figure 4.1 typical school organizations grade 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 k high school middle school...

Figure 4.1Figure 4.1

Typical School OrganizationsTypical School Organizations

Grade

121110987654321K

High School

Middle School

Elementary School

Prekindergarten (3-5 years)Infant/Toddler (0-2 years)

Early Childhood Education

Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

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HennigerThe Teaching Experience:An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 4.1Table 4.1

Specialized Education ServicesSpecialized Education Services

Service Description

Special education Educational efforts on behalf of students with disabilities, many of which are provided in the regular classroom

Bilingual education Programs designed to help students with limited English proficiency to develop language skills in English

Gifted and talented education

Programs for students who are identified as gifted and talented offer educational opportunities to meet their interests and needs

Vocational-technical education

Programs at the middle school and high school designed to provide educational experiences that lead more directly to employment following high school rather than to higher education settings


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Table 4.2Table 4.2

Enrollment in Prekindergarten ProgramsEnrollment in Prekindergarten Programs

Year 3-Year-Olds (%) 4-Year-Olds (%)

1965 4.9 16.1

1975 21.5 40.5

1985 28.8 49.1

1990 32.6 56.1

1995 35.9 61.6

1998 37.6 66.6

2000 39.2 68.9

Source: Adapted from Digest of Education Statistics, by National Center for Education Statistics, 2001, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.


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Table 4.3Table 4.3

Public Junior High and Middle SchoolsPublic Junior High and Middle Schools


Year Middle Schools Junior High Schools

1970-1971 2,080 7,750

1975-1976 3,916 7,521

1980-1981 6,003 5,890

1990-1991 8,545 4,561

1995-1996 10,205 3,743

1997-1998 10,944 3,599


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Table 4.4Table 4.4

High School Reform EffortsHigh School Reform Efforts

Proposal Description

The Paideia proposal

Adler (1982) proposed a more classic high school curriculum based on the Great Books that would allow students virtually no elective course work.

A Nation at Risk

This influential report (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983) suggested that all high school students be required to take 4 years of English, and 3 years each of mathematics, science, and social studies.

American high school study

In a proposal parallel to that of the Nation at Risk report, this study recommended an increase in the academic core required for graduation from one-half to two-thirds of the total credits. More course work in English, history, science, mathematics, foreign language, and civics was recommended (Boyer, 1983).


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Table 4.5Table 4.5

Percentage of High School Dropouts, 1960-Percentage of High School Dropouts, 1960-20002000


Year Percentage

1960 27.2

1970 15.0

1980 14.1

1990 12.1

1998 11.3

2000 10.9


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Table 4.6Table 4.6

Students Receiving Special Education Students Receiving Special Education ServicesServices


YearNumber Served

(millions)Percentage Served

(of total enrollment)

1976-1977 3.69 08.33

1985-1986 4.32 10.95

1995-1996 5.57 12.43

1997-1998 5.90 12.80

1999-2000 6.20 13.20


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Table 4.7Table 4.7

Gifted and Talented Programs and StudentsGifted and Talented Programs and Students


StateMandated Gifted and

Talented Programs (Y or N)

Gifted and Talented as Percentage of State

TotalAlabama Y 2.4

Arkansas Y 8.0

Florida Y 3.5

Hawaii Y 11.0

Maryland N 12.0

Michigan N 14.0

Minnesota N 7.2

Missouri N 5.0

Nebraska Y 10.0

North Dakota N 1.0

Ohio Y 13.0

Pennsylvania Y 4.6

Tennessee Y 2.0

Washington N 1.5

Wisconsin Y 15.0


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Table 4.8Table 4.8

Vocational Education Courses Taken in High Vocational Education Courses Taken in High SchoolSchool


Student Characteristics

Average Number of Courses*

Male 4.25

Female 3.77

White 3.97

Black 4.33

Hispanic 3.97

Asian 3.15

American Indian 4.02

Academic track 2.22

Vocational track 9.12

*The number of courses is measured in Carnegie units, with one unit representing the completion of a 1-year course.


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Sample Year-Round School CalendarSample Year-Round School Calendar

Source: Jefferson County Public Schools, Louisville, Kentucky. Retrieved July 24, 2002, from http://www.jefferson.k12.ky.us/Calendars/45-15cal.pdf

Early July School year begins. Students begin classes 2 days after teachers return.

Mid-September Fall break, approximately 2 weeks. No school.

October to Mid-December

Remainder of fall term.

Mid-December to New Year

Christmas break.

January to Mid-March Winter term.

Mid-March to Mid-April Spring break.

Mid-April to Late May Spring term.

Late May to Early July Summer break.


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Sample Daily Schedule, Child Care CenterSample Daily Schedule, Child Care Center6:30-8:00 A.M. Opening/safety checklist/setup/early morning

snack/limited center activities

8:00-9:00 A.M. Learning Center choices

9:00-10:00 A.M. Cleanup, toileting, snack time, tooth brushing, transition to group time

10:00-11:00 A.M. Circle time, small-group times (language, math, science, gross motor), cleanup,

cooperative group skill development

11:00 A.M.-12:15 P.M. Learning areas, large- and small-group activities, cleanup

12:15-1:00 P.M. Hand washing, lunch, cleanup

1:00-2:30 P.M. Tooth brushing, bathroom, nap preparation, nap time/quiet time

2:30-3:15 P.M. Outdoor time

3:15-4:45 P.M. Transition to classroom, Learning Center choices

4:45-5:30 P.M. Small motor activities, journals

5:30-6:30 P.M. Cleanup, story, departure


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Sample Elementary Schedule, Grade 3Sample Elementary Schedule, Grade 3

8:55-9:45 A.M. Opening, daily oral language, spelling

9:45-10:30 A.M. Mathematics, PE (Monday, Wednesday)

10:30-10:45 A.M. Recess

10:45 A.M.-12:00 P.M. Literacy block

12:00-12:45 P.M. Lunch

12:45-1:45 P.M. Sustained Silent Reading; library (Friday)

1:45-2:45 P.M. Science; PE (Thursday)

2:45-3:30 P.M. Social studies, music (Tuesday, Thursday)


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Sample Teaching Schedule, Middle SchoolSample Teaching Schedule, Middle School

8:25-9:33 A.M. Block I (integrated language arts and social studies)

9:37-10:41 A.M. Block II (integrated language arts and social studies)

10:45-11:49 A.M. Block III (integrated language arts and social studies)

11:54 A.M.-12:24 P.M. Lunch

12:29-1:00 P.M. Block IV (Reading)

1:04-2:09 P.M. Block V (integrated language arts and social studies)

2:13-3:02 P.M. Planning period (students in enrichment activities)


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Weekly Schedule, Sentinel High SchoolWeekly Schedule, Sentinel High School

Schedule A Period 1 Break Period 3 Period 5

1, 3, 5(Tuesday)

7:45-9:35 A.M.

9:35-9:55 A.M.

9:55 A.M.-12:20 P.M.

(includes lunch)

12:25-2:15 P.M.

Schedule B Period 2 Break Period 4 Period 6

2, 4, 6 (Wednesday)

7:45-9:35 A.M.

9:35-9:55 A.M.

9:55 A.M.-12:20 P.M.

(includes lunch)

12:25-2:15 P.M.

Schedule C Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5

Period 6

Monday, Thursday, Friday

7:45-8:39 A.M.

8:45-9:44 A.M.

9:50-10:44 A.M.

10:50 A.M.-12:14 P.M.

(includes lunch)

12:20-1:14 P.M.

1:20-2:15 P.M.


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figure 4.1 typical school organizations grade 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 k high school middle school...

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