low cost.

RM 2/m

Advantage

The pipe not easily broken. The pipe cannot be rust and

do not have corrosion.

Long-lasting.

Disadvantage Limited thermal capability.


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surfaces. Over time, the attractive charge of carbon surfaces is neutralized, making it time to

change the filter. There are many types of carbon water filters that can be easy to install and

are low in cost than the pure polypropylene fibres filter. The use of carbon filter media is wide

spread, both in public and private water systems. Besides, it is effective to eliminate this

bacterial problem; silver is sometimes added or "impregnated" to provide an antibacterial

effect. Another approach is to eliminating water-borne bacteria is the combination KDF and

carbon media within the same filter housing. Some sediment filter media can remove virus

sized particles down to .01 micron or larger.

MATERIAL FUNCTION

Filter cartridge To place the filter and hold the filter

Activated carbon filters media To filter the water that have small particle

Bottle shaped trap To filter the water that have big particle

Pipe connector To connect the pipe

Table 2.2: The material use for the Re-Gray H2O product.


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2.3 FEASIBILITY STUDIES

We choose 70% female and 30% male respondent. We select female to be more than male

because female usually gardening.

50% from our respondent age range is 41 and above, 40% is 26 to 40 and 10% range 17 to

25. Our respondent mainly age is 41 and above because tendency to gardening is high at

that age.

30%

70%

Gender

Male Female

10%

40%

50%

Age

17-25 26-40 41 and above


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40% of our respondent occupation is housewife, 50% is workers, and 10% is student. The

number of student is less than workers and housewife because tendency to gardening is low.

65% of our respondent practice gardening because many of them have free time to

gardening and gardening is their hobby.

10%

50%

40%

Occupation

Student Workers Housewife

65%

35%

Do you practise gardening at

your place

Yes No


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75% from our respondent have a large water bill per month (More than RM20) and 25% of

them (below than RM20). This is because many of our respondent using high usage of

water.

50% of our respondents prefer washing consumes most of the water, 25% choose

gardening, 20% choose showering and 5% choose cooking. Gardening is higher than

showering and cooking because many of our respondents practice gardening.

25%

75%

The average amount of water

bills per monthly

Below than RM20 More than RM20

25%

50%

20%

5%

The activity that consumes most of

the water

Gardening Washing Showering Cooking


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65% of our respondents prefer very good for gardening using waste water, 25% choose

good, 10% choose average and none choose poor and very poor. Many of them prefer very

good because using waste water for gardening conserves high amount of water.

65% of our respondent prefer reuse the water for ways to reduce usage of water,25% prefer

minimum used of water and 10% of them prefer others. Many of them prefer reuse the water

because easy for them to practice it.

0% 0% 10%

25%

65%

Gardening using waste water

Very poor Poor Average Good Very good

65%

25%

10%

Ways to reduce usage of water

Reuse Minimum used of water Others


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CHAPTER 3: PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 PRODUCT DESIGN

In figure 3.1 to figure 3.5 below show the overall view of the product Re-Gray H 20.

The product was designed to filter the water and overcome the excessive of water usage.

Figure 3.1: Exploded view of product design.

Figure 3.2: Front view of product design.


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Figure 3.3: Exploded 3D wide frame of product design.

Figure 3.4: 3D wideframe view of product design.

Figure 3.5:Assembly view of product design.


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3.2 DESCRIPTION OF MECHANISM

Figure 3.6 show the labelling of each part of our product and the function of each part

shown in table 3.1.

Figure 3.6: show the labelled part of the re-gray H2O.

Table 3.1: The picture of the part and their function.

No Part Name Function1 Filter Cartridge Used to place the

filter and hold thefilter.

2 Economy multi-media filtration To filter the waterthat have smallparticle.

3 Bottle shaped Trap To filter the waterthat have big

particle.

4 Pipe connector To connect thepipe so the watercan flow.

1

2

3

4

4


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3.3 SAFETY FEATURES

Table 3.2 show the labelling safety features of our product and the description.

Table 3.2: The description of the safety features.

No Features Description

1

The cartridge is made from thevery hard plastic

The cartridge can withstand 125 psi waterpressure.

Resistive to rust and corrosion becauserust can chemically react with water.

2

The Pipe is made from PVC

The pipe not easily broken because PVC isa very strong plastic.

Can withstand high pressure until 300 psi.

3

Cylinder-shaped button

The cylinder shaped button is to block thewater flow.

Use especially when exchanging the filter.


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3.4 LIST OF MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT

To build our product, we used others material and equipment to assemble our

product. All the material and equipment used to assemble the product can be seen from the

table below.

No Material Purpose

1

Silicon

Used for manufacturing theMulti-media filter

2

Fine Gravel


3

Garnet sand


4

PVC

Used for manufacturing thePVC pipe.

Table 3.3: The picture of material used for fabrication.


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No Equipment/Name Quantity Purpose

1

PVC solvent cement

1 To tighten the connectionof pipe

2

Hand saw

1 To cut the Pipe

3

Measuring tape

1 To measure the length ofpipe

4

Thread seal tape

1 To tighten the connectionbetween pipe

Table 3.4: The picture of equipment used for fabrication.


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CHAPTER 4: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 PROCEDURES TO CONSTRUCT THE PRODUCT

The figure below show the fabrication process of our product Re-Gray H2O.

Figure 4.1: Product fabrication process.

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

Prepare the part of the material to assemble.

Cut the pipe into the given dimension.

Wear safety goggle and wear hand sock while

sawing

Assemble the bottle shaped trap to the sink

and connect the pipe to the bottle shaped trap

and filter cartridge.

Carefully wrap the pipe that will connect to the

bottle shaped trap with the thread seal tape

and stick with the PVC gum to ensure there is

no water leakage

STEP 4Test the product and check if there is any

leakage or problem.


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Below is the list of part which needed for assembly a complete set of Re-gray H2O.

No Part Dimension (cm) Quantity

1

Cup bottle shaped trap

7.5 x 8 1

2

Body bottle shaped trap

11 x 11.5 x 8.5 1

3

Pipe

0.2 x 18 1


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4

Cartridge head

12.8 x 4 1

5

Cartridge body

12.8 x 26 1

6

Connector

3.2 x 5.5 x 4 1


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7

L shaped pipe

3 x 6 x 6 1

8

Filter

7 x 26 1

Table 4.1: List part of Re-gray H2O.


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The diagram below show the assembly procedure of the Re-Gray H2O.

BEFORE ASSEMBLE AFTER ASSEMBLE

1. Assemble the pipe with thebottle shaped trap withcorrect direction.

2. Join the cup with the body ofthe bottle shaped trap (turnthe cup in direction with the

clockwise).

3. Attach the connector with thehead of the filter cartridge.

4. Wind the connector with

thread seal tape.

1

2

3


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Table 4.2: Product assembly procedure.

BEFORE ASSEMBLE AFTER ASSEMBLE

5. Put the filter inside thecartridge carefully.

6. Rotate the head of thecartridge and the body of thecartridge clockwise so thereis no water leakage.

7. Join the connector with the Lshape pipe using PVC glue.

8. Attach the L shape pipe withthe pipe using some PVCglue.

5

6

7 8


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4.2 PROCEDURES TO USE PRODUCT

The diagram below shows the guideline of using the product of the Re-Gray H2O.

Figure 4.2: The full assembly of the product.

Follow the instruction below when you want to use the product.

1. Make sure the product install correctly.

2. The gray water from the sink and bathroom flow down to the sewer pipe which

connect with the Re-Gray H2O.

3. The bottle-shaped trap down the pipe traps the big and heavy impurities in the gray

water.

4. Gray water then flow to the straight pipe.

5. The activated carbon filter media filters the gray water.

6. The filtered water store in a tank.

7. Filtered water can safely use for gardening.

Remarks:

Caution

Ensure the connection between the pipes one another are tight.

Ensure the bottle-shaped trap rightly connected to avoid leaking.


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4.3 PROJECT COSTING

Project costing is the summarization of expenses to make Re-Gray H2O.

4.3.1 PROTOTYPE COSTING

Prototype costing is the summation of expenses to make the prototype of Re-

Gray H2O. These are the list of prices of material of our product.

NO MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT PRICE(RM)

AMOUNT(RM)

1 Water Filter 1 35.00 35.00

2 White tape 2 0.50 1.00

3 Carbon Filter 1 10.00 10.004 PVC glue 1 4.00 4.00

5 Bottle shape Filter 1 17.90 17.90

Sum of price 67.90

less - 4.90

TOTAL 63.00

Table 4.3: The cost for Re-Gray H2O prototype.

4.3.2 ACTUAL PRODUCT COSTING

Actual Product costing is the summation of expenses to make a unit of Re-Gray H2O.

These are the price list of each component/ items that we use to make a unit of the product.

NO ITEMS/COMPONENT UNITPRICE(RM)

QUANTITY AMOUNT(RM)

1 Water Filter 35.00 1 unit 35.00

2 Carbon Filter 10.00 4 unit 40.00

3 PVC Pipe 2.00 1 unit(6 meter)

12.00

4 PVC glue 4.00 1 unit 4.00

5 Bottle-shaped Filter 17.90 1 unit 17.90

6 White Tape 0.50 2 unit 1.00

TOTAL RM109.90

Table 4.4: The material price of Re-Gray H2O.


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CHAPTER 5: FINDING AND ANALYSIS

5.1 TROUBLESHOOTING PROCEDURES

5.1.1 TROUBLESHOOTING WHILE CONSTRUCTING

Troubleshooting while constructing is the problems that you may face at the implementation

stage. The problems and the solutions are tabulated in Table 5.1 below:

PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

We had problem to choose the filter

that can filter foreign matter down to

5 or 1 microns in size.

We consulted by a senior in choosing

the right type of filter.

We find that the PVC pipe A cannot

attach to the PVC pipe B.

Check to see the correct size of PVC

pipe is used.

Use pipe connector if needed.

Table 5.1: The problems and solutions to the problems faced.

5.1.2 TROUBLESHOOTING WHILE OPERATING

Troubleshooting while operating is the problems and solution user may face after operating

it. The problems and solutions are tabulated in Table 5.2 below:

PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

The process of filtration becomes too

slow.

Change the filter by twist it and pull

downwards.

No water flow to the water tank.

Check the filter is installed properly.

If not, twist out the filter and install

back by twist it again.

Table 5.2: The table shows the problems that user may face and its solution.


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5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTERMEASURE

Every production of product will face some problems. Same goes to our product. We

face many problems before the product is successfully completed. It is normal where every

new product that is invented must have a problem. When we are facing problems in doing

our product, our team will have a meeting a do some discussions and our leader willdetermine the best solution with the agreement all of the team members. Table 5.2.1 and

Table 5.2.2 show all the problems we are facing and the solution of each problem

5.2.1 TECHNICALLY PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTER MEASURED

Technical problem encountered is the problem that we faced which involve the

equipment and the component used in doing the product. Most of these problem are solved

by using our technical skill and knowledge.

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED COUNTER MEASURED

Installation of the bottle shaped trap Refer to the manual that had given with thebottle shaped trap

Water leaking from the pipe when the waterthrough the bottle shaped trap

Wound the pipe with the thread tape to avoidfrom water leaking

The water cannot flow through the bottleshaped trap

Check inside the bottle shaped trap whetherthere has any large rubbish that block theflow of the water

Table 5.3: The table show the Technically Problem Encountered and Counter Measured.

5.2.2 NON-TECHNICALLY PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND COUNTER MEASURED

Non-technically problem encountered is a problem which not using any technical skill

and knowledge. All of this problem can be solved in discussion or asking opinion from our

technician. Most of these problems are problems which involve the source to get our raw

material in our product.

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED COUNTER MEASURED

Searching the right filter which can removeforeign matter down to 1 micron in size

Check the characteristic and the ability of thefilter one by one and refer to the ourtechnician which is Encik Abdul Samah Bin

Rosli

Choose the correct connector that want toassemble with the pipe

Try one by one which connector is suitablefor the piping

Time to finished our proposal Make a Gantt chart and distribute each taskamong group members

Table 5.4: The table shows the Non-Technically Problem Encountered and Counter

Measure


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5.3 RECOMMENDATION

We realized that our filter, the activated carbon filter media does not filtered 100 %

waste product that have in the water. So we recommend using a better type of filter such asSilicon water filtration.It is a filter that can filter less than 1 micron in size. This type of filter

will filtered most of the waste product because Silicon water filtration have a smaller pores

and more efficient to filter water. But, this type of filter is more expensive than activated

carbon filter media.

Second, we also realize that we must use more than one filter to get cleaner water.

Because we found out that dual filtration will give much more good quality of recycled water.

Lastly, we recommend adding on a Food Waste Crusher under the sink hole. The

Crusher can crush almost all type of food waste including bones of the non-vegetable food. It

can be used for boiled vegetables, breads, row food, salad, chicken, meat, fish, egg shells,bones, peels, etc. This blender will dispose the large particle of the waste product to a

smaller particle that came through the sink.

Figure 5.1: The Food Waste Crusher.


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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

Based on our journey, we had through many thick and thin moments while completing

this proposal. Our TTO assigned us to build a product that focus on Green Technology, so

we as a group decided to focus on how to reduce usage of water that can be used for

planting. We also focus to fulfil GEYI's aim. Our product is proven that it can reduce the

waste product that have in the water and can be used for planting.

Through this journey, we had learnt about chemistry as a group is the most important

for us to finish the proposal. We assigned the task based on the capability of the person and

from that we know about the personalities of each group member. As an example we always

set the dateline to finish the task that had given to each person, so the person will becomediscipline and more responsible towards the group.

On the whole, this product is an innovation and produce new technology which is not

created by any other company. Besides, it can reduce the uses of water, as we have

mentioned before, it will save our environment as recycling gray water for watering plants in

the garden is an economic and environmentally responsible way to conserve water.

This product also has many benefits. For instance, it can reduce the water bills ,

reasonable cost, nominal installation work, and the most important thing is decrease the

usage of water as it play the concept of recycle and save life as water is the most important

thing to the life on earth. Hence, automatically it will save our planet.

To convince the audience to buy our product, we make a promotion through internet,

newspaper, brochure and magazine.


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REFERENCES

Source from the Internet:

Definition and explanation about the gray water

Architerra Enterprises, 1998 2013, Gray Water Recycling, from

https://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.html

Technical and maintenance of the rainwater system

Commonwealth of Australia, 2010, Rainwater, from

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.html

BASIX Certificate Centre, Revised: 16-Feb-2013, Rainwater Tank, from

http://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htm

Rain Harvesting System

RainHarvest Systems LLC, 201, Harvest Water for Life, from

http://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-

systems.asp

Unknown, Jan 18, 2007,First Flush System Rainwater Harvesting, from

http://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htm

http://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htm

Garden Watering Equipment

Fred Walden, 2012, Garden Watering Equipment, from

http://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htm

Renewable energy UK website; sand filters

Unknown, May 26, 2007,Sand Filter for Greywater, from

http://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-

Filters-for-Greywater.htm
https://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.htmlhttps://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.htmlhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Sand-Filters-for-Greywater.htmhttp://www.fredshed.co.uk/watering.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/Greywater-Diverter-Valve.htmhttp://www.reuk.co.uk/First-Flush-System-Rainwater-Harvesting.htmhttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.rainharvest.com/rain-harvesting-pty-first-flush-diverter-for-in-ground-systems.asphttp://www.basixcertificatecentre.com.au/Rainwater-tank.htmhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs73.htmlhttps://www.thenaturalhome.com/greywater.html


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Source from books and magazines

Format of the proposal

few previous year project proposal

ESP Handbook GMI

ARCHAEOLOGY magazine water crisis

Brian Fagan, Volume 64 Number 2, March/April 2011, Water Crisis

National Geographic magazine water shortage in China

Houppert Anne Marie, April 2010, pages 22-23, Water Shortage in China.


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APPENDIX A

SURVEY FORM

RE-GRAY H2O

We are MRSM Group Semester 2 students who have been given a task to completing our

Problem Based Learning (PBL) for English for Specific Purpose 2. We hope that you will give

full cooperation on completing the survey about the way to conserve water. We do

appreciate you cooperation and thank you in advance.

Please ( ) your answer in the space provided.

Please tick one only

A. Demography

1. Gender :

Female Male

2. Age

17-25

26-40

41 and above


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3. Occupation

B. Knowledge

4. Did you practise gardening at your place?

Yes No

5. What is your average amount of water bills per monthly?


6. What is the activity that consumes most of the water?

Gardening

Washing

Showering

Cooking


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7. What do you think using waste water for gardening?


|_________|_________|__________|__________|

8. Suggest one way we can do to reduce usage of water?

___________________________________________________________


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APPENDIX B

We choose 70% female and 30% male respondent. We select female to be more than male

because female usually gardening.

50% from our respondent age range is 41 and above, 40% is 26 to 40 and 10% range 17 to

25. Our respondent mainly age is 41 and above because tendency to gardening is high at

that age.

30%

70%

Gender

Male Female

10%

40%

50%

Age

17-25 26-40 41 and above


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40% of our respondent occupation is housewife, 50% is workers, and 10% is student. The

number of student is less than workers and housewife because tendency to gardening is low.

65% of our respondent practice gardening because many of them have free time to

gardening and gardening is their hobby.

10%

50%

40%

Occupation

Student Workers Housewife

65%

35%

Do you practise gardening at

your place

Yes No


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75% from our respondent have a large water bill per month (More than RM20) and 25% of

them (below than RM20). This is because many of our respondent using high usage of

water.

50% of our respondents prefer washing consumes most of the water, 25% choose

gardening, 20% choose showering and 5% choose cooking. Gardening is higher than

showering and cooking because many of our respondents practice gardening.

25%

75%

The average amount of water

bills per monthly


25%

50%

20%

5%

The activity that consumes most of

the water

Gardening Washing Showering Cooking


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65% of our respondent prefer very good for gardening using waste water, 25% choose

good,10% choose average and none choose poor and very poor. Many of them prefer very

good because using waste water for gardening conserves high amount of water.

65% of our respondent prefer reuse the water for ways to reduce usage of water,25% prefer

minimum used of water and 10% of them prefer others. Many of them prefer reuse the water

because easy for them to practice it.

0% 0% 10%

25%

65%

Gardening using waste water


65%

25%

10%

Ways to reduce usage of water

Reuse Minimum used of water Others


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APPENDIX C

INTERVIEW

RESPONDENT: PN JALIAH BT AINIDATE: 25TH NOVEMBER 2012

PLACE: CONDOMINIUM TAMAN INDAH, KAJANG

After explaining the background of our product, we asked a few questions to a senior of

diploma GMI student regarding his opinion on the product and a few things related.

QUESTION 1 : Do you use many water per day?

PN JALIAH : Of course, furthermore I am as a housewife needs water for home

duties such as dishing, washing and etc.

QUESTION 2 : Do you practice gardening at your house and how do you use water

for gardening?

PN JALIAH : Yes I am practicing gardening at my house. I use water from the pipe

outside the house and not use the recycle water.

QUESTION 3 : What do you think about our product? Is it marketable?

PN JALIAH : I think your product is marketable because nowadays have many

water crisis in Malaysia like Selangor. Your product is very useful for

planting and of course will reduce the water bill.

QUESTION 4 : Do you ever wonder about production of this product in Malaysia?

PN JALIAH : No, because many houses in Malaysia cannot afford this type of

system and many of them does not even bother about recycling the

water.

QUESTION 5 : How many money do you willing to spend on this product and cost for

the instalment?

PN JALIAH : I wish I could spend less than RM 150 but if the product can use

other than gardening I willing to spent more on it.


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APPENDIX D

EXPERIMENT

Aim:

To observe the difference between filtered water and non filtered waterthrough universal indicator.

Materials & Apparatus:

Gray water, universal indicator, bottled shaped trap, sink, filter cartridge,

Economy multi-media filtration, connector, pipe, Tupperware, bucket.

Procedures:

First we took the gray water from the sink. Before we pour the water into the

bottle shaped trap, we took the ph value using the universal indicator (see

table).

Pour the water to the bottle shaped trap (makes sure the water have enough

volume so the water can get through the filter cartridge). Take the water that

has been filtered that flow though the last pipe. Take the Ph value of the water

(see result).

Non filtered water Ph Value of the non filtered water

(PH value is 8)

Figure 2.5: The picture of non filtered water and its ph value is 8.


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Result:

Filtered water Ph value of the filtered water

(PH value is 7)

Figure 2.6: The picture of filtered water and its ph value is 7.

Discussion:

From the above result, we have see the difference between filtered water and

the non filtered water. We can see a clear difference in the colour of the water.

Non filtered water have a cloudy colour and the filtered water have a

transparent colour. Secondly, we can look at the ph value of the water. Non

filtered water have a bigger Ph value which is 8 that means the water is an

alkaline water. Filtered water have a Ph value of 7 which means that the water

is neutral.

Conclusion:

From this experiment, it can be concluded that non filtered water is more

alkaline and not suitable for gardening. Filtered water has a neutral Ph value

because our filter filtered almost 1 micron in size of impurities. Filtered water is

more suitable for gardening because plant need a neutral soil to growth

because the pH value that suitable for plant is 5.5 to 7.


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APPENDIX E

GANTT CHART

DRAFTING CHAPTER 1

DRAFTING CHAPTER 3

DRAFTING CHAPTER 5&6

DRAFTING END MATTER

BUY MATERIALS

EDITING PROPOSAL

PRESENTATION DAY

GANT CHART

START DATE

DURATION DAY

END DATE


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APPENDIX F

PURCHASE RECEIPT

No Material Quantity Unit Price Amount

1 Water Filter 1 RM 35.00 RM 35.00

2 White tape 2 RM 0.50 RM1.00

3 Carbon Filter 1 RM 10.00 RM10.00

4 PVC glue 1 RM 4.00 RM4.00

5 Bottle shape Filter 1 RM 17.90 RM 17.90

TOTAL RM67.90

less -RM4.90TOTAL after less RM 63.00


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APPENDIX G

Water pollution and environmental degradation

Up to 90 % of wastewater in developing countries flowsuntreated into rivers, lakes and highly productive

coastal zones, threatening health, food security and

access to safe drinking and bathing water.

Source: WWDR, 2012

many industries some of them known to be heavily

polluting (such as leather and chemicals) are moving

from high-income countries to emerging marketeconomies. Despite improvements in some regions, water pollution is on the rise

globally.

Source: WWAP

every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed

of in water courses.

Source: World Water Assessment Programme

(WWAP)

in developing countries, 70 percent of industrial waste is

dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the

usable water supply.

Source: WWAP

half of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900.

Source: WWAP

Contribution of the food sector to the production of organic water pollutants:

- High-income countries: 40 percent

- Low-income countries: 54 percent

Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and in wastewater effluents over the

next three decades suggest there will be a 10-20 percent global increase in river nitrogen

flows to coastal ecosystems.

Source: Global Environment Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4)


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Water Use

Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate

of population increase in the last century.

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (FAO) and UN-Water

How the world uses freshwater:

about 70 percent for irrigation

about 20 percent for industry

about 10 percent for domestic use

Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP)

70% of the blue water withdrawals at global level go to irrigation. Irrigated agriculture

represents 20% of the total cultivated land but contributes 40% of the total food produced

worldwide.

Source: FAO, 2012

The worlds population is growing by about 80 million

people a year, implying increased freshwater demand

of about 64 billion cubic metres a year. Competition for

water exists at all levels and is forecast to increase with

demands for water in almost all countries.

Source: WWDR, 2012

Part of the current pressure on water resources comes from

increasing demands for animal feed. Meat production requires

8-10 times more water than cereal production.Source: WWDR, 2012

Water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50 percent by

2025 in developing countries, and 18 per cent in developed

countries.

Source: Global Environment Outlook: environment for

development (GEO-4)


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Over 1.4 billion people currently live in river basins where the use of water exceeds minimum

recharge levels, leading to the desiccation of rivers and depletion of groundwater.

Source: Human Development Report 2006

In 60 percent of European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is being used

at a faster rate than it can be replenished.

Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

Global Climate and Change

There is evidence that the global climate is changing. A

global temperature increase of 3-4C could cause changed

run-off patterns and glacial melt will force an additional 1.8

billion people to live in a water scarce environment by2080.

Source: UNDP: Human Development Report,

2007/2008

Climate change is predicted to have a whole range of

impacts on water resources. Variation in temperature and rainfall may affect water availability,

increase the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, and disrupt ecosystems that maintain

water quality.

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

By 2050, rising populations in flood-prone lands, climate change,

deforestation, loss of wetlands and rising sea levels are expected to

increase the number of people vulnerable to flood disaster to 2 billion.

Source: WWDR, 2012

The cost of adapting to the impacts of a 2C rise in global average

temperature could range from US$70 to $100 billion per year between

2020 and 2050, according to the World Bank.

Source: WWDR, 2012

Water is a primary medium through which changes in human activity and the climate impact with the

earths surface, its ecosystems, and its people. It is through water and its quality that people will feel

the impact of change most strongly.

Source: WWDR, 2012


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Collecting water is expected to become increasingly burdensome

with global warming. More regions will experience water

shortages, as rainfall becomes erratic, glaciers melt and seas

rise. People living within 60 miles of a shoreline a full third of

the world's population will be hit especially hard, as they are

most susceptible to increased salinity of coastal potable water

sources. As it takes more time to gather water and fuel, the

available time for education or other economic and political

activities decreases. Already, the majority of children worldwide

who do not attend school are girls.

Source: UN Women

Climate variability, water resource management and economic development are intricately linked.

Vulnerability to natural disasters affecting the water supply hampers economic performance and

undermines poverty reduction goals and achievement of the MDGs.

Source: WWAP

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