figure 24-9-table 24-1
DESCRIPTION
Figure 24-9-Table 24-1. Figure 24-4a. Living species “succeed” fossil species. Present-day sloth from South America. Fossil sloth from South America. Transitional forms during the evolution of whales. Figure 24-4b. Pakicetus , about 50 myo. Ambulocetus , about 49 myo. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Figure 24-9-Table 24-1
Figure 24-4a
Living species “succeed” fossil species
Fossil sloth from SouthAmerica
Present-day sloth fromSouth America
Figure 24-4bTransitional forms during the evolution of whales
Pakicetus, about 50 myo
Ambulocetus, about 49 myo
Rhodocetus, about 47 myo
Basilosaurus, about 38 myo
Figure 24-5a
The human tailbone is a vestigial trait.
Humancoccyx
Capuchinmonkey tail
(used for balance, locomotion)
Figure 24-6
Four mockingbird species on the Galápagos islands
Westernislands
Nesomimus parvulus
Darwin reasoned that they share a common ancestor.
Southernislands
Centralislands
Easternislands
Galápagosislands
Nesomimus melanotis
Nesomimus macdonaldiNesomimus trifasciatus
Mockingbirds from….
Southernislands
Easternislands
Westernislands
Centralislands
An ancestral populationcolonized the islands
Over time, thepopulationdiversified into several distinct species on different island groups
Figure 27-2Homoplasy: Traits are similar but were not inherited from a common ancestor.
Homology: Similarities are inherited from a common ancestor.
Ichthyosaur
Synap
sids
Monotre
mes
Mar
supia
lsEle
phants
Primat
es
Rodents
Whal
es a
nd
dolp
hins
Ptero
saurs
Dinosa
urs
Birds
Ichth
yosa
urs
Lizar
ds
Common dolphin
Flatw
orms
The dolphin and ichthyosaurlineages are far apart on theevolutionary tree, suggestingthat they are not closelyrelated
The members of lineagesbetween the dolphins andichthyosaurs do not haveadaptations such as:– streamlined bodies– long jaws filled with teeth– fins and flippers
Fruit-fly Hox complex
Human Hox complex
The genes in the Hoxcomplexes of fruit fliesand humans have similarsequences and are in thesame order on theirchromosomes
Infer that commonancestor had 8Hox genes
Annelids, mollusks, andechinoderms also haveHox genes
(inse
cts,
spid
ers,
Arthro
podscr
ustac
eans)
leec
hes)
(ear
thw
orms,
Annelid
s
squid
)
(snai
ls, c
lam
s,
Mollu
sks
Echin
oderm
s
(sea
sta
rs,
sand d
ollars
)
Chordat
es
(ver
tebra
tes)
Figure 24-7
Aniridia (Human)
eyeless (Fruit fly)
Only six of the 60 amino acids in these sequences are different. The two sequences are 90% identical.
Amino acid sequence (single-letter abbreviations):Gene:
Figure 24-8
Chick Human House cat
TailTailTail
Gill pouch Gill pouch Gill pouch
Figure 24-9
Turtle Human
Humerus
Radius and ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Horse Bird Bat Seal
Figure 24-13b-setup
Figure 24-13c-results
Figure 24-14
Overall body size has decreased
No net change in beak size over this interval
Beaks have become more pointed
Figure 27-8a
The Precambrian (Hadean, Archaean, and Proterozoic Eons) included the origin of life, photosynthesis, and the oxygenatmosphere.
Format
ion o
f sola
r sys
tem
Moon fo
rms
Earth
form
atio
n com
plete
Liquid
wat
er o
n Ear
th
First o
cean
s; h
eavy
bom
bardm
ent
fr
om s
pace
ends
Orig
in o
f life
First e
viden
ce o
f photo
synth
etic
c
ells
First e
viden
ce o
f oxy
genic
p
hotosy
nthes
isFirs
t rock
s co
ntain
ing o
xygen
(i
n atm
ospher
e an
d oce
an)
First e
ukary
otic fo
ssils
First p
hotosy
nthet
ic e
ukary
otes
First r
ed a
lgae
; firs
t evi
dence
o
f sex
ual s
truct
ures
First l
ichen
-like
org
anis
m
First s
ponges; f
irst b
ilate
rally
s
ymm
etric
anim
als;
oce
an
com
plete
ly o
xygen
ated
Proterozoic Eon
Multicellularorganisms beginto diversify slowly
Most of Earth is coveredin ocean and ice.
All life is unicellular
Position of the continents unknown
Archaean EonHadean Eon
Millions of years ago (mya)
Figure 27-8b
Phanerozoic Eon: The Paleozoic Era included the origin early diversification of animals, land plants, and fungi.
First c
omb je
llies
, arth
ropods,
v
erte
brate
s, o
ther
phyl
a
Cambrian
Algae abundant,marineinvertebratesdiversify
Arthro
pods div
ersi
fy;
fi
rst e
chin
oderm
First b
ryozo
ans
(new
est
a
nimal
phyl
um)
First l
and p
lants
First m
ycorr
hizal
fungi (
Glo
mal
es)
First c
artil
agin
ous fis
h
First b
ony fis
h
First i
nsect
s
First f
ish w
ith ja
ws
First f
erns,
vas
cula
r pla
nts,
a
scom
ycet
e fu
ngi, lic
hens
on land
First t
ree-
size
d pla
nts
First w
inged
inse
cts
First t
etra
pods (a
mphib
ians)
First s
eed p
lants
First p
lants
with
leav
es
First r
eptil
es
First m
amm
al-li
ke re
ptiles
First b
asid
iom
ycet
e fu
ngi
First v
esse
ls
in
pla
nts
Ordovician Silurian DevonianCarboniferous
PermianMississippian Pennsylvanian M
ass
exti
nct
ion
Mas
sex
tin
ctio
n
Mas
sex
tin
ctio
n
Echinoderms(sea stars, seaurchins) diversify
Coralreefsexpand
First upland plantcommunities(evergreen forests),diversification of fish,emergence ofamphibians
Insects diversify,coal-forming swampsabundant, sharksabundant, radiationof amphibians
Coal-forming swampsdiminish; parts ofAntarctica forested
Supercontinent Pangeaassembles. Building ofAppalachian Mountains ends.Climate warm; little variation.
Supercontinent of Laurentiato the north and Gondwanato the south. Climate mild.
Climate cold;extensive icein Gondwana.
Supercontinent of Gondwanaforms. Oceans cover much ofNorth America. Climate notwell known.
Laurentia
Gondwana
Pangea
GondwanaGondwana
Figure 27-8c
Phanerozoic Eon: The Mesozoic Era is sometimes called the Age of Reptiles.
First n
ecta
r-drin
king in
sect
s
Triasssic
Gymnosperms become dominantland plants; extensive deserts
Mas
sex
tin
ctio
n
First d
inosa
urs
First m
amm
als
First t
yran
nosaurid
din
osaur
First a
ngiosp
erm
(flo
wer
ing p
lant)
First b
ird (A
rchae
optery
x)Firs
t cen
tric
diato
ms
First w
ater
lilie
s
First m
agnolia
-fam
ily p
lants
First b
ee; f
irst a
nt
First p
lace
ntal m
amm
als
Mas
sex
tin
ctio
n
Jurassic Mas
sex
tin
ctio
n
Cretaceous
Gymnosperms continueto dominate land
Dinosaurs diversify Flowering plants diversify
Pangea intact. Interiorof Pangea arid. Climatevery warm.
Pangea begins to break apart;interior of continent still arid.
Gondwana begins to breakapart; interior less arid.
India separated from Madagascar,moves north; Rocky Mountainsform. Climate mild, temperate.
Pan
gea
Pan
gea Gondwana
Figure 27-8d
Phanerozoic Eon: The Cenozoic Era is nicknamed the Age of Mammals.
First h
orses
Paleogene
Continents continue to drift apart.Collision of India with Eurasia begins.Australia moves north from Antarctica.Palms in Greenland and Patagonia.
First p
rimat
es
First f
ully a
quatic
whal
es
First a
pes
Old
est p
ollen fr
om
d
aisy
-fam
ily p
lants
Earlie
st h
omin
ins
Homo
s
apie
ns
Paleocene Eocene Oligocene
Neogene
Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene
Diversification of grazing mammalsDiversification of angiospermsand pollinating insects
Diversification ofmammalian orders
Strong drying trend inAfrica and other continents;grasslands form. Alps andHimalayas begin to rise.
Continents close to presentposition. Beginning ofAntarctic ice cap. Openingof Red Sea.
North and South Americajoined by land bridge.Uplift of the Sierra Nevada.Worldwide glaciation.
http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/land/global/climchng.html
These two figures show former temperatures with major periods of glaciation labeled. The dashed lines are the present global average temperature of about 15° C (59° F). Thus the solid curves show small changes from this average; note that the temperature drops only about 5° C during a glaciation. This has occurred about every 100,000 years, with smaller wiggles in between. That is, there has been a 100,000 year glaciation cycle for the past million years or so, and there may be shorter cycles as well.
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~alloquep/eco/geoHist.html
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~alloquep/eco/geoHist.html