final advanced is

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INTRODUCTION

What is an Information System?

An Information System is usually defined as a collection of components that work

together to provide information to help in the proper operations and management of an

organization.

An Information System consists of 5 main components namely Hardware, Software,

Stored data, Procedures and Personnel.

Hardware !"uipment such as computers, communication devices like

telephones, modems and fa# machines.

Software Instructions given to the e"uipment to perform its task

properly.

Stored Data $acts stored in the system, which is converted in

meaningful information and is used %oth %y the software and personnel.

Personnel People who makes use of the system %y making use of the

software and hardware.

Procedures Instructions or guidelines for the people to follow in order

the system perform at its optimum level.

All these components work together in order to make the information effective and

efficient in serving its purpose.

&he use of IS helps an organization to gain lots of advantages. $or e#ample, %etter

information, improved service, increased productivity, competitive advantage,

glo%alisation, communication, more time, creation of new 'o%, lower operational costs,

reduced workforce, more information, improved decision making, higher client

satisfaction.

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Information Systems in orani!ations

&oday, Information System is used in nearly all the organization for their daytoday

operations %y allowing them to make "uick and accurate decisions and carry out proper

planning of their resources. Information System has helped organizations to increase their

performance and productivity and also to achieve their competitive o%'ectives.

)ompanies can even go out of %usiness if they do not integrate information technology in

their day to day running.

Some e#amples of Information Systems present in organizations are*

&ransaction Processing System +&PS records and processes data

resulting from %usiness transactions, updates data%ases and produce a

variety of documents and reports.

Process )ontrol System +P)S - sed mostly for production in /ealtime

system.

0ffice Automation System +0AS - are system used to support office

communication and productivity.

Information /etrieval System +I/S - Provides managerial end users with

information products that support their daytoday decision making needs.

1ecision Support System +1SS - Help managers to have views of the

%usiness on specific activity and thus make forecast a%out the future.

&he company we have studied is Astria 2imited. 3e have analysed how this company

has integrated Information &echnology in its work and how it deals with the various

concepts associated with Information &echnology. 3e have studied how the information

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system at Astria 2imited is managed and planned, the strategic uses of I& and its relative

impact in the organization, the management of telecommunications and the management

of information resources.

Astria 2imited is an offshore company %ased in auritius since a%out three years. It is

mainly engaged in the designing of we%sites. It is responsi%le for all the work that 6asi.fr

outsources to it. 6asi.fr is a $rench company whose main clients are people trading in

food products, %everages like wine and 'ewellery items, who want to adopt ecommerce

%y creating their own we%sites.

Use of IT in the orani!ation

Astria 2imited is aware of the fact that if it does not make use of I&, it will not %e a%le to

survive in this tough competitive %usiness world. 3ith lots of competitors emerging, the

world market is %ecoming more and more competitive with each passing minute. 0nly

the one who is a%le to minimize its costs and at the same time provide a product at the

cheapest price and %etter "uality will %e a%le to survive.

Since nowadays almost every company wants to offer its goods and services across the

glo%e, %oth 6asi and Astria also are planning to do so. &hey have three agents who are

responsi%le for the marketing department of the company. &hese three agents contact

people with the help of a call centre and talk a%out the service the company is offering

with a view to e#pand the %usiness around the glo%e. Astria 2imited has even thought of

starting its own we%site %usiness in auritius, separate from 6asi.

)onstant advertising is also %eing done in 1igital 7ews +a magazine distri%uted freely all

over $rance and around the world, hence keeping up with the trend of glo%alization.

!ena%lement is a mandatory concept for Astria 2imited. Since the company is dealing

in the designing and selling of we%sites, it has to integrate the use of Internet in its work

and thus eena%ling the %usiness.

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&he vision of the company too is full connectivity among all people of the world so that

communication, transfer of files and information accessi%ility and sharing %ecomes

possi%le.

9nowledge is considered as a crucial asset for all companies. &here are 4 types

knowledge known as e#plicit and tacit knowledge. !#plicit knowledge can %e made

pu%lic while tacit knowledge is found in the mind of a person and is private. Astria 2td

manages knowledge %y discussions and %rainstorming sessions %etween the coworkers.

And to manage tacit knowledge, group works are done.

9nowledge sharing at Astria 2td normally takes place during the graphic design stage.

&he I& team, which consists of 5 people meet and discuss a%out the assignment they have

on hand +creation of we%site. !ach mem%er gets the opportunity to share his:her

knowledge and it is only after each and every mem%er has voiced out his:her opinion that

a common decision is reached. In this way all mem%ers are encouraged to participate in

knowledge sharing.

"anaement of IT

3ith time, as I& is %ecoming more important, it is e"ually %ecoming more comple# to

manage %ecause there are ma'or trends that are affecting I& management. In the case of

Astria 2td, 4 of the ma'or trends are governance of I& and outsourcing.

7owadays, it is seen that almost everywhere I& decisions are no longer taken %y

mem%ers from the I& department only. em%ers from senior management are also

taking interest in I& decision making since the success of an organization in today;s

world also depends on how I& is %eing managed. I& decisions at Astria 2td is taken %y

the )!0 together with other mem%ers of the I& department and senior management.

0utsourcing is another trend which affects I& management. It is %elieved that

outsourcing is %etter when outsiders are in a %etter position to do some work than people


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from the organization itself. =ust as 6asi outsources its creation of we%site work to Astria

2td, the latter also outsources all the advertising and communication work to a call

centre. Astria 2td normally rents all the assets it uses. In this way it is a%le to cut down

its e#penditure. It %elieves that instead of %uying all the necessary e"uipment to

communicate with other people, it will %e %etter if it outsources its communication work

to a call centre. If Astria has to advertise new we%sites it has created or it has to gather

information a%out potential customers or even if it has to take appointments with

customers, it does so through the call centre.

The orani!ational en#ironment

&he environment in which an organization operates tends to change constantly. At the

same time advances in technology are also affecting I&.

&he 4 aspects of the organizational environment affect the way Astria operates and is

managed.

&he !#ternal >usiness environment

2ike other organizations dealing online, Astria too %egan with %usiness to consumer and

then moved to %usinessto%usiness. $or e#ample, it was first doing %usiness for

individual customers %y creating their we%sites. 2ater, it %egan to provide its services to

other %usinesses also. It has recently created a we%site for e%ay on the types of cars the

latter has availa%le for auction purposes.

3ith the world %ecoming a marketplace, companies are doing %usiness across the world.

Since Astria and 6asi want to provide their services almost in every country, they are

spending "uite a lot on marketing and advertising so that people from other countries as

well as companies are encouraged to choose Astria as their we%site designer company.

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6asi.fr is trying to create a %usiness ecosystem of its own %y including other companies in

its %usiness 'ust like Astria 2td. $or this purpose constant advertising is %eing done on its

we% portal and in the magazine of 1igital 7ews.

&he company has indeed adopted decapitalisation in the sense that it concentrates more

on managing the intellectual capacity of its team mem%ers. &o %e a%le to invest more in

managing the talent of its people, it rents all the e"uipments that it uses. It %elieves that it

is more economical to rent the tenets of power than to own them. It is thus more a%le to

invest in managing intellectual capital.

Astria has many competitors since it is not the sole one involved in the designing of

we%sites. It has to cope with faster %usiness cycles in the sense that if it does not develop

new products in a given period of time, its competitors can take over and it can even go

out of %usiness.

&here are many societal risks in the field of we%site design especially in the phase of

graphic design. Astria has a policy to work uni"uely, that is, it is always innovating so

that it is a%le to give its clients new ideas when they decide to create their we%sites. &he

ma'or risk here is the e#posure of ideas, that is, sometimes the competitors of the

company make use of its past ideas it used to create we%sites to develop their own ones

and term it as their original work.

&he Internal organizational environment

&hough there has %een a shift from supplypush to demandpull in many organisations

with the use of I&, Astria 2td has not entirely shifted its %usiness model to demandpull.

&his is %ecause it is still trying to know the wants of customers %y gathering information

on them through the call centre and it is then designing its we%sites %y keeping the tastes

of consumers in mind.

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&o %e a%le to tap tacit knowledge, Astria makes its entire staff work in groups where they

are free to e#press their opinions and ideas. In this way, they are encouraged to share

their knowledge. &he o%'ective here is to help the employees get help from others to

solve a pro%lem, which gets accomplished %y letting them work in informal groups

+worknets.

!very organization has to %e in a position to handle comple#ity %ecause the world has

%ecome interconnected and simple solutions no longer solve pro%lems. In the case of our

organization, the work 6asi.fr outsources to Astria is very comple# since the level in

$rance and auritius is not the same. Astria 2td always has to %e prepared for such new

comple#ities so that it is a%le to perform its work well.

$or organizations like Astria, it is a must to work electronically %y taking advantage of

the Internet and networks. 7ot doing so can even mean going out of %usiness.

$or Astria 2td, it is the demands of the clients that come first. &hey do their work in

accordance with clients; re"uirements. As mentioned earlier, one of the policies of the

company is uni"ueness. &hey are always innovating and proposing changes and new

ideas to their clients unless the clients want their we%sites to look like something which

Astria has created in the past.

The Technoloy &n#ironment

In its 8 years of e#istence Astria 2td, has evolved in the < traditional areas of I&. Since it

is in the %usiness of designing we%sites, it is now using the latest slim 61s and

monitors as far as hardware is concerned. &he software trend it has adopted is a shift

from Photoshop to A10>! Illustrator. And for communication purposes it is using

A1S2 5(4.


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The "ission of IS Oranisation

&he mission of IS organization today is to improve the performance of people working in

the organizations through the use of I&. Astria 2td is providing training and formation to

its staff so that they are in a %etter position to cope with the advances in I& and hence do

a %etter 'o%. &he success of the company depends on how productive the people are and

this is possi%le only when they integrate I& in their work and take advantages of all the

%enefits I& is offering, how many people are visiting their we%site, how popular they are

%ecoming, how many people are %uying their services, colla%oration of employees and

their working teams and especially communication %etween seniors and employees.

&he way in which I& is managed has e#perienced drastic changes in the last half decade.

&he notion of Bwaves of innovationC gives us an idea a%out the innovation of I& and the

escalating %enefits it has provided to Astria 2td.

3ave (*/educing )osts

&o contact its customers Astria has to mainly make international calls. It outsources all

the communication work to a call center. &he latter in turn charges Astria with a low

tariff due to the use of Skype. In this way Astria 2td is a%le to cut down its cost.

3ave 4*2everaging investments

Astria 2td is a%le to make more effective use of corporate assets in the sense that it rents

all its e"uipments and even the %uilding where it is found. It also makes reuse of

software.

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3ave 8*!nhancing products and services

It is mainly the call center, who performs the advertising work of Astria 2td who contacts

customers %y emailing them and providing them with incentives so that they do %usiness

with Astria. &herefore I& is used to generate revenue.

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Astria 2td is using all the 8 strategic uses of I& in conducting its %usiness.

Wor%in inward' (usiness to em)loyee

Astria is using I& strategically inside the %usiness in order to improve its %usiness

process. &hey use intranet, Skype IP phone and S7 3indows essenger to

communicate among themselves.

Intranet

Astria 2td is a company, which deals with clients directly %y developing we%sites for

them. All their work should %e perfect meaning the we%sites must %e flawless. Hence all

the employees must cooperate and do their %est in doing their 'o% in a timely manner.

&hus intranet plays an important role among employees within the organization. &he

employees do not have to move physically to en"uire or solve some "ueries. &hey

disseminate information and have online transactions of former paper%ased processes.

Intranet is creating a sense of %elonging among employees. It eases the life of employees

Intranet provides a means to communicate among employees.

S%y)e IP )hone

Skype is a software which works seamlessly with the internet connection. 3ith Skype

Astria is a%le to make calls over the internet to other employees on Skype as long as it is

re"uired without worrying a%out time or distance. &hey can also make local, long

distance and international calls to phones and mo%iles. Skype is also used to chat and

make video calls.

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Wor%in outward' *usiness to customer

Astria 2td is a profit making company. &hus in order to keep pace with I& and compete, it

makes use of sophisticated computer systems. In order to attract more clients, Astria ltd

is struggling to achieve the four hallmarks of competitiveness namely* Fuality, Service,

Innovation and Speed. Astria 2td tries to complete its pro'ects within a specified time

frame in order to keep pace with s)eed. &hus Astria ltd is a%le to deliver high "uality

service to its customers around the world.

Wor%in across' (usiness to (usiness

&here are mainly three main types of working across %usiness*

3orking with cosupplier

3orking with customers

>uilding a virtual enterprise

Astria ltd uses mainly Bworking with customersC. &hey get connected to their clients via

electronic mailing and internet which is done %y the call center. Astria ltd has a mutually

dependent relationship with its clients. &he clients tell them how they want the output of

their final work to %e. &he we%site designing team then works in accordance with the

customer;s re"uirements.

Customer Relationshi) "anaement +CR",

)/ systems are used to learn more a%out customers. Astria 2td has conducted a survey

from which it came to know the num%er of people visiting its we%site per day and thusthey have kept track of that information and created a profile of each person. Astria 2td

keeps all the information of its clients in a data%ase. It manages its customers %y sending

them mails of their new updates and it also help to provide individual service. &he aim is

to keep customers happy.

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Inter(usiness system

An inter%usiness system means to have relationship with various players in one;s

%usiness ecosystems that is suppliers, distri%utors and among others. Astria 2td does not

have such system %ut it trying to create it as mentioned earlier.

IS Plannin

Astria 2td performs operational planning %ecause I& is changing so rapidly. All the heads

of the I& department meet twice in a year at $rance and thus perform their planning. &he

main 'o% of Astria 2td is to design and develop we%sites for clients around the world.

&hey have a plan to create and design a we%site within 8 months and a we%site is divided

into 8 parts namely* visual content, html and php. &he team leader allocates the work to

specific employees and gives them a deadline for su%mitting their tasks. &his is how

planning is done at Astria 2td. All the planning decisions are taken %y the )hief

Information 0fficer.

Since I& is changing rapidly, Astria ltd is trying to keep pace %y using the latest software

and hardware. &here is continuous planning at Astria 2td. !ven though there is a change

in I&, it does not affect Astria 2td %ecause clients are their main o%'ective and if clients

have already chosen their design, there is no "uestion of change.

&lectronic channels at -stria .td

Astria 2td uses electronic mails, internet, intranet and also $ile &ransfer Protocol +$&P

to remain close to its employees, clients. )lients are their assets thus they have to %e

handled with care.

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Plannin techni/ues used (y -stria .td

In order to perform a %etter 'o%, planning is very essential. &here are @ planning

techni"ues namely*

(. Stages of growth

4. )ritical success $actors

8. )ompetitive forces model


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&hey develop the we%sites using H&2 and PHP.

Astria is responsi%le for the advertising of the we%sites once they are created and they

can %e accessed online. &hey inform all their customers and other people via the call

center through phone calls and:or emailing a%out the newly created we%site.

In order to assure their customers a%out their service "uality and to enhance their service

they make use of their policy of uni"ueness as mentioned earlier.

It thus helps them increase their sales through we% services, emailing and call centre.

&0*usiness 3alue "atri4

!>usiness 6alue matri# is a portfolio management approach which helps e#ecutives to

prioritise pro'ects %ecause of the num%er of opportunities. &he pro'ect is assessed

according to the level of risk it carries to the company.

&he four categories are as follows*

(. 7ew fundamental

4. 0perational !#cellence

8. /ational !#perimentation

reakthrough strategy

Astria ranks its pro'ects according to this matri# and in different categories and they do

not accept those pro'ects which are highly risky, that is, those which falls under the

>reakthrough Strategy category. &his category consists of pro'ects which potentially

have a huge impact on the company and perhaps even on the industry if they succeed.

However there may %e e#ceptions where the company may accept a pro'ect, for e#ample

if a company of high goodwill gives them an assignment, this will %e a matter of prestige

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for their company and it will also %e profita%le. &his will also help the company to move

ahead of competitors. In such circumstances they may accept the pro'ect.

4 of the factors that they take into account %efore accepting a pro'ect are*

&he deadline to su%mit the work.

&he category of customers, whether they are from recognized companies

Data(ase "anaement System +D*"S,

A data%ase can %e defined as a collection of data and the relationships %etween the data

stored in secondary storage. 3ith data%ase management, data is made availa%le %y

accessing the data in the data%ase with the data%ase software, which is called the data%ase

management system +1>S.

&hough 1>S has reduced, pro%lems of inconsistency and redundancy of data in

organizations, it is not sufficient to manage data. &wo additional tools are %eing used

nowadays. &hey are data administration and data dictionary. 1ata administration;s main

purpose is to determine what data is %eing used outside the company unit that creates it

and data dictionary is used %y data administrators to control standard data definitions.

As Astria 2td is the only company working for 6asi, it has a centralized data%ase system,

meaning that all decisions related to the information systems and technologies are made

for the entire organization %y a single, centrally located group of specialists. &his system

uses centralized computers connected %y networks to computers at other locations. &he

interface of data administration helps the company to put data in the data%ase and thedata dictionary is mainly used for designing the we%sites.

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Data "odels

&hey are methods used to structure data in order to represent the real world and the way

data is accessed. &here are four main data models, which are hierarchical, network,

relational and 0%'ect. &his )ompany uses the relational model which is now the choice of

most organizations. It can perform different kinds of operations on the data, help people

to create relationships among data, thus allowing more fle#i%ility.

"anain Information

=ust like other companies Astria 2td, also considers information as an important asset and

it considers the three categories of issues in managing information which are*

( 6alue issues the value of information depends on the conte#t and on the

recipient. )oncerning this company, value of information will %e known %y the

num%er of visitors on the we%sites and its popularity.

4 sage issuesmanaging the use of information is a difficult task as information;s

comple#ity needs to %e preserved and cannot %e simplified, culture prevents the

sharing of information %etween people and also technology does not really change

culture.

8 Sharing issues the sharing of information is of great importance in a company %ut

it comprises of different challenges also as workers cannot %e forced to share

information and %ecause there is a need for limited sharing of information.

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Com)uter &thics

)omputer ethics can %e defined as a set of moral principles regulating the use of

computers. &hey have %een present since the mainframe era and more ethical issues have

%een raised due to the Internet era. &he main areas concerning the ethical issues are

information privacy, intellectual property rights, legal 'urisdiction and online contracting.

)omputer ethics are very important in this company. In fact, there e#ist several strict

rules and regulations in $rance regarding copyrights, privacy of information, etc. Since

Astria is working for 6asi, it has to follow whatever rules the former is a%iding to.

"anain Telecommunication

&elecommunication is considered to %e very important for Astria as it helps to facilitate

communication %etween the company and its clients and even with other re"uired people.

&he &elecommunication infrastructure has %een implemented with the %uild up of the

company and as Astria is an offshore company, it has got "uite the latest technology.

Since the company has not %een in the market for a long period of time there are no %ig

changes in the telecommunication technologies that have %een made.

&elecommunications include Internet services, voice and video. &he infrastructure is

%eing managed %y the cy%ercity technicians and %riefly this is how the work is done. If

there is any pro%lem that Astria 2td is facing, the technicians will %e immediately

contacted. &he technicians are here to install, repair and maintain telephone e"uipment,

ca%les and access lines, and telecommunications systems. &hese workers are grouped %y

the type of work they perform. 2ine installers and repairers place ca%les on poles or

towers, they complete the line connections.

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&elecommunications e"uipment installers and repairers install, repair and maintain the

array of increasingly comple# and sophisticated communications e"uipment and ca%les.

&heir work includes setting up, rearranging and removing the comple# switching and

dialing e"uipment used in central offices. &hey may also solve network - related

pro%lems and program e"uipment to provide special features.

&here are also workers from the telecommunication service provider i.e. auritius

&elecom. &hey install, service and repair telephone systems and other communications

e"uipment for the usage of Astria 2td. &hey also move toward the company;s demand

such as highspeed Internet connection, fa# or additional line and even to make changes

in e#isting e"uipment. &he auritius &elecom provides the company with 4< hours

supports and low Internet cost. &he A1S2 5(4 is very useful to do research, to %e 4< hr

connected to the internet, rapid connection, and others.

&he communication hardware and software allow computers to communicate with other

computers. &hey provide the capa%ilities needed for remote access and for information

sharing. In Astria 2td there are lots of information that need to %e shared %etween the

company and its customers, this is %eing done through electronic mails +emails and

transmitting documents for e#ample samples are sent %efore, to know whether the we%

designer can proceed with their works and if the work already done is on the right track.

The Internet 5 The networ% of choice

&o ena%le proper communication, well esta%lished networks are re"uired. &he network is

connected to all computers of the company so that all employees can get access to the

information they re"uire and the network is also protected with a firewall so as to protect

the circulation of information as not all information must %e accessi%le to every mem%er

of the company.

&he Internet is considered as the heart of Astria 2td;s corporate operation. &hey also have

an intranet for use %y employees. Intranets utilize standard network hardware and

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software technologies like !thernet,3i$i, 3ima#, &)P:IP, 3e% %rowsers and 3e%

servers. An organizations intranet typically includes Internet access %ut is fire walledso

that its computers cannot %e reached directly from the outside.

Astria 2td uses S7 essenger apart from Skype IP phone, to remain in contact with its

employees and to pass any important and "uick news such as to check whether the

employees are conducting their work in the same way as re"uired. &he S7 essenger

helps the company to interact very easily with the employees, employers and even for

simple group discussion, to share files, pictures and also to interact through we% cam.

3e% cam gives the facility of doing a face to face talk and to know the true feeling of the

chief a%out what he thinks of the work done.

As Astria employees work under the supervision of 6asi.fr, they have to give account of

their work on a fre"uent %asis. &hey also have to seek advices on certain products and

sometimes there is even sharing of ideas that are done in order to improve the "uality of

the services provided which in return helps to increase the goodwill of the company.

Astria ltd with the mailboxsystems, can %roadcast messages to multiple recipients, read

and discard messages, file and retrieve messages or forward messages to other users. All

these works are done through emails.

In its %roadest sense electronic mail includes pointtopoint services such as telegraphand

facsimile+fa# systems. It is commonly thought of, however, in terms of computer%ased

message systems where the electronic te#t file that is received can %e edited, replied to,

e#cerpted, or even pasted into another electronic document that can %e used or

manipulated %y a word processor,desktop pu%lishing system, or other computer program.

!#tensions to email allow the user to add graphics and sound to messages, and files can

%e attached to emails.

3henever a 'o% is taken and after it is assigned to a team, the mem%ers have to do a we%

conference to show their ideas and how they plan to %uild up the sites. 3e% conference

improves and %roadens the company reach when communicating as if the employee is

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face to face with his colleagues or partners and after completion of the work, the

employee has to e#plain everything a%out the we%site to 6asi and see whether the site

comply with the client;s re"uest. &he we% conference can %e done only with the access to

Internet. &hus we can see that Internet is of great usage and importance to the company.

Networ% conce)ts

In the premises all the computers and telephones are connected directly to an alwayson

2A7. &he company has got only two types of active devices* switches and routers. &hey

route traffic of the 2A7. &he switch forward packets in %etween computers and the router

is the device that route messages through various networks. !ach computer in the 2A7

has a network interface card +7I) to connect it to the 2A7 channel. Astria 2td uses the

twisted pair i.e. the telephone line for electronic communications. &his type of

communication wiring consists of two wires twisted together. &his line is used for local

voice communication and for data communications.

Why firewall is used?

"It's easy to run a secure computer system. You merely have to disconnect all external

connections and permit only direct-wired terminals, put the machine and all its terminals

in a shielded room, and post a guard at the door 24 hours a day"

$.&. rampp and /.H. orris

$irewalls help to protect valua%le data from outside attack while still allowing inside

users access to Internet services. $irewalls are merely one link in the security chain, and

are not sufficient, on their own, to protect a network from attackers. In fact, firewalls are

nearly useless without a strong security policy, decided on %efore connecting to the

Internet. &he firewall e#posed the network to fewer risks, provides the a%ility to control

access to sites, provides a single point at which security needs to %e maintained, enhances

privacy, has tracing facilities attached with, in order to determine where the attacker

originated, helps in %uilding up in a security policy and reduced num%er of IP addresses.

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Wireless Technoloies

3ireless technologies represent a rapidly emerging area of growth and importance for

providing u%i"uitous access to the network. &here are numerous applications for all the

different wireless technologies. &hey are* 6oice and messaging, Handheld and other

Internetena%led devices, and 1ata 7etworking.

In Astria 2td, cell phones are used to provide voice and messaging services %ut having a

cell phone is not compulsory. As latest wireless technologies, the company uses 3ima#

and 3ifi only for its activities, >ut 3ima# will %e implemented and will start its

operations in $e%ruary.

3ima# is a telecommunicationstechnology aimed at providing wireless data over long

distances in a variety of ways, frompointtopointlinks to full mo%ile cellular type

access. It is %ased on the I!!! E4.(?standard, which is also called 3irelessA7.

&he %andwidth and reach of 3iAJ make it suita%le for the following potential

applications*

)onnecting 3i$ihotspotswith each other and to other parts of the Internet.

Providing a wireless alternative to ca%le and1S2 for last mile%road%and access.

Providing highspeed data and telecommunications services.

Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a %usiness continuity

plan. &hat is, if a %usiness has a fi#ed and a wireless Internet connection,

especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to %e affected %y the same

service outage. Providing nomadic connectivity.

any companies are closely e#amining 3iAJ for Glast mileG connectivity at high data

rates. &he resulting competition may %ring lower pricing for %oth home and %usiness

customers or %ring %road%and access to places where it has %een economically

48
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WirelessMANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WirelessMANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_mile


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unavaila%le. 3iAJ is a term coined to descri%e standard, interopera%le

implementations of I!!! E4.(?wireless networks, similar to the way the term 3i$iis

used for interopera%le implementations of the I!!! E4.((3ireless 2A7 standard.

However, 3iAJ is very different from 3i$i in the way it works.

Wi06i7a wirelesstechnology %rand owned %y the 3i$i Alliance, promotes standards

with the aim of improving the interopera%ility of wireless local area networkproducts

%ased on the I!!! E4.((standards. )ommon applications for 3i$i include Internetand

6oIPphone access, gaming, and network connectivity for consumer electronics such as

televisions,161 players, and digital cameras

3i$i allows2A7sto %e deployed without ca%ling for client devices, typically reducingthe costs of network deployment and e#pansion. Spaces where ca%les cannot %e run, such

as outdoor areas and historical %uildings, can host wireless 2A7s.

As of 4EE@ wireless network adapters are %uilt into most modern laptops. 3i$i has

%ecome widespread in corporate infrastructures, which also helps with the deployment of

/$I1technology that can piggy%ack on 3i$i.

1ifferent competitive %rands of access points and client network interfaces are interopera%le at a %asic level of service. Products designated as G3i$i )ertifiedG %y the 3i$i

Alliance are %ackwards interopera%le. 3i$i is a glo%al set of standards. nlike mo%ile

telephones,any standard 3i$i device will work anywhere in the world.

Conclusion

&he main aim of organizations is to ma#imize profits or provide %etter services.

Information system allows them to gain competitive advantage and to get high returns.

&hus it allows organizations to achieve their goals. 3ith time, Information System

%ecomes difficult to sustain. So the advantages the organization was en'oying will also %e

difficult to sustain. 7ormally in this situation, organizations opt for new Information

System to regain their competitive advantages or get new advantages over their

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competitors. However there certain cases where they have to find ways to sustain their

Information System due to some factors especially financial pro%lems. Since systems are

different, their sustaina%ility also will %e different. &here are some Information Systems

which can still give competitive advantages to the organization in the long run especially

if competitors haven;t invested in that technology. &herefore the sustaina%ility differs

from systems to system and the current situation.

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R&6&R&NC&S

(. http*::en.wikipedia.org:wiki:Image*3iAJArchitecture.png

4. http*::www.%artle%y.com:?5:el:electmail.html

8. Information Systems in >usiness

final advanced is

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