Si ; r c r funJ RLXOKJ^ Cti.tcrSl ' I t : N '•• . '' '' ;\BKl"\K:

USAGE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002 n i j j h R 'TASK ORDER NO. 007

TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT

FINALAMENDMENT TO THE

SUPPLEMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTNORWOOD PCB SUPERFUND SITE

Norwood, Massachusetts

May 2002

Prepared for

U.S. Army Corps of EngineersNew England District

Concord, Massachusetts

FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION

May 28, 2002TC02-007-065No Response Required

Mr. Timothy BeaucheminProject ManagerU.S. Army Corps of EngineersNew England District696 Virginia RoadConcord, MA 01742-2751

SUBJECT: USAGE CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACTNORWOOD GROUND WATER REMEDIATION - DELIVERY ORDER # 007FINAL AMENDMENT TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT

Dear Mr. Beauchemin:

Foster Wheeler Environmental (Foster Wheeler) is pleased to submit ten (10) copies of the FinalAmendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment (SRA) for the Norwood PCB Site. This FinalAmendment is being submitted in accordance with Contract Modification # 000736 dated March 8, 2002under the above referenced Contract for your review. Foster Wheeler has incorporated responses to allcomments received on the Draft Amendment and attached a response to comments as Appendix D.

If you have any questions or comments, please let me know. Thank-you for your continued confidence inFoster Wheeler's ability to support your needs.

Sincerely,

3tri, PE, QEP5roject Manager

Norwood PCB Site

cc: R. Marnicio, Boston

File: PM 1.1DO #7: 2.2

133 FEDERAL STREET, 6TH FLOOR, BOSTON, MA 02110 TEL: 617-457-8200 FAX: 617-457-8498/8499

USAGE CONTRACT NO. DAC \V33-94-D-0002TASK ORDER NO. 007

TOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT

FINALAMENDMENT TO THE

SUPPLEMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTNORWOOD PCB SUPERFUND SITE

Norwood, Massachusetts

May 2002

Prepared for

U.S. Army Corps of EngineersNew England District

Concord, Massachusetts

Prepared by

Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation133 Federal Street

Boston, MA 02110

Revision1

Date5/24/02

Prepared ByA. Chou

Approved ByJ. Nicotri, PE, QEPR. Marmcio, PhD, PE

Pages AffectedAll

TD02-0425/24,02

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1

2.0 REVISED SITE CONCEPTUAL MODEL 2-1

3.0 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS OF POTENTIAL CONCERN 3-1

4.0 SOURCE TERM AND EXPOSURE POINT CONCENTRATIONS 4-1

5.0 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 5-15.1 Dermal Absorption Exposure Parameters 5-15.2 Inhalation Exposure Parameters 5-35.3 Fate and Transport Parameters 5-5

6.0 TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS 6-1

7.0 HUMAN HEALTH RISK CHARACTERIZATION 7-1

8.0 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 8-18.1 Selection of Chemicals of Potential Concern 8-18.2 Selection of Exposure Point Concentrations 8-18.3 Toxicological Factors 8-38.4 Exposure Scenario 8-38.5 Volatilization Estimates 8-4

9.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9-1

10.0 REFERENCES 10-1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Site Conceptual Model 2-2

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1 Contaminants of Potential Concern 3-2Table 4-1 Exposure Point Concentrations 4-2Table 5-1 Input Values and Assumptions Used to Estimate Average Daily Dose 5-2Table 5-2 Screening for "Volatile" Chemicals 5-4Table 5-3 Input Values and Assumptions Used to Estimate Volatilization Factor 5-6Table 5-4 Normalized Emission Rates Calculated Using the WATERS Model 5-7Table 6-1 Chronic Oral and Dermal Reference Doses 6-2Table 6-2 Chronic Inhalation Reference Concentrations 6-3Table 6-3 Oral and Dermal Cancer Slope Factors 6-4Table 6-4 Inhalation Cancer Unit Risks 6-5Table 7-1 Summary of Receptor Risks and Hazards for COPCs 7-2Table 8-1 Comparison of the Maximum Groundwater Concentrations Used in the

SHHRA and this Analysis 8-2

TD02-0425/24/02

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Summary of Groundwater Monitoring Results Quarterly Grounds ater MonitoringRounds 19-22 Norwood PCB Superfund Site

Appendix B Risk Assessment Calculation SpreadsheetsAppendix C Development of the Volatilization FactorAppendix D Annotated Responses to Review Comments on Draft Amendment to the Supplemental

Risk Assessment

TD02-0425/24 02

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler) has prepared this Amendment to theSupplemental Risk Assessment for the Norwood PCB Superfund Site for Task Order No 007 underContraet No DACW33-94-D-0002 This Amendment addresses the potential risk to a futureconstruction worker that may be exposed to the contaminated gioundwater at the former Grant Gear Site(site) located in Norwood, Massachusetts.

An ini t ia l Groundwater Risk Assessment for this site \vas completed in 1998 by GZA on behalf of TargetStores (GZA, 1998) The Groundwater Risk Assessment, focusing only on groundsater, evaluatedexposures to chemicals that may volatilize from groundwater into the indoor air of a proposed buildingand environmental exposures to groundwater that may discharge to Meadow Brook A SupplementalRisk Assessment was completed in 2000 by Foster Wheeler as an update and revision to the 1998Groundwater Risk Assessment (Foster Wheeler, 2000a) The Supplemental Risk Assessment consistedof two parts: 1) a human health risk assessment; and 2) a screening level ecological risk assessment Thesupplemental human health risk assessment (SHHRA) focused on the potential inhalation of compoundsvolatilized from contaminated subsurface soil and groundwater in a possible future commercial buildingthat could be constructed on the site. The screening level ecological risk assessment focused on thepotential impacts of the discharge of contaminated groundwater to Meadow Brook This Amendmentaddresses an additional scenario relating to the potential exposures of a future construction worker to thesite groundwater This scenario was not previously evaluated quantitatively in the SHHRA or the GZAassessment. This Amendment was prepared using the same assumptions and methodology as theSHHRA, where possible and appropriate, and followed current guidance and requirements applicable to aMassachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP) Method 3 Risk Characterization

The results of the analysis indicated that the calculated hazard index exceeded the MADEP target level(i e., 27 vs. 1) and the calculated carcinogenic risk slightly exceeded the MADEP target level(i.e , 1.4x10 5 vs. 1 OxlO"5) for a hypothetical future construction worker exposed to the site groundwater.These projected results are based on an assumption of repetitive derma] and inhalation exposure over thecourse of a construction effort that may be associated with a new commercial building The elevated riskand hazard index results relative to the MADEP target levels are essentially all the result of the detectedAroclor compounds in the groundwater and the potential direct contact exposure route (i.e , absorbingPCBs through the skin).

The exposure parameters associated with the duration and manner of exposure that were assumed for thisanalysis are believed to be conservative, and consistent with the concept of "reasonable maximumexposure". It should be noted that the analysis takes no mitigative credit for the prevention of dermalcontact with the groundwater by usual worker attire (e.g., steel toed boots, work gloves, overalls, etc.).The analysis also is believed to be conservative relative to the selection of the chemicals of potentialconcern (COPCs), the exposure point concentrations assumed, and the choice of the lexicological factorsapplied (as discussed in Section 8). As such, actual groundwater contaminant exposures to a typicalconstruction worker would very likely be appreciably less that what are projected here.

Because the dermal absorption of COPCs through direct contact was seen to dominate the potentialexposures, it is recommended that any future construction activity include the following provisions:

• Dewatenng excavations if standing water may persist in areas where workers may come intoincidental contact with it; and

• Require the use of watertight boots, gloves, and overalls (e.g., a Tyvek suit) whenever workmust be performed in an area where pooled groundwater is present.

TD02 W2 £g_ j5 2-4 02

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler) has prepared this Amendment to theSupplemental Risk Assessment for the Norwood PCB Superfund Site for Task Order No 007 underContract No DACW33-94-D-0002. Notice to Proceed on this \\ork was given to Foster Wheeler onMarch 12, 2002 This Amendment addresses the potential risk to a future construction worker that maybe exposed to the contaminated groundwater at the former Grant Gear Site (site) located in Norwood,Massachusetts.

The Norwood PCB Superfund Site is approximately 26 acres in size and is located in acommercial/industrial area adjacent to a residential area. The former Grant Gear Site is approximately8 6 acres of the Norwood PCB Superfund Site and is the subject of this risk assessment. Themanufacturing building formerly occupied by Grant Gear has been demolished with the foundation andfloor slab left in place and the site capped Remedial Investigations conducted at the site identifiedpolychlonnated byphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in soil, groundwater, and sediment.

In 1989, USEPA issued a Record of Decision (ROD) for the Norwood PCB Superfund Site. The selectedremedy specified in the ROD was groundwater extraction and treatment coupled with excavation andon-site solvent extraction of unsaturated zone PCB-contammated soil and shallow sediment in MeadowBrook The selected remedy for soil and sediment was subsequently changed in a ROD Modification forconsolidation of contaminated soils and sediments on-site followed by capping the site

A groundwater treatment plant was operated from February 1996 to June 2000 to manage the migrationof contaminants through active groundwater extraction and to remediate extracted groundwater throughon-site physical-chemical treatment. Quarterly groundwater monitoring is ongoing and the most recentresults constitute the data used in this Amendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment

An initial Groundwater Risk Assessment for this site was completed in 1998 by GZA on behalf of TargetStores (GZA, 1998) The Groundwater Risk Assessment, focusing only on groundwater, evaluatedexposures to chemicals that may volatilize from groundwater into the indoor air of a proposed buildingand environmental exposures to groundwater that may discharge to Meadow Brook.

A Supplemental Risk Assessment was completed in 2000 by Foster Wheeler as an update and revision tothe 1998 Groundwater Risk Assessment (Foster Wheeler, 2000a). The Supplemental Risks Assessmentconsisted of two parts: 1) a human health risk assessment; and 2) a screening level ecological riskassessment The supplemental human health risk assessment (SHHRA) focused on the potentialinhalation of compounds volatilized from contaminated subsurface soil and groundwater in a possiblefuture commercial building that could be constructed on the site. The screening level ecological riskassessment focused on the potential impacts of the discharge of contaminated groundwater to MeadowBrook

This Amendment addresses an additional scenario relating to the potential exposures of a futureconstruction worker to the site groundwater. This scenario was not previously evaluated quantitatively inthe SHHRA or the GZA assessment. This Amendment was prepared using the same assumptions andmethodology as the SHHRA, where possible and appropriate, and followed current guidance andrequirements applicable to a Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP) Method 3 Risk Characterization.

TD02 CM2524 02

2.0 REVISED SITE CONCEPTUAL MODEL

A Site Conceptual Model (SCM) was developed for the SHHRA That SCM had four main objectives'

• To identify the potential sources of the volatile chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) inthe environmental media at the site;

• To identify the mechanisms by which the COPCs may be released, move betweenenvironmental media, and be transported through the environment;

• To identify the human receptors that could come into contact with the affected environmentalmedia, and

• To identify the routes of intake by which the target populations may be exposed.

That SCM was revised for this Amendment to address a potential future construction scenario. Thisscenario would involve a possible future construction worker at the site who is excavating a portion ofthe property for a foundation of a future building. Groundwater from beneath the site may infiltrate intothe excavation such that standing groundwater could exist in this open excavation. Conservativelyassuming that the excavation would not be dewatered, a construction worker could come into contactwith the standing groundwater in the open excavation and be exposed to the site's COPCs via dermalabsorption and the inhalation of volatiles released into the ambient air breathing space. The revised SCMis shown in Figure 2-1. The dashed lines on Figure 2-1 indicate these additional pathways which areevaluated in this Amendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment.

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3.0 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS OF POTENTIAL CONCERN

The focus of the Amendment to the SHHRA is the potential risk associated with the migration andinhalation of \olatile chemicals in the groundwater An entire year of the most recent, availableground\\ater quality monitoring data \\as used to establish the groundwater database for this assessment(Quarterly Monitoring Rounds 19-22) (Foster Wheeler, 2000b, Foster Wheeler, 200la; Foster Wheeler,2001b, Foster Wheeler and Nobis, 2001) Use of a full year's worth of data was considered to provide arepresentative basis for estimating potential exposures in this assessment

A conservative process of selecting COPCs was laid out in the "Guidance for Disposal Site RiskCharacterization" (MADEP, 1995) This process was designed to carry most of the constituents detectedat a site through the nsk assessment calculations. The COPCs are first selected based on the list of all oiland hazardous material (OHM) detected in the grounds ater during Quarterly Monitoring Rounds 19-22Summary tables for the data collected during these quarterly monitoring rounds are presented inAppendix A. Detected OHM include those constituents that were detected above the sample quantitationlimit (SQL), including those constituents that were qualified with a "J" (estimated). From this initial list,constituents may be eliminated only if certain specified criteria are met These criteria are:

• OHM with low frequencies of detection (less than 1 in 20 samples) and low concentration(less than minimum sample quantitation limit);

• OHM less than or consistent with background values; and

• OHM that are field or laboratory contaminants not related to the OHM release.

No toxicological screening or risk-based benchmarks were used as criteria for eliminating COPCs for thisAmendment. Similarly, no COPCs were eliminated on the basis of being an essential human nutrient.Based on an analysis of the data compiled for this nsk assessment, none of the detected chemicals weredetected at low frequencies and low concentrations. In addition, none of the detected chemicals arenaturally occurring and, as such, a comparison of measured site concentrations to backgroundconcentrations is not appropriate as a rationale for excluding a detected OHM from the set of COPCs.Similarly, none of the detected volatiles are common laboratory contaminants. A table summarizing theCOPC selection process is presented as Table 3-1.

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When the SHI IRA was conducted (in April 2000), the ground\vater treatment plant was still in operationFor the future conditions scenario in the SHHRA, projected post-remediation groundwater concentrations\vere needed An analysis was performed of the groundwater data that had been collected up to that timeto obser\e trends in groundwater movement, concentration patterns, and apparent contaminantdegradation activity It was noted that the grounduater data, after four years of operating thegroundwater treatment plant, suggested a remnant organic source as an explanation for the continuedpresence of chlorinated compounds at the levels observed It was finally determined that due touncertainties associated with the source concentrations, maximum observed groundwater concentrationscould be used as an approximation of future concentrations For a further discussion of degradationpatterns, see Section 8

Similarly, for this Amendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment, the groundwater concentrationsmost recently observed were used as an approximation of future concentrations Given the inherentuncertainty regarding the subsurface conditions and possible remnant source material, maximum detectedconcentrations from the samples collected at site-wide wells during Quarterly Monitoring Rounds 19through 22 were used as the exposure point concentrations (EPCs) for the groundwater COPCs Thesemaximum concentrations are shown in Table 4-1.

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5.0 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

Based on the SC M, the only receptor identified for this Amendment to the Supplemental RiskAssessment \\as a potential future construction \vorker The primary exposure parameters andassumptions associated with the dermal absorption of COPC s and the inhalation of volatilizedcontaminants from standing groundwater in an open excavation are presented in Table 5-1 and discussedbelow

I he construction worker was assumed to be a potential future worker performing excavation and otherconstruction activities that disturb the site soils (e g , construction of a building foundation) for a limitedperiod When such an excavation is created, groundwater from beneath the site is assumed to infiltrateinto the excavation and form a standing pool of water The construction worker may be exposed to theCOPCs in this groundwater via dermal absorption ( e g , stepping or reaching into the water) andinhalation of volatile contaminants that may be released from the surface of the water into the ambient airbreathing space

5.1 Dermal Absorption Exposure Parameters

The chronic daily intake (CDI) equations for the dermal absorption exposure route for non-carcinogenicand carcinogenic OHM are shown below The parameter definitions and values are summarized inTable 5-1 Note that the DAeven, is further discussed on Table 5-1

CDI, Non-Carcinogen =DA"~' SA EV EF EP [mg/kg-day]BW AT-N

CDI,Carcinogen = DA™>-SA'EV EF EP [mg/kg-day]

A construction scenario including site preparation, excavation, utility placement, foundations, footings,backfilling, and building construction is assumed to take approximately 6 months for a building the sizeof the one assumed in the SHHRA However, an open excavation with infiltrated groundwater wouldonly be expected to be present at most for the first 3 months of the construction period As such,groundwater would only be available for contact during this time as the excavation and foundationinstallation work would be performed only at the earliest stages of the overall construction schedule Thefrequency of exposure to the groundwater was conservatively assumed to be 65 days/year, based on awork schedule of 5 days/week for 3 months. A site-specific value of 0 5 hours/event was based on anassumption that groundwater would infiltrate into the open excavation overnight and would be dewateredat the beginning of the following workday. It is assumed that contact with groundwater would mostlikely occur during this dewatenng process. The exposure period for the construction worker wasassumed to be 1 year, encompassing the entire 6-month construction period The event frequency isassigned the default value of 1 event/day (USEPA, 2001)

The construction worker's body weight was assumed to be 70 9 kg, the 50th percentile value for maleadults, ages 18 to 25 years (MADEP, 1995).

The averaging period for non-carcinogenic effects was set equal to the exposure period (i e , 1 year) bydefinition (MADEP, 1995), expressed in days. The averaging period for carcinogenic effects wasassigned a lifetime value of 75 years (MADEP, 1995), expressed in days

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The construction worker was assumed to typically \\car a short sleeved shirt, long pants and shoesHowever, if pooled ground\\ater was present, the construction worker could step into the pooled waterallowing their feet to get wet Thus, the exposed skin surface area (3,302 cm2) is the sum of the averageof the 50th percentile surface area for adult males and females ior the feet, hands, and forearms(UStPA, 2001)

5.2 Inhalation Exposure Parameters

Inhalation exposures are possible for the construction worker under the same construction scenariodiscussed in Section 5 1 Volatile chemicals present in the groundwater may be emitted into the ambientair breathing space for the construction worker once the groundwater infiltrates into the open excavation.Note that this pathway evaluation was limited to only those constituents which are "volatile" according tothe criterion that the constituent's vapor pressure is greater than 001 Torr (0.01 millimeters Mercury[mm Hg]) (MCP 310 CMR 40 0000) (see Table 5-2).

The exposed air concentration (CA) equations for the inhalation exposure route for non-carcinogenic andcarcinogenic OHM are shown below. The parameter definitions and values are summarized in Table 5-1.The volatilization factor (VFv,) is further discussed in Section 5.3

- v p EF EPCA,Non - Carcinogen = ^ [mg/kg-day]

AT-N

EF EP, Carcinogen = '- ^ [mg/kg-day]

AT-C

As discussed in Section 5.1, an open excavation with infiltrated groundwater would only be expected tobe present for the first 3 months of the assumed 6-month overall construction period. Thus, groundwaterwould only be available for exposure during this time. The frequency of exposure to the groundwaterwas assumed to be 65 days/year, based on a construction scenario consisting of 8 hours/day, 5 days/week,for 3 months The exposure period for the construction worker was assumed to be 1 year, encompassingthe entire 6-month construction period.

The averaging period for non-carcinogenic effects was set equal to the exposure period (i e., 1 year) bydefinition (MADEP, 1995), expressed in days. The averaging period for carcinogenic effects wasassigned a lifetime value of 75 years (MADEP, 1995), expressed in days.

To quantify the flux of volatile chemicals released into the ambient air breathing space, a volatilizationfactor (VF) was developed. The approach and input values used to develop the VF are discussed belowin Section 5.3

TD02 on c ->5/2402

Table 5-2Screening for "Volatile" ChemicalsMedium' GroundwaterExposure Medium' GroundwaterSite Norwood PCB Superfund Site

ChemicalGroup [1]

vocvocvocvocvocvocvocvocsvocsvocsvocsvocPCBPCBPCB

Oil or Hazardous Material

1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane1,2-Dichloroethene (total)Chlorobenzenecis-1 ,2-DichloroetheneTetrachloroethenetrans-1 ,2-DichloroetheneTrichloroetheneVinyl Chloride1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene1 ,4-DichlorobenzeneAroclor-1242Aroclor-1248Aroclor-1254

CAS Vapor Pressure Greater than 0.01Number [2] mm Hg? [3]

mm Hg790055405901089071 56592127184156605790167501412082195501541731106467534692191267229611097691

2520011.820019

33175

26600.181.5

2.281.2

0.00040.00050.00008

YESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESNONONO

Notes:[1] VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds; SVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compounds;

PCB = Polychlorinated Biphenyl[2] Vapor Pressure values from USEPA, 1995. Air Emissions Models for Waste and Wastewater.

WATERS. Version 4.0. EPA 453/R-94-080A May 1[3] MCP 310 CMR 40.0000. Constituents are considered "volatile" if the constituent's vapor pressure

is greater than 0.01 Torr (0.01 mm Hg)

TD02-0425/24/02 Page 1 of 1 EXP FAC xls; Vol Screen

5.3 Fate anil Transport Parameters

The VF is defined as the ratio of the concentration of the dissolved \olat i le chemical m groundwater andthe concentration of the volatile chemical in the ambient air breathing space The basic assumptions usedto develop this factor are as follows

• VF was derived using Equation 59, from Section 3 I 2 "Air Dispersion Models, in the SoilScreening Guidance. Technical Background Document" (USEPA, 1996).

• The emission rate from the surface of the standing groundwater was assumed to beessentially constant over a range of concentrations observed at the site when normalized tothe concentration of the volatile in the grounds ater The chemical-specific emission rateswere calculated using the WATER8 model (USEPA, 1995)

• Air concentrations were developed using a gaussian plume-based dispersion factor tailored tothe size and geographic location of the excavation area

The equation used to calculate VF is shown below.

' CF3VF =

**

where:JJ <7U V

VFgw = Volatilization Factor from pooled groundwater to the breathing space above an open airexcavation [m3/L]

Q/C = Inverse of Mean Concentration at the Center of a Square Emission Source[g/sec-m2)/(kg/m3)]

CF3 = Conversion Factor [1 kg/ 1,000,000 mg]JaveN = Volatile emission rate calculated using the WATERS Model (USEPA, 1995) normalized

to the area of the excavation bottom and the maximum dissolved volatile chemicalconcentration in the groundwater [(g/sec-m2)/(mg/L)]

Table 5-3 presents the input values and assumptions used to estimate chemical-specific VFs. In addition,Table 5-4 presents the calculations used to calculate J a x eN- Appendix C presents further discussion aboutthe derivation of this model and the inputs to the WATERS Model.

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6.0 TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

The COPCs identified for the groundwater include both carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Theto.xicological response for dermal absorption of carcinogens is expressed in terms of a cancer slope factor(CSF). while the lexicological response for dermal absorption of non-carcinogens is expressed in termsof a reference dose (RfD). Likewise, the toxicological response for inhalation of carcinogens isexpressed in terms of a unit risk (UR), while the toxicological response for inhalation of non-carcinogensis expressed in terms of a reference concentration (RfC).

The non-carcinogenic toxicological factors are based on the assumption that there is a level of chemicaldose or intake below which no adverse health effects would be expected. RfDs and RfCs that areassociated with threshold effects provide the estimate of the daily dose of a chemical to which anindividual may be exposed without an appreciable risk of adverse health effects, including organ damageor reproductive effects. The chronic RfD and RfC are derived from either an available No ObservableAdverse Effects Level (NOAEL) or the Lowest Observable Adverse Effects Level (LOAEL).Uncertainty and modifying factors are applied to the NOAEL and LOAEL to account for interspeciesdifferences, the duration of the critical study, protection of sensitive subpopulations, and any additionaluncertainties associated with the principal study on which the toxicological factor was based.

The carcinogenic toxicological factors reflect the relative probability that the incidence of cancer wouldincrease in target populations exposed to that chemical. USEPA uses a system for classifying chemicalsaccording to their likelihood as a human carcinogen. This system is based on five "weight-of-evidence"categories that are used to classify each compound. The weight-of-evidence classification system issummarized below.

Group Classification

A This category indicates there is sufficient evidence from epidemiological studies to support acausal association between an agent and human cancer.

Bl This category generally indicates there is at least limited evidence from epidemiological studiesof carcinogenicity to humans.

B2 This category generally indicates, in the absence of data on humans, there is sufficient evidenceof carcinogenicity in animals.

C This category indicates that there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals in the absenceof data on humans.

D This category indicates that the evidence for carcinogenicity in animals is inadequate, or no dataare available.

E This category indicates that there is evidence of non-carcinogenicity in at least two adequateanimal tests in different species or in both epidemiologic and animal studies.

All COPCs with a weight-of-evidence carcinogenicity classification of A, B, or C were evaluated ascarcinogens in the analysis. The toxicological parameters for the identified COPCs are presented inTables 6-1 through 6-4 as appropriate. These values were taken from the Integrated Risk InformationSystem (IRIS) (USEPA, 2002) or the Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST)(USEPA, 1997) if a value was not available from IRIS. In addition, further toxicological information forPCBs was taken from guidance published by the National Center for Environmental Assessment(NCEA).

For the purposes of evaluating potential dermal exposures, the oral RfD and CSF values will be modifiedby the Oral-to-Dermal Adjustment Factors obtained from RAGS Part E (USEPA, 2001). Chronictoxicological factors were applied to this scenario since they are considered to be conservative withrespect to the subchronic exposures (2 weeks to 7 years) that were assumed to be associated with thisconstruction scenario.

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7.0 HUMAN HEALTH RISK CHARACTERIZATION

The assumptions and factors compiled above relating to the exposure point concentrations, exposureparameters, and toxicological factors were combined to estimate the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR)and the screening hazard index (111) for the potential adult construction worker for the carcinogenic andnon-carcinogenic COPCs, respectively. The ELCR was compared to a target carcinogenic risk goal ofone-in-one hundred thousand ( I x l O 5 ) (i.e., the MCP Cumulat ive Receptor Cancer Risk Limit). Thescreening HI (an HI that does not distinguish between the primary target organs or systems of theCOPCs) was compared to a target non-carcinogenic hazard index goal of 1.0 (i.e., the MCP CumulativeReceptor Non-Cancer Risk Limit). If the screening III exceeded 1.0, separate His were calculated forCOPCs \\ith similar toxic effects and mechanisms of action, and each of these His was compared to anHI of 1.0. The results of the risk evaluations are presented in Table 7-1 and are discussed below. Thespreadsheet reports supporting these calculations are presented in Appendix B.

The results of this analysis for the potential future construction worker scenario indicates a totalprojected ELCR of 1 .4xl0 5 and a total projected screening HI of 27. The projected ELCR slightlyexceeds the MCP Cumulative Receptor Cancer Risk Limit and the projected screening HI exceeds theMCP Cumulative Receptor Non-Cancer Risk Limit. Consequently, separate His were calculated for eachtarget organ identified in Tables 6-1 and 6-2. The only individual HI that exceeded the MCP CumulativeReceptor Non-Cancer Risk Limit was the one for eye, keratin, and immune system which had anHI of 27. These exceedances can be attributed to the 3 Aroclors (PCBs) detected in the groundwater.

TD02-W2 7.15/24,02

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8.0 UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

The analysis associated w i th this Amendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment imohes a number ofinherent uncertainties and assumptions How these uncertainties \\ere addressed has resulted in acorresponding increase or decrease in the level of conservatism associated w i t h the analysis and theresults This section highlights and individually discusses the most significant of these uncertaintiesFhe principal uncertainties are discussed below by topic

8.1 Selection of Chemicals of Potential Concern

The process used to select COPCs for the groundwater was designed to eliminate very few, if any,detected chemicals. This was, in part, due to adopting the MADEP's protocol of not incorporating atoxicity screen as a component of the COPC selection process Most often, the toxicity screen is used asa supporting factor to eliminate constituents with low frequencies of detection Consequently, a numberof constituents with very low frequencies of detection were retained as COPCs for this analysis Fourretained COPCs had detection frequencies as low as 0 6% (1,1,2-Tnchloroethane and Tetrachloroethene)and 1 2% (Chlorobenzene and 1,3-Dichlorobenzene) Hie minimum frequency of detection often usedby USEPA is 5% (assuming no indicated "hot spot" source areas) Table 7-1 clearly shows that theprimary contributors to the hazard index (and to a lesser extent the cumulative carcinogenic nsk)projections that exceed their respective target levels are the three Aroclors (1242, 1248, and 1254).Aroclors 1242, 1248, and 1254 were detected in 1.2%, 11 0%, and 35 5% of the groundwater samplesduring these monitoring rounds, respectively. The consequence of this COPC selection approach is thatall of the retained COPCs are assumed to be present and effectively co-located for purposes of estimatingexposure. The impact is that nsk projections based on this assumption would be expected to overstatethe magnitude of actual exposures

A comparison of the maximum groundwater concentrations measured for the COPCs selected for theSHHRA and this Amendment is presented in Table 8-1 The list of COPCs is seen to be very consistentTetrachloroethene, Trichloroethene, and 1,4-Dichlorobenze are seen to have decreased in their maximumdetected concentration since the SHHRA, while a number of compounds with two chlorine atoms andvinyl chloride (with one chlorine atom) increased somewhat This pattern of change is consistent withnatural degradation of the higher chlorinated compounds The resulting chlorinated compounds in thegroundwater were not, however, indicated to represent a health risk to the construction worker via theexposure routes analyzed

8.2 Selection of Exposure Point Concentrations

The maximum detected concentrations of the retained COPCs were adopted as the exposure pointconcentrations (EPCs) for this analysis. This approach was proposed and accepted as an alternative tothe computational intensive approach that requires further preparing the data set for statistical analysis,evaluating and testing the form of the data distribution for each COPC, and then calculating a 95% upperconfidence level (UCL) groundwater concentration for each COPC. Many times this process results incalculated 95% UCLs that exceed the maximum detected concentration. In these situations, standardprocedure calls for adopting the maximum detected concentration as the EPC. It was judged that theconservative approach of adopting the maximum detected concentrations directly would serve toadequately highlight potential exposure routes and COPCs of most concern. A comparison of the ratio ofthe maximum detected concentrations of the Aroclors to their mean concentrations reveals values of 54,38, and 31 for Aroclors 1242, 1248, and 1254, respectively As such, use of the maximum detectedconcentrations of the COPCs as the EPCs would be expected to overstate actual exposure conditions.This is especially true when this assumption is combined with the COPC selection process discussedabove which effectively assumes all the retained COPCs are present at their maximum observed levelsand co-located at the same point of exposure.

TD02 042 o i52402 8-]

Table 8-1Comparison of the Maximum Groundwater Concentrations Used in the SHHRA and this AnalysisSite: Norwood PCB Superfund Site

ChemicalGroup [1]

vocvocvocvocvocvocvocvocsvocsvocsvocsvocsvoc

Oil or Hazardous Material

1 ,1 ,2-Tnchloroethane1 ,2-Dichloroethene (total)Chlorobenzenecis-1 ,2-DichloroetheneTetrachloroethenetrans-1 ,2-DichloroetheneTrichloroetheneVinyl Chloride1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene

T^S-Dichlorobenzene1 ,4-DtchlorobenzenePentachlorophenol

Maximum DetectedGroundwater

Concentration for thePeriod 3/98 to 7/99 [2]

[ug/L]

Not a COPC1,700110

1,70052100

7,40074

1,400161018088

Maximum DetectedGroundwater

Concentration for thePeriod 10/00 to 9/01 [3]

[ug/L]

222,700140

2,4003

1904,700120970211849

Not a COPC

Change

-59%27%41%-94%90%-36%62%-31%31%80%-73%

-

Notes:[1] VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds, SVOC = Semivolatile Organic Compounds,

PCB = Polychlonnated Biphenyl[2] Groundwater data set used in the SHHRA[3] Groundwater data set used in this Amendment to the SHHRA

TD02 0425/24/02 Page 1 of 1 Degradation xls, Table81

8.3 Toxicological Factors

The three most significant points relative to the toxicological factors used in this assessment pertain tothe use of chronic reference doses (RiDs) for the construction worker exposures (instead of subchronicreference doses), the use of the toxicological factors for Aroclor 1254 for all three detected Aroclors, andthe specific choice ol which cancer slope factor to apply for the Aroclor compounds As noted in Section6, the RfD is the estimate of the daily intake of a constituent over a lifetime that is not likely to result inany adverse health effects (including sensitive subpopulations) tor exposure durations greater than2 weeks and less than 7 years, subchronic toxicological dose-response parameters could be used, whenavailable These subchronic toxicological parameters (typically reference doses) are tailored toexposures of shorter duration, as contrasted to the continuous exposures for longer periods (e g , 25 to30 years) that form the basis of the chronic toxicological parameters Subchronic reference doses areavailable for only a handful of the COPCs addressed in this analysis In general, the publishedsubchronic reference dose is the same or is somewhat higher (up to an order of magnitude) than thecorresponding chronic reference dose for a particular constituent Use of the few available publishedsubchronic reference doses would have lowered the projected hazard indices very little

The second issue was the use of the Aroclor 1254 toxicological parameters as surrogates for thetoxicological parameters for Aroclors 1242 and 1248 This approach was adopted based on recentdiscussions with USEPA Region 1 risk assessors for other sites The approach is judged to beconservative but defensible for this analysis given the uncertainties, since the Aroclors were associatedwith essentially all of the projected risk

The third issue was the choice of an appropriate cancer slope factor for the Aroclor compounds USEPAguidance (USEPA, 1996b) recommends that the cancer slope factor be selected in consideration of thenature of the potential exposure pathway and how the associated environmental processes would tend toeither increase or decrease risk potential Dermal exposure to PCBs may fall under either the "High Riskand Persistence" or the "Low Risk and Persistence" categories, where each category has its ownrecommended upper bound cancer slope factor (i e , 2 0 and 0 4 (mg/kg-day) ', respectively) The moreconservative value of 2 0 (mg/kg-day)' was used in this analysis Alternatively, choosing a cancer slopefactor of 0 4 (mg/kg-day)1 for the Aroclor compounds \vould effectively reduce the total projectedcarcinogenic risk for the construction worker by a factor of five, bringing the total to below the target riskgoal of 1x105

8.4 Exposure Scenario

The construction worker was assumed to be exposed to pooled groundwater in an excavation area viaboth dermal absorption and the inhalation of volatiles released off the free surface of the water into thebreathing space Reasonable maximum exposure (RME) parameters were identified given this baselineassumption There is uncertainty as to whether a construction worker would actually work in a mannerthat his/her feet and hands would remain wet as the result of contact with pooled or infiltratinggroundwater for any prolonged period of time day after day Considerations of safety or comforttypically lead to the dewatenng of work areas and the wearing of suitable boots and gloves to keep theworker dry Consequently, the scenano evaluated is considered to be a very conservative one, especiallyrelative to the direct contact dermal absorption of contaminants As the dermal absorption of the Aroclorcompounds dominated the projected hazard indices, this assumption is significant. It is anticipated thatdermal absorption would typically be much less than projected Table 7-1 indicates that preventing skincontact with the groundwater (e g, through the wearing of watertight boots and gloves and possibly aTyvek oversuit) would effectively eliminate exposure.

TD02 042 0 15 24 02

8.5 Volatilization Estimates

USEPA's WATERS model was used to estimate the rate of release of the volatile COPCs from a standingpool of groundwater. The "Lagoon" option was used to simulate conditions that may be associated \\itha shallow pool of standing groundwater. While there is some uncertainty in modeling the physicalscenario in this way, the contribution of the air inhalation route was so small that the uncertaintiesassociated with the model inputs (e.g., flow rates, pool dimensions, wind speed) are not indicated to havean effect on the overall level of projected risk.

TD02-O42 OA5/24 02

9.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results of the analysis indicated that the calculated ha/ard index exceeded the MADLP target level(i e , 27 vs 1) and the calculated carcinogenic risk slightly exceeded the MADEP target level(i e , 1 4x10 s vs 1 0x105) These projected results for a hypothetical future construction workerexposed to the site groundwater are based on an assumption of repetitive dermal and inhalation exposureover the course of a construction effort that may be associated wi th a new commercial building Theelevated risk and hazard index results relative to the MADLP target levels are essentially all the result ofthe detected Aroclor compounds in the groundwater and the potential direct contact exposure route(i e , absorbing PCBs through the skin)

The exposure parameters associated with the duration and manner of exposure that were assumed for thisanalysis are believed to be conservative and consistent with the concept of "reasonable maximumexposure" It should be noted that the analysis takes no mit igat ive credit for the prevention of dermalcontact with the groundwater by usual worker attire (e g , steel toed boots, work gloves, overalls, etc.)The analysis also is believed to be conservative relative to the selection of the COPCs, the exposure pointconcentrations assumed, and the choice of the lexicological factors applied (as discussed in Section 8)As such, actual groundwater contaminant exposures to a typical construction worker would very likely beappreciably less that what are projected here.

Because the dermal absorption of COPCs through direct contact was seen to dominate the potentialexposures, it is recommended that any future construction activity include the following provisions

• Dewatenng excavations if standing water may persist in areas where workers may come intoincidental contact with it; and

• Require the use of watertight boots, gloves, and overalls (e g , a Tyvek suit) whenever workmust be performed in an area where pooled groundwater is present.

TD02 042 O i5'24 02

10.0 REFERENCES

Ebasco, 1989 Final Remedial Imestigation Report, Norwood PCB Site June

Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation (Foster Wheeler), 2000a. Final Supplemental RiskAssessment, Norwood PCB Superfund Site, Norwood, Massachusetts. April.

Foster Wheeler, 2000b. Nineteenth Quarterly Groundwater Monitoring Report, Norwood PCBSuperfund Site, Norwood, Massachusetts. October 2000 Sampling Event

Foster Wheeler, 2001 a. Twentieth Quarterly Groundwater Monitoring Report, Norwood PCB SuperfundSite, Norwood, Massachusetts. January 2001 Sampling Event

Foster Wheeler, 2001b. Twenty-First Quarterly Groundwater Monitoring Report, Norwood PCBSuperfund Site, Norwood, Massachusetts. April 2001 Sampling Event.

Foster Wheeler and Nobis Engineering, Inc. (Nobis), 2001. Twenty-Second Quarterly GroundwaterMonitoring Report, Norwood PCB Superfund Site, Norwood Massachusetts. August 2001Sampling Event.

GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc. (GZA), 1998. Groundwater Risk Assessment, Norwood PCB SuperfundSite, Norwood, Massachusetts. August

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MADEP), 1995. Guidance for Disposal SiteRisk Characterization in Support of the Massachusetts Contingency Plan. Bureau of Waste SiteCleanup and Office of Research and Standards. July.

US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1995. Air Emissions Models for Waste andWastewater. WATERS Version 4 0 EPA 453/R-94-080A May 1.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1996a. Soil Screening Guidance. TechnicalBackground Document. EPA/540/R95/128. May.

U S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1996b. PCBs: Cancer Dose Response Assessment andApplication to Environmental Mixtures EPA 600/P-96/001F. September.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1997. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables(HEAST). EPA 540/R-97-036. July.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2001. Risk Assessment Guidance for SuperfundVolume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal RiskAssessment) Interim. EPA/540/R/99/005. September.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2002. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)online database, www epa gov/iris accessed in March 2002.

TD02-W2 |Q_]5/24 02

APPENDIX A

Summary of Groundwater Monitoring ResultsQuarterly Groundwater Monitoring Rounds 19 - 22

Norwood PCB Superfund Site

TD02-0425'24 02

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Risk Assessment Calculation Spreadsheets

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APPENDIX C

Development of the Volatilization Factor

TD02-0-I25'24'02

CM Standing Crounch^ater to Ambient Air in an Open Air Excavation

A quanti tat ive approach was developed to evaluate this exposure pathway using a volatil ization factor(VF) The VF is defined as the ratio of the concentration of the dissolved chemical in the groundwater tothe concentration of that chemical in the ambient air breathing space. Some general assumptions for thismodel are as follows

• VF was derived using Equation 59, from Section 3 1 2: "Air Dispersion Models, in the SoilScreening Guidance Technical Background Document" (USEPA, 1996).

• The emission rate from the surface of the standing groundwater was assumed to beessentially constant over a range of concentrations observed at the site when normalized tothe concentration of the volatile in the groundwater The chemical-specific emission rateswere calculated using the WATERS model (USEPA, 1995).

• Air concentrations were developed using a gaussian plume-based dispersion factor tailored tothe size and geographic location of the excavation area.

The equation derivation is as follows:

Q/ = J-<

/c Cair CF3

where:

Q/C = Inverse of Mean Concentration at the Center of a Square Emission Source[g/sec-m^kg/m1)]

Jave = Average rate of contaminant flux from the surface of the pooled groundwater[g/sec-m2]

Cair = Volatile chemical concentration in the ambient air above the excavation [mg/m3]CF3 = Conversion Factor [1 kg/1,000,000 mg]

Jave can be expressed as a contaminant flux normalized to the contaminant concentration in thegroundwater as follows:

/ — / (^J ave ~ J aveN *- g>\

where:

JaxeN = Volatile emission rate calculated using the WATERS Model (USEPA, 1995) normalizedto the area of the excavation bottom and the maximum dissolved volatile chemicalconcentration in the groundwater [(g/sec-m2)/(mg/L)]

Cgw = Concentration of the dissolved volatile compound in the groundwater [mg/L]

Substituting the Jaxe equation into the Q/C equation, it becomes the following:

O/ ^ aveN 'Cg»

% = -£^oir

FD02 0425 2-4 02

Rearranging the equation and remembering that the \olat i l i7at ion factor is defined as the ratio of theconcentration of the dissolved chemical in ground\\ater to the concentration oi the volat i l ized chemicalin the ambient air breathing space, the following equation is derived

crs

where

VF™ Volatilization Factor from pooled groundwater to the breathing space above an open airexcavation [m3/L]

The parameters used to evaluate the VF lor the open-air excavation are shown in Table 5-3 Theparameters used to calculate Ja i lN using WATERS are shown below in Table C-l J a % eN is calculated byusing the results from the WATERS Model (USEPA, 1995) normalized to the area of the excavationbottom and the maximum dissolved volatile chemical concentration in the groundwater

Table C-lInput Parameters for WATERS:

Standing Groundwater to Ambient Airin an Open Air Excavation

ParameterGroundwater FlowRate

General BiorateWind Speed Over theWaterExposed WaterTemperatureUnit SelectedLength of ExcavationWidth of ExcavationDepth of ExcavationDepth of Water inExcavationTime for EmissionsFrom Excavation

Value1 5xl0 4

5451 5

25

Lagoon12510030 1

3

Unitsm3/sec

mg/g Bio-hrcm/sec

C

mmmm

months

CommentBased on the groundwater seepage velocity(3 3 ft/day) presented in the RI (Ebasco, 1989)assumed to flow through the broadside cross-section of the excavationConservative minimum valueEquivalent to 10 1 mph above the excavation(Average wind speed for Worchester, MA)Typical value

Most appropriate.Site-specific assumption.Site-specific assumption.Site-specific assumptionApproximately equal to 4 inches.

Equivalent to actual total exposure time for theconstruction worker scenario when an openexcavation and standing groundwater might exist.

TD02 0-425 2-102

C-2

APPENDIX D

Annotated Responses to Review Commentson Draft Amendment to the Supplemental Risk Assessment

TD02-0-I25/24 02

FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATIONTOTAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CONTRACT (TERC)

CONTRACT NO. DACW33-94-D-0002, NORWOOD PCB SUPERFUND SITE

ANNOTATED RESPONSES TO REVIEW COMMENTS

The following are responses to USACE review comments on the Draft Amendment to the SupplementalRisk Assessment for the Norwood PCB Superfund Site, dated April 2002. The comments are provided initalic type followed by Foster Wheeler's responses in bold type.

Reviewer: C.A. Opdyke - USACE Date: May 21,2002

Comment 1: For purposes of clarity and transparency the intake equations should be included in thetext of Section 5, the exposure assessment. These equations currently appear in thetables in the appendix but the reader has to hunt for them.

Response: The intake equations for dermal absorption and inhalation have been added in thetext of Section 5. Note that these equations also appear on Table 5-1.

Comment 2: Table 5-1 - a reference or "source" should be listed for values ofKp (most likely RAGSPart E, Appendix B).

Response: This reference has been added as footnote [8| on Table 5-1.

Comment 3: Table 5-3 - the Pooled Groundwater Temperature used in this table appears high,especially given the fact that the mean ambient air temperature for Worcester, MA(as taken from the NOAA websitehttp://w\vw.erh.noaa.sov/er/box/climate/WORCESTER_MA .html)-for the three warmest months of the year is approximately 20 degrees centigrade. Tin'svalue should be changed.

Response: The pooled groundwater temperature has been modified to 20°C. This parameterdid not have a significant effect on the emission rate (Jave)(see Table 5-4). Thischange also did not affect the risk calculations and thus, the conclusions of thereport have not changed.

Comment 4: Page ES-1, second paragraph, line 6 - the word "Risks " should be changed to "Risk".

Response: This correction has been made.

Comment 5: Page 6-1, third paragraph, line 2 - repeated word "that". Insert "to" in place of first"that".

Response: This correction has been made.

TD02-042 App D5/24 02