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Filip Agneessens Department of Sociology, Ghent University
Different theories and measures of social capital:Application in a knowledge-intensive work environment
1 Theories and measures of social capital – Filip Agneessens - 18/07/2006Research Methods Festival, St Catherine’s College Oxford
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Social capital and knowledge-intensive work
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A number of evolutions:– growing computerization, – increasing technologically complex worksituation – multifunctional job description– increase in knowledge=> increasingly difficult for a person to possess all the
necessary knowledge at all times- increasing division of expertise, skills and information
between employees Increasing importance of exchange of information and
collaboration = social relations between colleagues
AIM: The importance of social relations for the explanation of differences in performance of employees
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Social capital
• “Social structure is a kind of capital that can create for certain individuals or groups a competitive advantage in pursuing their ends. Better connected people enjoy higher returns”. (Burt, 2000: 32)
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Social relations => «social capital» literature- General concept with broad field of applications
Focus on «social structure» “competitive advantage” => here: performance Result of “better connected”…
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Social capital: dimensions
Discussion about:- 1) how does social capital emerge?- 2) what structural properties should we consider?
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But … when is someone “beter connected”?
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Social capital: dimension 1
QUESTION 1: How does social capital emerge?Relations between people emerge:
- Active creation of social relations by actors- Intentional aimed at improving performance (specific aim)
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Or:- Passive created social relations (by others)- Or active, but aimed at other aims than improving
performance
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QUESTION 2: What aspects of the social structure are important?
EGOEGO• The importance of the
relations themselves Have lots of contacts
EGO
• The importance of the characteristics of the people one is connected with
contacts with the « right » persons (sources, norms, ideas, …)
EGO
• The importance of the larger structure between the persons one is connected to
Underlying structure of persons one is connected with
EGO
Social capital: dimension 2
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Social capital: dimensions and approaches
Dimension 1:- Active and intentional = « instrumental »- Passive and/or not-intentional = « embedded »
Dimension 2:- Relations- Characteristics - Structure
When we combine both dimensions we obtain 6 general approaches (ideal-typology):
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and purposive strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not (originally) aimed at
improving performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Advice
D. (shared) normsC. Resourceful alters
E. Open structures F. Closed structures
B. Trust, conflict, friendship, social support
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Data
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Network boundary and data
Network dataset and boundary• company of 70 lawyers (Lazega, 2001)
Survey• Advice, friendship and collaboration• Partners and associates• Seniority• 3 places
Performance• Amount of dollars « gained »
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Human capital model
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“Human capital” model
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Beta VIF
Seniority 0,673 *** 1,299
Office II 0,217 ** 1,065
Office III -0,015 1,117
Litigation -0,099 1,040
Gender 0,141 1,153
Law School 2 -0,054 2,149
Law School 3 -0,036 2,117
R² = 0.614
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A: TIE-approach: advice
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)
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TIE-approach: advice
• Being asked for advice by colleagues (indegree) Positive effect selection?
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• Ask advice to others (outdegree) No effect reason?
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Tie model
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Beta VIF
Seniority 0,521 *** 1,654
Office II 0,274 *** 1,104
Office III 0,075 1,230
Litigation
-0,143 * 1,061
Gender 0,053 1,237
Law School 2 0,023 2,214
Law School 3
-0,008 2,126
Indegree Advice 0,031 1,142
Outdegree Advice 0,382 *** 1,648R² = 0.709 (R² = 0.620 for model with advice outdegree only)
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TIE-approach: advice
Explanations for absence of positive effect of advice-seeking:EXPL 1: information from whom? alter-approach
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EXPL 2: How useful (unique) is the information? structural approach
EXPL 3: How do other relations help/hinder the advice seeking?
influence of other relations (= indirect effect) = tie approachEXPL 4: What is done with the information?
Interaction with broader context (other relations) = tie approach
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B: TIE-approach: other relations
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Tie model
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Beta VIF Beta VIF
Seniority 0,521 *** 1,654 0,527**
* 1,711
Office II 0,274 *** 1,104 0,264**
* 1,171
Office III 0,075 1,230 0,065 1,347
Litigation
-0,143 * 1,061 -0,145 ° 1,164
Gender 0,053 1,237 0,048 1,351
Law School 2 0,023 2,214 0,027 2,231
Law School 3
-0,008 2,126 0,016 2,331
Indegree Advice 0,031 1,142 0,044 1,622
Outdegree Advice 0,382 *** 1,648 0,406**
* 2,388
Indegree Friend -0,052 3,153
Outdegree Friend -0,044 3,042
Multiplexity Advice-Friend 0,042 2,735
R² = 0.709 and 0.712 (R² = 0.620 for model with advice outdegree only)
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)
B. Consequences of embeddedness in social networks=> social support, friendship…(e.g. Krackhardt’s «philos»)
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TIE-approach: friendship
FRIENDSHIP
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No indirect effect through advice (causality?)
performance
others friends
• No effect of considering others more often as friends
Ask advice
to others
performance
Consider other
friends
• No effect of considering more others friends on advice
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TIE-approach: friendship
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• Interaction-effect: Friendship and advice
advice performance
friendship
• No effect No social aspects that improve trust of information asked
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C: ALTER-approach: resources
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)C. Strategic choice of specific alters=> Importance of sources (Diversity)(e.g. Burt, 1983 social circles)
B. Consequences of embeddedness in social networks=> social support, friendship…(e.g. Krackhardt’s «philos»)
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ALTER-approach: resources
Importance of asking advice from:
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>1) Persons who have lots of resources (hierarchy = gray)
>2) Persons who have resources
that are complementary to ones own resources (ego) (complementarity)
>
OR
3) Persons who differ between each other in the type of resources (diversiteit)
Positive effect
Negative effect (similar = +)
No effect
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Advice model
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Beta VIF
Seniority 0,451 *** 2,090
Office II 0,193 * 1,096
Office III 0,007 1,178
Litigation
-0,064 1,192
Gender 0,089 1,286
Law School 2
-0,004 2,371
Law School 3 0,018 2,350
Outdegree Advice 0,042 1,134
Alter Outdegree Advice¹ 0,236 * 2,083
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Advice¹
-0,258 ** 1,546
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Advice¹ 0,086 1,544
R² = 0.697 (R² = 0.620 for model with advice outdegree only)
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D: ALTER-approach: norms
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)
D. Shared norms, expectations, ideas=> Consequence of homophily(e.g. Krackhardt’s Simmilian ties)
C. Strategic choice of specific alters=> Importance of sources (Diversity)(e.g. Burt, 1983 social circles)
B. Consequences of embeddedness in social networks=> social support, friendship…(e.g. Krackhardt’s «philos»)
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ALTER-approach: norms
Importance of being friends with:
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>1) Persons who have specific (beneficial) norms
<2) Persons who have similar norms
to ego (similariteit)
<
OR
3) Persons who have consistent (same) norms between each other (consistency)
Negative effect (=> friends with associate better)
No effect
No effect
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Friendship model
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Beta VIF
Seniority 0,577 *** 1,788
Office II 0,195 * 1,195
Office III 0,003 1,352
Litigation
-0,076 1,184
Gender 0,100 1,294
Law School 2
-0,015 2,235
Law School 3 0,013 2,248
Outdegree Friend 0,064 1,168
Alter Outdegree Friend¹
-0,257 ** 1,473
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Friend¹
-0,051 2,694
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Friend¹ 0,029 2,742
R² = 0.669 (R² = 0.617 for model with advice outdegree only)
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E: Structural approach: open structures
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)
D. Shared norms, expectations, ideas=> Consequence of homophily(e.g. Krackhardt’s Simmilian ties)
C. Strategic choice of specific alters=> Importance of sources (Diversity)(e.g. Burt, 1983 social circles)
E. Strategic choice of relations with others that are less connected=> Open structures(e.g. Burt’s «Structural holes»)
B. Consequences of embeddedness in social networks=> social support, friendship…(e.g. Krackhardt’s «philos»)
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Structural approach: open
Open structures:Ask advice from persons that do not ask each other for advice
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EGO- More unique information- Use unique position
No effect (advice or friendship)
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F: Structural approach: closed structures
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Social capital: ideal-typology of approaches
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Active and intentional strategy (improve
performance)
Passive and/or not strategic aimed at improving
performance
Tie-approach
Relations
Alter-approach
Characteristics
Structural approach
Structure
A. Relations that have explicit aim of improving performance=> advice(e.g. Granovetter’s «weak ties»)
D. Shared norms, expectations, ideas=> Consequence of homophily(e.g. Krackhardt’s Simmilian ties)
C. Strategic choice of specific alters=> Importance of sources (Diversity)(e.g. Burt, 1983 social circles)
E. Strategic choice of relations with others that are less connected=> Open structures(e.g. Burt’s «Structural holes»)
F. Relations with persons who are connected to each other=> Closed structures(e.g. «closure» - Coleman, 1988)
B. Consequences of embeddedness in social networks=> social support, friendship…(e.g. Krackhardt’s «philos»)
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Structural approach: closure
- Trust/dependence- Complex info - No new, simple information (same info from different
persons)
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EGO
Closed structures:
Friends to people that are themselves friends
Negative effect of closed triades for friendship Strong internal relations
• Control about what is acceptable (expectations)• Reduces possibilities for asking advice from outside
group
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Advice model
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Beta VIF Beta VIF
Seniority 0,451 *** 2,090 0,437**
* 2,178
Office II 0,193 * 1,096 0,207 ** 1,135
Office III 0,007 1,178 0,013 1,190
Litigation
-0,064 1,192 -0,065 1,355
Gender 0,089 1,286 0,090 1,287
Law School 2
-0,004 2,371 0,003 2,387
Law School 3 0,018 2,350 0,008 2,399
Outdegree Advice 0,042 1,134 0,042 1,136
Alter Outdegree Advice¹ 0,236 * 2,083 0,248 * 2,424
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Advice¹
-0,258 ** 1,546 -0,302 ** 2,044
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Advice¹ 0,086 1,544 0,227 6,357
Closed Advice triads¹ 0,038 1,668
Open Advice triads¹ -0,154 5,475
R² = 0.697 and 0.702 (R² = 0.620 for model with advice outdegree only)
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Friendship model
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Beta VIF Beta VIF
Seniority 0,577 *** 1,788 0,625**
* 1,904
Office II 0,195 * 1,195 0,191 * 1,208
Office III 0,003 1,352 0,034 1,462
Litigation
-0,076 1,184 -0,044 1,262
Gender 0,100 1,294 0,081 1,323
Law School 2
-0,015 2,235 0,038 2,338
Law School 3 0,013 2,248 0,094 2,526
Outdegree Friend 0,064 1,168 0,065 1,174
Alter Outdegree Friend¹
-0,257 ** 1,473 -0,350
*** 1,801
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Friend¹
-0,051 2,694 -0,154 4,512
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Friend¹ 0,029 2,742 0,140 6,635
Closed Friend triads¹ -0,229 * 1,990
Open Friend triads¹ 0,044 2,366
R² = 0.669 and 0.697 (R² = 0.617 for model with advice outdegree only)
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Friendship and advice model
Theories and measures of social capital – Filip Agneessens - 18/07/2006Research Methods Festival, St Catherine’s College Oxford
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Beta VIF Beta VIF
Outdegree Advice 0,053 1,515 0,062 1,588
Outdegree Friend
-0,011 1,732 -0,003 1,938
Alter Outdegree Advice¹ 0,210 ° 2,358 0,179 3,081
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Advice¹
-0,196 ° 2,355 -0,176 3,823
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Advice¹ 0,091 1,724 0,238 6,889
Alter Outdegree Advice¹
-0,113 2,567 -0,241 4,011
Difference Ego-Alter Outdegree Friend¹
-0,024 2,861 -0,063 5,568
Difference Between Alters Outdegree Friend¹ 0,035 2,962 0,031 7,552
Closed Advice triads¹ 0,074 1,847
Open Advice triads¹ -0,151 6,140
Closed Friend triads¹ -0,173 2,726
Open Friend triads¹ 0,100 2,685
R² = 0.704 and 0.726 (R² = 0.614 and 0.621 for model without and with outdegree)
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Conclusions
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Conclusion
6 approaches to the measurement of individual social capital
Most important findings:Being asked for advice positively related to performance, but
possibly selection-effect- Friendship (no direct effect)
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Conclusion
Most important findings:In general: asking advice not related to performanceBUT…
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- Choosing specific others important:– Advice relations with alters that are hierarchically
higher: (+)– Advice relations with alters similar in hierarchy: (+)
- Friendship with associate (+)
- Closed structures friendship (-)
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Aantal beperkingen:Geen kennis over soort informatie en de bruikbaarheid
- Validation/confirmation/new information/…- Wat doen mensen met de info?
Conclusions
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Limitations:No knowledge of type of advice
- Validation/confirmation/new information/…- Application of advice?
Causality (multicollinearity!)=> longitudinal
- Selection or influence?- Consequences of other relations?- Types of structures related (centrality, closure,
resourcefulness) => How? Causality?
Advice from outside?- Limiting of strong ties…
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Conclusion
THE END
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