final civil engineering manual

7/31/2019 Final Civil Engineering Manual

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:

PRACTICAL: 1

INTRODUCTION TO CHAINING, RANGING AND

OFFSET TAKING


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OBJECT: To measure horizontal distance between two points by chaining and to

take perpendicular offsets

INSTRUMENTS:Metric Chain, Tape, Ranging rods, Arrows, Cross Staff, Line ranger,

Optical Square.

PROCEDURE:

Two chain men are required in this process. The chain men are called as Leader

and follower. The chain man at the forward end of the chain is called leader and chain

man at the zero or rear end of the chain is called as follower.

Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine

horizontal distance between them.

Position of station A, and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least three

permanent objects and location sketch of station A and b are drawn.

The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A.

The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod &

walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.

After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on one

side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.

The follower directs the leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a

scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the chain handle

with the remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower reaches the next arrow

point.


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CHAINAGE DIAGRAM


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STATION A

LOCATION SKETCH

STATION B

LOCATION SKETCH

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During this procedure details which are along the side of the chain line are

located by lateral measurement with the help of offset and tape. The points

located are known as perpendicular offsets.

All the perpendicular offsets are measured till station B is reached.

All the measurements recorded in the field book.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1). Explain various sources and nature of errors in chain surveying.

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 2

COMPASS SURVEY

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OBJECT: Study of Prismatic Compass & to determine

fore and back bearing of survey line AB, BC, CA

Included Angles.

INSTRUMENTS:Tripod, Prismatic Compass, Ranging rods, Measuring Tapes,

Wooden Pegs, Hammer.

THEORY:

Fore Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the direction of progress of

survey is called fore bearing.

Back Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the opposite direction of

progress of survey is called fore bearing.

PROCEDURE:

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A PRISMATIC COMPASS

The Prismatic Compass is set up at a point say station A.

The following temporary adjustments are needed to be carried out at each set

Up of Instrument

Centering: Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over

the station. It is carried out by dropping a piece of stone so that it falls on the

top of the pegs fixed at station point.

Leveling: Prismatic compass is leveled by means of ball and socket

arrangement so that the graduated ring may swing freely.

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Focusing the prism: The reflecting prism is adjusted to the eye sight of the

observer by rising or lowering then stud until the graduations are seen sharp

and clear.

CALCULATION OF FORE AND BACK BEARING

Suppose the bearing of line AB, BC, CA of a triangle is to be observed. Set

up the instrument at station A and carry out all the temporary adjustments.

Fix the ranging rod at B.

Turn the prismatic compass until the ranging rod at station B is bisected by

the horse hair when seen through the vertical slit above the prism.

When the needle comes to rest bisect ranging rod at B exactly and note the

reading. The reading observed is the Fore bearing of line AB i.e. Angle

measured with respect to north.

Now shift the prismatic compass at station B perform all temporary

adjustments and from station B bisect station A towards backward, the

reading observed in prismatic compass is the Back Bearing of line AB.

Now from the same setup of the instrument Bisect station C and note down

the reading of prismatic compass as fore bearing of line BC. Transfer the

instrument to station C to obtain back bearing of line BC. Similarly observe

Fore Bearing and back bearing of line CA.

Check the Difference of Fore bearing and back bearing of each line it should

be equal to 1800

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STATION LINE LENGTH F.B


B

N

FB

BB

A

C

OBSERVATIONTABLE

B.B DIFFERENCE ANGLE CORRECTION CORRECTED

ANGLE

CALCULATION:

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TO FIND INCLUDED ANGLES

Included Angles of a triangle are calculated from observed FB and BB of

line AB,BC,CA

Included angle is determined by following formula

= Back Bearing of Previous Line- Fore Bearing of next

line i.e. for triangle ABC

A= BB of CA FB of AB

B=BB of AB FB of BC

C=BB of BC FB of CA

Check: Sum of all included angles Should be Equal to (2n-4) x 900

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).What is local attraction? How it is detected?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 3

LEVELLING

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OBJECT: To find reduced level of various points by using Dumpy level.

INSTRUMENT: Dumpy level, Tripod, leveling staff, pegs,

HammerPROCEDURE:

Simple leveling: - It is the simplest method of leveling used, when it is required

to find the difference in elevation between 2 points.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:

The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.

Setting up the level

The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of

the tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the

ground. The movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the

bubble remains in the center.

Leveling

The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling

head. Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and

both the foot screws are either moved inward or outward till the

longitudinal bubbles is in the centre of its run.

The telescope is then turned through 900

so that the telescope is now

parallel to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward

till bubble is in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original

position.

The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in

both the position.

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STATION B.S I.S

B.S. - F.S= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=


OBSERVATION TABLE

F.S H.I R.L. REMARK

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.

CALCULATION:

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Removal of parallax

Focusing the eye piece

To focus so that the cross hairs for distinct vision hold a sheet of

white paper in front of objective glass, and move the eye piece till the

image of cross hair are seen distinct and sharp.

Focusing of objective glass

The telescope is then directed towards the staff held vertically at

bench mark (B.M.) say station A and by turning the focusing screw.

Parallax is removed by moving focusing screw till the image of staff

is seen distinct and clear.

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting

by adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced

Level (R.L.) of B.M. + B.S.

The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS(Intermediate sight).

The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by

subtracting the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument.

i.e. HI FS

Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of

Instrument

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RISE & FALL METHOD

In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the

difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff

readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise and fall

is calculated using following formula.

BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.

If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the

reading is called fall. The figure for rise & fall worked out thus for all the points

give the vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if

the level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained

by adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) .What are the different types of leveling?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 4

STUDY OF PLANIMETER

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PLANIMETER

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OBJECT: To Study Planimeter and to find constants of the Planimeter.

THEORY: A Planimeter is used by engineers for measuring area of any figure which

has been plotted to scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular or

curved. Planimeter is largely used for finding the area of contours in

determining the capacity of storage reservoirs.

CONSTRUCTION OF PLANIMETER:

The Planimeter consists of two arms, the tracing arm and anchor arm. The

tracing arm is of adjustable length and has a tracing point which is moved

round the periphery of the area to be measured.

The amount by which tracing arm is moved is known on the wheel or roller

which has its axis parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel has a roller divided

into 100 equal parts and 1/100th

of drum division is read from the vernier

having graduations from 0 to 9. The complete revolution of the wheel is

recorded from 0 to 9. While taking the reading on the planimeter, the reading

will be in 4 digits. Let the reading be 4.375 The 1

stdigit (4) is read on the disc.

The second digit (3) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).

The third digit (7) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).

And the last digit (5) is read on the vernier scale besides the main scale of

rolling wheel.

Setting of tracing arm: The setting arm has calibrations on it and whichfacilitates the setting of tracing arm to given scale of the plan or map.

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The adjustment which is to be made on the tracing arm as per scale of figure

is given by the manufacturer. The multiplying and additive constants are

also provided by manufacturer.

While rotating the tracing arm round the periphery of the plan, the anchor

point may be kept inside or outside the plan depending on the size of the

figure. For large area the anchor arm is kept inside the figure for small area

the anchor arm is placed outside the area.

PROCEDURE:

Make the adjustments of the tracing arm as per scale of the plan.

The anchor is placed inside or outside of figure such that the tracing point

can be conveniently moved on the periphery of the plan.

Any point on the periphery of the plan can be taken as the starting point and

from where the tracing point moves along the periphery and closes back.

Before the start of tracing work the initial reading (I.R) is recorded and the

final reading (F.R) at the end of tracing is noted down.

While moving the tracing point around the periphery it is necessary to note

down the number of times the zero of the counting disc has passed the fixed

index mark in clock wise (+ve) and anticlockwise (-ve) directions

Compute the area by using the formula:

A=M (F.R I.R 10 N +C)

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Where,

A= Area of the plan to be computed.

M=Multiplying constant.

F.R= Final reading on the disc.

I.R=Initial reading on the disc.

N= No of times the zero mark of the dial or disc crosses the

fixed index mark .Positive sign should be used if in

clockwise and negative sign if it crosses in anticlockwise

direction.

C= Constant to be added if the anchor point is inside the plan of

figure.

C=0, if the anchor point is outside the figure.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS

OUTSIDE THE FIGURE

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS INSIDE

THE FIGURE

SNO. I.R F.R N M SNO. I.R F.R N M

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

M =

C =

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) what is meant by zero circle? Describe various methods of determining it area.

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:

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PRACTICAL: 5

DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING.


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OBJECT: To Design a 2BHK residential building based on the various aspects of

planning.

Bed room Kitchen

Drawing

room

Bath

WC

Bed room

Verandah

INSTRUCTIONS:

All external walls are 30 cm thick

All internal walls are 20 cm thick

Walls of bath and W.C are 10 cm thick

Locate doors and windows as per the requirement

Draw plan, section, elevation, and schedule of doors and windows

for the given line plan.

Assume suitable dimensions (Draw in a separate sheet)

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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1). Explain various Principles of planning?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 6

LAYOUT OF INDUSTRAIL BUILDING


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OBJECT:

LOCATION:

DESCRIPTION


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q-1 What is basic requirements of Industrial Building? Explain it.

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 8

SITE VISIT


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OBJECT:

LOCATION:

DESCRIPTION


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:

final civil engineering manual

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