FIGURE 7.1. Synthesis of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

FIGURE 7.2. A plasmid cloning vector.

UNFIGURE 7.1.

FIGURE 7.3. Recognition sites of some common restriction endonucleases.

FIGURE 7.4. Restriction endonucleases generate two types of cut ends in double-stranded DNA.

FIGURE 7.5. Generation of a recombinant plasmid.

FIGURE 7.6. Introduction of recombinant plasmids into bacteria.

FIGURE 7.7. A membrane lift takes images of DNA and protein from colonies.

FIGURE 7.8. Use of a radioactive oligonucleotide probe to select a cDNA clone.

FIGURE 7.9. Use of an antibody probe to select a cDNA clone.

UNFIGURE 7.2.

FIGURE 7.10. Generation and selection of genomic DNA clones.

FIGURE 7.11. General structure of a dideoxynucleotide.

FIGURE 7.12. DNA sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method.

FIGURE 7.13. Typical output of an automated DNA sequencer.

FIGURE 7.14. The technique of Southern blotting.

UNFIGURE 7.3.

FIGURE 7.15. (A) The technique of northern blotting. (B) A northern blot reveals that transcription of the CYP2B1 gene is increased in animals given phenobarbital.

FIGURE 7.16. A chimera of green fluorescent protein and the glucocorticoid receptor reveals its location in living cells.

FIGURE 7.17. Amplification of a DNA sequence using the polymerase chain reaction.

FIGURE 7.18. (A) Transgenic mouse carrying a foreign gene. (B) The metallothionein gene contains a heavy-metal ion enhancer sequence. The mice carry the transgene while littermates without the transgene are indicated by −.

FIGURE 7.19. Knockout mice. (A) A region of the targeting vector is incorporated into the genome of embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination. (B) Genetically modified embryonic stem cells are injected into a blastocyst, which is implanted into a foster mother.

UNFIGURE 7.4.