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Chapter 5
Variations in Consciousness – 8th Edition
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Consciousness: Personal Awareness
Awareness of Internal and External Stimuli
– Levels of awareness
• James – stream of consciousness
• Freud – unconscious
• Sleep/dreaming research
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The Electroencephalograph: A Physiological Index of Consciousness
EEG – monitoring of brain electrical activity
Brain-waves
– Amplitude (height)
– Frequency (cycles per second)
• Beta (13-24 cps)
• Alpha (8-12 cps)
• Theta (4-7 cps)
• Delta (<4 cps)
Mental state and cortical activity – correlation issue –
F 5.1
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Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Circadian Rhythms – 24 hr biological cycles – Regulation of sleep/other body functions – F 5.2
Physiological pathway of the biological clock: – Light levels -> retina -> suprachiasmatic nucleus of
hypothalamus -> pineal gland -> secretion of melatonin
Melatonin and circadian rhythms
Performance effects – Recht et al. (1995) study of professional baseball – F 5.3
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Sleep/Waking Research
Instruments:
– Electroencephalograph – brain electrical activity
– Electromyograph – muscle activity
– Electrooculograph – eye movements
– Other bodily functions also observed
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Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep
Stage 1: brief, transitional (1-7 minutes) – see F 5.4
– alpha -> theta
– hypnic jerks
Stage 2: sleep spindles (10-25 minutes)
Stages 3 & 4 : slow-wave sleep (30 minutes)
Stage 5: REM, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming (initially a
few minutes, progressively longer as cycle through the stages)
– Developmental differences in REM sleep – F 5.6
How quickly one falls asleep, how long one sleeps, how one cycles
through the various stages – F 5.5
Varies from one person to the next – cultural differences – F 5.7
Each of us has a signature sleep pattern mostly shaped by biological
factors rather than personal habits
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Table of Contents Figure 5.5 An overview of the cycle of sleep
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Table of Contents Figure 5.5 An overview of the cycle of sleep
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The Neural Bases of Sleep
Brain Structures: - F 5.8
– Ascending reticular activating system
– Pons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
Neurotransmitters:
– Acetylcholine and serotonin
– Also norepinephrine, dopamine, and GABA
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XX 5.8
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Why Do We Sleep?
Hypothesis 1:
– Sleep evolved to conserve organisms’ energy
Hypothesis 2:
– Immobilization during sleep is adaptive because it reduces
danger
Hypothesis 3:
– Sleep helps animals to restore energy and other bodily
resources
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Sleep Deprivation
Complete deprivation
– 3 or 4 days max
– Maximum duration?
Partial deprivation or sleep restriction
– impaired attention, reaction time, coordination, and decision
making
– accidents: Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez, bus crashes, airline
crashes
Selective deprivation
– REM and slow-wave sleep: rebound effect – F 5.9
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REM deprivation effects
Figure 5.9
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Sleep Loss and Health
Sleep loss can affect physiological processes
Sleep restriction appears to trigger hormonal
changes that increase hunger
Studies have found a link between short sleep
duration and increased obesity
Mortality rates are especially high among those
who consistently sleep over 10 hours – F 5.10
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Figure 5.10. Mortality rates as a function of typical sleep duration.
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Sleep Deprivation effects
43 % of adults are chronically sleep deprived
Mood shifts, decreased socialization & sense of humor
Decreased motor and cognitive performance
Reduced ability to concentrate and decision skills
Reduced ability to handle complex tasks
Increased risk taking behavior and accidents (driving)
Decreased efficiency of immune system
Decreased functioning of frontal lobes
Increased “microsleeps” and daytime sleepiness
(43%)
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Sleep Needs
On average, adults sleep 6 hours and 54 minutes
during the workweek – recommended 8 hours
Younger adults (i.e., 18-29 year-olds) sleep an
average of 6 hours and 48 minutes during the week
and an hour longer on the weekend
Adolescents need 9.25 hours of sleep – 20 % fall
asleep in school
Younger children require 10 or more hours of sleep
“Power Nap” - 15 -20 minutes of duration
“Power Sleep” – strategies for better sleep
Takes about four weeks to stabilize sleep cycle
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Sleep Problems
A majority of adults in the U.S. (62%) experienced a sleep problem a few nights per week or more during the past year. (Sleep Ominbus Survey 2000)
Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep - (58%) – F 5.11, F 5.12
Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably
Sleep Apnea – reflexive gasping for air that awakens - (10%) – current estimates: 21 million in US and 470 million in the world
Nightmares – anxiety arousing dreams - REM
Night Terrors – intense arousal and panic - NREM
Somnambulism – sleepwalking
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XX 5.12
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Figure 5.13 – Sleep problems and the cycle of sleep
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Dreams and Dreaming: Content and Significance
Dreams – mental experiences during sleep
– Content usually familiar
– Common themes – F 5.14
– Waking life spillover – day residue
Western vs. Non-Western interpretations
Freud – wish fulfillment – manifest content and latent
content – F 5.15
Hobson & McCarley – activation – synthesis
hypothesis – F 5.15
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Figure 5.15 Three theories of dreaming
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Hypnosis: Altered State of Consciousness or Role Playing?
Hypnosis = a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility
Hypnotic susceptibility: individual differences – F 5.17 - Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
Hilgrad’s neural disassociation (hidden observer)and Barber’s role theory
Effects produced through hypnosis: – Anesthesia
– Sensory distortions and hallucinations
– Disinhibition
– Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia
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Figure 5.16 –
Misconceptions
regarding hypnosis
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Sensory Deprivation and Meditation
McGill University sensory deprivation study
“Psychology of Boredom” – problems with
participation and altered states
Meditation = practices that train attention to heighten
awareness and bring mental processes under greater
voluntary control – F 5.18
Yoga, Zen, transcendental meditation (TM)
– Potential physiological benefits
• Similar to effective relaxation procedures
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Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects
■ 6 categories of psychoactive drugs – Table 5.2 – Narcotics (opiates) – pain relieving - OxyContin
– Sedatives – sleep inducing – effects GABA
– Stimulants – increase CNS activity – effects on dopamine – F 5.19, methamphetamine
– Hallucinogens – distort sensory and perceptual experience
– Cannabis – produce mild, relaxed euphoria – F 5.21
– Alcohol – produces relaxed euphoria, decreases in inhibitions
– MDMA – “Ecstacy” produces a warm, friendly euphoria – problems of temperature regulation – effects serotonin
Brain reward pathways – dopamine and limbic system – Figure 5.20
Drug dependency and tolerance – physical and psychological – Table 5.3
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Figure 5.19 – Stimulant drugs
and neurotransmitter activity
Figure 5.20 – The “reward
pathways” in the brain
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Questions about Sleeping and Dreaming
Variations in length of sleep – F 5.22
Suggestions on improving quality of sleep – F 5.23
Anxiety and sleep difficulties – F 5.24 – possible
classical conditioning
Thinking and insomnia – F 5.25
Alcoholism a disease ?
– Malfunctions as a result of acoholism – F 5.26
– Genetic basis
– Learned behaviors
– Problems with a definition of a “disease”
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Figure 5.26 - Physiological
malfunctions associated with
alcoholism