figure 1-1 levels of organization (part 1 of...
TRANSCRIPT
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 9e by Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D. and Judi L. Nath, Ph.D., © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 1 of 2)
Major Organs• Skin• Hair• Sweat glands• Nails
Functions• Protects against
environmental hazards
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Provides sensory information
Major Organs• Bones• Cartilages• Associated
ligaments• Bone marrow
Functions• Provides support
and protection for other tissues
• Stores calcium and other minerals
• Forms blood cells
Major Organs• Skeletal muscles
and associated tendons
Functions• Provides
movement• Provides protection
and support for other tissues
• Generates heat that maintains body temperature
Major Organs• Brain• Spinal cord• Peripheral nerves• Sense organs
Functions• Directs immediate
responses to stimuli
• Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
• Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Major Organs• Pituitary gland• Thyroid gland• Pancreas• Adrenal glands• Gonads• Endocrine tissues
in other systems
Functions• Directs long-term
changes in the activities of other organ systems
• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
• Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Major Organs• Heart• Blood• Blood vessels
Functions• Distributes blood
cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
• Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular
The Organ Systems
Chemical and Molecular Levels
Atoms in combination
Complex protein moleculeProtein filaments
Heart musclecell
Cellular Level
Interacting atoms form molecules that combine in the protein filaments of a heart muscle cell. Such cells interlock, creating heart muscle tissue, which makes up most of the walls of the heart, a three-dimensional organ. The heart is only one component of the cardiovascular system, which also includes the blood and blood vessels. The various organ systems must work together to maintain life at theorganism level.
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 9e by Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D. and Judi L. Nath, Ph.D., © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 2 of 2)
Major Organs• Spleen• Thymus• Lymphatic
vessels• Lymph nodes• Tonsils
Functions• Defends against
infection and disease
• Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Major Organs• Nasal cavities• Sinuses• Larynx• Trachea• Bronchi• Lungs• Alveoli
Functions• Delivers air to
alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
• Provides oxygen to bloodstream
• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
• Produces sounds for communication
Major Organs• Teeth• Tongue• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach• Small intestine• Large intestine• Liver• Gallbladder• Pancreas
Functions• Processes and
digests food• Absorbs and
conserves water• Absorbs nutrients• Stores energy
reserves
Major Organs• Kidneys• Ureters• Urinary bladder• Urethra
Functions• Excretes waste
products from the blood
• Controls water balance by regulating volumeof urine produced
• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
• Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Major Organs• Testes• Epididymides• Ductus deferentia• Seminal vesicles• Prostate gland• Penis• Scrotum
Functions• Produces male sex
cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones
• Sexual intercourse
Major Organs• Ovaries• Uterine tubes• Uterus• Vagina• Labia• Clitoris• Mammary glands
Functions• Produces female
sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
• Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
• Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
• Sexual intercourse
Organismlevel
Organ systemlevel
Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Male Reproductive Female Reproductive
Cardiac muscletissue
The heart
Thecardiovascular
system
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-2
The
Con
trol
of R
oom
Tem
pera
ture
ab
In r
esp
on
se t
o in
pu
t fr
om
a r
ecep
tor
(a t
her
mo
met
er),
a th
erm
ost
at
(th
e co
ntr
ol c
ente
r) t
rig
ger
s an
eff
ecto
r re
spo
nse
(ei
ther
an
air
co
nd
i-ti
on
er o
r a
hea
ter)
th
at r
esto
res
no
rmal
tem
per
atu
re. I
n t
his
cas
e,
wh
en r
oo
m t
emp
erat
ure
ris
es a
bov
e th
e se
t p
oin
t, th
e th
erm
ost
at
turn
s o
n t
he
air
con
dit
ion
er, a
nd
th
e te
mp
erat
ure
ret
urn
s to
no
rmal
.
Wit
h t
his
reg
ula
tory
sys
tem
, ro
om
te
mp
erat
ure
flu
ctu
ates
aro
un
d t
he
set
po
int.
Room temperature (�C)
Tim
e
22
Air
con
dit
ion
ertu
rns
off
Air
con
dit
ion
ertu
rns
on
20�
30�
40�
EF
FE
CTO
R
No
rmal
con
dit
ion
dis
turb
ed
No
rmal
con
dit
ion
rest
ore
d
ST
IMU
LU
S:
Ro
om
tem
per
atu
reri
ses
RE
SP
ON
SE
:R
oo
m t
emp
erat
ure
dro
ps
Info
rmat
ion
affe
cts
Sen
ds
com
man
ds
toA
ir c
on
dit
ion
ertu
rns
on
CO
NT
RO
L C
EN
TE
R(T
her
mo
stat
)
No
rmal
ran
ge
RE
CE
PTO
R
Th
erm
om
eter
HO
ME
OS
TAS
IS
No
rmal
ro
om
tem
per
atu
re
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-3
Neg
ativ
e F
eedb
ack
in th
e C
ontr
ol o
f Bod
y Te
mpe
ratu
re
ab
Eve
nts
in t
he
reg
ula
tio
n o
f b
od
y te
mp
erat
ure
, wh
ich
are
co
mp
arab
le t
o t
ho
se s
ho
wn
in F
igu
re 1
–2. A
co
ntr
ol c
ente
r in
th
e b
rain
(th
e hy
po
thal
amu
s) f
un
ctio
ns
as a
th
erm
ost
at
wit
h a
set
po
int
of
37°C
. If
bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re e
xcee
ds
37.2
°C, h
eat
loss
is in
crea
sed
th
rou
gh
en
han
ced
blo
od
flo
w
to t
he
skin
an
d in
crea
sed
sw
eati
ng
.
Th
e th
erm
ore
gu
lato
ry c
ente
r ke
eps
bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re f
luct
uat
ing
w
ith
in a
n a
ccep
tab
le r
ang
e, u
sual
ly
bet
wee
n 3
6.7
and
37.
2°C
.
3737
.2
36.7
• S
wea
t g
lan
ds
in s
kin
incr
ease
secr
etio
n•
Blo
od
ves
sels
in
ski
n d
ilate
Info
rmat
ion
affe
cts
No
rmal
tem
per
atu
red
istu
rbed
ST
IMU
LU
S:
Bo
dy
tem
per
atu
reri
ses
RE
SP
ON
SE
:In
crea
sed
hea
t lo
ss,
bo
dy
tem
per
atu
red
rop
s
No
rmal
tem
per
atu
rere
sto
red
Th
erm
ore
gu
lato
ryce
nte
r in
bra
in
CO
NT
RO
LC
EN
TE
R
EF
FE
CTO
RS
Body temperature (�C)
No
rmal
ran
ge
Tim
e
Sen
ds
com
man
ds
to
Ves
sels
con
stri
ct,
swea
tin
gd
ecre
ases
Ves
sels
dila
te,
swea
tin
gin
crea
ses
Tem
per
atu
rese
nso
rs in
ski
nan
dhy
po
thal
amu
s
RE
CE
PTO
RS
HO
ME
OS
TAS
IS
No
rmal
bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-4
Pos
itive
Fee
dbac
k: B
lood
Clo
tting
Th
is e
scal
atin
g p
roce
ssis
a p
osi
tive
feed
bac
klo
op
th
at e
nd
s w
ith
th
e fo
rmat
ion
of
a b
loo
d c
lot,
wh
ich
pat
ches
th
e ve
ssel
w
all a
nd
sto
ps
the
ble
edin
g.
Blo
od
clo
t
As
clo
ttin
g c
on
tin
ues
, ea
ch s
tep
rel
ease
s ch
emic
als
that
fu
rth
er
acce
lera
te t
he
pro
cess
.
Clo
ttin
gac
cele
rate
s
Po
siti
ve
feed
bac
k lo
op
Ch
emic
als
Th
e ch
emic
als
star
t ch
ain
reac
tio
ns
in w
hic
h c
ells
,ce
ll fr
agm
ents
, an
d
solu
ble
pro
tein
s in
th
e b
loo
d b
egin
to
form
a c
lot.
Dam
age
to c
ells
in t
he
blo
od
ves
sel w
all r
elea
ses
chem
ical
s th
at b
egin
th
e p
roce
ss o
f b
loo
d c
lott
ing
.
Ch
emic
als
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-5
Ana
tom
ical
Lan
dmar
ks
ab
An
teri
or
vie
wP
ost
eri
or
vie
w
Cra
nia
lo
r sk
ull
Ce
ph
alic
or
hea
d
Ora
l or
mo
uth
Me
nta
l or
chin
Ax
illa
ry o
r ar
mp
it
Bra
ch
ial
or
arm
An
tec
ub
ita
lo
r fr
on
t o
fel
bo
w
An
teb
rac
hia
lo
r fo
rear
m
Ca
rpa
l o
r w
rist
Po
lle
xo
r th
um
b
Pa
lma
r o
r p
alm
Dig
its
(ph
ala
ng
es)
or
fin
ger
s (d
igit
alo
r p
hal
ang
eal)
Pa
tella
ro
r kn
eeca
p
Cru
ral
or
leg
Tars
al o
ran
kle
Dig
its
(ph
ala
ng
es)
or
toes
(d
igit
al o
rp
hal
ang
eal)
Ha
llu
x o
rg
reat
to
e
Pe
da
lo
r fo
ot
Fro
nta
l o
rfo
reh
ead
Oc
ula
r, o
rbit
al
or
eye
Oti
c o
r ea
r
Bu
cc
al
or
chee
k
Na
sal o
r n
ose
Ce
rvic
al o
r n
eck
Th
ora
cic
or
tho
rax,
ch
est
Ma
mm
ary
or
bre
ast
Ab
do
min
al
(ab
do
men
)
Um
bilic
al
or
nav
el
Pe
lvic
(pel
vis)
Ma
nu
al
or
han
d
Pu
bic
(pu
bis
)
Fe
mo
ral
or
thig
h
Tru
nk
Fa
cia
lo
r fa
ce
Ing
uin
al
or
gro
in
Ac
rom
ial
or
sho
uld
erD
ors
al o
rb
ack
Lu
mb
ar
or
loin
Ole
cra
na
lo
r b
ack
of
elb
ow
Glu
tea
lo
r bu
tto
ck
Po
plite
al o
rb
ack
of
knee
Su
ral
or
calf
Ca
lca
ne
al o
rh
eel o
f fo
ot
Ce
ph
alic
or
hea
d
Ce
rvic
al
or
nec
k
Up
pe
rlim
b
Lo
we
rlim
b
Pla
nta
r o
rso
le o
f f o
ot
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-6
Abd
omin
opel
vic
Qua
dran
ts a
nd R
egio
ns
ab
c
Ab
do
min
op
elv
ic q
ua
dra
nts
. Th
e fo
ur
abd
om
ino
pel
vic
qu
adra
nts
are
fo
rmed
by
two
p
erp
end
icu
lar
lines
th
at in
ters
ect
at t
he
nav
el. T
he
term
s fo
r th
ese
qu
adra
nts
, or
thei
r ab
bre
viat
ion
s, a
re
mo
st o
ften
use
d in
clin
ical
dis
cuss
ion
s.
Ab
do
min
op
elv
ic r
eg
ion
s. T
he
nin
e ab
do
min
op
elvi
c re
gio
ns
pro
vid
e m
ore
pre
cise
reg
ion
al d
escr
ipti
on
s.
An
ato
mic
al re
lati
on
ship
s. T
he
rela
tio
nsh
ip b
etw
een
th
e ab
do
min
op
elvi
c q
uad
ran
ts a
nd
reg
ion
s an
d t
he
loca
tio
ns
of
the
inte
rnal
org
ans
are
sho
wn
her
e.
Lef
t lu
mb
arre
gio
nR
igh
t lu
mb
arre
gio
n
Lef
thy
po
cho
nd
riac
reg
ion
Rig
ht
hyp
och
on
dri
acre
gio
n
Liv
er
Gal
lbla
dd
erS
ple
en
Sto
mac
h
Ap
pen
dix
Uri
nar
yb
lad
der
Rig
ht
ing
uin
alre
gio
n
Lef
t in
gu
inal
reg
ion
Um
bili
cal
reg
ion
Hyp
og
astr
ic(p
ub
ic)
reg
ion
Ep
igas
tric
reg
ion
Rig
ht
Lo
wer
Qu
adra
nt
(RL
Q)
Lef
t L
ower
Qu
adra
nt
(LL
Q)
Rig
ht
Up
per
Qu
adra
nt
(RU
Q)
Lef
t U
pp
erQ
uad
ran
t(L
UQ
)
Lar
ge
inte
stin
e
Sm
all i
nte
stin
e
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-7
Dire
ctio
nal R
efer
ence
s ab
A l
ate
ral
vie
w.
An
an
teri
or
vie
w. A
rro
ws
ind
icat
e im
po
rtan
t d
irec
tio
nal
te
rms
use
d in
th
is t
ext;
d
efin
itio
ns
and
des
crip
tio
ns
are
giv
en in
Tab
le 1
–2.
Dis
tal
Lat
eral
Med
ial
Pro
xim
al
Dis
tal
Pro
xim
al
Cra
nia
l
Cau
dal
An
teri
or
or
ven
tral
Po
ster
ior
or
do
rsal
Rig
ht
Le
ftS
up
eri
or
Infe
rio
r
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-8
Sec
tiona
l Pla
nes
Fro
nta
l p
lan
e
Tra
nsv
ers
e p
lan
e
Sa
git
tal
pla
ne
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-9
Rel
atio
nshi
ps a
mon
g th
e S
ubdi
visi
ons
of th
e V
entr
al B
ody
Cav
ity
Su
rro
un
ded
by
ches
t w
all a
nd
d
iap
hra
gm
Th
ora
cic
Ca
vity
Ab
do
min
op
elv
ic C
avi
ty
• P
rovi
des
pro
tect
ion
• A
llow
s o
rgan
mov
emen
t•
Lin
ing
s p
reve
nt
fric
tio
n
Ve
ntr
al B
od
y C
avi
ty
Su
bd
ivid
es d
uri
ng
dev
elo
pm
ent
into
Su
rro
un
ds
left
lun
g
Le
ft P
leu
ral C
avi
ty
Su
rro
un
ds
rig
ht
lun
g
Rig
ht
Ple
ura
l C
avi
ty
Ab
do
min
al C
avi
ty
Co
nta
ins
man
y d
iges
tive
gla
nd
s an
d o
rgan
s
Pe
lvic
Ca
vity
Pe
rito
ne
al C
avi
ty
Co
nta
ins
uri
nar
y b
lad
der
, re
pro
du
ctiv
e o
rgan
s, la
st
po
rtio
n o
f d
iges
tive
tra
ct
Ext
end
s th
rou
gh
ou
t ab
do
min
al c
avit
y an
d in
to s
up
erio
r p
ort
ion
of
pel
vic
cavi
tyC
on
tain
s th
e tr
ach
ea, e
sop
hag
us,
an
d m
ajo
r ve
ssel
s
Me
dia
stin
um
Su
rro
un
ds
hea
rt
Pe
ric
ard
ial C
avi
ty
Fun
dam
enta
ls o
f Ana
tom
y &
Phy
siol
ogy,
9e
by F
rede
ric H
. Mar
tini,
Ph.
D. a
nd J
udi L
. Nat
h, P
h.D
., ©
201
2 P
ears
on E
duca
tion,
Inc.
Fig
ure
1-1
0 T
he V
entr
al B
ody
Cav
ity a
nd It
s S
ubdi
visi
ons
a
b
cA
late
ral v
iew
sh
ow
ing
th
e ve
ntr
al
bo
dy
cavi
ty, w
hic
h is
div
ided
by
the
mu
scu
lar
dia
ph
rag
m in
to a
su
per
ior
tho
raci
c (c
hes
t) c
avit
y an
d a
n in
feri
or
abd
om
ino
pel
vic
cavi
ty. T
hre
e o
f th
e fo
ur
adu
lt b
od
y ca
viti
es a
re s
ho
wn
an
d o
utl
ined
in r
ed; o
nly
on
e o
f th
e tw
o p
leu
ral c
avit
ies
can
be
sho
wn
in a
sa
git
tal s
ecti
on
.
Th
e h
eart
pro
ject
s in
to t
he
per
icar
dia
l cav
ity
like
a fi
st
pu
shed
into
a b
allo
on
. Th
e at
tach
men
t si
te, c
orr
esp
on
din
g t
o
the
wri
st o
f th
e h
and
, lie
s at
th
e co
nn
ecti
on
bet
wee
n t
he
hea
rt a
nd
maj
or
blo
od
ves
sels
. Th
e w
idth
of
the
per
icar
dia
l ca
vity
is e
xag
ger
ated
her
e; n
orm
ally
th
e vi
scer
al a
nd
par
ieta
l la
yers
are
sep
arat
ed o
nly
by
a th
in la
yer
of
per
icar
dia
l flu
id.
A t
ran
sver
se s
ecti
on
th
rou
gh
th
e th
ora
cic
cavi
ty, s
ho
win
g t
he
cen
tral
loca
tio
n o
f th
e p
eric
ard
ial c
avit
y. N
oti
ce h
ow
th
e m
edia
stin
um
div
ides
th
e th
ora
cic
cavi
ty in
to t
wo
ple
ura
l cav
itie
s.
No
te t
hat
th
is t
ran
sver
se o
r cr
oss
-sec
tio
nal
vie
w is
ori
ente
d a
s th
ou
gh
th
e o
bse
rver
wer
e st
and
ing
at
the
sub
ject
’s f
eet
and
lo
oki
ng
to
war
d t
he
sub
ject
’s h
ead
. Th
is is
th
e st
and
ard
p
rese
nta
tio
n fo
r cl
inic
al im
ages
, an
d u
nle
ss o
ther
wis
e n
ote
d,
sect
ion
al v
iew
s in
th
is t
ext
use
th
is s
ame
ori
enta
tio
n.
Per
icar
dia
lca
vity
Vis
cera
lp
eric
ard
ium
Par
ieta
lp
eric
ard
ium
Dia
ph
rag
m
Pel
vic
cavi
ty
Ab
do
min
alca
vity
Ab
do
min
op
elvi
cca
vity
Per
ito
nea
lca
vity
Ple
ura
lca
vity
Per
icar
dia
lca
vity
AN
TE
RIO
R
Th
ora
cic
cavi
ty
Sp
inal
co
rd
Lef
tlu
ng
Rig
ht
lun
g
Ple
ura
l cav
ity
Med
iast
inu
m
Per
icar
dia
lca
vity
Par
ieta
lp
leu
ra
PO
ST
ER
IOR
PO
ST
ER
IOR
AN
TE
RIO
R
Air
sp
ace
Bal
loo
n
Hea
rt