final credit seminar sandeep
TRANSCRIPT
welcome
HPAU, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Farming System Approach For Food Security And Sustained Rural Economy
Speaker - Sandeep Singh
Introduction
INDIAN agriculture has challenge of providing national as well as
household food and nutritional security to its teeming millions
in a scenario of plateauing genetic potential in all major crops.
declining productivity in vast tracts of rainfed/ dryland areas
constituting approximately 44.2% of net cultivated area.
Wide-spread occurrence of ill-effects of green revolution technologies
in all intensively cultivated areas is threatening the sustainability of the
important agricultural production systems and national food security.
.
The human population of India has increased to 1210.2 million at a growth rate of 1.76 per cent in 2011 and is estimated to increase further to 1530 million by 2030.
On the other hand our national food grain production for past 3-4 years is hovering around 234 million tonnes.
There are projections that demand for food grains would increase from 234 million tonnes to 345 million tonnes in 2030.
The average size of the landholding has declined to 1.21 ha during 2009-10 from 2.30 ha in 1970-71.
Declining size of landholdings without any alternative
income augmenting opportunity is resulting in fall of
farm income and causing agrarian distress.
To meet the multiple objectives of poverty reduction,
food security, competitiveness and sustainability,
several researchers have recommended the farming
systems approach to research and development.
Farming system is the scientific
integration of different interdependent
and interacting farm enterprises for the
efficient use of land, labour and other
resources of a farm family which
provide year round income to the
farmers specially located in the
handicapped zone.
Farming system
What is it
Farming system approach envisages the integration of agroforestry, horticulture, dairy, sheep and goat rearing, fishery, poultry, pigeon, biogas, mushroom, sericulture and by-product utilization of crops with the main goal of increasing the income and standard of living of small and marginal farmers.
Role of Farming SystemFood security
Provide balanced food
Quality food basket
High productivity and enhanced farm income
Effective recycling of resources
Minimizing environmental pollution
Employment generation
Role of Farming System
Food security: Food security is defined as the balanced food supply and
effective demand for food.
Ensuring food security to the individual wards off the gender-based intra-household discrimination.
Thus food security needs to be redefined as “livelihood security for the household and all members within, which ensures both physical and economic asses to balanced diet, safe drinking water, environmental sanitation, primary education and basic health care.
Table 1: Per capita availability and deficit of different components
Food Items Per capitaAvailability
ICMR dietaryguidelines forIndians
Per capita deficit
Milk 216 grams/day 300 milli litre/day 34 grams/day
Egg 30 eggs/annum 180 eggs/annum 150 eggs/annum
Meat 3.24 kg/annum 10.95 kg/annum 7.71 kg/annum
Food grains 444 g/day - -
GOI 2003
Economic and ecological access to food could be only ensured by adopting farming system approach consisting
of:
Change from commodity-based to resource-based planning.
Integrated use and management of land, water and human resources to maximize income and employment.
There is need of farming system which has several components like dairy, poultry, goatry, fisheries etc. along with crop production.
In this way, farming system would not meet the food for but also cater the need of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals required for good health.
Conjunction of horticulture and agroforestry with cropping would ensure the seasonal access to fruits, fuel, fodder and fibre.
Provides Balanced Food
As the living status is improved the requirement of cereals will be decreased and supplemented by other items viz. milk, egg, meat, fruit etc.
Integration of allied enterprises with cropping increase the nutritive value of the products.
Cropping with pigeon+fish+mushroom founds to have the highest protein of 1963 kg.
Integration of cropping with fish + mushroom and pigeon/poultry could result in 31 to 52 % higher protein yield than cropping alone.
Quality food basket
Higher productivity and enhanced farm income
• Integration of fish in rice system decreasing the rice grain yield due to presence of fish trenches occupying 10% of the rice area, however, additional income increased.
• The profit can be increased more when fish, vegetable system and livestock include in rice – rice farming system.
Table 2: Economics of rice-poultry-fish-mushroom system of Integrated Farming System
Component Integrated farming system (0.40 ha)
Conventional cropping system (0.40 ha)
Additional net income from IFS over CCS (Rs)
Gross income (Rs)
Cost of production (Rs)
Net income (Rs)
Gross income (Rs)
Cost of production (Rs)
Net income (Rs)
Crop 19076 11398 7678 13536 7202 6334 1344
Poultry 2861 1944 917 - - - 917
Fisheries 3568 1486 2082 - - - 2082
mushroom 6156 5078 1078 - - - 1078
Total 31661 19906 11755 13536 7202 6334 5421
Rangasamy et al. 1996Tamil Nadu
Table 3: Productivity (rice equivalent yield) and profitability of different components under integrated farming system
Treatments Area(ha)
Productivity kg-1
ha-1year)Cost of Cultivation (Rs)
Net returns (Rs) B:C ratio
Integrated farming systemRice-rice system
0.33 2175 8683 7387 1.84
Hybrid maize-sunflower
0.20 908 3697 3540 1.96
Vegetables 0.20 2136 4712 3673 2.00
Fodder + goat 0.21 1339 6289 7060 2.75
Fish 0.06 203 515 926 2.23
Poultry (0.005) 327 2145 300 1.13
Total 1.00 7088 18225 22887 1.97
Conventional Rice-rice
1.00 5611 25503 17293 1.64
Channabasavanna et al. 2009Karnataka
Crop by-product is utilized as fodder for animals, and animal by-product i.e.
milk, and dung may be utilized for increasing income and soil fertility,
respectively.
The effective recycling of farm resources is possible by
adoption of farming system research.
Effective recycling of resources
Resource recycling with productivity linkages in lowland farming systems
Table 4: Nutrient value of recycled poultry manure
Particulars Content ( per cent ) Nutrient added (kg)
N P K N P K
Raw poultry manure 4.81 3.06 1.44 33.7 21.4 10.1
Settled silt of the pond in which poultry dropping is used as source of fish feed
3.52 1.38 1.06 158.4 62.1 47.7
Integration of poultry + fish + mushroom + cropping applied with recycled poultry manure sustained the productivity of soil through addition of bio-resource residue with better NPK nutrient supply potential.
Rangasamy (1996)Tamil Nadu
Poultry and fish in lowland of Tamil Nadu
Resource flow in crop+dairy+biogas+spawn+siliviculture in integrated farming system
Minimize environmental pollution
•In Punjab, Haryana and western Utter Pradesh, burning of rice residue is common practice, which increased the concentration of green house gases in atmosphere, in addition to huge amount of nutrient loss.
•Such situation could be avoided by introduction of some more enterprises like animal husbandry on the farm.
•Rice straw may be used as animal feed.
Employment generation
• Since crop based agriculture is highly season specific and time bond, the intensity of labour requirement increases during sowing and harvesting time of crops.
• For rest of the time farmers sitting idle if they do not have off-farm activities. This leisure time could be utilized effectively by adoption of farming system, which keeps the whole family busy throughout the year.
Table 5 : Cost return and employment potential under different mixed farming (MF) system
Farming system ExpenditureGross
income (Rs. ha-1)
Net returns
(Rs. ha-1)
Employment man days
year-1
Arable
MF with 2 cows
MF with 2 buffalo
MF with 2 cow + fish
MF with 2 buffaloes +fish
MF with 2 cows + 15 goats +10 poultry + 10 ducks + fish
MF with 2 buffaloes +15 goats + 10 poultry + 10 ducks + fish
14,171
34,972
47,257
35,170
47,455
43,311
55,596
38,264
72,640
71,545
76,064
74,969
88,222
87,127
24,093
37,668
24,288
40,894
27,514
44,911
31,531
257
374
390
374
390
380
396
Tiwari et al. 1998MF= Mixed FarmingMadhya Pradesh
Farming System Research
Farming System Concept was developed in 1970.
It is designed to understand farmer priorities, strategies and resource
allocation decisions.
Used in conjunction with on-farm research to identify and adopt
technologies useful to location specific problems of farmers.
Farming systems research and development approach associated with
small farmers and focuses on their conditions and aspirations.
Its goal to develop sustainable land use system which will optimize
resource use and increase income and employment for farm families.
Farming System Research For Different Agro Climatic Zones In India
• Pastures with forestry, goats, rabbits, and settled agricultural crops like millets, wheat, barley, and fodders.
High altitude cold deserts
• Animal husbandry with the camels, sheep and goats, and growing with fodder and field crops.
Arid and desert region
• Horticultural crops as a major component and agriculture mainly on the hill terraces and slopes with maize, rice, wheat, pulses and fodder crops.
Western and central Himalayas
•Primitive crop husbandry with rice, millets, pulses etc. Agro forestry system are also common. Piggery and poultry are the chief livestock activity.
Eastern Himalayas
•Intensive crop husbandry like rice-wheat-maize/mustard/pulses and livestock, dairy, cattle and buffaloes.
Indo-Gangetic Plains
•Cotton-sorghum-millets/pulses with dairy cattle, sheep and goats and poultry are the secondary livestock and animal husbandry enterprises.
Central And Southern
Highlands
• Major activity on plantation crops, cultivating rice and pulses are the secondary agricultural activity. Cattle, sheep and goats are the livestock components which in most parts, are maintained as large herds.
Western Ghats
• Rice cultivation with other enterprises like fishery, poultry and piggery, etc., capture fisheries of marine ecosystem is a specialized enterprise.
Delta And Coastal Plains
Table-6. Economics of different components of F.S.R. unit
Components Total labour (man days)
Total expenditure
(Rs)
Gross return (Rs. ha-1)
Net return (Rs. ha-1)
Return per rupee
invested (Rs)
Field cropsMulti-storeyed croppingPomology OlericultureFloriculture Pisciculture Poultry Duckery Mushroom Apiary BiogasTotal
98.287.018.496.44.0
31.023.023.0
180.01.0
11.0573.0
3,3153,831900
3,812125
3,7229,2405,387
18,184170600
49,286
8,95412,9202,366
12,114225
20,32510,2216,100
31,0401,3502031
107,646
5,6389,0891,4668,302100
16603981713
12,8561,1801,431
58,360
2.703.372.633.181.805.461.111.131.707.943.382.18
Behera and Mahapatra (1999)Bhubaneshwar
Table 7: Major zone and livelihood production systems in the Himachal Pradesh
Zones Climate Altitude(m amsl)
Livelihood production system
Himachal Pradesh
Zone I
Subordinate and low hills
Sub-tropical200-800
Agri- LivestockFish-Horticulture
Una,Bilaspur,Hamirpur,And parts of
Sirmaur,Kangra Solan and Chamba district
Zone II
Mid-Hills
Sub-humid801-1800
Agri-horti-Livestock- fishery
Tehsils of Palampur and Kangra of Kangra
District, Rampur tehsil of Shimla District and parts
of Mandi ,Solan,Kullu,Cham
ba,Sirmaur and Shimla Districts
Zone III
High hills
Temperate1801-2200
Hort. -Livestock-pasture-agriculture- fishery
Shimla district(except Rampur tehsil)and parts
of Kullu,Solan,Chamba,Man
di,Kangra and Sirmaur districts
Zone IV
Very high hills
Dry Temperate - Alpine,>2200
Livestock-silvipasture-agriculture- hort.
Kinnaur,Lahaul and Spiti,and pangi and Bharmour tehsils of
Chamba district
Integrated farming system
• Integrated Farming Systems a component of farming system research introduces a change in farming techniques for maximum production in a cropping pattern and take care of optimal utilization of resources.
• It focused round a few selected, inter-dependent, inter-related and often inter-linking production systems based on few crops, animals and related subsidiary professions.
Field crops
Crop production
Vegetables
Fruit cultivation
Poultry farming
Livestock integration
Duckery
Aquaculture
Agroforestry
Bee- keeping
Mushroom cultivation
Bio-gas plant
Different component of Integrated Farming System
Integrated approach in wetland situation
• Rice based cropping with poultry-cum-fish culture
• Crop-poultry-fishery
• Cropping with dairy
• Cropping with goat rearing
• Cropping with aquaculture
Integrated farming systems for irrigated areasCropping with dairy, biogas and siliviculture
Integrated farming system for rainfed areasCropping with goat and silivpasture
Integrated farming systems for hill regionsMajority of the farmers in the region are maintaining fruit tree like apple, dairy cattle and the major source of green fodder comes from lopping of the fodder trees and locally available grasses.
Objectives of Integrated farming systems
To identify existing farming systems in specific area and assess their relative viability.
To formulate farming system models involving main and allied enterprises for different farming situations.
To ensure optional utilization and conservation of available resources and effective recycling of farm residues within system.
To maintain sustainable production system without damaging resources base environment.
To raise overall profitability of farm household by complementing main allied enterprises with each other.
Analysis of existing farming systems in terms of resource use efficiency, production and productivity, income, employment and sustainability across different agro-climatic zones.
Evaluation and identification of farming system through participatory approach that ensures threshold level of income for the livelihood security.
Developing appropriate institutional and market linkage including value addition for enhancing sustainability.
Imparting training and capacity building of various stakeholders on IFS.
Goal of Integrated Farming Systems
Maximization of yield of all component enterprises
Provide steady and stable In come
Achieve agro-ecological equilibrium
Advantages of Integrated Farming System
• Increased Productivity
• Profitability
• Sustainability
• Balanced Food
• Environmental safety
• Recycling of resources
• Income round the Year
Adoption of New Technology
Meeting fodder crisis
Solving Fuel and Timber crisis
Employment generation
Improves literacy
Increasing the standard of living of the farmer
Integrated crop-livestock farming system Key aspects
Nutrient cycling
Forages crops
Crop residues
Livestock production
Integrated Crop- Livestock
Farming System
Table 8: Income and employment generation under different farming systems
Farming system Human labour
(MWDs)
Net returns (Rs.)
Additional employment
over agriculture
(MWDs)
Additional net returns over agriculture
(Rs.)
Agriculture + dairy
521 35293 359 27842
Agriculture + poultry
528 26830 366 19379
Agriculture+ sheep rearing
486 14665 324 7214
Agriculture alone 162 7451 - -
Radha et al. ( 2000)MWD: man working dayTelengana
Table 9: System productivity (sorghum grain-equivalent yield), employment generation and economic in integrated farming systems
Farming system Productivityt/ha
EmploymentMan days/ha System
productivityt/ha
Cost of productio
n(103Rs/
ha)
Net returns
(× 103/ha)2000-01 2001-02 2000-01 2001-02
FS1 cropping alone
FS2 crop +pigeon+ goat+ agroforestry + farm pond
FS3 crop+pigeon+Buffalo +agroforestry+farm pond
FS4 crop+pigeon+goat+ Buffalo+agroforestry +farm pond
0.69
4.23
11.20
12.18
1.84
5.21
10.79
12.59
28
110
140
160
32
116
142
166
1.27
4.72
10.99
12.39
5.520
18.90
43.65
52.85
1.17
1.49
22.67
21.82
Shekinah and Sankaran (2007)Tamil Nadu
Table 10: Gross and net income from different IFS models
IFS model Gross income(Rs. ha-1)
Net income(Rs. ha-1)
B:C ratio Employment generation (man days
year-1)
Crop Alone
Crop + Goat+ Poultry
Crop + Goat+ Poultry + Dairy
Crop +Goat+ Poultry + Sheep
Crop +Goat+ Poultry +Sheep +Dairy
Mean
Sd±
CV%
28,196
51,771
1,02,083
67,776
1,22,921
74,549
38,116
51.1
6,171
24,821
42,625
21,796
52,794
29,641
18,305
61.8
1.28
1.92
1.72
1.47
1.75
1.63
0.25
15.5
185
297
343
343
389
311
78
25
U.Solaiappan et al. 2007Kovilpatti
Table 11: Productivity, profitability and employment generation in integrated farming system
System Gross income
(Rs ha-1)
Expenditure (Rs ha-1)
Net returns(Rs ha-1)
Employment generated
(man days)
Crops + Cattle + Poultry + Fish
5,75,214 1,34,049 4,41,165 346
Crop Cultivation Alone
4,53,819 96,053 3,57,766 225
Additional Benefit1,21,395 - 83,399 121
Ravisankar et al. (2007)Andaman and Nicobar
treatment Fodder ( dry weight, kg/ha)
Fuel-wood (dry weight, kg/ha)
Crude protein (kg/ha)
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02 1999-2000
2000-01 2001-02 1999-2000
2000-01 2001-02
Agroforestry
Albizia Lebbeck + chickpea 21 159 158 17 213 324 5.0 30.0 28.2
Azadirachta indica + chickpea 32 299 310 47 361 428 5.4 39.5 52.0
Dalbergia sisso + chickpea 242 358 446 377 743 1104 41.6 54.8 69.0
Acacia nilotica + chickpea 241 302 423 1044 1361 1724 35.9 39.9 70.3
SOLE TREES
Albizia lebbeck 31 203 249 47 109 487 7.1 40.6 44.8
Azadirachta indica 46 198 185 104 255 298 7.4 25.7 31.0
Dalbergia sisso 191 191 455 559 313 942 1112 33.6 68.3
Acacia nilotica 139 390 494 676 1761 1894 20.3 50.7 80.6
CD (p = 0.05) 74 171 244 207 410 516 13.1 26.2 36.3
Table 12: Fodder, fuel-wood and protein yields of tree species in sole and agroforestry system during different years
Prasad et al. 2008Uttar Pradesh
Treatment At 12 % discount rate At 18 % discount rate
NPV(x 103 Rs)
B:Cratio
PBP(years)
NPV(x 103 Rs)
B:Cratio
PBP(years)
Agroforestry
Albizia lebbeck 27.24 1.42 1 20.34 1.40 1
Azadirachta indica
26.46 1.40 1 19.48 1.38 1
Dalbergia sisso 35.40 1.55 1 25.86 1.50 1
Acacia nilotica 37.34 1.58 1 28.38 1.55 1
Sole crop 48.68 1.99 36.88 1.95
SOLE TREES
Albizia lebbeck 4.62 1.46 7 1.68 1.20 10
Azadirachta indica
4.53 1.38 8 1.27 1.12 10
Dalbergia sisso 15.62 2.31 6 9.28 1.92 6
Acacia nilotica 23.43 3.17 5 15.17 2.81 5
Table 13: Benefit : cost ratio, net present worth (NPW) and pay back period (PBP) of various systems
Prasad et al. 2008Uttar Pradesh
Constraints and Opportunities
1.• Lack of appropriate
technology
2.• Lack of farmers participatory
research
3. • Inadequate Training
4. • Lack of rural infrastructure
5. • Policy implication
6.• Inadvertent avoidance of
farm women
7. • Socio-economic constraints
8.• Inadequate institutional
support
Future research thrust
Need to study the sustainability of the identified systems under different topographical situations in the long run including high value crops.
Need to study the nutrient dynamics of soil with continuous cropping and recycling of manurial resources with different systems over time.
Modeling of the identified farming system options to suit a given agro-climatic and socio-economic situation.
Need to identify the constraints in adoption of identified farming systems by the farmers for further refinement.
Conclusion
Efficient utilization of scarce and costly resources is the need of the hour to make crop production a viable proposition in the present day competitive scenario.
Following the concept of Integrated farming systems through supplementation of allied agro-enterprises by recycling the waste of one enterprise in another is a right step in this direction.
It provides alternate and sustainable avocation to marginal and sub-marginal farmers. Fruit, mushroom, apiary, animal production and poultry have been more viable with them.
The crop residues and biomass available in plenty in the crop production system need to be properly managed to harness full benefits.
Improving the integrated approach not only enhances farm income but also overcomes environmental pollution.
A better planning and utilization of the available resources will usher in bright prospects for the farm economy as a whole.