Figure 54.0 A terrarium, an example of an ecosystem

Figure 54.1 An overview of ecosystem dynamics

Figure 54.2 Fungi decomposing a log

Figure 54.3 Primary production of different ecosystems

Figure 54.4 Regional annual net primary production for Earth

Figure 54.5 Vertical distribution of temperature, nutrients, and production in the upper layer of the central North Pacific during summer

Figure 54.6 Experiments on nutrient limitations to phytoplankton production in coastal waters of Long Island

Table 54.1 Nutrient Enrichment Experiments for Sargasso Sea Samples

Figure 54.7 Remote sensing of primary production in oceans

Figure 54.8 The experimental eutrophication of a lake

Figure 54.9 Nutrient addition experiments in a Hudson Bay salt marsh

Figure 54.10 Energy partitioning within a link of the food chain

Figure 54.11 An idealized pyramid of net production

Figure 54.12 Pyramids of biomass (standing crop)

Figure 54.13 A pyramid of numbers

Figure 54.14 Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels

Figure 54.15 A general model of nutrient cycling

Figure 54.16 The water cycle

Figure 54.17 The carbon cycle

Figure 54.18 The nitrogen cycle

Figure 54.19 The phosphorous cycle

Figure 54.20 Review: Generalized scheme for biogeochemical cycles

Figure 54.21 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Concrete dams (left), logged watersheds (right)

Figure 54.21c Nutrient cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: an example of long-term ecological research

Figure 54.22 Agricultural impact on soil nutrients

Figure 54.23a Distribution of acid precipitation in North America and Europe

Figure 54.23b U.S. map profiling pH averages for precipitation in 1999

Figure 54.24 We’ve changed our tune

Figure 54.25 Biological magnification of DDT in a food chain

Figure 54.26 The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and average temperatures from 1958 to 2000

Figure 54.27a Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: The ozone hole over the Antarctic

Figure 54.27b Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: Thickness of the ozone layer