files and streams. java i/o file i/o i/o streams provide data input/output solutions to the...
TRANSCRIPT
Files and Streams
Java I/OJava I/O File I/O I/O streams provide data input/output
solutions to the programs. A stream can represent many different
kinds of sources and destinations, such as disk files, devices, other programs, and memory arrays.
Input StreamInput Stream
Source: java.sun.com
different kinds of data, including simple bytes, primitive data types, localized characters, and objects.
Output StreamOutput Stream
Source:java.sun.com
File I/OFile I/O File I/O provides a simple model for
reading and writing data from/to files. Streams work with a large variety of data
sources and destinations, including disk files.
Streams don't support all the operations that are common with disk files.
File Objects File Objects File class can be used to write platform-
independent code to examines and manipulates files.
File instances represent file names, not files.
The File object corresponding to the file name might not even exist.
Creating a File objectCreating a File object A File object contains the file name string used to
construct it. e.g.
File f = new File(“sample.txt");File testFile = new File(“c:\\test\\data.txt”);
The file name string never changes throughout
the lifetime of the object. But a file name may have different corresponding
File objects.
ExampleExample
Manipulating FilesManipulating Files If a File object names an actual file, a program
can use it to perform a number of useful operations on the file.
These include passing the object to the constructor for a stream to open the file for reading or writing.
The delete method deletes the file immediately, while the deleteOnExit method deletes the file when the virtual machine terminates.
Manipulating FilesManipulating Files The setLastModified sets the modification
date/time for the file. The renameTo() method renames the file.
Note that the file name string behind the File object remains unchanged, so the File object will not refer to the renamed file.
Working with DirectoriesWorking with Directories You can also use File class to work with
directories. The mkdir method creates a directory. The mkdirs method does the same thing,
after first creating any parent directories that don't yet exist.
The list and listFiles methods list the contents of a directory.
ExampleExample
Byte Streams Byte Streams Programs use byte streams to perform
input and output of 8-bit bytes. All byte stream classes are descended
from InputStream and OutputStream. Two important Streams
FileInputStream FileOutputStream.
Using Byte StreamsUsing Byte Streams You can use FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream as the following
in = new FileInputStream(“input.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
ExampleExample
Important noteImportant note Always close streams! This practice helps avoid serious resource
leaks. Byte streams should only be used for the
most primitive I/O.
Character Streams Character Streams Characters in Java environment use
Unicode conventions. Character stream I/O automatically
translates this internal format to and from the local character set.
ExampleExample
• What is the difference between this and previous example?
Buffered Streams Buffered Streams To reduce the overhead of multiple request of I/O
access and improve the efficiency of programs , Java platform provides buffered I/O streams.
Buffered input streams read data from a memory area known as a buffer;
the native input API is called only when the buffer is empty.
Similarly, buffered output streams write data to a buffer, and the native output API is called only when the buffer is full.
ExampleExample
Class BufferedInputStreamClass BufferedInputStream
Random Accessing FilesRandom Accessing Files he java.io.RandomAccessFile class
implements both the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces that can be used for both reading and writing files.
ExampleExample
PrintWriter ClassPrintWriter Class Provides better methods to write formatted
data to a text-output stream. But, it does not contain methods for
writing raw bytes, for which a program should use unencoded byte streams.
FormattingFormatting In PrintWriter class two levels of formatting
are provided: print and println format individual values in a
standard way. format formats almost any number of values
based on a format string, with many options for precise formatting.
The format MethodThe format Method The format method formats multiple
arguments based on a format string. The format string consists of static text
embedded with format specifiers; except for the format specifiers, the format string is output unchanged.
ExampleExample
public class Root2 { public static void main(String[] args)
{ int i = 2; double r = Math.sqrt(i); System.out.format("The square
root of %d is %f.%n", i, r); }
}
ConversionsConversions d formats an integer value as a decimal value. f formats a floating point value as a decimal
value. n outputs a platform-specific line terminator. x formats an integer as a hexadecimal value. s formats any value as a string. tB formats an integer as a locale-specific
month name. ...
ConversionsConversions Except for %% and %n, all format
specifiers must match an argument. If they don't, an exception is thrown.
In the Java programming language, the \n escape always generates the linefeed character (\u000A). Don't use \n unless you specifically want a linefeed character. To get the correct line separator for the local platform, use %n.
SummarySummary The java.io package contains many classes that your
programs can use to read and write data. Most of the classes implement sequential access streams. The sequential access streams can be divided into two
groups: those that read and write bytes and those that read and write Unicode characters.
Each sequential access stream has a speciality, such as reading from or writing to a file, filtering data as its read or written, or serializing an object.
One class, RandomAccessFile, implements random input/output access to a file. An object of this type maintains a file pointer, which indicates the current location from which data will be read or to which data will be written.
QuestionsQuestions What class would you use to read a few
pieces of data that are at known positions near the end of a large file?
In a format call, what's the best way to indicate a new line?
How would you append data to the end of a file?
Source: java.sun.com