FIGURE 1.1This is an example of an 1840’s portable camera obscurawith an adjustable diaphragm. Photograph Courtesy of GeorgeEastman House. © George Eastman House.

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FIGURE 1.2On the left is a photograph of Joseph Niépce. On the right isthe first photograph that he took in 1826. © Brian Ratty, PhotoSeminars.

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FIGURE 1.3This Civil War photograph by Alexander Gardner was taken in 1863 and firstreproduced as a picture of “Death Confederate Soldiers” and later reproduced and captioned as a picture of “Death Union Soldiers.” Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.Reproduction Number LC-B8184–7964–A.

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FIGURE 1.4This Civil War photograph by Alexander Gardner was taken in 1863 The “Scene Reported To Have Been Created By Posting The Body” to create the scene. Photograph courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number LC-B8171–7942.

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FIGURE 1.5First known advertisement for a crime scene camera in the United States. Photograph courtesy of Lighting Powder Company.

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FIGURE 1.6In this New York City case, there was expert testimony as to how the ghost photographs likely were faked.

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FIGURE 1.7Composite photographic image of the Houdon bust and the corpse of John Paul Jones. Photo courtesy Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

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FIGURE 1.8This is an early 5-watt argon-ion laser. In the beginning, there were no metal-clad optical cables, so the laser was either pointed directly at a diffusion lens and then onto the laser dye-stained latent print evidence or routed by a series of mirrors. This technique resulted in a serious safety hazard. Because forensic photographers could not see the laser beam with safety goggles on, it was very common for them to move their arm or hand into the laser light path, resulting in some serious burns.

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FIGURE 1.9(left) Digital photograph of laser dye-stained latent print photographed with a NikonD200 DSLR. (right) The same photograph after processing in Photoshop to convert to grayscale and then using curves to invert the tones and adjust the contrast.

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FIGURE 1.10A 1980s Japanese latent print peripheral camera that is still sold today in Japan.Photograph courtesy Takehiko Nagasaki, Police Science Industry, Ltd.

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